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Heroic Masculinity in Post-Soviet Ukraine: Cossacks, UPA and “Svoboda”

Authors:
Tetyana Bureychak
Tetyana Bureychak
Tetyana Bureychak
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Olena Petrenko at Ruhr University Bochum
Olena Petrenko
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Abstract and Figures

Revisiting the national past and searching for new heroes has become a common trend in many post-communist states, including Ukraine. An aspect that commonly remains invisible when imagining national heroes is gender. Cossacks and fighters of the UPA (Ukrains'ka povstans'ka armiia; Ukrainian Insurgent Army) exemplify some of the most common historical models of Ukrainian heroes. Although the two warrior groups represent rather different historical periods and are treated as national heroes in different ways, this paper seeks to uncover commonalities between them, while pointing out their specificities. In particular, the analysis here looks at the mechanisms that mythologize and naturalize Cossacks and the UPA as an integral part of the current discourses on national identity and hegemonic masculinity. Separately, we focus on the role played by the far-right party, the All-Ukrainian Union “Freedom” (“Svoboda”) in these processes. The paper also addresses broader processes of renegotiation of the national historical narrative and promotion of its androcentric heroic version, which strengthen gender neotraditionalism and social hierarchies in post-Soviet Ukraine. Keywords: Masculinity, Cossacks, Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA), Gender
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Heroic'Masculinity'in'Post1Soviet'Ukraine:'
Cossacks,'UPA'and'“Svoboda”<''
Tetyana'Bureychak'
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... Originating in Slavic mythology, it embodies religiosity, femininity and motherhood. Conversely, the traditional male role has often been inspired by images of Ukrainian Cossacks (and UPA fighters) (Kis 2006;Bureychak & Petrenko 2015). According to previous studies, the traditional role of men was enacted at the Maidan, which was administered mostly by male protestors and which deliberately resembled the Sich fortress of the Zaporozhian Cossacks in its spatial organisation. ...
... According to previous studies, the traditional role of men was enacted at the Maidan, which was administered mostly by male protestors and which deliberately resembled the Sich fortress of the Zaporozhian Cossacks in its spatial organisation. In this setting, women were expected to adopt a more traditional-supporting-role as cooks, cleaners, medical care assistants and administrative coordinators, although some did challenge this patriarchal order by being active in more radical protests against police (Onuch & Martsenyuk 2014;Bureychak & Petrenko 2015;Khromeychuk 2016a). By observing various memorialisation practices in post-Maidan Ukraine in general, Olesya Khromeychuk claimed that the Ukrainian political leadership promoted a heroic narrative of the past, where women are allocated little space and are often assigned traditional roles of victims or supporters of men (Khromeychuk 2016b). ...
... 20 'Feast of Intercession Celebrated in Ukraine as Religious and National Holiday', Religious Information Service of Ukraine, 14 October 2012, available at: https://risu.org.ua/article_print.php?id=49887&name= religious_holidays&_lang=en&, accessed 23 October 2018. See alsoBureychak and Petrenko (2015) andKhromeychuk (2016b).21 'Iz Piatoho Plenarnoho Zasidannia Druhoi Sesii Poltavskoi Miskoi Rady Siomoho Sklykannia', Poltavska Miska Rada, 26 February 2016, available at: http://www.rada-poltava.gov.ua/news/37930493/, ...
Choosing Mazepa Over Lenin: The Transformation of Monuments and Political Order in Post-Maidan Ukraine
Article
  • May 2020
In 2014–2016, the central Ukrainian city of Poltava witnessed the demolition of a Lenin monument and the construction of a monument dedicated to the Ukrainian Cossack hetman Ivan Mazepa. Taking this alteration of the cityscape as a case study, this article examines the change and continuity of political order in post-communist Ukraine in general, and in post-Maidan Ukraine specifically. By investigating the contested meanings of monuments in the city, the article uncovers various ethnonational, religious, political and gender-specific features of Ukrainian society. In so doing, it builds upon the scholarly literature that investigates the symbolic role of monuments in political transformation and draws on a range of data sources including the observation of monuments, policy documents and media coverage.
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... The virile portraits of Cossacks became a crucial part of the Ukrainian national identity and ideal masculinity model, one that President Zelenskyy epitomizes with his commonly worn fatigue attire. Cossacks were a military community