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Journal of Stem Cells ISSN: 1556-8539
Volume 10, Number 4 © Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
Effect of Mobile Phone-Induced Electromagnetic Field
on Brain Hemodynamics and Human Stem Cell Functioning:
Possible Mechanistic Link to Cancer Risk and Early
Diagnostic Value of Electronphotonic Imaging
Hemant Bhargav1,, T. M. Srinivasan1,
S. Varambally 2, B. N. Gangadhar2, and
Prasad Koka3
1School of Yoga and Life Sciences, Eknath Bhavan,
Gavipuram Circle, Kempegowda Nagar,
Bangalore, India
2National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences,
Bangalore, India
3Haffkine Institute, Mumbai, India
Dr Hemant Bhargav, MBBS, MD. Assistant Professor. S-
VYASA Yoga University, Bangalore, India. Email:
hemant.bhargav1@gmail.com. Phone : +91 8762019348.
Abstract
The mobile phones (MP) are low power radio devices
which work on electromagnetic fields (EMFs), in the
frequency range of 900-1800 MHz. Exposure to MPEMFs
may affect brain physiology and lead to various health
hazards including brain tumors. Earlier studies with
positron emission tomography (PET) have found alterations
in cerebral blood flow (CBF) after acute exposure to
MPEMFs.
It is widely accepted that DNA double-strand breaks
(DSBs) and their misrepair in stem cells are critical events
in the multistage origination of various leukemia and
tumors, including brain tumors such as gliomas. Both
significant misbalance in DSB repair and severe stress
response have been triggered by MPEMFs and EMFs from
cell towers. It has been shown that stem cells are most
sensitive to microwave exposure and react to more
frequencies than do differentiated cells. This may be
important for cancer risk assessment and indicates that stem
cells are the most relevant cellular model for validating safe
mobile communication signals.
Recently developed technology for recording the
human bio-electromagnetic (BEM) field using Electron
photonic Imaging (EPI) or Gas Discharge Visualisation
(GDV) technique provides useful information about the
human BEM. Studies have recorded acute effects of Mobile
Phone Electromagnetic Fields (MPEMFs) using EPI and
found quantifiable effects on human BEM field.
Present manuscript reviews evidences of altered brain
physiology and stem cell functioning due to mobile
phone/cell tower radiations, its association with increased
cancer risk and explores early diagnostic value of EPI
imaging in detecting EMF induced changes on human
BEM.
Keywords: eletromagnetic field, mobile phone radiations,
stem cells, cancer, CAM therapies
Hemant Bhargav, T. M. Srinivasan, S. Varambally et al.
288
Introduction
The Mobile Phones (MP) are radio devices which
work on electromagnetic fields (EMFs), in the
frequency range of 900-1800 MHz, signal pulsed at
217 Hz with pulse width of 577 μs [1]. The steady
increase of mobile phone usage has led to a rising
concern regarding possible adverse health effects of
mobile phone electromagnetic field (MPEMF)
exposure at intensities even below the existing safety
limits; common health hazards after long term
exposure may possibly include hypersensivity
syndromes, cognitive declines, autonomic
dysfunctions and brain tumors [2, 3]. The World
Health Organization INTERPHONE study carried out
in Sweden suggests that people who have used phones
for half an hour a day for 10 years have a significantly
greater risk of developing malignant brain tumors, a
finding that spurred the WHO to conclude that MP
radiation to be a possible cause of human cancer [3].
It was not until the declaration from the International
Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), that in
2011World Health Organization advised that mobile
phone radiations being put under the category of
“possible human carcinogen” (category 2B) [4,5].
This makes MPEMFs fall in line with other possible
carcinogens like jet fuel, gasoline engine exhaust,
burning coal, dry cleaning chemicals, and DDT [6]
Recent evidences indicate that the risk of precipitating
ipsilateral glioma is increased four folds in individuals
from 20 years of age and above who use mobile
phones [5].Another review of available epidemiologic
studies concluded that the use of mobile phones for
over 10 years is associated with increased risk of
ipsilateral gliomas and acoustic neuromas [7].
For a long time stem/progenitor cells have been
considered an important cellular target for origination
of cancer - both tumors and leukemia [8]. Gliomas are
believed to originate from stem cells in the brain [9].
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and their
misrepairsare a critical molecular event that leads to
chromosomal aberrations, which have often been
associated with origination of various leukemias and
tumors, including gliomas [10]. Inhibition of DSB
repair may result in chromosomal aberrations, to
repair DSB, so-called DNA repair foci are formed at
DSB locations [11]. Inability to form DNA repair foci
has been correlated to radiosensitivity, genomic
instability and other repair defects [12, 13]. It has
recently been demonstrated that, at specific
frequencies, GSM/UMTS microwaves from mobile
phones inhibit formation of DNA repair foci in human
stem cells [14].As there was no rise in temperature,
the microwave effects could not be attributed to
heating albeit a similar response was observed after
heat shock. This similarity indicates that MPEMF
exposure at specific frequencies is a stress factor for
development of tumors.
Electron photonic imaging (EPI) or Gas discharge
visualizer (GDV) is based on the well-known Kirlian
effect [15]. EPI Consists of an electrode covered with
dielectric, generator of electrical field of a high
voltage 12 KV, at a frequency of 1000 Hz, and low
current applied for less than 1 millisecond and using a
CCD video camera [15]. Investigating these images of
finger tips, which change dynamically with emotional
and health states, one can identify areas of congestion
or energy balance in the whole system. Studies have
been performed to understand effects of energy work
on human Bio-energy field using GDV and
quantifiable results have been obtained [16].
This review tries to understand the effects of
MPEMFs on brain physiology and stem cell
functioning and its possible link in the development
of brain tumors. It also explores early diagnostic value
of EPI imaging in detection and quantification of
changes induced due to MPEMF on human energy
fields.
Effects of MPEMF on Cerebral
Blood Flow
A recent study on 29 volunteers tested for acute
exposure to MPEMF generated by the MP operating
in the Global System for Mobile communication
(GSM), 900 MHz, on cerebral blood flow. All
participants were exposed to two experimental
sessions: a sham exposure session and a real exposure
session in a cross-over double-blind study in which a
mobile phone was positioned on the left side of the
head. In one session, the mobile phone was operated
without RF radiation (sham phone) and in the other
study it was operated with RF radiation (real phone)
for 20 min. Trans-cranial Doppler Sonography was
used to measure middle cerebral artery blood flow
Effect of Mobile Phone-Induced Electromagnetic Field on Brain Hemodynamics …
289
velocity. Pulsatility index and resistance index were
evaluated. Results showed that there were no
significant changes detected in middle cerebral
arteries during RF exposure [17]. Another study was
conducted on 15 young participants exposed to short
term GSM MP radiation to assess cerebral blood flow
changes using positron emission tomography. Whole
brain images were acquired 12 times, 3 for each
condition, in a counter-balanced order. The results
provided no evidence for acute effects of short term
MP radiation on cerebral blood flow [18]. A previous
positron emission tomography (PET) study found
increased CBF in the prefrontal cortex after 30 minute
exposure to a 900-MHz GSM signal [19]. Another
similar PET study showed decreased CBF in the
temporal cortex after continuous 51 minutes exposure
to a 902-MHz GSM signal [20]. Brain energy
metabolism study using PET on 13 young male
subjects exposed to a pulse modulated 902.4 MHz
GSM for 33 minutes while performing a simple visual
vigilance task showed that relative cerebral metabolic
rate of glucose was significantly reduced in the
temporo-parietal junction and anterior temporal lobe
of the right hemisphere ipsilateral to the exposure
[21]. In another study, using Functional Near Infrared
Spectroscopic (fNIRS), local cerebral blood flow
(CBF) on short term exposure to radiofrequency (RF)
EMF was measured in 26 boys, age 14-15 years.
Temperatures were also measured from both ear
canals, and skin temperatures at several sites of the
head, trunk and extremities. It was found that local
CBF and ear canal temperature did not change and
autonomic nervous system was not interfered with
[22].
MPEMFs, Human Stem Cells
and Cancer Risk
In a study, it was demonstrated that, at specific
frequencies, GSM/UMTS microwaves from mobile
phones inhibited formation of DNA repair foci in
human stem cells. It was also observed that in contrast
to well differentiated cells such as fibroblasts, stem
cells did not adapt to microwaves from mobile phones
during chronic exposure [14]. In other words, the
inhibitory effect of MPEMFs on DNA repair in stem
cells was irreversible as reported for human
lymphocytes also [23]. In addition, specific
microwave frequencies are shown to affect stem cells
as compared to differentiated cells. Several proteins
are involved in DSB (Double-Strand Break) repair,
such as phosphorylated histone 2A family member X
and tumor suppressor TP53 binding protein 1
(53BP1). They have been shown to produce discrete
foci that co-localize to DSBs, referred to as DNA
repair [24]. Analysis of DNA repair foci is currently
accepted as the most sensitive and specific technique
for measuring DSBs in untreated cells, as well as in
cells exposed to cytotoxic agents [25]. By analysis of
the DNA repair foci in normal human fibroblasts, it
was possible to detect DSBs induced by a very low
dose of ionizing radiation of 1 cGy, which results, on
an average, in 0.4 DSB/cell only [14].
All together, these results show that stem cells are
more sensitive to MPEMF exposure than
differentiated human primary cells. DNA double-
strand breaks (DSBs) and their misrepair are critical
molecular events resulting in chromosomal
aberrations (CA), which have often been associated
with origination of leukemia and tumors including
gliomas [23]. Inhibition of DSB repair may lead to
chromosomal aberrations by either illegitimate
recombination events [12] or reduced functionality of
nonhomologous end-joining [26]. Therefore,
inhibitory effects of EMF exposure on DSB repair in
stem cells may cause origination of cancer. These
findings provide a direct mechanistic link to increased
cancer risk. Modifications of 53BP1, such as
phosphorylation, are needed for repair of DSBs [26].
Thus, the finding on the inhibition of DNA repair foci
can be accounted for by inhibition of phosphorylation
of 53BP1 protein. Experimental evidence for such a
mechanism has been reported [27]. Alternatively,
microwave exposure can result in chromatin
condensation that prevents DSBs from accessing
DNA repair proteins [28]. Regardless of the
molecular mechanism, inhibition of DSB repair in
stem cells may result in chromosomal aberrations by
either illegitimate recombination events or reduced
functionality of nonhomologous end-joining [29].
Authors have concluded that stem cells may react
more to EMF frequencies as compared to
differentiated cells may indicate that stem cells are the
most relevant cellular model for validation of safe
mobile communication signals. Since stem cells are
Hemant Bhargav, T. M. Srinivasan, S. Varambally et al.
290
more active in children [30], children should represent
the most sensitive age group for EMF-increased
cancer risk.
Accumulating evidence has shown that the nature
of the target cells, that is, tissue stem cells and
progenitor cells, needs to be taken into consideration
while developing models for carcinogenesis [31].
Stem cell self-renewal and progenitor differentiation
is regulated by the specialized microenvironment in
which these cells reside and which regulate stem cells
they are called as ‘niche’ [32]. It now appears that
most, if not all, human tissues and organs including
blood, skin, and brain contain stem/progenitor cells
[33]. Therefore, stem cells in different organs are
subjected to EMF exposure and attendant increased
cancer risks may be anticipated. Therefore, human
stem cells may represent a valuable cellular model for
evaluation of safe EMF signals. Some part of the
human population, such as children and pregnant
women could be especially sensitive to MPEMF
exposure [30].
To study EMF effects on human lymphocyte
activation, Capri et al. analyzed CD25, CD95, CD28
molecules in unstimulated and stimulated CD4+ and
CD8+ T cells invitro [34]. Peripheral blood mono-
nuclear cells (PBMCs) from young and elderly donors
were exposed or sham-exposed to EMFs (1800 MHz,
SAR 2 W/kg). No significant changes in the
percentage of these cell subsets were found between
exposed and sham-exposed lymphocytes in both
young and elderly donors. Nevertheless, EMF
exposure induced a slight, but significant, down-
regulation of CD95 expression in stimulated CD4+ T
lymphocytes from elderly, but not from young donors.
Stankiewicz et al. investigated whether cultured
immune cells induced into the active phases of the
cell cycle (G1, S) and then exposed to EMFs (900
MHz simulated GSM signal, 27 V/m, SAR 0.024
W/kg) could also be sensitive to the radiation [35].
The results suggest that the immune activity of
responding lymphocytes and monocytes can be
changed by exposure to 900 MHz microwaves since
the microcultures of PBMC exposed to EMFs
demonstrated significantly higher response to
mitogens and higher immunogenic activity of
monocytes than control cultures.
Stress response has also been suggested as a
criterion for adverse effects of electromagnetic fields
[36]. Stress may be especially important for stem cells
because it is believed to be an important factor in the
multistage origination of cancer from human stem
cells [37]. Both interpretations of the data either
disruption of the balance between cellular repair
systems and DNA damage or stress response are not
mutually exclusive, and both may provide a
mechanistic link to the epidemiologic data showing
association of prolonged EMF exposure with brain
cancer risk [7]. It should also be mentioned that stress
can reduce neurogenesis [38].
Early Diagnostic Value of Gas
Discharge Visulaizer in Detection
and Quantification of
MPEMF-Induced Effects
Electro Photonic Imaging technique/Gas
Discharge Visualization (EPI/GDV) is based on the
well-known Kirlian effect [39] and utilizes modern
optics, electronics, and computer processing for
analyzing electro-photonic emission from diverse
subjects. These discharge pictures are referred to as
EPI-grams. The EPI-grams are obtained by the
application of a pulsed electric field, and allows one
to identify the functional state of an individual in real
time. Through investigating the fluorescent images of
finger tips, which change dynamically with emotional
and health states, one can identify areas of congestion
or energy balance in the whole system. Hence, EPI
method can be implemented as a fast screening
method for evaluating emotional and physical
conditions of people, assessment of treatment
procedure’s effectiveness and in many related
applications [40]. EPI method is easy to apply; it is
noninvasive, objective, economic, and time saving
equipment [39]. EPI has been used for exploring
various areas such as medicine, psychology,
consciousness, sport, water and material testing etc
[39]. In medicine, EPI has been used to study asthma,
cancer, cardiac diseases, autism, surgical implications
etc. It has a Russian Certificate of Conformance as a
medical device [40]. A systematic reviewed study
includes 136 articles addressing four different fields
of medical and psychophysiologic applications of
EPI. The findings reveal that the software and
Effect of Mobile Phone-Induced Electromagnetic Field on Brain Hemodynamics …
291
equipment EPI complex is a convenient and easy to
use device, easy to examine patients with various
pathologies and hence, offers a wide range of
applications [39].
The EPI device was invented by Korotkov [15,
41] and made by Kirlionics International, St.
Petersburg, (Biotech progress LLC, made in Russia).
This device consists of an electrode covered with
dielectric, a generator of electrical field of a suitable
voltage and frequency, and a CCD video camera. It
operates in both dynamic and static mode, allowing
recording of human energy field in real-time. EPI
bioelectrography obtains parameters from 10 fingers
of both hands. It uses single pulse of duration 10 ms,
repetition frequency of 1000 Hz, induction interval of
1 sec; electrode voltage of 12 kV. Image resolution is
160 x 120 pixels [15]. Reliability and validity of EPI
technology has been well established at the St.
Petersburg Federal Medical University, establishing
baseline with healthy individuals and patients
suffering from bronchial asthma. When measuring
people in a stable psycho-physiological state, the EPI-
gram parameters are reproduced with a 5-10%
precision [15, 39, 41]. Another recently published
study established the normative data of EPI for the
healthy Indian population, to aid in the accuracy of
EPI measurements and interpretations [42].
Studies have found correlation between biological
markers and EPI imaging parameters [41, 43]. A
study found close evidence for the validity of EPI
using the mean GDV glow image area as a reliable
measure for (at least, certain types of) stress.
Comparative analyses of the curve progressions of the
parameters tested showed positive correlation
between higher GDV glow image area values with
increased IgA production in saliva, whilst at the same
time, the alpha amylase was negatively correlated
[41]. Few studies have assessed effect of MPEMF on
human's bio-electromagnetic field (BEM) using EPI
[44]. The purpose the present study was to make a
comparative analysis of the effects on human BEM
caused by mobile telephones. The data about person's
BEM was gathered by recording coronas of all ten
fingertips using the EPI camera. The discharge
pictures for each person were taken three times – first
time before wearing the turned-on cellular phone and
after wearing the telephone for 60 minutes. Subjects
were divided into 2 groups: control group of 17
people - subjects without cellular telephones; 19
people, wearing cellular phones without any
protection against possible effects on their BEM. For
statistical analysis of the picture data had to be
transformed into numerical values. This was done
with program EPI-Analysis that is available with the
system. EPI-Analysis transforms pictures into
numerical parameters that describe the characteristics
of fingertip coronas. Parameters of EPI that proved to
be important in previous studies were only used [45-
48]; namely, area of GDV-gram, number of separated
fragments in the image, average area of the fragments,
relative area of corona and areas in the sectors of each
finger. Since the telephone was worn at the level of
the human's heart, it was decided to observe out of 79
in sectors, only 22 parameters that according to finger
corona map correspond to those parts of body that
might be influenced by cellular phones. Thus, analysis
included 4 sectors for heart, 2 sectors for throat with
thyroid gland, 2 sectors for brain, dorsal spine, blood
circulation, lymph, chest, head, pineal gland and
respiratory system. They also defined additional,
potentially significant parameters: CW - corona width
parameters, describing relative changes of above
parameters and CW. The EPI device comes with
software that converts the size and intensity of images
into a quantifiable data expressed in joules. In the
next step the average of above parameters and their
counterparts over all ten fingers for every subject was
calculated. Results of the study revealed that cellular
phones influence the human BEM in a way that
coronas become reduced, more fragmented and
incomplete after 60 minutes of exposure. Though the
results from statistical analysis confirmed these
conclusions, the majority of results were not
significant. Authors proposed that a probable reason
for this could be insufficient quantity of data. Since
there were large deviations, presumably caused by
insufficient number of people in groups, there was a
need to repeat this study on a larger population. We
performed a randomized controlled pilot study [49] on
60 healthy teenagers who were randomly divided into
two groups: 1) MPON and 2) MPOF. MPON group
was exposed to 900 Hz GSM mobile phone radiations
for 30 minutes on the right side of the ear ˷̴ 1.5
centimetres distance from the tragus. MPOF group
was exposed to the same mobile on the same side for
the same duration to mobile phone in off mode with
Hemant Bhargav, T. M. Srinivasan, S. Varambally et al.
292
the batteries removed. The assessments were done for
obtaining human BEM using GDV Pro device before
and immediately after the exposure. We found that the
EPI images were significantly different between the
groups. The subtle energy levels were significantly
reduced after the exposure to MPEMFs for the
following area zones of human BEM in the MPON
group as compared to MPOF group: a) Pancreas
(p = 0.001); b) Thyroid gland (p = 0.002); c) Cerebral
Zone Cortex (P < 0.01); and d) Hypophysis
(p = 0.013). This suggests that there are definite
effects of MPEMFs on human BEM and they are
quantifiable [49]. Future studies with larger sample
size should confirm these findings. Studies in future
should explore the diagnostic potential of emerging
EPI technique through large sample studies with
randomized controlled designs. Studies should also be
planned to detect a subtle energy bio-marker of
MPEMF effects on human BEM that can be used to
identify and quantify cancer risk earlier to its physical
manifestation [44].
Conclusion
MPEMFs are potentially hazardous to human
health especially if the exposure period spans over 10
years. MPEMFs can alter brain physiology and
hemodynamics. EMFs from mobile phones may
inhibit formation of endogenous 53BP1 foci in stem
cells. Stem cells are more sensitive to MPEMF
exposure than are differentiated human primary cells.
Inhibitory effects of MPEMF exposure on DSB repair
in stem cells may result in formation of chromosomal
aberrations and therefore origination of cancer.
Alternatively, MPEMF exposures may induce a stress
response. Both possible interpretations provide a
mechanistic link to increased cancer risk. Electro
photonic imaging (EPI) is subtle energy diagnostic
tool which is valid and reliable tool to assess early
effects of MPEMF radiations.
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