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Abstract

En este trabajo se caracteriza el Análisis la Conducta (Análisis Experimental del Comportamiento y Análisis Aplicado del Comportamiento) tal como se han desarrollado en Latinoamérica en la segunda parte del Siglo XX y lo que ha transcurrido del Siglo XXI. En este contexto, se analizan algunos factores que pueden explicar el rechazo o el poco atractivo que el conductismo puede tener, a saber, la cultura mentalista, el aislamiento del Análisis Experimental del Comportamiento de la comunidad psicológica, la posible insuficiencia de los principios del condicionamiento para explicar la conducta humana, y las prácticas investigativas de los analistas del comportamiento. Se analizan igualmente las limitaciones del Análisis Aplicado del Comportamiento como una propuesta tecnológica para el manejo de muchos de los problemas humanos que son competencia de los psicólogos. Finalmente, se plantea la necesidad de seguir construyendo una ciencia naturalista del comportamiento que tenga respaldo empírico.

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... Ao contrário dessas informações divulgadas, o behaviorismo radical e a análise do comportamento, apesar de nunca terem representado o paradigma dominante na Psicologia, não deixaram de existir após o surgimento da psicologia cognitivista ou das críticas de Chomsky sobre a abordagem skinneriana ao comportamento verbal, pelo contrário, tem se desenvolvido constantemente por diversos caminhos (Correal, 2016;Smith, 2016); tradicionalmente, atribui-se a John B. Watson o título de fundador do behaviorismo, com seu texto intitulado "A Psicologia como o Behaviorista a vê" (1913); em relação às propostas tecnológicas, é preciso retificar que Skinner não foi o criador da primeira máquina de ensinar, tendo sido precedido por alguns pesquisadores, como Sidney Pressey (1926), mas criou uma nova máquina, baseada em conhecimentos sobre comportamento operante (Skinner, 1958); sobre a formação de Skinner, graduou-se em Literatura Inglesa na Hamilton College e realizou posteriormente mestrado e doutorado em Psicologia na Universidade de Harvard (Cunha & Verneque, 2004). ...
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Frequentemente, o behaviorismo radical e a análise do comportamento são apresentados na mídia por meio de estereótipos negativos, possivelmente atravancando a difusão de suas propostas aos potenciais beneficiários. Com base nisso, o objetivo deste trabalho é caracterizar as publicações do jornal Folha de S.Paulo sobre behaviorismo radical e análise do comportamento desde a sua fundação em 1921, até 2015. Para tal, 227 parágrafos presentes no jornal que continham os termos Skinner ou behaviorismo foram selecionados para análise. De forma geral, foram encontrados trechos contendo críticas ao behaviorismo radical que expuseram equívocos históricos e conceituais, problematizaram o este campo de estudo, apresentaram algum aspecto correto e/ou apresentaram o termo "behaviorismo" de forma genérica. Foram identificados tópicos especialmente mal compreendidos: a análise do comportamento como legitimadora do controle, ultrapassada pelas teorias cognitivistas, capaz de explicar apenas comportamentos simples ou de animais não-humanos e interessada apenas em comportamentos observáveis. Recomenda-se que behavioristas radicais comuniquem suas propostas com ênfase em seu caráter de denúncia do controle como uma característica inerente às relações comportamentais de uma ciência viva em constante desenvolvimento e de uma abordagem interessada em lidar com quaisquer comportamentos, que aconteçam dentro ou fora da pele.
... With this proposed in mind in addition with the premise where the psychology have a special interest in human behavior analysis and it modification with direct intervention (Biglan, Zettle, Hayes, & Barnes-Holmes, 2016); it would be possible underline certain analytic and technological approaches from the fields of Behavior Analysis (e.g., experiential analysis of behavior and applied behavioral analysis, respectively) (Kyonka & Subramaniam, 2018;Peña-Correal, 2016). Within those, there is the Relational Frame Theory (RFT), which proposes a language and cognition explanation in terms of contingency relations between individual behavior and environment. ...
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The aim of this translational research was to investigate the effect of differential training in three types of rule-governed behavior (RGB) on compliance and transgression with pedestrian traffic rules. Participants were 231 university students divided in three groups defined by the type of training (pliance, tracking and augmenting). The design consisted of pre-tests and post-tests, in addition of a training phase with direct reinforcement that defined by the group each participant belonged. The results showed a general trend of compliance to the rule in all phases, particularly with tracking-consequences in pre and post-training. In all experimental groups, training in RGB increased compliance of traffic rules. These findings allow the formulation of evidence-based guidelines for the design, implementation and evaluation of road programs to accident prevention.
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p>Mediante un estudio bibliointegrativo se describe la producción científica del movimiento conductual en el Perú. Se usó una lista de atributos hemerográficos que caracteriza la investigación a nivel genérico, temático, metodológico, muestral y documental. Se analizaron 110 artículos conductuales publicados entre el 2000 y 2017 en revistas peruanas indexadas. Se encontró predominancia cognitivo-conductual en la investigación empírica-tecnológica, e interconductual y skinneriana en la investigación teórica. Los diseños más utilizados fueron los no experimentales de tipo correlacional simple, usando estadística descriptiva e inferencial para la comprobación de hipótesis. Los estudios se realizaron solo en humanos, en distintos grupos etarios y empleando fundamentalmente muestreo no probabilístico. Los autores usan fuentes primarias, en su mayoría de origen español e inglés y con antigüedad promedio menor a 10 años. En conclusión, la investigación conductual comparte características de la investigación peruana en general: número limitado de publicaciones, concentrada en humanos y dirigida a contextos aplicativos.</p
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A conceptual review of Behaviorism is presented in which its main features are discussed with the purpose of assessing its viability as a proposal for the XXIth century. Based on the premise that behaviorism is not a unified theory of psychology, but a philosophy of this science, some of the topics on which there is greater coincidence between the behaviourists are presented, namely the assumption that psychology is a natural and empirical science, which attempts to generate knowledge in which subjectivistic biases (objectivity) are controlled and finally that it prefers the experimental methodology in their empirical studies. Also are brought some topics on which there is debate among the behaviorists, such as the level of molecularity or molarity in the analysis, the need or not of mediating factors and the use of ideographic vs. nomotetic research. Work concludes by pointing out how some of the more known concepts as «stimulus», «response», or «conditioning» among others, are not essential to Behaviorism and they could eventually be replaced by others.
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Examines the characteristics of the language of radical behaviorism that make the viewpoint seem rigid; offers reasons for retaining those characteristics; clarifies aspects of what radical behaviorism is about; and assesses the benefits, costs, and limitations of its specialized language. The assumptions and practices that characterize radical behaviorism are identified, and the effects of vernacular distortions of the terminology of behavior analysis are noted. The functional analysis of language is also reviewed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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This paper offers some reflections on the discipline and profession of behavior analysis, as well as on the Association for Behavior Analysis (ABA), on the occasion of the association's 25th anniversary. It is based on a panel session conducted at the 1999 convention that included six past presidents of ABA (Donald M. Baer, Judith E. Favell, Sigrid S. Glenn, Philip N. Hineline, Jack Michael, and Edward K. Morris) and its current Executive Director and Secretary-Treasurer (Maria E. Malott). Among the topics addressed were (a) the survival of behavior analysis in university and cultural contexts, (b) the training of behavior-analytic researchers and practitioners, (c) relations between basic and applied research, (d) convergences between behavior analysis and other disciplines, (e) the structure and function of ABA, and (f) the importance of students for the future of the association, the discipline, and the profession. Questions from the audience raised issues concerning the relevance of major behavior-analytic journals, advances in behavior analysis since the death of B. F. Skinner, and the availability of accessible, popular material on applied behavior analysis.
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"Pure basic" science can become detached from the natural world that it is supposed to explain. "Pure applied" work can become detached from fundamental processes that shape the world it is supposed to improve. Neither demands the intellectual support of a broad scholarly community or the material support of society. Translational research can do better by seeking innovation in theory or practice through the synthesis of basic and applied questions, literatures, and methods. Although translational thinking has always occurred in behavior analysis, progress often has been constrained by a functional separation of basic and applied communities. A review of translational traditions in behavior analysis suggests that innovation is most likely when individuals with basic and applied expertise collaborate. Such innovation may have to accelerate for behavior analysis to be taken seriously as a general-purpose science of behavior. We discuss the need for better coordination between the basic and applied sectors, and argue that such coordination compromises neither while benefiting both.
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Behavior analysis is the underclass of psychology. It is under-funded, under-taught, and underappreciated. A lot is happening that is positive, but just beneath the surface, there are grave dangers lurking that could significantly worsen our already poor status. I prefer to believe that most of these dangers are things we can control by our own behavior (itself a rather behavioral idea), and I offer this list of dangers in that spirit. As someone once said: if you always do what you always did, you'll always get what you always got. Behavior analysts need to appreciate the following six dangers and adapt to them.
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The present research examined trends in the prominence of 4 widely recognized schools in scientific psychology: psychoanalysis, behaviorism, cognitive psychology, and neuroscience. The results, which replicated across 3 measures of prominence, showed the following trends: (a) psychoanalytic research has been virtually ignored by mainstream scientific psychology over the past several decades; (b) behavioral psychology has declined in prominence and gave way to the ascension of cognitive psychology during the 1970s; (c) cognitive psychology has sustained a steady upward trajectory and continues to be the most prominent school; and (d) neuroscience has seen only a modest increase in prominence in mainstream psychology, despite evidence for its conspicuous growth in general. The authors use these findings as a springboard for discussing different views of scientific prominence and conclude that psychologists should evaluate trends in the field empirically, not intuitively.
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Review of the book Philosophical foundations of neuroscience by M. R. Bennett and P. M. S. Hacker. Those who take up the task of reading the 450 pages of this book can accept or reject one or more of the ideas and conclusions of the authors--but they will be unable to go back to "science as usual," passively accepting the dogmas so strongly shaken by the current authors. This means that the book is mandatory reading material. The book has several important merits. First, the tandem of prominent authors--a neurophysiologist and a philosopher--are fully devoted to the search for truth and clarity, not to impress the public with a new bestseller. Second, it is written in excellent English, with a brilliant sense of humor. Third, it is extremely comprehensive and in this respect, reminds one of James's Psychology. The authors consecutively analyze all forms of mental activity: sensation, pain, perception, imagination, memory, thinking, knowledge and beliefs, emotions, volition, and different kinds and subdivisions of consciousness. In addition to this, the authors briefly review the history of philosophical ideas as manifested in the classics of neuroscience from Willis and Bell to Adrian, Eccles, and Penfield. They discuss methodological issues in the study of the mind-body problem and formulate a clear, though not uncontroversial, view on what is possible and impossible for neuroscience, as well as what is possible and impossible for philosophy. They close with an analysis of the several most influential approaches in the modern philosophy of mind, as represented in the recent books of the Churchlands, Dennett, and Searle. Thus, the authors do not leave out any of the important problems of interest for cognitive and behavioral neuroscience. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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The conceptual framework of behaviorism is reconstructed in a logical scheme rather than along chronological lines. The resulting reconstruction is faithful to the history of behaviorism and yet meets the contemporary challenges arising from cognitive science, psycholinguistics, and philosophy. In this reconstruction, the fundamental premise is that psychology is to be a natural science, and the major corollaries are that psychology is to be objective and empirical. To a great extent, the reconstruction of behaviorism is an elaboration of behaviorist views of what it is for a science to be objective and empirical. The reconstruction examines and evaluates behaviorist positions on observation and the rejection of introspection, the behavioral data language, theory construction, stimulus-response psychology, the organization of behavior, complex processes, agency, and the interpretation of mentalistic language. The resulting reconstruction shows behaviorism to be a pragmatic psychological version of positivism based on a behavioral epistemology.
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applied vs experimental behavior analysis, comment on J. L. Michael's discussion Comments on J. Michael's (1980) discussion on the flight from behavior analysis by looking positively upon the following points: The applied people are largely new personnel who are not quick to apply new basic findings and who do not relate their independent variables to basic behavioral concepts. Procedure-collecting does not further the "behavioralization" of culture. The marketability of applied behavior analysis is not supportive of behavior analysis. Applied behavior analysts behave as if application were a self-contained enterprise.
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A psychological science of efficient causes, using internal mechanisms to explain overt behavior, is distinguished from another psychological science, based on Aristotelian final causes, using external objects and goals to explain overt behavior. Efficient-cause psychology is designed to answer the question of how a particular act is emitted; final-cause psychology is designed to answer the question of why a particular act is emitted. Physiological psychology, modern cognitive psychology, and some parts of behaviorism including Skinnerian behaviorism are efficient-cause psychologies; final-cause psychology, a development of Skinnerian behaviorism, is here called teleological behaviorism. Each of these two conceptions of causality in psychology implies a different view of the mind, hence a different meaning of mental terms.
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Part I: The Basic Account. 1. Language and Cognition: Constructing an Alternative Approach Within the Behavioral Tradition S.C. Hayes, et al. 2. Derived Relational Responding as Learned Behavior S.C. Hayes, et al. 3. Multiple Stimulus Relations and the Transformation of Stimulus Functions D. Barnes-Holmes, et al. 4. Relations Among Relations: Analogies, Metaphors, and Stories I. Stewart, et al. 5. Thinking, Problem-Solving, and Pragmatic Verbal Analysis S.C. Hayes, et al. 6. Understanding and Verbal Regulation D. Barnes-Holmes, et al. 7. Self and Self-Directed Rules D. Barnes-Holmes, et al. 8. Relational Frame Theory: A Precis S.C. Hayes, et al. Part II: Extensions and Applications. 9. Psychological Development Y. Barnes-Holmes, et al. 10. Education Y. Barnes-Holmes, et al. 11. Social Processes B. Roche, et al. 12. Psychopathology and Psychotherapy K.G. Wilson, et al. 13. Religion, Spirituality, and Transcendence D. Barnes-Holmes, et al. Epilogue. References. Index.
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The term "theory" is taken to refer "to any explanation of an observed fact which appeals to events taking place somewhere else, at some other level of observation, described in different terms, and measured, if at all, in different dimensions." Learning theory to date has tended to create a false sense of security, and research designed with respect to it is likely to be wasteful. Extensive examples are given to show that productive research can proceed from the study of a datum which varies in a significant fashion. At present, little effective use is made of empirical or rational equations. There seems to be no a priori reason why a complete account of the higher mental processes is not possible without appeal to theoretical processes in other dimensional systems.
Theory, scientific research, and technical applications: how related in operant psychology?
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