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Influence of Rootstock on the Response of Seyval Grapevines to Flooding Stress
Abstract
St. George, Couderc 3309, Riparia Gloire, Kober 5BB, Seyval, and Cynthiana vines were subjected to soil flooding under greenhouse conditions. The rate of shoot elongation (RSE), net CO2 assimilation rate (A), stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration (E), and water use efficiency (WUE) were measured at one to four day intervals as an estimate of sensitivity to flooded conditions. In general, RSE was the most sensitive and WUE the least sensitive parameter to flooding. St. George, Couderc 3309, and Riparia Gloire were the most tolerant cultivars, while Kober 5BB, Seyval, and Cynthiana were the most susceptible cultivars to flooding. Symptoms of flooding were desiccation of the shoot apex, flagging of leaves, necrotic areas on leaves, senescence of basal leaves and regeneration of roots near the water surface. The effect of rootstock on flooding tolerance of a susceptible scion was measured during an eight-day flooding period. Treatments were own-rooted Seyval and Seyval grafted on Seyval, Couderc 3309, and St. George. Flooding tolerance of Seyval was increased slightly by grafting onto Couderc 3309. © 1993 by the American Society for Enology and Viticulture. All rights reserved.
... Only few studies have been conducted to characterize the effects of flooding events on grapevine's cultivation. Initial efforts aimed at describing morphological and physiological aspects of grapevine adaptation to waterlogging stress pointed out an overall reduction in stomatal conductance, photosynthetic rate and plant height, as well as premature senescence and disturbances to yield components (Striegler et al., 1993;Stevens and Prior, 1994;Stevens and Harvey, 1995;Kawai et al., 1996;Stevens et al., 1999;Mancuso and Boselli, 2002;de Herralde et al., 2005;Mancuso and Marras, 2006;Mugnai et al., 2011). ...
... Each box, representing a specific enzymatic or regulatory step, is divided in three sub-boxes representing the different time points: from left to right T1, T2, and T6. (Striegler et al., 1993;Kawai et al., 1996;de Herralde et al., 2005;Mugnai et al., 2011). Such differences may be at least in part ascribed to the different adaptive behavior to hypoxia and/or anoxia of the parental genotypes V. riparia (originating from riverbanks and thus tolerant to short term flooding) and V. rupestris (originating from arid areas and flooding sensitive). ...
... V. riparia's higher tolerance has been functionally connected to its better ability to maintain ion homeostasis (sustaining K + uptake) during prolonged hypoxia and to preserve enough O 2 for the respiratory needs in the root apical meristem (Mancuso and Boselli, 2002;Mancuso and Marras, 2006;Mugnai et al., 2011). As far as the coordinated development of the below and above ground organs is concerned, previous studies reported that root flooding occurring in coincidence with the onset of budbreak did not suppress budbreak but rather inhibited shoot and later root growth (Striegler et al., 1993;Stevens and Prior, 1994;Kawai et al., 1996;Mancuso and Boselli, 2002;Mancuso and Marras, 2006;Mugnai et al., 2011). So far, short term (up to 2 weeks) single or repeated cycles of waterlogging have been shown to cause growth reductions in grapevine, in terms of shoot elongation, leaf growth, altered nutrient composition and leaf gas exchange (Striegler et al., 1993;Stevens and Prior, 1994;Stevens and Harvey, 1995;Stevens et al., 1999;de Herralde et al., 2005). ...
Studies on model plants have shown that temporary soil flooding exposes roots to a significant hypoxic stress resulting in metabolic re-programming, accumulation of toxic metabolites and hormonal imbalance. To date, physiological and transcriptional responses to flooding in grapevine are poorly characterized. To fill this gap, we aimed to gain insights into the transcriptional and metabolic changes induced by flooding on grapevine roots (K5BB rootstocks), on which cv Sauvignon blanc (Vitis vinifera L.) plants were grafted. A preliminary experiment under hydroponic conditions enabled the identification of transiently and steadily regulated hypoxia-responsive marker genes and drafting a model for response to oxygen deprivation in grapevine roots. Afterward, over two consecutive vegetative seasons, flooding was imposed to potted vines during the late dormancy period, to mimick the most frequent waterlogging events occurring in the field. Untargeted transcriptomic and metabolic profiling approaches were applied to investigate early responses of grapevine roots during exposure to hypoxia and subsequent recovery after stress removal. The initial hypoxic response was marked by a significant increase of the hypoxia-inducible metabolites ethanol, GABA, succinic acid and alanine which remained high also 1 week after recovery from flooding with the exception of ethanol that leveled off. Transcriptomic data supported the metabolic changes by indicating a substantial rearrangement of primary metabolic pathways through enhancement of the glycolytic and fermentative enzymes and of a subset of enzymes involved in the TCA cycle. GO and KEGG pathway analyses of differentially expressed genes showed a general down-regulation of brassinosteroid, auxin and gibberellin biosynthesis in waterlogged plants, suggesting a general inhibition of root growth and lateral expansion. During recovery, transcriptional activation of gibberellin biosynthetic genes and down-regulation of the metabolic ones may support a role for gibberellins in signaling grapevine rootstocks waterlogging metabolic and hormonal changes to the above ground plant. The significant internode elongation measured upon budbreak during recovery in plants that had experienced flooding supported this hypothesis. Overall integration of these data enabled us to draft a first comprehensive view of the molecular and metabolic pathways involved in grapevine’s root responses highlighting a deep metabolic and transcriptomic reprogramming during and after exposure to waterlogging.
... The effect of rootstock on the growth and resilience of the plant, its fruit production, and the composition and quality of the fruit and resulting wine is well documented. Rootstocks can improve vine performance and winegrape quality by regulating scion vigor (McCraw et al. 2005;Migicovsky et al. 2021;Reynolds and Wardle 2001;Sabbatini and Howell 2013;Tandonnet et al. 2010), addressing water stress (Striegler et al. 1993), imparting disease and pest resistance (East et al. 2021;Ferris et al. 2012), controlling uptake of specific nutrients (Gautier et al. 2020;Lambert et al. 2008;R€ uhl et al. 1988), improving winterhardiness (Gu et al. 2005;McCraw et al. 2005;Striegler and Howell 1991), and shortening the vegetative cycle to allow more veraison-toharvest heat units (Reynolds and Wardle 2001). Rootstocks can also influence juice quality (Gu et al. 2005;Main et al. 2002;Striegler et al. 2005;Vanden Heuvel et al. 2004) and ultimately wine quality (Krstic et al. 2005). ...
... Across the 4 years, the rootstock 'Kingfisher' produced among the largest berries (2.24 g), with statistically smaller berries produced on six of the root systems. Although numerous interacting viticultural factors can certainly influence berry weight, such factors may be further impacted by rootstocks due to their inherent abilities to uptake water and nutrients at different levels (e.g., Gautier et al. 2020;R€ uhl et al. 1988;Striegler et al. 1993). Many winemakers may prefer smaller berries because of their higher skin-topulp ratio, and the concomitant increase in aromatic and phenolic compounds (Rib ereau- Gayon et al. 2006). ...
In the midwestern United States, especially Missouri, winegrape ( Vitis sp.) growers mostly plant interspecific hybrids, which are well adapted to the climate and pests of the region. ‘Chambourcin’ (an interspecific French-American hybrid) is one of the most widely planted winegrape cultivars in the area. It is usually grown as own-rooted (nongrafted) vines because the economic and horticultural benefits of grafting this cultivar to rootstocks have not been well developed. Further, few significant winegrape rootstock evaluations have been conducted in the midwestern United States, including evaluations of newer rootstocks developed and released by private and public breeding programs. The aim of this study was to assess the potential value of using rootstocks in ‘Chambourcin’ production in southern Missouri, with implications for the midwestern United States. Fruit yield, vine growth, and fruit composition metrics from ‘Chambourcin’ on 10 different root systems [own-rooted, and grafted to rootstocks ‘Couderc 3309’, ‘Couderc 1616’, ‘Paulsen 1103’, ‘Sélection Oppenheim 4’, ‘Millardet et de Grasset 420A’, ‘Millardet et de Grasset 101-14’, ‘Kingfisher’, ‘Matador’ (all Vitis sp.), and ‘Gloire de Montpellier’ riverbank grape ( Vitis riparia )] in an experimental vineyard in southwest Missouri were compared. Following three establishment years (2008–10), data were collected across four growing and vintage seasons (2011–14). Yield components evaluated included total fruit production, clusters per vine, cluster weight, berry weight, weight of cane prunings, and crop load. Petiole mineral analysis was conducted in 2011, 2013, and 2014. Grape juice attributes measured were soluble solids concentration, juice pH, titratable acidity (TA), potassium (K), anthocyanins, tannins, phenolics, and organic acids. When simply comparing grafted vs. ungrafted vines, grafting generally induced higher plant vigor and a higher pH in the juice, whereas the other parameters did not differ. When the performances were compared among the 10 root systems, vines grafted to ‘Couderc 3309’ had higher yields compared with vines grafted to six other rootstocks and own-rooted vines. Grafting to ‘Millardet et de Grasset 101-14’ induced higher cluster weight compared with the other rootstocks. The ‘Millardet et de Grasset 420A’ rootstock promoted a higher pH and TA as well as a higher concentration of K in the juice, and ‘Paulsen 1103’ also promoted high pH, TA, and malic acid in the juice, and higher concentrations of phosphorous (P) and K in the petiole compared with most rootstocks. ‘Gloire de Montpellier’ induced a lower P content in the petiole and a higher tartaric/malic acid ratio. Rootstock use can strongly influence some vineyard production metrics as well as nutrient uptake and K levels in the juice (the latter further influencing juice pH). The results of this study provide insights into the complex viticultural and enological interactions resulting from the use of rootstocks in hybrid winegrape production in Missouri, USA.
... Canopy senescence, decreased root growth and root decay may also ensue. However, under adequate carbon supplies, new adventitious roots can be produced to maintain oxygen delivery (Striegler et al., 1993). In general, roots under hypoxic conditions are less able to take up water and macronutrients (Bailey-Serres and Voesenek, 2010). ...
... Soil salinity has increased due to irrigation, of concern in the Murray River Valley of Australia, as high salinity impacts severely on growth and productivity. To improve tolerance to flooding, grafting onto Couderc 3309 resulted in less adverse impacts (Striegler et al., 1993). Rootstocks can also influence phenology and ripening (May, 1994;Walker et al., 2000). ...
Compressed vintages, high alcohol and low wine acidity are but a few repercussions of climate change effects on Australian viticulture. While warm and cool growing regions may have different practical concerns related to climate change, they both experience altered berry and must composition and potentially reduced desirable wine characteristics and market value. Storms, drought and uncertain water supplies combined with excessive heat not only depress vine productivity through altered physiology but can have direct consequences on the fruit. Sunburn, shrivelling and altered sugar-flavour-aroma balance are becoming more prevalent while bushfires can result in smoke taint. Moreover, distorted pest and disease cycles and changes in pathogen geographical distribution have altered biotic stress dynamics that require novel management strategies. A multipronged approach to address these challenges may include alternative cultivars and rootstocks or changing geographic location. In addition, modifying and incorporating novel irrigation regimes, vine architecture and canopy manipulation, vineyard floor management, soil amendments and foliar products such as antitranspirants and other film-forming barriers are potential levers that can be used to manage the effects of climate change. The adoption of technology into the vineyard including weather, plant and soil sensors are giving viticulturists extra tools to make quick decisions, while satellite and airborne remote sensing allow the adoption of precision farming. A coherent and comprehensive approach to climate risk management, with consideration of the environment, ensures that optimum production and exceptional fruit quality is maintained. We review the preliminary findings and feasibility of these new strategies in the Australian context.
... All vines perform poorly in flooded soil conditions. Grapevine symptoms of waterlogging include desiccation of the shoot apex, flagging of leaves, necrotic areas on leaves, senescence of basal leaves, and regeneration of roots near the water surface (Striegler et al. 1993). Ungrafted vines usually show better tolerance, and rootstocks are generally more susceptible to waterlogging than own-rooted V. vinifera (Dry 2015 The most popular rootstocks in South Africa has been classified to excellent, good, fair, moderate and poor resistant to soil wet (Southey 1992;Hunter et al. 2016;van Schalkwyk 2017). ...
... ). V. cinerea is considered to be a waterlogged tolerant species(Pongrácz 1983).Striegler et al. (1993) compared St.George, 3309 C, Riparia Gloire, Kober 5BB, Seyval (own-root), and Cynthiana (Vitis aestivalis) to soil flooding conditions under greenhouse conditions. In general, the rate of shoot elongation was the most sensitive, and water use efficiency was the least sensitive parameter to waterlogging. St. George, 3309 C, and Riparia G ...
... pendula and P. discolor) showed similar tolerance levels in germination, but contrasting responses when seedling survival was used as a criterion of adaptation (Scarano and Crawford, 1992). Due to this filter, the rootstock tolerance classification depends upon factors such as type of waterlogging (gradual or complete), number of days waterlogged (short-and long-term evaluations) (Striegler et al., 1993;Kozlowski, 1997;Schaffer, 1998), with or without soil (Tavakkoli et al., 2010) and with or without recovery (Striker, 2012), all of which make it difficult to have uniform criteria for the selection of tolerant plants and to distinguish plants adapted to waterlogging stress under field conditions (Striegler et al., 1993;Ranney, 1994). ...
... pendula and P. discolor) showed similar tolerance levels in germination, but contrasting responses when seedling survival was used as a criterion of adaptation (Scarano and Crawford, 1992). Due to this filter, the rootstock tolerance classification depends upon factors such as type of waterlogging (gradual or complete), number of days waterlogged (short-and long-term evaluations) (Striegler et al., 1993;Kozlowski, 1997;Schaffer, 1998), with or without soil (Tavakkoli et al., 2010) and with or without recovery (Striker, 2012), all of which make it difficult to have uniform criteria for the selection of tolerant plants and to distinguish plants adapted to waterlogging stress under field conditions (Striegler et al., 1993;Ranney, 1994). ...
Under transient waterlogging, a number of transformations in the soil are generated associated with lack of aeration, seriously affecting the root system. Significant progress has been reported on understanding the effects of lack of oxygen on the metabolism of the roots, although few studies have examined changes in the soil. Diverging conclusions about the degree of tolerance exhibited by plants exclude the effects of hypoxia and anoxia on physical-chemical soil properties under
plant experiments. This review examines the main changes occurring in soil and roots due to transient soil waterlogging conditions. Parameters such as antioxidant capacity, nutrient uptake dynamics and regeneration and distribution of the root system are relevant for selecting rootstocks tolerant to soil waterlogging.
... Under hypoxia stress, it has been observed that the gas exchange parameters are dramatically affected in several fruit trees, such as avocado (Persea americana Mill.) [33], kiwi fruits (Actinidia chinensis Planch) [34], citrus trees [35][36][37][38], pecans (Carya illinoensis K. Koch) [39], walnut trees (Juglans regia L.) [40], grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) [41,42], pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) [43], apple (Malus × domestica Borkh) [44] and several Prunus species [7,[45][46][47][48][49]. In general, all these tree species were classified as sensitive to root hypoxia. ...
Plants are permanently facing challenges imposed by the environment which, in the context of the current scenario of global climate change, implies a constant process of adaptation to survive and even, in the case of crops, at least maintain yield. O2 deficiency at the rhizosphere level, i.e., root hypoxia, is one of the factors with the greatest impact at whole-plant level. At cellular level, this O2 deficiency provokes a disturbance in the energy metabolism which has notable consequences on the yield of plant crops. In this sense, although several physiological studies describe processes involved in plant adaptation to root hypoxia in woody fruit trees, with emphasis on the negative impacts on photosynthetic rate, there are very few studies that include -omics strategies for specifically understanding these processes in the roots of such species. Through a de novo assembly approach, a comparative transcriptome study of waterlogged Prunus spp. genotypes contrasting in their tolerance to root hypoxia was revisited in order to gain a deeper insight into the reconfiguration of pivotal pathways involved in energy metabolism. This re-analysis describes the classically altered pathways seen in the roots of woody fruit trees under hypoxia, but also routes that link them to pathways involved with nitrogen assimilation and the maintenance of cytoplasmic pH and glycolytic flow. In addition, the effects of root hypoxia on the transcription of genes related to the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation system, responsible for providing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to the cell, are discussed in terms of their roles in the energy balance, reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism and aerenchyma formation. This review compiles key findings that help to explain the trait of tolerance to root hypoxia in woody fruit species, giving special attention to their strategies for managing the energy crisis. Finally, research challenges addressing less-explored topics in recovery and stress memory in woody fruit trees are pointed out.
... Due to its worldwide distribution, grapevines are highly exposed to a wide 1 3 range of environmental stresses. Grapevine may suffer from cold stress, both chilling and freezing (Sawicki et al. 2015a, b), heat stress (Kriedemann and Smart 1971), water shortage (Hardie and Considine 1976;Lovisolo et al. 1998), water excess (Striegler et al. 1993), and even from a rise of CO 2 concentration in the atmosphere (Martínez-Lüscher et al. 2015). Water shortage is likely to be the most dominant environmental constraint within the grapevine production area (Williams and Matthews 1990). ...
Main conclusion
Heat and water stresses, individually or combined, affect both the plant (development, physiology, and production) and the pathogens (growth, morphology, dissemination, distribution, and virulence). The grapevine response to combined abiotic and biotic stresses is complex and cannot be inferred from the response to each single stress. Several factors might impact the response and the recovery of the grapevine, such as the intensity, duration, and timing of the stresses. In the heat/water stress—GTDs—grapevine interaction, the nature of the pathogens, and the host, i.e., the nature of the rootstock, the cultivar and the clone, has a great importance. This review highlights the lack of studies investigating the response to combined stresses, in particular molecular studies, and the misreading of the relationship between rootstock and scion in the relationship GTDs/abiotic stresses.
Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) are one of the biggest threats to vineyard sustainability in the next 30 years. Although many treatments and practices are used to manage GTDs, there has been an increase in the prevalence of these diseases due to several factors such as vineyard intensification, aging vineyards, or nursery practices. The ban of efficient treatments, i.e., sodium arsenite, carbendazim, and benomyl, in the early 2000s may be partly responsible for the fast spread of these diseases. However, GTD-associated fungi can act as endophytes for several years on, or inside the vine until the appearance of the first symptoms. This prompted several researchers to hypothesise that abiotic conditions, especially thermal and water stresses, were involved in the initiation of GTD symptoms. Unfortunately, the frequency of these abiotic conditions occurring is likely to increase according to the recent consensus scenario of climate change, especially in wine-growing areas. In this article, following a review on the impact of combined thermal and water stresses on grapevine physiology, we will examine (1) how this combination of stresses might influence the lifestyle of GTD pathogens, (2) learnings from grapevine field experiments and modelling aiming at studying biotic and abiotic stresses, and (3) what mechanistic concepts can be used to explain how these stresses might affect the grapevine plant status.
... It has been reported that grafting or chip budding on rootstocks is useful for resistance to some biotic stresses such as phylloxera (Schmid et al., 1998), root nematode (McCarthy & Cirami, 1990) and crown gall (Diana & Dejeu, 2011). In addition, rootstocks may promote enhanced adaptability to abiotic stresses such as high or low soil pH (Bavaresco et al., 1992), wet or poorly drained soils (Striegler et al., 1993), and drought (Pavloušek, 2011). Numerous reports have also proved that rootstocks affect vine growth, yield, fruit quality and wine quality (Reynolds & Wardle, 2001;Satisha et al., 2010;Nilnond et al., 2011). ...
Downy mildew of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.), caused by the oomycete Plasmopara viticola, can seriously devastate grapevine production in tropical countries, such as Thailand. Four susceptible grapevine cultivars, four potentially resistant lines and 18 F 1 hybrids, propagated by air layering and chip budding, were evaluated for resistance to downy mildew at laboratory (using a detached leaf assay) and field (natural infection in 2011 and 2013) levels. Significant differences in the disease scores among grapevine genotypes, ranging from 0.54 (resistant) to 4.83 (susceptible) and 3.30 (resistant) to 7.70 (susceptible), were observed under the laboratory and field conditions respectively. No significant difference in disease severity was observed between the two propagation methods or between the two different years of field evaluations. Resistance evaluations under both conditions consistently classified 'NY88.0517.01' and 'NY65.0550.04' as resistant lines what would be useful as parents for future breeding programmes. Moreover, one F 1 hybrid, '5UT0403.091, was reported to have considerable resistance to downy mildew under both laboratory and field conditions for the first time. The field resistance level of this hybrid was almost comparable to its highly resistant parent 'Wilcox 321 1, suggesting its potential for the future development of resistant cultivars in Thailand. Although the ranking of genotypes varied between screening methods, the resistance levels of the 26 grapevine genotypes evaluated under laboratory and field conditions were comparable based on the Spearman's rank correlation coefficients of 0.73 (p ≤ 0.01). These results suggest that the laboratory screening assay is efficient for the rapid, reliable and economical identification of resistant hybrids in grapevine breeding programmes.
... At the present time, few methods exist to alleviate growth and production problems due to lack of oxygen in the root zone in avocado orchards. For other fruit tree species, the use of flood-tolerant rootstocks (Schaffer and Moon, 1991;Striegler et al., 1993;Gettys and Sutton, 2001) has been tested, but there are currently no floodtolerant rootstocks available for avocado trees. In Israel, a few clonal rootstocks have been selected for soils with poor aeration (Ben-Ya´acov and Zilberstaine, 1999), but they have not been massively used in commercial orchards. ...
Commercial avocado production in Chile has expanded to areas with poorly drained soils presenting low oxygenation over significant periods of time throughout the year. In many of these areas, irrigation management is difficult because plantations are often placed on slopes of hills. Poorly aerated soils combined with irrigation design and management problems can limit avocado fruit production and quality, particularly if hypoxia stress occurs between spring and the beginning of summer. It is well known that avocado trees are very sensitive to waterlogging and the relatively low productivity of this species may be related to root asphyxiation. Therefore, in order to get adequate yield and fruit quality, proper irrigation management and better soil oxygen conditions in avocado orchards are necessary. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the hydrogen peroxide (H 2O 2) injection into the soil as a source of molecular oxygen, on plant water status, net CO 2 assimilation and biomass of avocado trees established in clay loam soil with water content at field capacity. Three-year-old 'Hass' avocado trees were planted outdoors in containers filled with heavy loam clay soil with moisture content kept at field capacity. Plants where divided into 2 treatments, those with H 2O 2 injected into the soil through subsurface drip irrigation and plants in soil with no H 2O 2 added (control). In addition to determining physical soil characteristics, net CO 2 assimilation (A), transpiration (T), stomatal conductance (g s) and shoot and root biomass were determined for plants in each treatment. Injecting H 2O 2 into the soil significantly increased the biomass of the aerial portions of the plant, but had no significant effect on measured A, T or g s. The increased biomass of the aerial portions of plants in treated soil indicates that H 2O 2 injection into heavy loam clay soils may be a useful management tool in poorly aerated soil.
... In previous reports, we have strived to sort the differences between primary impacts of the rootstock from those deemed secondary, defined as an influence on some other aspect of crop performance (Howell et al., 1987;Striegler et al., 1993). This concern is only magnified as one considers potential sources of variability among vines within a vineyard and, indeed, among characteristics within an individual vine's canopy (Howell & Shaulis, 1980; ...
Scion-rootstock interactions were analyzed to test the interaction between environment and above-ground vine phenology. The experiment employed ‘Marechal Foch’ and ‘Vidal Blanc’ as reciprocally grafted, own-rooted, and self-grafted vines. Results suggest that genetically complex phenological factors were under the control of the scion cultivar. The effect of the scion on fruit composition was related to differences in yield between the cultivars. Other effects are secondary in nature as a result of vine vigor and shoot density. Factors potentially under specific root influence, (e.g., fruit-set, water status, nutrition, soil pH, salinity, or root pests) were not limiting in this experiment.
... At the present time, few methods exist to alleviate growth and production problems due to lack of oxygen in the root zone in avocado orchards. For other fruit tree species, the use of flood-tolerant rootstocks (Schaffer and Moon, 1991;Striegler et al., 1993;Gettys and Sutton, 2001) has been tested, but there are currently no floodtolerant rootstocks available for avocado trees. In Israel, a few clonal rootstocks have been selected for soils with poor aeration (Ben-Ya´acov and Zilberstaine, 1999), but they have not been massively used in commercial orchards. ...
In Chile, avocado (Persea americana Mill.) orchards are often located in poorly drained, low-oxygen soils, situation which limits fruit production and quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of injecting soil with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a source of molecular oxygen, on plant water status, net CO2 assimilation, biomass and anatomy of avocado trees set in clay loam soil with water content maintained at field capacity. Three-year-old 'Hass' avocado trees were planted outdoors in containers filled with heavy loam clay soil with moisture content sustained at field capacity. Plants were divided into two treatments, (a) H2O2 injected into the soil through subsurface drip irrigation and (b) soil with no H2O2 added (control). Stem and root vascular anatomical characteristics were determined for plants in each treatment in addition to physical soil characteristics, net CO2 assimilation (A), transpiration (T), stomatal conductance (gs), stem water potential (SWP), shoot and root biomass, water use efficiency (plant biomass per water applied [WUEb]). Injecting H2O2 into the soil significantly increased the biomass of the aerial portions of the plant and WUEb, but had no significant effect on measured A, T, gs, or SWP. Xylem vessel diameter and xylem/phloem ratio tended to be greater for trees in soil injected with H2O2 than for controls. The increased biomass of the aerial portions of plants in treated soil indicates that injecting H2O2 into heavy loam clay soils may be a useful management tool in poorly aerated soil.
... However, the containers in this study were free-draining and sumps were pumped regularly to prevent filling above the drainage outlets. Additionally, symptoms of waterlogging, such as leaf chlorosis and senescence, and vine death (Striegler et al. 1993, Williams et al. 1994, were not observed. ...
Effects of available soil volume (ASV) on growth, water relations and bud fertility of drip-irrigated Shiraz grapevines (Vitis vinifera) were examined during their establishment in the 2000/01 growing season under field conditions in the Goulburn Valley, Australia. Vines were planted into different size subterranean containers to create a range of confined ASV treatments (viz. 0.15, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.2 m3/vine referred to as ASV15, ASV40, ASV80 and ASV120, respectively) and compared with a deep ripped treatment where the ASV was unconfined (ASVUC). Pruning weight, trunk cross-sectional area, and daily average fractional photosynthetically active radiation interception (fdaily) increased with increasing ASV but were lowest in the ASVUC treatment. fdaily attained a maximum by mid-February 2001 in ASV15 but continued to increase in all other treatments. Water relations data showed high leaf water potential (φleaf) in ASV15 compared to the other treatments. Our results suggest that reduced growth in smaller soil volumes was not a consequence of water stress. Leaf conductance (gL) tended to be low in the ASV15 treatment in comparison with the ASVUC treatment. Increasing ASV from 0.15 to 1.2 m3/vine increased the number of bunches per vine in the following season by 32%. This increase was not due to improvement in the number of bunches per shoot, but resulted from an increased number of shoots bursting per node. By contrast, ASVUC significantly reduced bud fertility. The implications of these results for vine establishment in shallow soils are discussed.
... Tolerance of Vitis cultivars to flooding also varies widely. St. George, Coudere 3309, and Riparia Gloire are among the most tolerant cultivars, whereas Kober 573B, Seyval and Cynthaniana are most susceptible (Striegler et al. 1993). Rootstocks vary in flood tolerance (Van't Woudt and Hagan 1957, Rom and Brown 1979). ...
Flooding affects soils by altering soil structure, depleting O2, accumulating CO2, inducing anaerobic decomposition of organic matter, and reducing iron and manganese. Flooding of soil with nonsaline or saline water adversely affects the distribution of many woody plants because it inhibits seed germination as well as vegetative and reproductive growth, alters plant anatomy, and induces plant mortality. In nonhalophytes, waterlogging suppresses leaf formation and expansion of leaves and internodes, causes premature leaf abscission and senescence, induces shoot dieback, and generally decreases cambial growth. However, flooding sometimes increases stem thickness because growth of bark tissues is increased more than production of xylem cells. In some plants, soil inundation induces formation of abnormal wood and increases
the proportion of parenchymatous tissue in the xylem and phloem. Soil inundation inhibits root formation and branching, and growth of existing roots and mycorrhizae. Flooding also leads to decay of the root system. Root growth typically is reduced more than shoot growth. When the flood water drains away, plants may be less drought tolerant because of their low root/shoot ratios. Waterlogging of soil also inhibits initiation of flower buds, anthesis, fruit set, and fruit growth of nonhalophytes. Fruit quality is reduced by smaller fruit size, altered chemical composition, and appearance of fruits. Some fruits may crack following flooding of soil. Soil inundation induces multiple physiological dysfunctions in plants. Photosynthesis and transport of carbohydrates are inhibited. Absorption of macronutrients is decreased in flooded plants because of root mortality, loss of mycorrhizae, and suppression of root metabolism. Soil inundation alters hormonal balances in plants, usually by increasing the proportion of ethylene.
Flood tolerance varies greatly among plant species, genotypes and rootstocks, and is influenced by plant age, time and duration of flooding, condition of the floodwater, and site characteristics. Flood-tolerant plants survive waterlogging by complex interactions of morphological, anatomical, and physiological adaptations. Important adaptations include production of hypertrophied lenticels, aerenchyma tissue, and
adventitious roots.
Salinity induces injury, inhibits seed germination and vegetative and reproductive growth, alters plant morphology and anatomy, and often kills nonhalophytes. Combined flooding and salinity decreases growth and survival of plants more than either stress alone. In angiosperms, salt injury includes leaf scorching or mottling, leaf shedding, and twig dieback. In gymnosperms, injury begins with necrosis of needle tips, spreads to the bases of the needles, and may be followed by needle shedding and shoot dieback. Injury also may include collapse of mesophyll cells, fragmentation of cuticles, and disintegration of chloroplasts and nuclei. Injury to cell membranes increases solute leakage. Salinity inhibits seed germination and adversely influences flowering, pollination, fruit development, yield and fruit quality, as well as seed production. Salinity inhibits vegetative growth of nonhalophytes, with shoot growth typically reduced more than root growth. Plant anatomy is often altered by salinity. Leaves become thicker and more succulent. The greater leaf thickness may reflect more layers of mesophyll cells, larger cells, or both. Salinity also may change the anatomy of xylem cells. In some normally diffuse-porous species, the xylem may become ringporous. Salinity stimulates suberization of the root hypodermis and endodermis.
In nonhalophytes, salt-induced inhibition of plant growth is accompanied by metabolic dysfunctions, including decreased photosynthetic rates, and changes in protein and nucleic acid metabolism and enzymatic activity. In halophytes, physiological processes may be stimulated or not altered by salt concentrations that are inhibitory in nonhalophytes.
The precise mechanisms by which salinity inhibits growth are complex and controversial. An attractive model incorporates a two-phased response of plants. Growth is first reduced by a water stress effect (a decrease in soil water potential) followed by a specific effect (namely salt injury in old leaves which die when their vacuoles cannot sequester any more salt). The loss of these leaves decreases the availability of carbohydrates or growth hormones to meristematic regions, thereby suppressing growth.
Salt tolerance varies widely among species and genotypes. Plants adapt to salinity by tolerating or avoiding salt. In some plants salt tolerance is achieved by osmotic adjustment. This may involve absorption of ions from the soil followed by sequestering of ions in vacuoles, or it may result from synthesis of compatible solutes in the cytoplasm. Salt avoidance mechanisms include passive salt exclusion, active salt extrusion, and dilution of salt in the plant.
... At the present time, few methods exist to alleviate growth and production problems due to lack of oxygen in the root zone in avocado orchards. For other fruit tree species, the use of flood-tolerant rootstocks (Schaffer and Moon, 1991; Striegler et al., 1993; Gettys and Sutton, 2001 ) has been tested, but there are currently no floodtolerant rootstocks available for avocado trees. In Israel, a few clonal rootstocks have been selected for soils with poor aeration (Ya´acov and Zilberstaine, 1999), but they have not been massively used in commercial orchards. ...
In Chile, avocado (Persea americana Mill.) orchards are often located in poorly drained, low-oxygen soils, situation
which limits fruit production and quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of injecting soil with
hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a source of molecular oxygen, on plant water status, net CO2 assimilation, biomass and
anatomy of avocado trees set in clay loam soil with water content maintained at field capacity. Three-year-old ‘Hass’
avocado trees were planted outdoors in containers filled with heavy loam clay soil with moisture content sustained at
field capacity. Plants were divided into two treatments, (a) H2O2 injected into the soil through subsurface drip irrigation
and (b) soil with no H2O2 added (control). Stem and root vascular anatomical characteristics were determined for
plants in each treatment in addition to physical soil characteristics, net CO2 assimilation (A), transpiration (T),
stomatal conductance (gs), stem water potential (SWP), shoot and root biomass, water use efficiency (plant biomass
per water applied [WUEb]). Injecting H2O2 into the soil significantly increased the biomass of the aerial portions
of the plant and WUEb, but had no significant effect on measured A, T, gs, or SWP. Xylem vessel diameter and
xylem/phloem ratio tended to be greater for trees in soil injected with H2O2 than for controls. The increased biomass
of the aerial portions of plants in treated soil indicates that injecting H2O2 into heavy loam clay soils may be a useful
management tool in poorly aerated soil.
Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is one of the most extensively grown fruit crops in the world owing to its versatile uses. Traditional breeding in grapevine is highly challenging owing to its long juvenile phase, higher heterozygosity, linkage drag, stenospermocarpic or parthenocarpic fruits etc. However, ever growing demand owing to its versatile uses and nutritional properties accompanied by emerging challenges due to climate change necessitates the breeding of newer genotypes. Development of newer and better rootstock is also of equal importance. Genome designing using the emerging biotechnological tools offers several ways to solve the problem of traditional grape breeding with greater extent. Designing the grape genome to confer resistance or tolerance to an array of abiotic stresses along with higher berry qualities for both table and processing purpose can make the grape breeders achieve the target within a short time period. This chapter entails the current understanding, applications, achievements and future prospects of various biotechnological tools like marker-assisted gene introgression, molecular mapping, association mapping, map-based cloning, quantitative trait loci (QTLs), genetic engineering, gene editing nanotechnology etc. to design the grape genome particularly for abiotic stress tolerance or resistance.KeywordsAbiotic stressesClimate changeQTLsMappingGene pyramidingGenomic librariesGene editing
Analyzing the soil conditions and properties is the basic necessity for establishing a new vineyard. Choosing the suitable rootstock for a different type, texture, and depth of soil is essential. Furthermore, even though grapevines are considered relatively tolerant to water deficits, growth and yield can be seriously affected under soil water deficits. Therefore, choosing drought-tolerant rootstocks can control water extraction capacity and scion transpiration when limited water supply. On the other side, most vines perform poorly in flooded soil conditions. Soil acidity and alkalinity also lead to nutrient deficiency or toxicity of grapevines. Furthermore, salinity is a serious issue in many areas. The commercial grape rootstocks show various sensitivity to resistance reactions against different soil conditions. Selecting proper rootstock is the best way to overcome the soil condition problems at the vineyards.
An evaluation of establishment techniques and rootstocks for ‘Chambourcin’ hybrid grape (Vitis sp.) was conducted 2009-12. Our objective was to evaluate four establishment methods and their interactions with grafted and ungrafted vines in terms of vine morphology and early fruit production under southwest Missouri conditions. The study was established in May 2009, as a factorial experiment comparing four establishment methods (open-trained without protection-two shoots, grow tube protected-two shoots, paperboard carton protected-two shoots, and fan-trained without protection-six shoots) across two vine types (own-rooted and grafted to ‘Couderc 3309' hybrid grape rootstock). All vines in four of 12 field replications were destructively harvested near the conclusion of the first growing season, with leaf area and total vine dry matter determined. In years 3 and 4, yield, fruit composition, and vegetative growth were determined from the eight remaining replications. The fan training method increased leaf area and total vine dry matter compared with the other methods, but none of the establishment techniques affected fruit yield. Trunks that were tube protected had longer internodes, smaller diameter, and less dry matter, whereas both protection devices reduced glyphosate injury. Vine type (grafted and ungrafted) did not impact total leaf area or dry weight during the establishment year, but grafted vines had increased trunk and root shank dry weights compared with own-rooted vines. Grafted vines produced greater fruit yield in 2012. The fan training method required more labor to execute; although it was successful at increasing leaf area and root dry weight, it increased susceptibility to glyphosate injury and did not promote increased precocity or early fruit yield. © 2017, American Society for Horticultural Science. All rights reserved.
The physiological effects of growth and development under waterlogging conditions were investigated in one-year-old rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis) of clonal varieties RRIM 600 and RRIT 251. The experiment was design as completely randomized design (CRD). There were four treatments: 1) RRIM 600 non-waterlogging, 2) RRIM 600 waterlogging, 3) RRIT 251 non-waterlogging, and 4) RRIT 251 waterlogging. Each treatment had 24 trees. Treatments 2 and 4 used bowls filled with water up to 13 centimeter height from ground level, with the water level retained for 28 days. The results showed that after 14-21 days of waterlogging, the leaves of RRIM 600 and RRIT 251 turned yellow–red and fell off. However, there was no difference in relative water content of leaves among the treatments. Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll content decreased clearly by day 21 to 28 of waterlogging. At day 21, stems at the surface level of water had lenticels, for both RRIM 600 and RRIT 251. Furthermore, the dry weight of leaf, stem, root, and the ratio of root to shoot (R/S ratio) were decreased by waterlogging, especially for RRIT 251. The roots of both cultivate were physically affected by waterlogging and turned black. However, after waterlogging conditions passed, when RRIM 600 and RRIT 251samples were removed from water bowls, they were still able to recover of growth. The results indicate that the rubber tree clones RRIM 600 and RRIT 251 are able to sustain their viability and ability to grow despite waterlogging conditions lasting 28 days.
In many of the semiarid and arid climatic regions where grape is largely grown on commercial scale, abiotic stresses such as soil and water salinity and water scarcity are the major constraints. Drought and salinity stress can cause a variety of symptoms common to other major stresses such as light, heat and nutrient deficiency, and the symptoms are very specific to time and geographical location. In grapevines there are several combinations of mechanisms which can help to tolerate most of these stresses. Since abiotic stress tolerance in grapes is controlled by multigenes, it is very difficult to understand the stress tolerance at molecular level. Poor vine growth and severe foliar damage due to excess salt accumulation coupled with drastic reduction in productive life span of own-rooted grapevines necessitated the use of rootstocks to combat these abiotic stresses also. Many of the grape rootstocks are known to possess drought- and salt-tolerant traits which can be seen on grafted scions through several mechanisms at both cellular and whole-plant levels. This chapter focuses on such mechanism of grapevines (directly by vines or indirectly by rootstocks) to overcome adverse situations of these stresses at morphological, physio-biochemical, nutritional and molecular level. In recent years, with scenario of climate change, some of the mechanisms adapted by grapevines to tolerate flooding stress are also reviewed.
Asma köklerinde emgi yaparak beslenen Filoksera zararlısına karşı, yerli üzüm çeşitleri (Vitis vinifera L.) dayanıklı Amerikan asma anaçlarına aşılanarak korunma sağlanabilmiştir. Ancak, farklı iki bitki parçasının oluşturduğu yeni asma fidanında büyüme, gelişme, afinite, adaptasyon, beslenme ile hastalık ve zararlılara karşı dayanıklılık bakımından büyük problemler ortaya çıkmıştır. Aşılı köklü asma fidanı üretiminde, ekonomik olarak yetiştiriciliği yapılan üzüm çeşitleri için uygun anaç veya anaçlara karar vermeden önce yukarıda sıralanan konuları aydınlatıcı detaylı araştırmaların yapılması gerekmektedir. Anahtar sözcükler : Asma, anaç, büyüme, gelişme, afinite, adaptasyon, beslenme ve anaç-kalem etkileşimi ABSTRACT: Although Phylloxera, emerging from grape roots and effecting the vine, is not a problem anymore by grafting of commmercial grape cultivar (Vitis vinifera L.) onto any native or hybrid American rootstocks, there appear new matters on growth, development, affinity, adaptation, mineral nutrition and resistance to pest and diseases between the " stock-scion " combination, called grafted grapevines. Before giving an advice or making a decision on the profitable rootstock for any commercial grape cultivar on the production of grafted grapevines, there must be oriented researche on the topics mentioned above. GĐRĐŞ Bağcılığın yoğun olarak yapıldığı ülkelerde olduğu gibi yurdumuzda da asma köklerinde emgi yaparak beslenen ve bu kısımlarda urların oluşması ile bağların tamamen kurumasına neden olan filoksera zararlısı son derece yaygınlaşmıştır. Ülkemizdeki bağ alanlarının tamamı bu zararlının sürekli etkisi altındadır.
Background and Aims: The influence of grapevine rootstocks on vine vigour and crop yield is recognized as an integral part of viticultural management. However, the genetic potential of Vitis species rootstock hybrids for vigour and yield control is not fully exploited in Australian viticulture. The effect of 55 novel inter- and intra-species hybrids and five traditional hybrid rootstock cultivars on winter pruning weight, berry size and fruit yield of grafted Shiraz vines is presented. The genetic predictions that resulted from this analysis were used to illustrate how rootstocks that best perform for a combination of traits may be selected.
Methods and Results: The use of linear mixed models and residual maximum likelihood procedures took into account repeated measures and spatial variation within a large field trial (720 vines). Over 6 years of assessment, variation of up to 93.9% in winter pruning weight, 81.9% in fruit yield and 21.0% in berry weight between rootstocks was estimated.
Conclusions: The effect of rootstock genotype accounted for marked differences in conferred pruning weight, berry weight and fruit yield from trial averages. Comparison of statistical analysis techniques illustrated that the choice of such techniques may influence the outcome of genetic selection from field trial data.
Significance of the Study: Such quantification of the variation between vines in vigour, fruit yield and berry size due to rootstock genotype provides a framework for selection of well-performing genotypes for inclusion in advanced generations of the CSIRO vine rootstock breeding program.
Soil waterlogging imposed for 6-week periods in the spring, summer, or fall reduced vegetative growth and fruit yield of ‘Macspur’/Malling 26 apple ( Malus domestica Borkh.) trees over their 7th to 9th growing seasons. Shoot and trunk growth were reduced most by spring and summer waterlogging. The relative decrease in shoot growth of summer-waterlogged trees increased over the three treatment years. Excavation of the trees in 1985 revealed that root dry weight was reduced markedly by summer waterlogging, but shoot dry weight was not affected by treatment. Average fruit yield was reduced severely by spring waterlogging (52%). Yield reductions increased with successive years of stress for all treatments, with the most marked trend over years associated with summer waterlogging. Decrease in yield was paralled by increased return bloom. There were no marked effects on fruit quality.