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Abstract

Die interaktive Wertschöpfung und spezieller das Phänomen Open Innovation erfahren seit einigen Jahren stetig wachsende Aufmerksamkeit. Zum Thema Open Source Hardware, einem Teilbereich der Open Innovation, liegt dennoch nur wenig wissenschaftlich fundiertes Material vor. Grundlegende Charakteristika, wie z. B. Community-Beteiligung und Aufgabe von geistigem Eigentum, können bereits als technologischer und gesellschaftlicher Rahmen des Phänomens identifiziert werden. Durch den massiven Zugriff auf externe Problemlösungskompetenz und die verminderte Kapitalbindung im Produktionsbereich können Open Source Hardware-Unternehmen heute branchenspezifische Vorteile nutzen, die den traditionellen Fertigungsbetrieben vorenthalten bleiben. Dieser Beitrag wird die bedeutendsten Charakteristika systematisch aufarbeiten und, auf Basis der Ergebnisse einer qualitativen Unternehmensbefragung, die entstehenden Möglichkeiten für das Unternehmensmanagement und die Gestaltung moderner Produktionssysteme darstellen.

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... Research and development as well as manufacturing co-operations help to stabilise a company@BULLETs situation among its competitors especially when it comes to the deployment of highly innovative products. The new focus on interactive value creation and the permeable boundaries of companies is supported by recent scientific research by [2,3,4] and by the overall megatrend towards personalisation and individualisation [5,6,7]. Researchers describe that the way customers recognise products has changed during the last two decades [7]. ...
... Considering that their environment is so tough, these businesses cannot just open up their boundaries, allow their knowledge to be spread and hope for the best. However what should the leaders of companies do who want to gain the advantages of a more @BULLETopen production@BULLET [3,4,5] without taking the risk of being exploited? The answer is that they need to establish strong and resilient relationships with reliable suppliers and customers. ...
... Identification of 110 influential factors of successful manufacturing co-operations by evaluating eight explorative interviews with German entrepreneurs of the aviation industry, four scientific lectures, several brainstorming sessions and scientific literature [2,4,12,13,15,16,18]. ...
Conference Paper
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... Aus Gründen der Operationalisierbarkeit wurde die Datenbasis von 91 Erfolgsfaktoren in der zweiten Phase allerdings auf 24 reduziert (Bild 3). Hierzu konnten eine qualitative Vorstudie [8] und Grundsatzliteratur [3] genutzt werden, um die Erfolgsfaktoren frühzeitig auf die vermeintlich Bedeutsamsten einzugrenzen. ...
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Article
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Thesis
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Thesis
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Book
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Die kapitalistische Marktwirtschaft ist die Wirtschaftsweise des Industriezeitalters. Wird sie auch die Wirtschaftsweise des anbrechenden Digitalzeitalters bleiben? Aus Sicht einer Nachhaltigen Entwicklung spricht dagegen, dass der bisherige Wachstumszwang ökologische und soziale Probleme verursacht, die menschliche Gesellschaften in erhebliche Schwierigkeiten bringen. Dagegen spricht auch, dass die fortschreitende Digitalisierung eine neue Wirtschaftsweise ermöglicht, die ohne Wachstumszwang, Erwerbsarbeit, Patente, Aktien, unternehmerische Konkurrenz und Marketing auskommt und dennoch innovativ sein kann. Erstmals entwickelt sich seit dem Auf- und Untergang des Sozialismus eine Alternative zur Marktwirtschaft, die das Potenzial hat, zu einer globalen Ökonomie zu werden. Der Autor Dr. Oliver Stengel ist wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter im Bereich Nachhaltige Entwicklung an der Hochschule Bochum und Lehrbeauftragter an der Fachhochschule Münster. Davor war er als wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter in der Forschungsgruppe „Nachhaltiges Produzieren und Konsumieren“ am Wuppertal Institut sowie am Institut für Soziologie der Universität Jena angestellt.
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Man kann die bestehende Wirtschaftsordnung kritisieren – dies ist im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert reichlich getan worden –, ohne sie grundlegend zu verändern. Möchte man dies, ist es notwendig, über die bloße Negation hinauszugehen und konstruktiv zu werden, indem man die bestehende Wirtschaftsordnung mit einer Alternative konfrontiert. Man muss dann praktisch werden und darlegen, wie diese realisiert werden könnte – so man der begründeten Ansicht ist, wie sie realisiert werden sollte. Mehr kann man als Sozialwissenschaftler nicht tun.
Chapter
Ausgangspunkt nahezu aller ökonomischen Lehrbücher ist das Postulat der Knappheit. Stets wollen Menschen mehr als sie haben können, und was in der gewünschten Menge nicht zur Verfügung steht, ist knapp. Darum müssen sie wählen. Jede Wahl für eine Sache ist dabei zugleich der notgedrungene Verzicht auf eine andere. Verzicht ist Zwang, die Ursache für Unzufriedenheit – und für das rationale Wirtschaften.
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The process of user-centered innovation: how it can benefit both users and manufacturers and how its emergence will bring changes in business models and in public policy. Innovation is rapidly becoming democratized. Users, aided by improvements in computer and communications technology, increasingly can develop their own new products and services. These innovating users—both individuals and firms—often freely share their innovations with others, creating user-innovation communities and a rich intellectual commons. In Democratizing Innovation, Eric von Hippel looks closely at this emerging system of user-centered innovation. He explains why and when users find it profitable to develop new products and services for themselves, and why it often pays users to reveal their innovations freely for the use of all.The trend toward democratized innovation can be seen in software and information products—most notably in the free and open-source software movement—but also in physical products. Von Hippel's many examples of user innovation in action range from surgical equipment to surfboards to software security features. He shows that product and service development is concentrated among "lead users," who are ahead on marketplace trends and whose innovations are often commercially attractive. Von Hippel argues that manufacturers should redesign their innovation processes and that they should systematically seek out innovations developed by users. He points to businesses—the custom semiconductor industry is one example—that have learned to assist user-innovators by providing them with toolkits for developing new products. User innovation has a positive impact on social welfare, and von Hippel proposes that government policies, including R&D subsidies and tax credits, should be realigned to eliminate biases against it. The goal of a democratized user-centered innovation system, says von Hippel, is well worth striving for. An electronic version of this book is available under a Creative Commons license.
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In diesem Buch stellt der Autor nicht nur die Grundlagen des Marketings in den Fokus. Er geht zudem im Detail auf das Käuferverhalten sowie die Marktforschung und das Anfertigen von Marktprognosen ein. Darüber hinaus stellt er ausführlich die Teilfunktionen des Marketing-Managements vor – von der strategischen Planung und der Planung des Marketing-Instrumente-Einsatzes über die Implementierung bis hin zum Controlling, der Organisation und dem Human Resource Management im Marketing. Das Buch zeichnet sich durch eine entscheidungsorientierte Darstellung aus und ist somit im Studium ein hilfreiches Lehrbuch und in der Praxis ein wertvolles Nachschlagewerk. Die Neuauflage wurde komplett überarbeitet und um die Themen Neuromarketing und Yield-Management erweitert.
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Qualifizierte Führung ist die wertvollste Ressource der Zukunft. Technologie lässt sich kopieren, Innovation und Kapital kann man kaufen - Führung dagegen nicht. Wie effektiv ist mein Führungsverhalten? Wie erhöhe ich meine Überzeugungskraft und Glaubwürdigkeit in der täglichen Kommunikation? Darauf gibt dieses Buch fundierte Antworten. Es bietet in der Praxis bewährte Werkzeuge für professionelles Führen im Geschäftsalltag: Sich selbst führen Einfühlsam motivieren Wirksam kommunizieren Überzeugend argumentieren Ansprechend präsentieren Mit Teamgeist moderieren Führungsaufgaben optimieren Kompetent führen ist eine kompakte und anschauliche Einführung in das moderne Management. Dr. Waldemar Pelz ist Professor für Betriebswirtschaftslehre und Unternehmensführung an der Fachhochschule Gießen-Friedberg; seine Lehr-, Forschungs- und Beratungstätigkeit umfasst Marketing und Management, Kommunikations- und Führungsverhalten sowie interkulturelle Kommunikation.
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Dieses Werk ist eine rasche Arbeitshilfe zum Schutz innovativer Leistungen, der heute für Unternehmer zu den Grundbausteinen des betriebswirtschaftlichen Erfolgs zählt. Die Autoren bieten allen eine verständliche und griffige Handreichung, die sich in Ausbildung und Praxis mit dieser hochkomplexen Materie auseinandersetzen. Die zweite Auflage wurde gründlich durchgesehen, überarbeitet und aktualisiert. Enthalten sind insbesondere wichtige gesetzliche Neuerungen im Designrecht sowie im europäischen Markenrecht. Inhalt Grundlagen des Rechtssystems Schutz technischer Innovationen (Patente und Gebrauchsmuster) Schutz von Unterscheidungszeichen (Marken und Firmierungen) Schutz von gewerblichen Designschöpfungen Sorten- und Halbleiterschutz Wettbewerbs- und Urheberrecht Geistiges Eigentum im Kooperations-, Arbeits- und Dienstverhältnis Bewertung und Verwertung von Geistigem Eigentum Schutzrechtemanagement im Unternehmen Die Autoren Rechtsanwalt Dr. Markus Hoffmann, LL.M., ist Fachanwalt für gewerblichen Rechtsschutz. Prof. Dr. Thorsten S. Richter ist Dekan an der Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft in Dresden.
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Die Globalisierung und Technologisierung erfordern eine Anpassung von Wertschöpfungsstrategien. Da unternehmensinterne Rationalisierungs- und Flexibilisierungspotenziale weitestgehend ausgeschöpft sind, gewinnen zunehmend Ansätze überbetrieblicher Reorganisation der Wertschöpfung an Bedeutung. Die Verbreitung und Weiterentwicklung der IuK-Technologie bilden dabei vielfach die Grundlage für eine Reorganisation zu unternehmensübergreifenden Wertschöpfungsnetzen und führen zu einer Neuverteilung von Rollen und Aufgaben zwischen den wertschöpfenden Akteuren. Kooperative, dezentralisierte und sich selbst organisierende Wertschöpfungsprozesse werden durch diese Entwicklung zwar befördert, damit verbundene Potenziale für Entwicklung und Produktion jedoch unterschätzt und daher nicht hinreichend umgesetzt. In diesem Beitrag wird zunächst der sich abzeichnende Wandel in der Wertschöpfungssystematik beschrieben und anschließend, auf der Basis einer Fallstudienanalyse, ein adäquater Bezugsrahmen für die Wertschöpfungsgestaltung entwickelt.
Article
In an age of open source, custom-fabricated, DIY product design, all you need to conquer the world is a brilliant idea. Photo: Dan Winters The door of a dry-cleaner-size storefront in an industrial park in Wareham, Massachusetts, an hour south of Boston, might not look like a portal to the future of American manufacturing, but it is. This is the headquarters of Local Motors, the first open source car company to reach production. Step inside and the office reveals itself as a mind-blowing example of the power of micro-factories. In June, Local Motors will officially release the Rally Fighter, a 50,000offroad(butstreetlegal)racer.Thedesignwascrowdsourced,aswastheselectionofmostlyofftheshelfcomponents,andthefinalassemblywillbedonebythecustomersthemselvesinlocalassemblycentersaspartofa"buildexperience."Severalmoredesignsareinthepipeline,andthecompanysaysitcantakeanewvehiclefromsketchtomarketin18months,aboutthetimeittakesDetroittochangethespecsonsomedoortrim.EachdesignisreleasedunderasharefriendlyCreativeCommonslicense,andcustomersareencouragedtoenhancethedesignsandproducetheirowncomponentsthattheycanselltotheirpeers.TheRallyFighterwasprototypedintheworkshopatthebackoftheWarehamoffice,butmanufacturingmusclealsocamefromFactoryFiveRacing,akitcarcompanyandLocalMotorsinvestorlocatedjustdowntheroad.Ofcourse,thekitcarbusinesshasbeenaroundfordecades,standingasaproofofconceptforhowsmallmanufacturingcanworkinthecarindustry.Kitcarscombinehandweldedsteeltubechassisandfiberglassbodieswithstockenginesandaccessories.Amateursassemblethecarsattheirhomes,whichexemptsthevehiclesfrommanyregulatoryrestrictions(similartohomebuiltexperimentalaircraft).FactoryFivehassoldabout8,000kitstodate.Oneproblemwiththekitcarbusiness,though,isthatthevehiclesaretypicallymodeledafterfamousracingandsportscars,makinglawsuitsandlicensefeesaconstantburden.Thismakesithardtoprofitandlimitstheindustrysgrowth,eveninthefaceoftheDIYboom.JayRogers,CEOofLocalMotors,sawawayaroundthis.Hiscompanyoptedfortotallyoriginaldesigns:Theydontevokeclassiccarsbutratherreimaginewhatacarcanbe.TheRallyFightersbodywasdesignedbyLocalMotorscommunityofvolunteersandputsthelietothenotionthatyoucantcreateanythinggoodbycommittee(solongasthecommunityiswellmanaged,wellled,andwellequippedwithtoolslike3Ddesignsoftwareandphotorealisticrenderingtechnology).TheresultisacarthatputsDetroittoshame.Itis,firstofall,incrediblycoollookingacrossbetweenaBajaracerandaP51Mustangfighterplane.Givenitscommunityprovenance,onemighthaveexpectedsomethingmorelikeaplatypus.Butthisprocesswasnopolitburo.Instead,itwasacompetition.ThewinnerwasSanghoKim,a30yearoldgraphicartistandstudentattheArtCenterCollegeofDesigninPasadena,California.WhenLocalMotorsaskeditscommunitytosubmitideasfornextgenvehicles,Kimssketchesandrenderingscaptivatedthecrowd.Therewasntsupposedtobeaprize,butthecompanygaveKim50,000 off-road (but street-legal) racer. The design was crowdsourced, as was the selection of mostly off-the-shelf components, and the final assembly will be done by the customers themselves in local assembly centers as part of a "build experience." Several more designs are in the pipeline, and the company says it can take a new vehicle from sketch to market in 18 months, about the time it takes Detroit to change the specs on some door trim. Each design is released under a share-friendly Creative Commons license, and customers are encouraged to enhance the designs and produce their own components that they can sell to their peers. The Rally Fighter was prototyped in the workshop at the back of the Wareham office, but manufacturing muscle also came from Factory Five Racing, a kit-car company and Local Motors investor located just down the road. Of course, the kit-car business has been around for decades, standing as a proof of concept for how small manufacturing can work in the car industry. Kit cars combine hand-welded steel tube chassis and fiberglass bodies with stock engines and accessories. Amateurs assemble the cars at their homes, which exempts the vehicles from many regulatory restrictions (similar to home-built experimental aircraft). Factory Five has sold about 8,000 kits to date. One problem with the kit-car business, though, is that the vehicles are typically modeled after famous racing and sports cars, making lawsuits and license fees a constant burden. This makes it hard to profit and limits the industry's growth, even in the face of the DIY boom. Jay Rogers, CEO of Local Motors, saw a way around this. His company opted for totally original designs: They don't evoke classic cars but rather reimagine what a car can be. The Rally Fighter's body was designed by Local Motors' community of volunteers and puts the lie to the notion that you can't create anything good by committee (so long as the community is well managed, well led, and well equipped with tools like 3-D design software and photorealistic rendering technology). The result is a car that puts Detroit to shame. It is, first of all, incredibly cool-looking — a cross between a Baja racer and a P-51 Mustang fighter plane. Given its community provenance, one might have expected something more like a platypus. But this process was no politburo. Instead, it was a competition. The winner was Sangho Kim, a 30-year-old graphic artist and student at the Art Center College of Design in Pasadena, California. When Local Motors asked its community to submit ideas for next-gen vehicles, Kim's sketches and renderings captivated the crowd. There wasn't supposed to be a prize, but the company gave Kim 10,000 anyway. As the community coalesced around his Rally Fighter, members competed to develop secondary parts, from the side vents to the light bar. Some were designers, some engineers, and others just car hobbyists. But what they had in common was a refusal to design just another car, compromised by mass-market needs and convention. They wanted to make something original — a fantasy car come to life. While the community crafted the exterior, Local Motors designed or selected the chassis, engine, and transmission thanks to relationships with companies like Penske Automotive Group, which helped the firm source everything from dashboard dials to the new BMW clean diesel engine the Rally Fighter will use. This combination — have the pros handle the elements that are critical to performance, safety, and manufacturability while the community designs the parts that give the car its shape and style — allows crowdsourcing to work even for a product whose use has life-and-death implications.
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Open source software development has received considerable scholarly attention, much of which is based on the presumption that the ‘open source model’ holds some lessons of broader applicability. Nonetheless, our knowledge of its deployment outside the software industry is very limited. This paper focuses on the open source development of tangible objects, the so-called open design. We propose a generalised definition of open source development. Drawing on 27 exploratory interviews and six comparative case studies selected from a pool of more than 75 projects, we analyse the workings of open design. The analysis reveals that open design is already being implemented in a substantial variety of projects with different organisational and institutional structures.
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Of the Division of LabourOf the Principle which Gives Occasion to the Division of LabourOf the Natural and Market Price of CommoditiesNote
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Bereits die Begriffe „open“ und „innovation“ stellen Juristen vor große Herausforderungen, denn diese Begriffe findet man im Recht so nicht. Nun muss natürlich nicht alles, was Menschen machen, auch in der Rechtsordnung finden, muss nicht alles von der Rechtsordnung abgedeckt sein, gerade das Internet hat nicht der Gesetzgeber erfunden, sondern das ist aus der Realität entstanden. Aber das Bestehen der Rechtsordnung ist ein Faktum. Die Rechtsordnung gilt immer – sie gilt auch für neue Phänomene, für Phänomene, an die Gesetzgeber bei der Schaffung von Recht gar nicht gedacht hat (Bild 1). Aber es ist alles noch viel schlimmer; denn Recht besteht nicht nur, es hat auch die Eigenschaft, zu wuchern. Sobald Neues entsteht, wächst Recht so zusagen nach – ein Umstand, den Sie sattsam kennen aus dem Internetkontext. Wir haben eine unglaubliche Evolution des Urheberrechts erlebt.
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Innovation is rapidly becoming democratized. Users, aided by improvements in computer and communications technology, increasingly can develop their own new products and services. These innovating users—both individuals and firms—often freely share their innovations with others, creating user-innovation communities and a rich intellectual commons. In Democratizing Innovation, Eric von Hippel looks closely at this emerging system of user-centered innovation. He explains why and when users find it profitable to develop new products and services for themselves, and why it often pays users to reveal their innovations freely for the use of all. The trend toward democratized innovation can be seen in software and information products—most notably in the free and open-source software movement—but also in physical products. Von Hippel's many examples of user innovation in action range from surgical equipment to surfboards to software security features. He shows that product and service development is concentrated among "lead users," who are ahead on marketplace trends and whose innovations are often commercially attractive. Von Hippel argues that manufacturers should redesign their innovation processes and that they should systematically seek out innovations developed by users. He points to businesses—the custom semiconductor industry is one example—that have learned to assist user-innovators by providing them with toolkits for developing new products. User innovation has a positive impact on social welfare, and von Hippel proposes that government policies, including R&D subsidies and tax credits, should be realigned to eliminate biases against it. The goal of a democratized user-centered innovation system, says von Hippel, is well worth striving for. An electronic version of this book is available under a Creative Commons license.
Open production: scientific foundation for co-creative product realization. Production Engineering
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Wulfsberg, J.; Redlich, T.; Bruhns, F-L.: Open production: scientific foundation for co-creative product realization. Production Engineering, 2010. Doi: 10.1007/s11740-0100286-6
Open Source -Enklave für Hacker, neue Form der Produktion oder Herausforderung für die Theorie der Unternehmung
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Open Production -Gestaltungsmodell für die Wertschöpfung in der Bottom-up-Ökonomie. Dissertation
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Wettbewerbsstrategie. Methoden zur Analyse von Branchen und Konkurrenten. 11. Aufl., Campus Verlag
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