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The effectiveness of a bibliotherapy in increasing the self-management ability of slightly to moderately frail older people
Abstract
Objective:
Self-management ability (SMA) is the ability to obtain those resources necessary for the production of well-being. With age, SMA becomes increasingly important, if one has a large variety of resources, physical and psychosocial losses due to the aging process can be substituted or compensated for. This study examined whether an increase in SMA would ensure sustainable levels of positive well-being among slightly to moderately frail older people.
Methods:
A bibliotherapy was developed to increase the SMA of slightly to moderately frail older people, and to help these persons to sustain a certain level of well-being. The effectiveness of this bibliotherapy was examined by comparing the SMA, mastery, and subjective well-being of 97 older people participating in the bibliotherapy to those of 96 older people in a delayed-treatment control condition.
Results:
The bibliotherapy resulted in a significant increase in SMA and mastery compared to the delayed-treatment control condition, and for SMA, this effect still existed 6 months after the intervention. The increase in SMA among older people who received the bibliotherapy prevented a decline in well-being as expected, but only in the short-term.
Conclusion:
The current findings show that it is possible to counteract an age-related decline in well-being, even with only slight to moderate levels of frailty.
Practice implications:
Cheap and easily accessible interventions, like the self-management bibliotherapy described in this article, may provide a useful addition to more traditional gerontological interventions.
... An example of a multifunctional resource is a friend/spouse, who can satisfy one's need for affection, but also supports the fulfilment of other needs (e.g., sharing burdens or stimulation, by jointly participating in interesting activities). All facets were identified under the assumption that they should in principle be modifiable by training, interventions, or other kinds of manipulations (e.g., support of community nurses) to improve health outcomes, which has subsequently been confirmed in several studies (e.g., Schuurmans, 2004;Frieswijk et al., 2006;Kremers et al., 2006;Cramm and Nieboer, 2017). Unlike the fundamental and theoretical relationship with wellbeing, the role of self-management and how the orchestrated use of these abilities may help to sustain QoL in later life is relatively underexplored (e.g., Cramm and Nieboer, 2017). ...
... One of the few existing interventions that has been developed for this purpose is the self-management of well-being (SMW) intervention, tested in different formats (individual, group, and self-help; Schuurmans, 2004;Frieswijk et al., 2006;Kremers et al., 2006;see Goedendorp and Steverink, 2017 for comparison). ...
Age-related challenges and transitions can have considerable social, psychological, and physical consequences that may lead to significant changes in quality of life (QoL). As such, maintaining high levels of QoL in later life may crucially depend on the ability to demonstrate resilience (i.e., successful adaptation to late-life challenges). The current study set out to explore the interplay between several resilience factors, and how these contribute to the realization and maintenance of (different facets of) QoL. Based on the previous work, we identified behavioral coping, positive appraisal, self-management ability, and physical activity as key resilience factors. Their interplay with (various facets of) QoL, as measured with the WHOQOL-OLD, was established through network analysis. In a sample of community-dwelling older adults (55+; N=1,392), we found that QoL was most strongly (and directly) related to positive appraisal style and self-management ability. Among those, taking care of multifunctional resources (i.e., yielding various benefits at the same time) seemed to be crucial. It connected directly to “satisfaction with past, present, and future activities,” a key facet of QoL with strong interconnections to other QoL facets. Our analysis also identified resilience factor(s) with the potential to promote QoL when targeted by training, intervention, or other experimental manipulation. The appropriate set of resilience factors to manipulate may depend on the goal and/or facet of QoL that one aims to improve.
... Sin and Lyubomirsky [22] selected 49 primary studies on well-being [4,13,17,18,20, and 25 primary studies on depression [4,17,20,39,40,[42][43][44]48,51,55,56,61,65,67,[69][70][71][72]. Bolier et al. [23] selected 28 primary studies on subjective well-being [41,46,49,51,57,62,64,69,[73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90], 20 primary studies on psychological well-being [4,17,20,41,42,46,57,62,64,76,80,82,83,[90][91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99], and 14 primary studies on depression [4,17,20,42,51,62,77,78,82,91,93,[96][97][98][99][100]. ...
... Sin and Lyubomirsky [22] selected 49 primary studies on well-being [4,13,17,18,20, and 25 primary studies on depression [4,17,20,39,40,[42][43][44]48,51,55,56,61,65,67,[69][70][71][72]. Bolier et al. [23] selected 28 primary studies on subjective well-being [41,46,49,51,57,62,64,69,[73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90], 20 primary studies on psychological well-being [4,17,20,41,42,46,57,62,64,76,80,82,83,[90][91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99], and 14 primary studies on depression [4,17,20,42,51,62,77,78,82,91,93,[96][97][98][99][100]. ...
For at least four decades, researchers have studied the effectiveness of interventions designed to increase well-being. These interventions have become known as positive psychology interventions (PPIs). Two highly cited meta-analyses examined the effectiveness of PPIs on well-being and depression: Sin and Lyubomirsky (2009) and Bolier et al. (2013). Sin and Lyubomirsky reported larger effects of PPIs on well-being (r = .29) and depression (r = .31) than Bolier et al. reported for subjective well-being (r = .17), psychological well-being (r = .10), and depression (r = .11). A detailed examination of the two meta-analyses reveals that the authors employed different approaches, used different inclusion and exclusion criteria, analyzed different sets of studies, described their methods with insufficient detail to compare them clearly, and did not report or properly account for significant small sample size bias. The first objective of the current study was to reanalyze the studies selected in each of the published meta-analyses, while taking into account small sample size bias. The second objective was to replicate each meta-analysis by extracting relevant effect sizes directly from the primary studies included in the meta-analyses. The present study revealed three key findings: (1) many of the primary studies used a small sample size; (2) small sample size bias was pronounced in many of the analyses; and (3) when small sample size bias was taken into account, the effect of PPIs on well-being were small but significant (approximately r = .10), whereas the effect of PPIs on depression were variable, dependent on outliers, and generally not statistically significant. Future PPI research needs to focus on increasing sample sizes. A future meta-analyses of this research needs to assess cumulative effects from a comprehensive collection of primary studies while being mindful of issues such as small sample size bias.
... In addition, it is unclear which modalities of exercise can best help to prevent disability and subsequently the development of frailty (8,9). Enhancing self-management abilities and engagement in meaningful social and productive activities was shown to be promising in reducing disability in older adults (10). Interventions should be tailored, multifactorial and multidisciplinary, to diminish disability and associated outcomes such as frailty (6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11). Frail elderly who are not (yet) disabled, and those with minor disabilities who are at a high risk of progression, are most likely to benefit from these interventions (4,12,13).The identification of those at risk and applying interventions in an early stage of frailty (pre-frail) has been described as a promising strategy to diminish disability in older people (14). ...
... Enhancing self-management abilities and engagement in meaningful social and productive activities was shown to be promising in reducing disability in older adults (10). Interventions should be tailored, multifactorial and multidisciplinary, to diminish disability and associated outcomes such as frailty (6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11). Frail elderly who are not (yet) disabled, and those with minor disabilities who are at a high risk of progression, are most likely to benefit from these interventions (4,12,13).The identification of those at risk and applying interventions in an early stage of frailty (pre-frail) has been described as a promising strategy to diminish disability in older people (14). ...
Background
There is an increase in functional limitations and a decline in physical and mental well-being with age. Very few effective lifestyle interventions are available to prevent adverse outcomes such as disability in (pre-) frail older people. The effectiveness of an interdisciplinary multicomponent intervention program to prevent disability in older people in the community was tested.
Method
A randomized controlled trial (RCT) with a one-year follow-up was conducted in the Netherlands. Community-dwelling pre-frail older people aged 65 years and over were invited to participate. Frailty was measured with the Groningen Frailty Indicator (GFI) and categorized into non-frail (GFI=0), pre-frail (GFI = 1-3) and frail (GFI ≥ 4). The intervention program consisted of four components: a medication review, physical fitness, social skills, and nutrition.
Outcomes
The primary outcome was activity of daily living (ADL) measured with the Katz-6. Secondary outcomes were quality of life (SF-12) and healthcare consumption such as hospital admission, nursing home admission and primary care visits. Additional outcomes measured in the intervention group were physical fitness, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL), muscle strength, walking speed, functional capacity, mobility, feelings of depression and loneliness and nutritional status. The data were collected at baseline, after each intervention component and at a 12-month follow-up. An intention to treat analysis was used.
Results
In total, there were 290 participants, and 217 (74.8%) completed the study. The mean age was 74 (SD: 7.2), most were pre-frail (59.9%), the majority were female (55.2%), and the individuals were not living alone (61.4%). After the 12-month follow-up, the median Katz-6 score did not change significantly between the two groups; adjusted Odds Ratio (OR) = 0.96 (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.39-2.35, p-value 0.92). No statistically significant differences were observed between the groups for quality of life and healthcare consumption. Among the participants in the intervention group, IADL (Friedman’s test p <=0.04, X² =6.50), walking speed (Friedman’s test p <0.001, X² =19.09) and functional capacity (Friedman’s test p <0.001, X² =33.29) improved significantly after the one-year follow-up. Right-hand grip strength improved immediately after completion of the intervention (Wilcoxon signed-rank test p=0.00, z= -3.39) but not after the 12-month follow-up.
Conclusion
The intervention program did not significantly improve daily functioning, quality of life and healthcare consumption among (pre) frail community-dwelling older persons at the one-year follow-up. Participants in the intervention group experienced improvements in walking speed, functional capacity and instrumental activities of daily living. More research is needed to better understand why may benefit and how to identify the target population.
... [2] Frieswijk et al. published a study titled "The effectiveness of a bibliotherapy in increasing the self-management ability of slightly too moderately frail older people" and showed that bibliotherapy is greatly effective in increasing the self-management abilities of the elderly and their life quality and involvement in the society and also helps them to maintain a certain level of health. [12] In a study by Chai and Yuyoung titled "The use of bibliotherapy in natural environments to develop the social skills in young children" the results showed that bibliotherapy can increase the problem-solving abilities and social skills of children. [13] Muto et al. conducted a study called "The effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy bibliotherapy for enhancing the psychological health of Japanese college students living abroad." ...
... Also, the average resilience score of the control group didn't meaningfully change before and after intervention while the average score of the control group showed a meaningful increase for following an intervention. These results showed that bibliotherapy can effectively improve the resilience of individuals which is similar to the results reported by Sohrabi and Javanbakhsh, [30] Gholizadeh et al., [9] Kamali, [28] Nokarizi and Alemzadeh, [10] Jernelöv et al. [31] and Frieswijk et al. [12] who demonstrated the possibility of increasing resilience of individuals using several methods. ...
BACKGROUND: Bibliotherapy is defined as using dynamic interaction along with reading a book in order to help the people to increase their cognitive understanding. This study aims to investigate the effect of bibliotherapy on the psychological capital of the employees of the Department of Management and Medical Informatics of Isfahan University of Medical Science.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is an applied study using a semi‑empirical method. The statistical population consists of all nonfaculty employees of the target department (70 people). Twenty eight people were randomly selected and divided into experiment and control groups and answered the psychological capital questionnaire. The data gathering tool was the psychological capital questionnaire of Luthans. The experiment group underwent six 2‑h sessions of bibliotherapy where the control group underwent no interference. Both groups answered the questionnaire again 1‑month after the final bibliotherapy session. The information was analyzed using descriptive (average and frequency distribution) and analytical (independent t‑test, paired t‑test, Chi‑square test, and Mann–Whitney U‑test) with the help of SPSS 20 software.
RESULTS: The findings showed no meaningful distinction average scores of the physiological capital
of both groups before interference. However, the average physiological capital score and an average
score of each factor in the experiment group was meaningfully higher than that of the control group
after the bibliotherapy sections.
CONCLUSION: The results showed that bibliotherapy is a suitable method for increasing the psychological capital of the employees of different organizations which will in turn provide both the employees themselves and the organization with material and spiritual gains.
... [2] Frieswijk et al. published a study titled "The effectiveness of a bibliotherapy in increasing the self-management ability of slightly too moderately frail older people" and showed that bibliotherapy is greatly effective in increasing the self-management abilities of the elderly and their life quality and involvement in the society and also helps them to maintain a certain level of health. [12] In a study by Chai and Yuyoung titled "The use of bibliotherapy in natural environments to develop the social skills in young children" the results showed that bibliotherapy can increase the problem-solving abilities and social skills of children. [13] Muto et al. conducted a study called "The effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy bibliotherapy for enhancing the psychological health of Japanese college students living abroad." ...
... Also, the average resilience score of the control group didn't meaningfully change before and after intervention while the average score of the control group showed a meaningful increase for following an intervention. These results showed that bibliotherapy can effectively improve the resilience of individuals which is similar to the results reported by Sohrabi and Javanbakhsh, [30] Gholizadeh et al., [9] Kamali, [28] Nokarizi and Alemzadeh, [10] Jernelöv et al. [31] and Frieswijk et al. [12] who demonstrated the possibility of increasing resilience of individuals using several methods. ...
BACKGROUND
Bibliotherapy is defined as using dynamic interaction along with reading a book in order to help the people to increase their cognitive understanding. This study aims to investigate the effect of bibliotherapy on the psychological capital of the employees of the Department of Management and Medical Informatics of Isfahan University of Medical Science.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This is an applied study using a semi-empirical method. The statistical population consists of all nonfaculty employees of the target department (70 people). Twenty eight people were randomly selected and divided into experiment and control groups and answered the psychological capital questionnaire. The data gathering tool was the psychological capital questionnaire of Luthans. The experiment group underwent six 2-h sessions of bibliotherapy where the control group underwent no interference. Both groups answered the questionnaire again 1-month after the final bibliotherapy session. The information was analyzed using descriptive (average and frequency distribution) and analytical (independent t-test, paired t-test, Chi-square test, and Mann–Whitney U-test) with the help of SPSS 20 software.
RESULTS
The findings showed no meaningful distinction average scores of the physiological capital of both groups before interference. However, the average physiological capital score and an average score of each factor in the experiment group was meaningfully higher than that of the control group after the bibliotherapy sections.
CONCLUSION
The results showed that bibliotherapy is a suitable method for increasing the psychological capital of the employees of different organizations which will in turn provide both the employees themselves and the organization with material and spiritual gains.
... 11 Studies have shown that interventions based on this theory, such as reading therapy and family intervention training, enable older adults to better cope with the declining function and chronic diseases associated with aging. 23,24 However, the cultural acceptability of these interventions may vary significantly across regions. For instance, familybased interventions may be more effective in collectivistic cultures (eg, East Asian societies) compared to individualistic Western cultures. ...
Current benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) management prioritizes urological symptoms while neglecting psychological impacts on subjective well-being (SWB). Although chronic disease-SWB associations are established, limited evidence exists regarding interactive effects of psychosocial factors (sleep, anxiety, self-management) in BPH populations. This multicenter cross-sectional study enrolled 412 BPH patients from 6 tertiary hospitals in Northwest China. Validated instruments assessed key variables: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index for sleep quality, Self-Rating Anxiety Scale for psychological distress, Memorial University of Newfoundland Happiness Scale for SWB, and Chinese Self-Management Ability Scale for behavioral competencies. Structural equation modeling elucidated pathway relationships. Of the patients, 72.5% experienced sleep disorders, and 79.0% reported anxiety. Regression analysis indicated that income (β = 1.378, P < .01) and self-management abilities (β = 0.074, P < .01) positively impacted SWB, while anxiety (β = −0.155, P < .01) and sleep disorders (β = −0.581, P < .01) negatively affected it. The structural equation model revealed a direct effect of self-management abilities on SWB of 0.20 and an indirect effect of 0.16. This study contributes to the field by proposing a comprehensive, patient-centered model of care that can improve both the quality of life and long-term outcomes for BPH patients.
... Being able to successfully manage the physical (e.g., diet adherence), social (e.g., social contact), and psychological aspects (e.g., well-being or coping) of life is of utmost importance to age successfully despite healthrelated obstacles (2,22). Self-management abilities have been associated with improved health distress (23, 24), self-efficacy (23, 24), and well-being (25)(26)(27). They further lead to a reduction in healthcare resource utilization (23, 28,29). ...
Introduction
With demographic changes, prioritizing effective care for geriatric patients to maintain functionality, independence, and quality of life is crucial. Well-developed self-management or self-care abilities, which can be maintained and improved through interventions, are of the utmost importance. To implement these interventions tailored and effectively, a thorough assessment of the individual’s self-management and self-care abilities is required.
Objective
This scoping review aimed to identify self-management and self-care instruments suitable for geriatric patients, their underlying theories and definitions of self-management and self-care, and their similarities and differences in item content.
Methods
A systematic search of the PubMed and CINAHL databases was conducted to identify retrievable full-text articles published in English in the medical and nursing fields since the 1970s, which were validated on a sample with an average age of at least 70 years, used generic rather than disease-specific items, and addressed the broad range of self-management and self-care abilities.
Results
Of the 20 included articles, six instruments were identified that were based on different theories and offered varying definitions of self-management or self-care. Despite these differences, all emphasize empowered individuals taking an active role in their care. Most address actual behavior and abilities referring to lifestyle factors and (anticipated) adjustment behavior. However, crucial aspects, such as psychological factors, (instrumental) activities of daily living, and social environment are not fully addressed in these instruments, nor are the types of execution to which the items refer, such as wants, feelings, confidence, or attitudes.
Conclusion
To fully understand how geriatric patients implement daily self-management or self-care, a combination of instruments covering the important factors of self-management and self-care and addressing multiple types of item execution, such as behaviors, abilities, wants, or attitudes, is recommended. This review provides the first comprehensive overview of self-management and self-care instruments suitable for geriatric patients.
... One of the few existing interventions that has been developed for this purpose is the self-management of wellbeing (SMW) intervention, tested in different formats (individual, group and selfhelp; Schuurmans, 2004;Frieswijk et al., 2006;Kremers et al., 2006; see Goedendorp and Steverink, 2017 for comparison). However, this intervention is high intensive, involving multiple (5-6) session (of 1-2.5 h). ...
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.752564.].
... To combat further cognitive problems among older people at the early stages of cognitive declines, investment in self-management abilities at an early stage may be worthwhile. Randomized controlled studies have shown that the six self-management abilities can be taught effectively to community-dwelling older people with interventions, even those who are frail or dealing with loneliness [47][48][49][50]. These studies clearly showed that because (frail) older people lack reserves in multiple life domains, they especially benefit from self-management interventions that provide them with a general cognitive and behavioral repertoire for dealing with different kinds of age-related problems rather than from interventions focusing on one specific problem [e.g., 47]. ...
Background
Self-management abilities seem to be important for the cognitive functioning of older people, especially those who are frail. We investigated relationships between broad self-management abilities (initiative taking, investment behavior, resource variety, resource multifunctionality, self-efficacy, and positive frame of mind) and cognitive functioning among frail older people while controlling for background characteristics (sex, age, marital status, and educational level).
Method
Survey data were collected from mid-2014 to mid-2015 from community-dwelling frail older people residing in North Brabant, the Netherlands. We measured cognitive functioning with the 12-item Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE-12) and self-management abilities with the short version of the Self-Management Ability Scale (SMAS-S).
Results
In total, 588 of 834 potential participants were willing to participate (70.5% response rate). The mean age was 82.33 ± 5.19 and the majority (68.5%) of respondents were female. About one-third (38.4%) of respondents had low educational levels and 61.7% lived alone. Mean MMSE-12 and SMAS-S scores were 9.68 ± 2.10 and 3.70 ± 0.88, respectively. Bivariate analyses showed that all six self-management abilities were related positively to cognitive functioning. Multivariate analyses with adjustment for background characteristics (sex, age, marital status, and educational level) showed that cognitive functioning was associated positively with initiative taking ( β = 0.23, p = 0.030) and investment behavior ( β = 0.24, p = 0.030) among community-dwelling frail older people.
Conclusions
This study clearly showed that a repertoire of broad self-management abilities is related to cognitive functioning among community-dwelling frail older people. Initiative taking and investment behavior seem to be especially important. These findings are of interest in a time of populational aging and an increasing number of older people dealing with cognitive problems. Preventive investments in (older) people’s self-management abilities are expected to be beneficial for their cognitive functioning in the long term.
... It provided a unique space in which participants felt acknowledged, accepted, challenged, and inspired (Malyn et al., 2020). Bibliotherapy was also found to be effective in increasing the self-management abilities of community-dwelling slightly to moderately frail older people (Frieswijk et al., 2006), and beneficial in providing a positive enduring impact on various aspects of older adults' well-being (Poerio and Totterdell, 2020). In institutional settings, a bibliotherapy intervention combined with reading aloud contributed to the emergence of empathy, confidence, and a sense of self-identity among older adults in psychiatric care. ...
This paper examined how the use of literary works in bibliotherapy groups for older men promotes discourse on aging and masculinity. Two groups of men from two different CCRCs in Israel participated in the study. Each group underwent 10 bibliotherapy sessions. Following reading aloud of literary works on aging, the participants were invited to share their reflections upon their life, inspired by the creations. An abductive analysis pointed to the central role of the literary elements in encouraging self-expressions among the participants. A qualitative content analysis revealed three themes, which indicate that the literary elements: (a) Encourage the expression of loss; (b) Allow participants to express aspects of positive aging; and (c) Promote insights regarding the acceptance of the aging process. In addition, an analysis focusing on aspects of form revealed four responses to literary elements: (a) Direct metaphors in line with the literary works' interpretations; (b) Creating new meaning for the original metaphors; (c) Expressing conflicting emotions through oxymorons; and (d) Relying on the authors' biographies as an extra-textual context for reflections. The study reflects an inter-disciplinary approach to promote expressions of aging masculinity, and to understand them in bibliotherapeutic groups of older affluent men.
... Therefore, interventions are needed which raise awareness about self-managing positive health, probably with a more experience-oriented approach. For older adults who are aware of their needs to improve their self-management abilities for positive health, effective interventions are available, such as the "Self-Management-of-Well-being" interventions (Frieswijk et al., 2006;Kremers et al., 2006;Kuiper et al., 2019;Schuurmans, 2004). ...
Purpose: The health perceptions of older adults with a lower socioeconomic status still seems to be unsettled. To gain more insight in these perceptions, 19 older adults were interviewed with the use of a photo-elicitation method.
Methods: Participants reflected on ten photographs covering aspects of physical, social and mental health, and were also asked if and how they experience to have control over their health.
Results: The results showed that the perception of health depended on the background of the participant, was experience-oriented and was mostly focused on the negative aspects of physical and mental health. Social contacts were an important contributor to well-being, especially when physical health declined. Although most participants seem hardly aware of having influence on their own health, several participants showed automatic self-management abilities.
Conclusion: For participants who need more support to improve, or become more aware of their self-management abilities, interventions with an experience-oriented approach are needed.
... Although the instructions for the control exercise did not explicitly instruct participants to only write about positive events (i.e., "You can choose an event or activity [ … ] it does not need to be something particularly special"), the majority of participants in the control group reported during the weekly reminder that they were "journaling about positive events." The positive effects of journaling were identified in general population trials testing the effects of "Thinking about positive life experience" [67,95,96] or "Positive writing or bibliography" [97,98] and can be considered similar in its effects of experiencing gratitude. Although applied "retrospectively," the control exercise could potentially have reinforced mindfulness practice (i.e., paying attention in a particular way: on purpose, in the present moment, and nonjudgmentally [68,69]). ...
Purpose
Positive emotions have been found to be analgesic and can be induced by positive psychology exercises. This study tested if positive psychology exercises provide beneficial effects on pain, responses to pain, physical (pain interference), and emotional function.
Methods
Randomized parallel-group controlled single-blinded superiority-trial including community-dwelling individuals with chronic pain secondary to spinal cord injury. Participants in the intervention group were instructed to practice 4 personalized positive psychology exercises for 8 weeks. Participants in the control group were asked to be mindful and write about current life events.
Results
108 (64%) completed the study. At post-treatment, the intervention participants reported significant reductions in pain intensity and improvements in pain catastrophizing and pain control, relative to baseline. Both groups reported significant decreases in pain interference and negative emotions. Significant between-group differences emerged for pain intensity at post-treatment. At 3-months follow-up, improvements maintained for the intervention group and improvements in positive emotions reached statistical significance. Between-group differences were identified for pain intensity at post-treatment.
Conclusion
Positive psychology exercises represent a potential effective complementary treatment that result in benefits on pain which can be readily implemented into daily living. Trials designed with an inactive control condition should be conducted to further address efficacy.
Trial registration
Swiss ethics committee (EKNZ 2014-317)/clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02459028)
Registration date: Ethics approval 25.10.2014/Study start date: May 2015
URL of the record: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02459028?term=NCT02459028&cntry=CH&draw=2&rank=1
•
IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION
• Pain engenders negative emotions (e.g., fear, anger, sadness) which can negatively affect psychological, social, and physical function.
• Positive emotions have been found to be analgesic and can be induced by practicing positive psychology exercises.
• The findings of the current randomized controlled trial provide support for practicing positive psychology exercises (beyond the effects of pain medication intake), in particular on the reduction of pain intensity, but also in improving pain catastrophizing and pain control.
• The majority of the positive psychology exercises are brief and self-administered positive activities that have no known negative side effects nor financial cost, can be tailored to a person's preferences in activities and can be readily implemented into daily living with chronic pain, complementing standard treatment of pain.
... With the aim to overcome these limitations, the second meta-analytical review of the evidence for the efficacy of the PPIs' by Bolier and colleagues (2013) included only RCTs by also taking into account the methodological quality criterion. From a total number of 39 studies conducted in 1998-2012 with 6,139 participants (4,043 in PPI groups and 2,096 in control groups), 14 studies measured depressive symptoms as an outcome, while seven studies evaluated the efficacy of individual and group positive psychotherapy (Seligman et al., 2006), hope therapy (Cheavens et al., 2006), well-being therapy (Fava et al., 1998;Fava et al., 2005), and self-management positive interventions to older people (Frieswijk et al., 2006;Kremers et al., 2006). Although the majority of the PPIs in the meta-analysis included self-help interventions with a varied duration from 1 day to 16 weeks, the intensity of the seven PPIs to people experiencing certain psychosocial problems was 6-16 weeks and only one was delivered in the form of self-help. ...
As clinical psychology becomes a more integrative discipline, the introduction of positive psychology in the clinical realm has been a new promising trend. Several positive interventions to treat mental health difficulties have been recently developed, aiming to promote therapeutic change by facilitating increased well-being. The aim of this paper is to review the conceptual trajectories of positive psychology in the clinical domain throughout the last twenty years and to provide a comprehensive perspective toward a positive psychology-oriented psychotherapy. Current positive psychology theoretical, empirical, and practical insights are provided to illustrate how the integration of positive psychology in the clinical environment is theoretically and practically useful as well as scientifically valid. Clinical research evidence of the contemporary theories of well-being and self-determination is presented along with the most recent empirical findings on the efficacy of positive psychology interventions in the mental health system. Examples of evidence-based positive psychology interventions further exemplify the ways of integrating positive psychology treatments into clinical practice. Such a synthesis of the evidence regarding the outcomes of positive clinical interventions can expand the research and practice of clinical psychology and may contribute to broadening the role of clinical psychologists in promoting well-being along with treating distress.
... In the process of ageing, reserves and resources in several life domains decline, and losses in one domain can reinforce resource-loss in other domains, necessitating the possession of adequate and diverse self-management abilities ). According to Frieswijk and colleagues (2006), frail older people with deficits in multiple domains may benefit from interventions to improve general self-management abilities aimed at maintaining all aspects of well-being, instead of single target (health) problems (Frieswijk et al. 2006). Dutch governmental policies aim to enhance self-sufficiency and independent living in the community for as long as possible (de Klerk et al. 2019;van Campen et al. 2017), which makes the effective selfmanagement of well-being even more important. ...
Worldwide, the maintenance of well-being in ageing populations with associated frailty has become increasingly important. To maintain well-being during ageing, investment in frail older people’s self-management abilities and the fostering of productive interactions with healthcare professionals may lead to higher levels of well-being. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between community-dwelling frail older people’s self-management abilities, productive patient-professional interactions and well-being, while controlling for socio-demographic characteristics. This cross-sectional study included 588 community-dwelling frail older people (aged ≥ 75 years) from 15 general practitioner (GP) practices in the Netherlands. Well-being (Social Production Function Instrument for the Level of well-being short), productivity of interactions with GPs (relational coproduction instrument), and self-management abilities (Self-Management Ability Scale short) were measured during in-home face-to-face interviews by trained interviewers. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, correlation analyses, and linear mixed-effects models. Significant relationships were detected between self-management abilities and the overall, social, and physical well-being of older people, and between productive interactions with GPs and overall and social well-being, but not physical well-being. In a time of ageing populations with associated frailty, investment in frail older people’s self-management abilities and the productivity of patient-professional interactions may be beneficial for this population’s well-being.
... However, only a few PPIs have examined clinical populations such as suicidal inpatients [12], individuals with tobacco use disorder [13], and individuals with schizophrenia [14]. Additionally, only two of the 39 studies examined in the meta-analysis targeted older adults [15,16]. Examining PPIs specifically focusing on older adults, a 2017 systematic review identified eight interventions targeting well-being in older adults [17•], including seven interventions not included in the 2013 meta-analysis described above. ...
Purpose of review
Positive psychiatry shifts the focus of geriatric mental healthcare beyond studying disorders and psychopathology to studying factors that contribute to mental well-being and successful aging. An increasing number of interventional studies are using treatments that target modifiable positive psychosocial characteristics (PPCs) and study their impact on mental health. Here we provide an overview of the literature on positive psychiatry interventions using illustrative examples of interventions targeting social connectedness, meaning in life, wisdom, and resilience.
Recent findings
There is growing evidence that PPCs are modifiable constructs that may be associated with improved well-being, physical health, and mental health outcomes.
Summary
The preliminary evidence summarized in this narrative review indicates that positive psychiatry interventions targeting social connectedness, meaning in life, wisdom, and resilience can improve overall well-being and other positive health outcomes amongst older adults. The effect sizes of these interventions reported in RCTs and meta-analyses are typically small to medium, but occasionally large effect sizes are also reported. Current literature is restricted by heterogeneous methodology, limiting clinicians’ abilities to extrapolate these principles of positive psychiatry into everyday practice. With the expanding body of evidence, positive psychiatry may have the potential to transform the landscape of geriatric mental health.
... 1.2982 Hammouri, 1997;Frieswijk et al., 2006;Hubin et al., 2011;Nordin et al., 2010;Pehrsson & McMillen, 2005 . ( دﻻﻟﺔ ذي ﻓﺮق ﺑﻮﺟﻮد ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ أﻣﺎ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻋﺮ إﻟﻰ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﻓﻬﺬا ،اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻟﺼﺎﻟﺢ اﻟﺬاﺗﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮا اﻟﻌﻼج أن اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺠﺎل ﻫﺬا ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻛﺎن ءة اﻟﺬي اﻷﻣﺮ ،اﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺸﻌﻮر ﺧﻔﺾ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻤﻌﻲ اﻹرﺷﺎدي ﺟﻌﻠﻬﻢ وﻣﺎ ،ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎرﻛﻴﻦ ﺟﺬب ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻗﺪﻣﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺧﻼل ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻت ﻛﺎﻓﺔ وﻋﻠﻰ ﻓ ؛ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ إﻃﺎر ﻓﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮاءة ﺎﻟﻌﻼج ﻻ ﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ إﺟﺒﺎرﻫﻢ أو اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻛﻴﻦ ﺑﻤﺸﺎﻋﺮ اﻟﻌﺒﺚ ﻋﻦ ً ﺑﻌﻴﺪا اﻷﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﺧﻮض ﻋﻠﻰ إﺟﺒﺎرﻫﻢ ﻋﻦ ً وﺑﻌﻴﺪا ،ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻣﻦ ﺑﻪ اﻟﺒﻮح ﻳﺮﻳﺪون ﺑﺸﻜﻞ اﻹﻧﺎث ﻟﻪ ﺗﻤﻴﻞ ﻣﺎ وﻫﺬا ،اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺗﺠﺎرب ﺑﺎ ﻟﺸﻌﻮرﻫﻦ ً ﻧﻈﺮا ﻋﺎم ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ وﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻣﻦ وﻟﻜﻮﻧﻬﻦ ...
The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of
bibliotherapy and group counseling in reducing the level of
psychological loneliness among non Jordanian students. The study
sample consisted of (45) non-Jordanian male and female students who
came from (19) Arabic countries, spoke Arabic Language and studied
at Yarmouk University during 2012/2013. The students were
randomly assigned to either one of two experimental groups or a
control group. The first one of the experimental group was provided
with a manual for reducing the level of psychological loneliness
designed by the researchers (Bibliotherapy), whereas the second group
was provided with the counseling psychology program designed by
the researchers. The control group wasn't provide with any
intervention. The result of the study revealed that there were statistical
significant differences due to the group (Treatment/Therapy method:
bibliotherapy, group counseling and control group) for control group
which had the higher level of loneliness, and there were statistical
significant differences due to the interaction between group and
gender; males in control and first group had a higher level of
loneliness, while females in second group had a higher level of
loneliness than males. The result also revealed that there are no
statistically significant differences in the overall scale due to gender.
The study recommended executing and applying the two
psychological programs on expatriate students to enhance
psychological health and needing more research to examine the
effectiveness of cognitive programs and behavioral programs in
reducing the level of psychological loneliness among students.
... These abilities are: taking initiative, being selfefficacious, investing resources, having a positive future perspective, taking care of multifunctional resources, and ensuring a variety in resources, all directed at resources for both the two physical needs and the three social needs (see Steverink, 2014, andSlaets, 2005 for extensive reviews). Indeed, empirical evidence has demonstrated that these abilities make aging individuals better self-managers of their own well-being (Cramm et al., 2012(Cramm et al., , 2013Steverink & Lindenberg, 2008), and these selfmanagement abilities can be taught effectively in interventions (Frieswijk, Steverink, Buunk, & Slaets, 2006;Kremers, Steverink, Albersnagel, & Slaets, 2006;Schuurmans, 2004). ...
and Keywords Well-being is a core concept for both individuals, groups and societies. Greater understanding of trajectories of well-being in later life may contribute to the achievement and maintenance of well-being for as many as possible. This article reviews two main approaches to well-being: hedonic and eudaimonic well-being, and shows that it is not chronological age per se, but various factors related to age that underlie trajectories of well-being at older ages. Next to the role of genes, heritability and personality traits, well-being is determined to a substantial extent by external circumstances and resources (e.g., health and social relationships), and to malleable individual behaviors and beliefs (e.g., self-regulatory ability and control beliefs). Although many determinants have been identified, it remains difficult to decide which of them are most important. Moreover, the role of some determinants varies for different indicators of well-being, such as positive affect and life satisfaction. Several prominent goal-and need-based models of well-being in later life are discussed, which explicate mechanisms underlying trajectories of well-being at older ages. These are the model of Selection, Optimization, and Compensation, the Motivational Theory of Lifespan Development, Socio-emotional Selectivity Theory, Ryff's model of Psychological Well-Being, Self-Determination Theory, and Self-Management of Well-being theory. Also, interventions based on these models are reviewed, although not all of them address older adults. It is concluded that the literature on well-being in later life is enormous, and, together with various conceptual models, offers many important insights. Still, the field would benefit from more theoretical integration, and from more attention to the development and testing of theory-based interventions. This remains a challenge for the science of well-being in later life, and could be an important contribution to the well-being of a still growing proportion of the population.
... However, since an instrument with so many items is unwieldy, Nieboer et al. also developed short versions of the scales with three items for each social and physical need. The shortened scales (called SPF-IL(s)) have been used in many studies (e.g., Cramm and Nieboer 2015;Frieswijk et al. 2006;Goedendorp and Steverink 2017;Nieboer and Cramm 2017), and was recently validated again with various samples of older populations (Nieboer and Cramm 2018). ...
The fulfilment of social needs is essential for human beings to function well and thrive, but little is known about how social needs are differentially associated with types of well-functioning. This study investigates how the three social needs as proposed by Social Production Function theory—the needs for affection, behavioral confirmation, and status—relate to psychological strengths (self-evaluation, hope, and self-regulatory ability), loneliness, and subjective well-being (life satisfaction, positive and negative affect). Moreover, possible mechanisms are explored. Using the first release sample of the LifeLines study (N = 13,301) and four other samples (N = 1094, N = 456, N = 415, and N = 142), we found that the three social needs yielded a robust factor structure, and related differentially to gender and education. Their associations with all three psychological strengths were substantial. Affection need fulfilment related most strongly to both emotional and social loneliness, but the expected stronger association of behavioral confirmation with social loneliness was not found. As expected, affection related most strongly to life satisfaction and least strongly to positive affect, whereas status related most strongly to positive affect and least strongly to life satisfaction. Of all social needs, behavioral confirmation had comparatively the strongest negative association with negative affect. With regard to mechanisms, affection was found to have a partial indirect effect on life satisfaction via self-evaluation, hope, and self-regulatory ability, while status had a modest indirect effect via self-regulatory ability on positive affect. It is concluded that different need fulfillments make unique contributions to different types of well-functioning, implying that a mix of social need satisfiers (i.e. different kinds of social relationships and other social provisions) are needed for individuals to function well. This knowledge may support interventions and policy directed at both individual and societal well-being.
... Moreover, the ones that do succeed to 'bridge the gap' , take many years to do so [5,6], but then still the complex interplay of determinants and stakeholders is not yet understood. It has been established that Self-Management of Well-being (SMW) interventions 1 improve self-management ability and well-being, and reduce loneliness in older adults [7][8][9][10][11]. When adopted and implemented in health and social care settings, the SMW interventions may have the potential to constrain the accumulating prevalence of social isolation [12], depression [13], and inactivity [14] in older adults. ...
Background
When implementing an empirically supported intervention (ESI) arrays of influencing factors operate on the professional and organizational level, but so far dependency between these levels has often been ignored. The aim of this study is to describe the pace and identify determinants of implementation of the Self-Management of Well-being (SMW) group intervention while taking the dependency between professionals and organizations into account.
Methods
Pace of implementation was measured as the time between training of professionals and first use of the SMW intervention in months. Determinants of first use were derived from the Fleuren framework and assessed using web-based questionnaires and telephone interviews. First, univariate analyses, Fisher’s exact tests and t-tests, were performed to identify determinants of first use of the SMW intervention on the individual professional and the organizational level independently. Second, multilevel analyses were performed to correct for the dependency between professionals and organizations. Simple multilevel logistic regression analyses were performed with determinants found significant in the univariate analyses as independent variables, first use as dependent variable, professionals entered in the first level, and organizations in the second level.
Results
Forty-eight professionals from 18 organizations were trained to execute the SMW intervention. Thirty-two professionals achieved first use, at a mean pace of 7.5 months ± 4.2. Determinants on the professional level were ‘ownership’, ‘relative advantage’, ‘support from colleagues’ and ‘compatibility’. Determinants on the organizational level were ‘organizational size’ and ‘innovation-task orientation fit’. Multilevel analysis showed that ‘compatibility’, a factor on the professional level, was the only significant determinant contributing to first use in the multilevel model.
Conclusions
This implementation study revealed a strong dependency between professionals and organizations. Results showed that a majority of professionals used the SMW intervention in about 8 months. When the dependency between professionals and organization was taken into account, the professionals’ perception of compatibility was the only remaining determinant of implementation on the professional level. Organizational size and managers’ perception of ‘innovation-task orientation fit’ were determinants of implementation on the organizational level. It is advisable to discuss the compatibility between new and current tasks among managers and professionals before adopting a new intervention.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (10.1186/s12913-019-3891-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
... 256). This definition was a modification of self-management bibliotherapy coined by Frieswijk, Steverink, Buunk and Slaets (2006) who sought to increase autonomy for older clients with physical disabilities by offering access to psychotherapy without the physical and mental burdens of visiting a therapist's office. Wang et al. (2013) found that reading helped the informant process familial abuse and reduced suicidal feelings. ...
ABSTRACT
This qualitative phenomenological study sought to gain insight into the unique experiences of Black women students who were writing memoir toward the goal of self-definition in a Black feminist learning environment at a Historically Black College/University (HBCU). Two teaching methods included personal plot (an extension of expressive writing that offers writing prompts for emotional closure), and biblio-fusion (a combination of expressive writing and bibliotherapy) (Lockhart, 2017a; 2017b). Interviews were conducted with six Black women participants and triangulated against their personal essays and online journal responses. Personal plot, a form of narrative analysis was used to construct paragraphs on what each personal essay was about, and a data driven analysis of narrative was conducted on the online journals and interview transcripts. Findings revealed that participants faced obstacles of racism, and sexism and internalized these oppressions through conforming to stereotypes of Blackness, colorism, sexualization of Black women, and assimilation. To counter these obstacles, participants utilized survival and success strategies. Notable among these strategies was mutual vulnerability with their classmates and their teacher as the catalyst for transcending fears and stereotypes of Blackness. Also notable was healing transformation and intergenerational healing where participants wrote and spoke of re-gifting their new awareness to the next generation. These results bear implications for expressive writing and other expressive therapies, and prompt further inquiry into teaching and research methods that emphasize Black women's ways of learning and healing.
... Interventions that aim to enhance self-management abilities may be useful additions to traditional interventions, which usually focus solely on the physical decline associated with ageing and chronic conditions. [35][36][37] The limitations of this study should be considered when interpreting the findings. First, although the response rate was low, it was comparable to those in other surveys conducted in this population [61]. ...
Background:
This study aims to identify the relationships between health behaviours, self-management abilities, physical health, depressive symptoms and well-being among Turkish older immigrants.
Methods:
A total of 2350 older Turkish migrants aged > 65 years residing in Rotterdam, the Netherlands were identified using the municipal register of which 680 respondents completed the questionnaires (response rate of 32%).
Results:
Average age of the respondents was 72.90 (standard deviation 5.02) (range 66-95) years and about half of them were women (47.6%). The majority of respondents reported having a low education (80.3%), low income level (83.4%), is chronically ill (90.6%), overweight (86.5%) and about half obese (46.0%). More than half of the respondents eat enough fruit (58.2%) and vegetables per week (55.3%). About a third of the respondents smoke (33.5%) and 43.0% can be considered to be physically active. Looking at the health behaviours a weak positive relationship was found between eating enough vegetables and well-being (β = 0.14; P = 0.017). In addition, weak relationships were found between physical activity and depressive symptoms (β = -0.16; P = 0.007), smoking and depressive symptoms (β = 0.16; P = 0.009) and self-management abilities and physical health (β = 0.17; P = 0.015). Strongest relationships were found between self-management abilities and depressive symptoms (β = -0.39; P < 0.001) and self-management abilities with overall well-being (β = 0.49; P < 0.001).
Conclusions:
From this study, we can conclude that next to health behaviours broader self-management abilities to maintain overall well-being are important for Turkish older people. Interventions to improve self-management abilities may help Turkish older people better deal with function losses and chronic diseases as they age further.
... Therefore, in strategic planning, the elderly's needs should be considered. Frieswijk et al. considered bibliotherapy as a factor that increases the ability of self-management in the elderly (Frieswijk, Steverink, Buunk, & Slaets, 2006). Lang also introduced audio books to maintain a positive feeling and reducing social isolation for the visually impaired elderly. ...
Introduction
The growing elderly population calls mental health professionals to take measures concerning the treatment of the elderly mental disorders. Today in developed countries, bibliotherapy is used for the treatment of the most prevalent psychiatric disorders. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of audio book on the elderly mental health of Retirement Center of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences.
Methods
This experimental study was conducted on 60 elderly people participated in 8 audio book presentation sessions, and their mental health aspects were evaluated through mental health questionnaire (SCL-90-R). Data were analyzed using SPSS 24.
Results
Data analysis revealed that the mean difference of pretest and posttest of control group is less than 5.0, so no significant difference was observed in their mental health, but this difference was significant in the experimental group (more than 5.0). Therefore, a significant improvement in mental health and its dimensions have observed in elderly people participated in audio book sessions. This therapeutic intervention was effective on mental health dimensions of paranoid ideation, psychosis, phobia, aggression, depression, interpersonal sensitivity, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive and somatic complaints.
Conclusion
Considering the fact that our population is moving toward aging, the obtained results could be useful for policy makers and health and social planners to improve the health status of the elderly.
... Examples include the study carried out by Kremers and colleagues (Kremers, Steverink, Albersnagel, & Slaets, 2006), which was based on improving selfmanagement abilities, and thus reducing social and emotional loneliness, or the intervention tested by Frieswijk and colleagues regarding bibliotherapy (Frieswijk, Steverink, Buunk, & Slaets, 2006). We could also include studies that have the main aim of combatting social exclusion (e.g. ...
Introduction:
Several studies have shown that psychological well-being (PWB) can be promoted through positive psychological interventions (PPIs). Although these interventions have shown promising results in clinical settings, only a few studies have investigated their effectiveness in older adults, and they have rarely considered an active control group. In addition, generalisation effects of the PWB training to quality of life (QoL) and to untrained cognitive abilities have never been considered.
Objective:
In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of a six-session PWB intervention aiming specifically to improve PWB, and sought any transfer effects on an aspect related to PWB, QoL. Transfer effects on a high-level cognitive process, working memory (WM), were also investigated.
Methods:
Thirty-two older adults (61-82 years old) volunteered to take part in the study and were randomly assigned to either a training group or an active control group.
Results:
Only the trained group, once controlled for variability, reported larger gains in PWB and in WM performance after the training.
Conclusions:
This pilot study suggests that PWB training can be effective in older adults, with a positive generalisation effect on cognition (WM). The discussion focuses on the need to develop PPIs tailored to older adults' needs and resources.
... Previous studies have supported the reliability and validity of the SPF-IL for use in elderly populations [39,40]. In the current study, the SPF-IL had a Cronbach's alpha value of .85, ...
Background
Aging perceptions have been found to be major contributors to health in old age. To quantitatively explore aging perceptions among elderly Turkish migrants, valid and reliable Turkish-language instruments are needed. The objective of the current study was to examine the construct validity and reliability of the Turkish-language version of the seven-dimension Aging Perceptions Questionnaire Short version (APQ-S) in a sample of community-dwelling elderly Turkish migrants in the Netherlands. MethodsA questionnaire including the Turkish-language APQ-S was administered to 438 community-dwelling Turkish migrants aged 65–99 years who resided in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. The APQ-S includes 21 items in seven dimensions (timeline chronic and cyclical, consequence positive and negative, control positive and negative, and emotional representations). The questionnaire also contained items measuring well-being, physical and mental health-related quality of life, and number of chronic conditions. ResultsThe latent factor model of the Turkish APQ-S was found to have an acceptable fit (root mean square error of approximation = .06; standardized root mean square residual = .07; comparative fit index = .90). Each indicator loaded significantly on its corresponding latent factor, and standardized factor loadings > .40 supported the convergent validity of the Turkish APQ-S dimensions. The APQ-S was also found to have acceptable construct validity in terms of its inter-factor structure and its expected associations with various health measures and age, gender, educational level, and marital status. Contrary to expectations, income level was not associated with any APQ-S dimension. With the exception of timeline cyclical (α = .56), each APQ-S dimension had acceptable reliability, with Cronbach’s alpha values ranging from .75 (timeline chronic) to .88 (control positive). Most APQ-S dimension scores differed significantly between elderly Turkish migrants and a general population of elderly Rotterdam residents, with Turkish elders having more negative and less positive aging perceptions. Conclusion
The Turkish-language version of the APQ-S is a psychometrically valid and reliable instrument for the assessment of aging perceptions among elderly Turkish migrants. Further research is needed to gain insight into aging perceptions and their health and sociodemographic correlates in this population.
... Regarding the effectiveness of the implemented SMW group intervention, we found its effects on self-management ability and well-being were medium in size and not significantly different from those in the RCT. These findings add to previous findings from two other RCTs using the SMW intervention in which effect sizes were small to medium [33][34][35]. Not only was effectiveness in the IMP comparable to that in the RCT, but drop-out rates and session attendance, indicating similar participant adherence, were also comparable. ...
Objective:
The Self-Management of Well-being (SMW) group intervention for older women was implemented in health and social care. Our aim was to assess whether effects of the SMW intervention were comparable with the original randomized controlled trial (RCT). Furthermore, we investigated threats to effectiveness, such as participant adherence, group reached, and program fidelity.
Methods:
In the implementation study (IMP) 287 and RCT 142 women participated. We compared scores on self-management ability and well-being of the IMP and RCT. For adherence, drop-out rates and session attendance were compared. Regarding reach, we compared participants' baseline characteristics. Professionals completed questions regarding program fidelity.
Results:
No significant differences were found on effect outcomes and adherence between IMP and RCT (all p≥0.135). Intervention effect sizes were equal (0.47-0.59). IMP participants were significantly less lonely and more likely to be married, but had lower well-being. Most professionals followed the protocol, with only minimal deviations.
Conclusion:
The effectiveness of the SMW group intervention was reproduced after implementation, with similar participant adherence, minimal changes in the group reached, and high program fidelity.
Practice implications:
The SMW group intervention can be transferred to health and social care without loss of effectiveness. Implementation at a larger scale is warranted.
Coaching of adults with developmental disorders is a client-centered, collaborative and goal-oriented process. Although recent studies indicate that the use of coaching may be beneficial for individuals with ADHD, for those with neurodevelopmental disorders, who tend to have fewer preferable avenues of action due to the cycle of failure, there are times where they may be unaware of what constitutes favorable behavior. In this study, we implemented coaching and bibliotherapy as means for clients to learn new options. Based on the changes in scores on facing problems encountered in daily life and mood states pre- and post-intervention, and an analysis of the literature on the merits and demerits of coaching and bibliotherapy, we investigate in what ways bibliotherapy can compensate for defıciencies in coaching. Analysis using the KJ Method showed that the elements of “bibliotherapy enables recall and confirmation” and “information in books is helpful” can supplement the function of coaching.
A sense of control is important for supporting older people living with frailty to develop adaptive functioning to optimize wellbeing. This scoping review examined the literature on the sense of control and wellbeing in older people living with frailty within their everyday life and care service use. Nine databases were searched using the timeframe 2000 to 2021 to identify key ideas regarding control and wellbeing in older people with frailty. The review highlighted three major themes: a) Control as conveyed in bodily expressions and daily activities, b) Sense of control and influence of place of residence, and c) Control within health and social care relationships. Maintaining a sense of control is not only an internal feeling but is impacted by physical and social environments. Greater focus is needed on the nature of relationships between older people living with frailty and those who work alongside them, which support control and wellbeing.
When setting out to reach our developmental goals in various life domains (e.g. physical, cognitive, emotional, social, personality), we need theory and evidence-based interventions to guide us on our journey of personal growth. This chapter aims to explore what type of interventions can be effective in fostering development in middle and older age and how to design these. In this sense, it describes some models that can provide a good theoretical frame for developmental interventions. Additionally, the chapter proposes several positive psychology strategies that can be used to stimulate development across midlife and old age. The first part of the chapter focuses on how to use theoretical models from developmental and positive psychology to formulate intervention aims and identify suitable change strategies. The second part of the chapter deals with how to apply positive psychology principles to design developmental interventions for middle-aged and older individuals. In this context, the chapter includes some examples to provide guidance for designing interventions that target positive development in midlife and older age.
The Corona outbreak is causing concern for the community, especially for people who are declared COVID-19. Status of people with diseases that have a risk of death and can transmitte others is a cause of anxiety for them. The necessity of undergoing a period of isolation in the hospital resulted in boredom and boredom. This then becomes the patient's mental burden increasingly hea vy. Seeing this reality, it takes an effort to calm their minds so as not to turn into depression. One thing that can be done is bibliotherapy. Therapy using this book is an easy and inexpensive therapy and can be done independently by patients without having to leave the treatment room. Under the supervision of psychiatric and psychology experts assisted by librarians as the appropr iate book references, patients can treat themselves during the healing period. If this stage does not produce maximum r esults then continued with regular therapy in consultation with the two experts. Another thing that can be done by libra rians to help reduce the burden on the patient's mind is to offer to be a discussion partner to review the contents of the book with the patient. In this activity the librarian does not play a role as a therapist, only as a facilitator so that pa tients are willing to read books and are enthusiastic to talk about the contents of the book. This is expected to be useful to divert the patient's attention so as not to remain in anxiety and dissolve in sadness. Abstrak Adanya Wabah Corona saat ini menimbulkan kekhawatiran bagi masyarakat, khususnya bagi orang-orang yang dinyatakan sebagai Pasien Dalam P engawasan dan Positif COVID-19. Status pengidap penyakit yang beresiko kematian dan dapat menulari orang lain menjadi penyebab kecemasan bagi mereka. Keharusan menjalani masa isolasi di rumah sakit mengakibatkan kejenuhan dan kebosanan. Hal ini kemudian menjadi beban mental pasien terasa semakin berat. Melihat kenyataan ini, diperlukan suatu usaha untuk menenangkan fikiran mereka agar tidak berubah menjadi depresi. Salah satu yang dapat dilakukan adalah biblioterapi. Terapi menggunakan buku ini mudah dan murah untuk dilaksanakan serta dapat dilakukan mandiri oleh pasien tanpa harus meninggalkan ruang perawatan di rumah sakit. Dibawah pengawasan pakar psikiatri dan psikologi dibantu oleh pustakawan sebagai pemberi saran buku yang tepat, pasien dapat menterapi diri sendiri selama masa penyembuhan. Jika tahap ini tidak membuahkan hasil yang maksimal maka dilanjutkan dengan terapi secara rutin dengan kedua ahli tersebut. Hal lain yang dapat dilakukan oleh pustakawan untuk membantu mengurangi beban fikiran pasien adalah menawarkan diri menjadi teman diskusi mengkaji isi buku bersama pasien. Pada kegiatan ini pustakawan tidak berperan sebagai terapis, hanya sebagai fasilitator agar pasien bersedia membaca buku dan antusias untuk bercerita mengenai isi buku. Hal ini diharapkan berguna untuk mengalihkan perhatian pasien agar tidak terus merasa cemas dan larut dalam kesedihan.
(1) Background: An increasing number of people are living with late-life depression, yet non-pharmacological treatments to help manage symptoms are limited. Two interventions, positive psychology and music therapeutic songwriting, have independently led to decreased depressive symptoms and an improved wellbeing in older people over 65 years old. (2) Methods: This article describes the development of a therapeutic songwriting program for people living with late-life depression. Knowledge from positive psychology and therapeutic songwriting was combined to maximize the potential benefits. (3) Results: The intervention program has ten weekly 45 min sessions that incorporate elements from positive psychology into therapeutic songwriting. Using a three-song approach encompassing ongoing musical practices, different positive psychology interventions were incorporated to support the experiences associated with a flourishing life. The intervention protocol for older people presented here is distinct from previous deficit-orientated approaches in that it shifts the focus to positive experiences, resources, and the individual’s ability to decrease their own depressive symptoms and improve their wellbeing. (4) Discussion: This protocol presenting a therapeutic songwriting program meets the need to develop new non-pharmacological treatment options. However, further studies are needed to examine the feasibility and impact of the intervention program on late-life depression and wellbeing in older people.
Scientometric studies are one of the most efficient methods of scientific evaluation in a valid scientific database. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the co-word analysis of scientific outputs in the field of bibliotherapy in the Web of Science (WoS). This scientometric study was conducted using library methods and network analysis. The statistical population of this study included all documents indexed in the WoS with the subject of bibliotherapy from 1975 to 2020. Data were analyzed using Excel, Pajek, UCINET, Netdraw, and VOSviewer software. The results show that the scientific outputs in the field of bibliotherapy had no appropriate growth rate, and the growth rate of the total scientific outputs in this field was 3%. The field of "psychology" was the most active one with the production of 49% of bibliotherapy studies. Based on the study of the co-word network in the field of bibliotherapy, six thematic clusters were identified. The "Bibliotherapy for children" cluster with 1013 keywords was recognized as the largest cluster, and the "Bibliotherapy" keyword with 543 frequencies was the most frequent keywords. The "Bibliotherapy" and "Depression" keywords with 153 frequencies had the most co-word occurrence. The network density was 1.26. Moreover, the keywords of bibliotherapy, depression, and self-help had the highest rank centrality (100, 85.417, and 82.292), betweenness centrality (11.194, 5.378 and 4.310), and closeness centrality (100, 87.273, and 84.956), respectively. The trend of bibliotherapy studies was poor, and the medical fields had not paid much attention to its use in the treatment of diseases. Therefore, health policymakers must take the necessary plans to improve and strengthen bibliotherapy studies in all areas.
The current study sought to create a developmental bibliotherapy material database (DBMD) and examine the effectiveness of developmental bibliotherapy on subjective well-being of older adults living in nursing homes. Based on the reading needs of older adults, we developed a DBMD, which included 327 materials with five themes: Health Care, Current Affairs and Politics, Historical Biographies, Geriatric Culture, and Psychological Adjustment. Fifty-four single materials were randomly selected from the DBMD to perform the intervention. This study used a quasi-experimental, single-group pre-/post-survey approach. Sixty-four older adults participated in the study for 6 weeks. Immediately before and after the intervention, older adults completed the Optimism-Pessimism Scale and Memorial University of Newfoundland Scale of Happiness. There were significant improvements in older adults' optimistic tendency and subjective well-being (p < 0.05). Reading materials in the DBMD promoted older adults' optimistic attitude toward life, reduced negative emotions, and improved subjective well-being. [Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, xx(xx), xx-xx.].
Our current understanding of the efficacy of psychological interventions in improving mental states of wellbeing is incomplete. This study aimed to overcome limitations of previous reviews by examining the efficacy of distinct types of psychological interventions, irrespective of their theoretical underpinning, and the impact of various moderators, in a unified systematic review and meta-analysis. Four-hundred-and-nineteen randomized controlled trials from clinical and non-clinical populations (n = 53,288) were identified for inclusion. Mindfulness-based and multi-component positive psychological interventions demonstrated the greatest efficacy in both clinical and non-clinical populations. Meta-analyses also found that singular positive psychological interventions, cognitive and behavioural therapy-based, acceptance and commitment therapy-based, and reminiscence interventions were impactful. Effect sizes were moderate at best, but differed according to target population and moderator, most notably intervention intensity. The evidence quality was generally low to moderate. While the evidence requires further advancement, the review provides insight into how psychological interventions can be designed to improve mental wellbeing. This meta-analysis of 419 randomized controlled trials found that various types of psychological interventions could improve mental wellbeing in clinical and non-clinical populations. Effect sizes tended to be small to moderate and were influenced by various moderators.
A meta-analysis of positive psychology intervention (PPIs) studies was conducted. PPIs were defined as interventions in which the goal of wellbeing enhancement was achieved through pathways consistent with positive psychology theory. Data were extracted from 347 studies involving over 72,000 participants from clinical and non-clinical child and adult populations in 41 countries. The effect of PPIs with an average of ten sessions over six weeks offered in multiple formats and contexts was evaluated. At post-test, PPIs had a significant small to medium effect on wellbeing (g = 0.39), strengths (g = 0.46), QoL (g = 0.48), depression (g = −0.39), anxiety (g = −0.62), and stress (g = −0.58). Gains were maintained at three months follow-up. Individuals in non-western countries with clinical problems, who engaged in longer individual or group therapy programs containing multiple PPIs benefited most. This meta-analysis shows that PPIs have an extensive evidence base supporting their effectiveness.
Objective: To compare the effectiveness of bibliotherapy and cognitive behavioral therapy on depression of students with emotional breakdown.
Method: This is a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest against a control group. The population includes all referred students to Kharazmi University Counselling center; 20 samples were selected using a convenience sampling method.
Findings: The results confirmed the effect of bibliotherapy and cognitive behavioral therapy on reduction of depression in students with emotional breakdown. There was no significant difference found between the effectiveness of bibliotherapy and cognitive behavioral therapy in reducing the depression of students with emotional breakdown.
his study investigates bibliotherapy application in University counseling centers in Tehran. Discriptive methodology was applied to collect the data. A questionniare made by the authors was distributed to the counseling centers of the Following universities: Tarbiat Moallem, Shahid Beheshti, Tehran and Alzahra. A total of 34 out of 55 counselors participated in the research. The study results showed that bibliotherapy is an effective tool for treatment of the mind mental disorders like anxiety and depression. But the majority of the participants believed that bibliotherapy may help as a supplementary tool in treatment of the severe mental disorders. As many as 20% of participants believed that librarians collaboration to bibliotherapy could be help both couselors and the peoples with mental disorders.
Background and Objectives: Bibliotherapy involves the systematic use of books to help people cope with their mental, physical, emotional, developmental or social problems. The etymology of the term bibliotherapy (biblio-is the Greek word for books and, therapy comes from therapeia, meaning to help medically). The important goals of bibliotherapy include: relieving emotional or mental pressure; developing an individual's self-concept; communicating new values and attitudes with regard to the problem; and providing clients with alternative solutions to the problem. Many of the research in this field has been done by researchers and enthusiasts of Library and Information Science. So that, in recent years, many students have written dissertations and articles in this field. Due to the sensitivity of the bibliotherapy method and its interdisciplinary nature, and since bibliotherapy is a process that is carried out step-by-step, and at each stage requires specialization and special skill of health professionals or librarians, it is necessary to research according to the views of the two groups of claimants in this work, i.e., the specialists in the field of Library and Information Science and the field of Psychology. In order to achieve this Purpose "Identify how to implement the clinical bibliotherapy from the perspective of Library and information professionals and Psychology professionals with an emphasis on the role of librarians." Methodology: The research sample consisted of 61 of professionals who hold at least one degree in Library and Information Science or a degree in Psychology, and have at least one book, a research, or a compilation article published in the journals approved by the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology or the Ministry of Health, Therapy and Medical Education in the field of bibliotherap. Data was collected using a researcher-made questionnaire (web-based) containing 6
Bibliotherapy is consisted of a combination of the Greek “biblion (book)” and “therapeia (therapy-healing)” which have become popular since the 20th century as one of the alternative therapy methods. It is used to make individuals identify themselves with the works they read through works of high literary and aesthetic value and make them powerful individuals in the spiritual direction by producing solutions to the problems they experience in this way. In other words, bibliotherapy can also be defined as bringing the right books to the individual at the right time. That is, the history of accepting the idea that books are good for man is very old. In this study, the importance of using biographies will be explained in one of the important alternative therapy methods, bibliotherapy. There are some criteria in the selection of books because they are the most important materials that form the basis of bibliotherapy. As it is known, the process is three dimensions as the advisee, book preference and consultant. However, it is not possible to use every work in bibliotherapy. It is important to use the works that are high in reality dimension and keeping a mirror on the problems of the individual in bibliotherapy. This process includes the works that will develop the imaginary world of the individual, as well as the works suitable for real life. As is known, the common point in biographies is not only the success that the person who wrote the biography has achieved, but also this person's struggle for reaching his goal is his patience and perseverance. As a result, in the process of bibliotherapy, reading the biographies that will increase the morale and motivation of the individual and develop self-confidence will contribute positively to the person. Moreover, the preference of the biographies of the positive role-model in the society will be the example for the individual.
Frailty has recently emerged as a dominant concept against a backdrop of media and governmental narratives that frame the growing ageing population as an economic threat to the current configuration of health care in the United Kingdom (UK). Despite frailty's popularity amongst geriatricians and policy makers, the concept faces resistance from other health-care professionals and older people themselves. This paper draws on the Foucauldian idea of biopower; by suggesting that the contemporary emergence and utilisation of frailty represents a biopolitical practice a number or critical observations are made. First, despite biomedical experts acknowledging ambiguities in the definition of frailty, the concept is presented as a truth discourse. This is driven by the ability of frailty measurements to predict risk of costly adverse outcomes; the capability of frailty scores to enumerate complex needs; and the scientific legitimacy frailty affords to geriatric medicine. Consequently, frailty has become pervasive, knowable and measurable. Second, the routine delineation between frail and robust objectifies older people, and can be said to benefit those making the diagnosis over those being labelled frail, with the latter becoming disempowered. Last, studies show that frailty is associated with increasing wealth inequalities in the UK; however, experts’ suggested management of frailty shifts the focus of responsibility away from ideologically driven structural inequalities towards the frail older person, attempting to encourage individuals to modify lifestyle choices. This neglects the association between lifestyle opportunities and socio-economic deprivation, and the impact of long-term poverty on health. These observations, set against the contemporary political climate of economic austerity, cuts to public services and rationalisation of health resources, bring the urgency of a critical consideration of frailty to the fore.
Objectives The present study determined the correlation of self-concept and self-efficacy with self-management
among elderly in the sanatoriums in Tehran in2015.
Methods & Materials This descriptive-analytic research, conducted in a cross-sectional study, enrolled
217 elderlies from the sanatoriums of Tehran in 2015 via a simple random sampling method. Three tools
including Rogers self-concept scale, general self-efficacy scale (GSE-10), and self-management ability scale
(SMAS-30) were utilized to measure the variables. After sampling and gathering the questionnaires, collected
data were entered into SPSS and analyzed using the analytical tests such as Kolmogorov–Smirnov
test, Pearson’s test, and regression.
Results The mean of self-concept, self-efficacy, and self-management were 8.25±1.47, 17.68±4.00, and
59.69±11.59 , respectively. Other findings indicated significant relationships of self-concept and self-efficacy
with self-management (P<0.05). Multiple regression analysis showed that self-concept and selfefficacy
could predict about 14% of self-management.
Conclusion The elderly in the sanatoriums of Tehran had a low self-concept, self-efficacy, and self-management.
Thus, it could be concluded that by improving the self-concept and self-efficacy of elderly, we
might witness an increase in self-management.
Purpose of study:
The first aim is to evaluate, in a sub-study, the recruitment process of the Senior Step Study, which was an intervention study on the self-management of mobility and fall risk; the second aim is to explore the reasons mentioned by older people, from three different settings, for (not) participating.
Methods:
Subjects were community-dwelling older persons, residents of homes for the elderly, and older persons regularly visiting community centres. The effectiveness of different recruitment procedures was analysed for each setting separately. We also analysed reasons for accepting and declining participation between the settings.
Results:
The total inclusion rate was 27.9%. A personal initial approach (i.e., first contact was face-to-face or in a group meeting) did not improve the inclusion rate. More subjects consented to participate after an introductory meeting (which was planned after the first face-to-face contact) compared to persons not having one (p < 0.01). At different settings, subjects gave different reasons for participation. No differences were found in the reasons for refusing participation. Especially in homes for the elderly, people refused to participate because the research was too burdensome.
Conclusions:
The inclusion rates in this study are comparable to other self-management studies with older people. An introductory meeting during which the study design and benefits of participating are explained and formal interim evaluations of the recruitment process may benefit recruitment. Recruiting older persons for self-management tasks is possible with the appropriate recruitment process, enabling more research on this increasingly important research topic.
Die vielfältigen Befunde zu Selbstständigkeit und Autonomie im Alter zeigen, dass prinzipiell bis ins hohe Alter Rehabilitationspotenzial vorhanden ist. Multidirektionalität, Multidimensionalität und Multikausalität von Entwicklungsprozessen führen dabei zu einer großen Heterogenität von Risiko- und Schutzfaktorprofilen älterer Patienten und erfordern daher eine sorgfältige Diagnostik. Die Interventionsgerontologie hat erfolgreiche Präventions- und Rehabilitationsstrategien zu einer Vielzahl von Kompetenzen entwickelt und evaluiert. Dabei haben sich v. a. alltagsnahe und vielfältige Konzepte, die auch Selbstreflexion und Motivation fördern, als nachhaltig und praktikabel erwiesen. Eine flächendeckende Versorgung mit einer Interventionskultur, die einerseits den Wiederaufbau und Erhalt von Ressourcen fördert und die andererseits unausweichliche Einbußen akzeptiert, könnte die Lebensqualität vieler älterer Menschen und ihrer Angehörigen entscheidend verändern.
Introduction: Bibliotherapy is a process or activity that uses dynamic interaction along with reading a book in order to help people to solve problems or increase their cognitive understanding. The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of the effect of bibliotherapy on the psychological capital of the employees of the department of management and medical informatics of Isfahan University of medical sciences.
Methods: This is an applied study using a semi-empirical method. The statistical population consists of all
non-faculty employees of the department of management and medical informatics of Isfahan University of
Medical Science which was a total of 70 people. 28 members of the population were randomly selected
and placed in two experiment and control groups and answered the psychological capital questionnaire.
The Data gathering tool was the Psychological capital questionnaire of Lutherans. The experiment group
underwent 6 two hour sections of bibliotherapy where the control group underwent no interference. The
gathered information was analyzed using descriptive (average and frequency distribution) and analytical
(independent t-test, paired t-test, Chi square and Mann–Whitney U test) with the help of SPSS20 software.
Results: The findings showed that there was no meaningful distinction between the average scores of
physiological capital of both groups before interference by comparing factors of Self-Esteem, hopefulness,
Resiliency and optimism. However the average physiological capital score and average score of each
factor in the experiment group was meaningfully higher than that of control group after the bibliotherapy
sections.
Conclusion: With the increase of literacy and the culture of reading in the information age, bibliotherapy
is a suitable and harmless treatment method that can be used to help with daily challenges, worries and
stresses of the busy everyday life. Due to trainable nature of psychological capital one can use bibliotherapy to increase the psychological capital of the employees of different organizations which will in turn provide both the employees themselves and the organization with material and spiritual gains.
In this article, we attempt to distinguish between the properties of moderator and mediator variables at a number of levels. First, we seek to make theorists and researchers aware of the importance of not using the terms moderator and mediator interchangeably by carefully elaborating, both conceptually and strategically, the many ways in which moderators and mediators differ. We then go beyond this largely pedagogical function and delineate the conceptual and strategic implications of making use of such distinctions with regard to a wide range of phenomena, including control and stress, attitudes, and personality traits. We also provide a specific compendium of analytic procedures appropriate for making the most effective use of the moderator and mediator distinction, both separately and in terms of a broader causal system that includes both moderators and mediators. (46 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Two linked studies assess the feasibility of involving care staff in reducing the prevalence of depression in homes for older people. Mental health training was provided for care staff, delivered by members of a Community Mental Health Team for the Elderly. The research programme used quantitative and qualitative methods to evaluate the effects of a theoretical training for care staff, a system of mentoring care staff to reinforce the training; and a care-planning intervention for the management of depression which combined psychosocial and medical approaches. The training programme was positively evaluated by the recipients, the trainers and the researcher who observed it. The ability of care staff to detect depression improved significantly over time, and depression was reduced to below case-level in seven of the eight depressed residents who participated in the care-planning intervention. This research suggests that psychosocial interventions that involve collaboration between carers and residents, supported by a Community Mental Health Team, may have an important part to play in supplementing medical management of depression in residential care homes.
In this paper it is argued that the problem of formulating a comprehensive
theory of successful ageing – and thereby of finding good criteria
for success
– may be attributed to the lack of a suitable multidisciplinary framework
that
meets at least three basic theoretical requirements. These requirements
are
explicated, and some existing theories and approaches of successful ageing
are
discussed in the light of these requirements. An alternative theoretical
framework is presented which can accommodate a number of existing insights,
and which is used as the basis of a new theory of successful ageing, including
theory-guided criteria for success.
What are the dimensions of well-being? That is, what universal goals need to be realized by individuals in order to enhance their well-being? Social production function (SPF) theory asserts that the universal goals affection, behavioral confirmation, status, comfort and stimulation are the relevant dimensions of subjective well-being. Realization of these substantive goals and the perspective on opportunities to realize these goals in the future contributes to the affective and cognitive component of well-being. The theoretical elaboration of this theory has been published elsewhere. This paper provides a measurement instrument for the dimensions of well-being. To measure levels of affection, behavioral confirmation, status, comfort and stimulation, and empirically validate the dimensions of well-being, the SPF-IL scale was developed. This paper presents findings from a pilot study (n =145), the main study (n = 1094), a test–retest examination (n = 163), and a validation study (n = 725). The measurement model was tested by means of structural equation modeling. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the dimensional structure of well-being, indicating construct validity. The overall fit of the model was sufficient, in spite of the somewhat problematic measurement of status, and the test–retest study showed an acceptable level of stability. As for the content validity of the dimensions and their measurement, various sub-studies showed that the SPF-IL scale is a valid instrument, doing at least as well as popular measures of overall well-being but also specifying its dimensions.
Coping refers to behavior that protects people from being psychologically harmed by problematic social experience, a behavior that importantly mediates the impact that societies have on their members. The protective function of coping behavior can be exercised in 3 ways: by eliminating or modifying conditions giving rise to problems; by perceptually controlling the meaning of experience in a manner that neutralizes its problematic character; and by keeping the emotional consequences of problems within manageable bounds. The efficacy of a number of concrete coping behaviors representing these 3 functions was evaluated. Results indicate that individuals' coping interventions are most effective when dealing with problems within the close interpersonal role areas of marriage and child-rearing and least effective when dealing with the more impersonal problems found in occupation. The effective coping modes are unequally distributed in society, with men, the educated, and the affluent making greater use of the efficacious mechanisms.
The efficacy of bibliotherapy for mildly and moderately depressed older adults was examined. Cognitive bibliotherapy and behavioral bibliotherapy were compared with a delayed-treatment control condition. Results indicate that the two experimental conditions were superior to the control condition, but that the cognitive and behavioral bibliotherapies were nondifferentially efficacious. Sixty-six percent of the subjects demonstrated clinically significant change. There were no specific effects associated with either the cognitive or the behavioral interventions. Treatment gains were maintained at 6-month follow-up. The implications of bibliotherapy for geriatric depression as an alternative or adjunct to traditional treatments are discussed.
In this article, we attempt to distinguish between the properties of moderator and mediator variables at a number of levels. First, we seek to make theorists and researchers aware of the importance of not using the terms moderator and mediator interchangeably by carefully elaborating, both conceptually and strategically, the many ways in which moderators and mediators differ. We then go beyond this largely pedagogical function and delineate the conceptual and strategic implications of making use of such distinctions with regard to a wide range of phenomena, including control and stress, attitudes, and personality traits. We also provide a specific compendium of analytic procedures appropriate for making the most effective use of the moderator and mediator distinction, both separately and in terms of a broader causal system that includes both moderators and mediators.
Twenty-four older adults with persistent psychophysiological insomnia were randomly assigned to an immediate or a delayed cognitive-behavioral intervention in a waiting-list control group design. Cognitive-behavior therapy consisted of an 8-week group intervention aimed at changing maladaptive sleep habits and altering dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes about sleeplessness. Treatment was effective in reducing sleep latency, wake after sleep onset, and early morning awakening, and in increasing sleep efficiency. The magnitude of changes obtained on polysomnographic measures was smaller but in the same direction as that obtained on daily sleep diaries. Sleep improvements obtained by the immediate-treatment group were replicated with the delayed treatment condition. Therapeutic gains were well maintained at 3- and 12-month follow-ups. Clinical validation of outcome was obtained through collateral ratings from the patients and their significant others. The findings indicate that late-life insomnia can be effectively treated with nonpharmacological interventions.
Selecting elderly persons who need geriatric interventions and making accurate treatment decisions are recurring challenges in geriatrics. Chronological age, although often used, does not seem to be the best selection criterion. Instead, the concept of frailty, which indicates several concurrent losses in resources, can be used.
The predictive values of chronological age and frailty were investigated in a large community sample of persons aged 65 years and older, randomly drawn from the register of six municipalities in the northern regions of the Netherlands (45% of the original addressees). The participants' generative capacity to sustain well-being (i.e., self-management abilities) was used as the main outcome measure.
When using chronological age instead of frailty, both too many and too few persons were selected. Furthermore, frailty related more strongly (with beta values ranging from -.25 to -.39) to a decline in the participants' self-management abilities than did chronological age (with beta values ranging from -.06 to -.14). Chronological age added very little to the explained variances of all outcomes once frailty was included.
Using frailty as the criterion to select older persons at risk for interventions may be better than selecting persons based only on their chronological age.
This paper presents the results of two studies carried out in order to design and test a self-report instrument to measure Self-Management Ability (the SMAS-30) in aging individuals. SMA refers to the core behavioral and cognitive abilities which presumably contribute to sustainable well-being in later life. Robust findings of the studies (n = 275 and n = 1338) showed that SMA could be measured reliably as a composite concept of abilities systematically linked to dimensions of well-being in adults aged 65 and over, with the different sub-scales revealing a profile of inter-related abilities. A sub-sample of participants in Study 2 (n = 86) showed that the SMAS-30 had high reproducibility over a period of 16 weeks. The validity of the SMAS-30 was supported by meaningful associations with other constructs in both studies. As expected, the older and frailer the people, and the poorer their perceived health, the lower their SMA. Moreover, SMA was positively related to several dimensions of subjective well-being and the related concepts of general self-efficacy and mastery.
The efficacy of bibliotherapy for mildly and moderately depressed older adults was examined. Cognitive bibliotherapy and behavioral bibliotherapy were compared with a delayed-treatment control condition. Results indicate that the two experimental conditions were superior to the control condition, but that the cognitive and behavioral bibliotherapies were nondifferentially efficacious. Sixty-six percent of the subjects demonstrated clinically significant change. There were no specific effects associated with either the cognitive or the behavioral interventions. Treatment gains were maintained at 6-month follow-up. The implications of bibliotherapy for geriatric depression as an alternative or adjunct to traditional treatments are discussed.
Previous research has demonstrated that salient information is overrepresented in causal attributions. Two experiments were conducted to investigate potential mediators for this effect and to make a case for the use of structural models in explanations of process. Two mediators were considered: enhanced visual recall of salient stimuli and exaggerated schema-relevant recall of salient stimuli. Although analyses of variance supported the visual recall model, structural analyses demonstrated its implausibility. Analyses of variance and structural models revealed that schema-relevant recall, that is, information seen as representative of causal influence, is a plausible mediator; this was particularly true of relevant visual information. Results suggest that salience effects (S. E. Taylor & S. T. Fiske in L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 11). New York: Academic Press, 1978) are due to: (a) the attentional advantage of inherently salient visual events and (b) the influence of stored visual and nonvisual schema-relevant information on causal judgments.
This article describes a method (the CCC design) for undertaking social work with the elderly. The presenting symptom is the experience of loneliness. Also examined is how far the sample was representative of elderly people who had shown interest in institutional living and among whom the experience of loneliness could be expected, and also whether the intervention efforts were undertaken as specified. The results indicate that when subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment they have not sought, the participants, as compared to nonparticipants, seem to be somewhat higher in socioeconomic status and some of its correlates, but lower in self-esteem. On the whole the proposed method seems easy enough to execute and can accordingly be applied to other populations.
The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of minimal-contact cognitive bibliotherapy for treating depression and improving functional abilities in older adults with a physical disability. Subjects were randomly assigned to either an experimental group which participated in a 4-week cognitive bibliotherapy program or a 4-week delayed treatment control condition. Results indicate that treated subjects showed greater improvement on depressive symptoms than untreated subjects and that the treatment effect was maintained over a 6-month period. However, treated subjects were only slightly more improved than untreated subjects on clinical indicators of change. Amelioration in functional abilities was observed between the end of treatment and the 6-month follow-up. The discussion examines the implications of these findings for the treatment of depression in older persons with a disability.
In 20th-century industrial societies most of us live longer and healthier lives than ever before in history. . . . Lives have changed, but social structures [such as work, family, and leisure] have not caught up. There is a lag or mismatch between lives and structures.
What are the detrimental consequences of this structural lag for individuals and society at large? How do structures change, and how can they be changed to enhance lives at every age? What alternative structures would lessen the burdens of middle age, prepare children for the complexities of the real world, and provide opportunities for productivity, independence, and esteem for older people?
Seeking answers to such questions, the 12 chapters of this book bring powerful insights to bear on structural lag from sociology and psychology; and they draw upon history, anthropology, and economics to disclose new perspectives on the past and the present, and new hope for the future. While special attention is paid to structures affecting the old, issues relating to all ages are explored. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
present a brief overview of our own explorations of age-related structural changes in social roles and normative expectations / postulate that such changes could help to mitigate the problems of structural lag and could perhaps ultimately lead to new meanings for both leisure and work / begin with an analysis . . . of the sources of structural lag / draw on general principles from the aging and society approach that define 2 "dynamisms" (or processes) and the interplay between them: the dynamism of structural change and the dynamism of changing lives / then, focusing more concretely on work and family as examples, we consider some possible directions of future structural lag / in exploring 1 set of changes that might reduce structural lag, we postulate an ideal type of "age-integrated" structure that could replace the currently familiar "age-segregated" type
consider some implications of such age-integrated structures for people's lives, for additional forms of structural integration, and for the basic values involved / identify a few straws in the wind suggesting that age-integrated structures are not entirely visionary / conclude by asking whether such tendencies toward age integration portend a 21st-century revolution in social structures, in which age constraints may become more flexible and wider opportunities may be open for people of every age (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
At 16 senior centers, we studied the effectiveness of exercise and cognitive-behavioral programs, compared with a discussion
control program, in reducing falls and injuries among 230 older adults. After 1 year of the programs, we observed no significant
difference in time first fall. Even though a relatively high percentage (38.6%) suffered at least one fall, only 7.8% of these
community-residing elderly required medical attention. Secondary outcome measures such as strength, balance, fear of falling,
and perceived health did not significantly change.
This paper presents findings from the evaluation of a self-management education program based on self-regulation principles. Older men and women (N = 324) were randomly assigned to program and control groups. Outcomes were measured using the Sickness Impact Profile. Twelve months following baseline data collection, psychosocial functioning of program participants was significantly better than that of controls. Different program effects were noted when results were analyzed by participant gender.
Behavioral treatments were evaluated for their effect on the subjective and objective sleep of older adult insomniacs (N = 53) aged 47 to 76 years. Conditions were support and sleep hygiene, support and sleep hygiene plus progressive relaxation, support and sleep hygiene plus stimulus control, or a measurement control group. The results indicated that all groups, including the measurement control group, were effective in improving the sleep diary assessed awakenings, nap time, and feeling refreshed upon awakening. Subjects at 3 weeks felt less depressed and felt that they had more control over their sleep. Stimulus control was most effective in improving sleep at the posttherapy period. A 2-year follow-up showed that the stimulus control subjects most frequently used the treatment instructions and had shorter sleep latencies and highest sleep quality. Behavioral treatments were found to be effective in improving the perception of sleep among older adult insomniacs.
Two hundred people aged 55 to 94 with arthritis participated in a 12-hour community-based, lay-led arthritis self-management
course. Participants in the 55–74 age group showed significant gains in knowledge and decreases in pain for 20 months and
in disability for 8 months. Participants in the 75–94 age group also increased their knowledge for 20 months and decreased
their pain and number of visits to physicians for 8 months.
Functional decline is a common condition, occurring each year in nearly 12% of Canadians 75 years of age and older. The model of functional health proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) represents a useful theoretical framework and is the basis for the SMAF (Système de measure de l'autonomie fonctionelle or Functional Autonomy Measurement System), an instrument that measures functional autonomy. The functional decline syndrome, in which functional autonomy is diminished or lost, may present as an acute condition, i.e., a medical emergency for which the patient must be admitted to a geriatric assessment unit. The subacute form is a more insidious condition in which the patient requires comprehensive assessment and a rehabilitation program. A preventive approach based on screening of those at risk and early intervention should prevent or delay the appearance of functional decline or diminish its consequences. Effective strategies for the prevention of or rehabilitation from functional decline will help reduce the incidence of disabilities and the period of dependence near the end of life. These strategies are absolute prerequisites for controlling sociohealth expenses and, most importantly, for allowing people to live independently in old age.
Two versions of a multicomponent mind-body wellness intervention were tested. One hundred seventy-eight physician-referred HMO patients (mean age = 64.5) were randomly assigned to a classroom intervention, a home study intervention, or a wait-list control group. Both interventions provided instruction on mind-body relationships, relaxation training, cognitive restructuring, problem solving, communication, behavioral treatment for insomnia, nutrition, and exercise. The home version was delivered by class videotapes and readings. Compared with the control condition, both interventions led to significant decreases in self-reports of pain, sleep difficulties, and symptoms of depression and anxiety. The home course also led to a significant decrease in self-reported frequency of medical symptoms, and the classroom program resulted in a significant decrease in "chance" health locus of control beliefs. No effects were obtained for health behaviors, life satisfaction, HMO satisfaction, and other health locus of control beliefs. A lower cost, more accessible home study version of a mind-body wellness program can be an effective alternative to classroom instruction.
The purpose of this study was to conduct a randomized clinical trial to assess whether a self-management group intervention can improve mood, self-efficacy, and activity in people with central vision loss due to age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Ninety-two elderly patients with AMD (average age = 79) from a university ophthalmology clinic were randomly assigned to the self-management intervention (n = 44) or to a wait-list (n = 48). All patients were legally blind in at least one eye. The intervention consisted of 6 weekly 2-hour group sessions providing education about the disease, group discussion, and behavioral and cognitive skills training to address barriers to independence. All participants eventually completed the intervention allowing pre-post comparisons for all patients. The battery of measures included the Profile of Mood States (POMS); Quality of Well-Being Scale; and assessments of self-efficacy, participation in activities, and use of vision aids. Participants' initial psychological distress was high (mean total POMS = 59.72) and similar to distress experienced by other serious chronic illness populations (e.g. cancer, bone marrow transplant). Analysis of covariance testing the primary hypothesis revealed that intervention participants experienced significantly (p = .04) reduced psychological distress (pre mean = 61.45; post mean = 51.14) in comparison with wait-list controls (pre mean = 57.72; post mean = 62.32). Intervention participants also experienced improved (p = .02) self-efficacy (pre mean = 70.16; post mean = 77.27) in comparison with controls (pre mean = 67.71; post mean = 69.07). Further, intervention participants increased their use of vision aids (p < .001; pre mean = 3.37, post mean = 6.69). This study demonstrates that a relatively brief behavioral intervention can substantially reduce psychological distress and increase self-efficacy in elderly adults experiencing vision loss due to macular degeneration. Self-management intervention appears to improve mood, self-efficacy, and use of vision aids, further enhancing the lives of poorly sighted individuals with AMD.
We describe the history and current status of the meta-analytic enterprise. The advantages and historical criticisms of meta-analysis are described, as are the basic steps in a meta-analysis and the role of effect sizes as chief coins of the meta-analytic realm. Advantages of the meta-analytic procedures include seeing the "landscape" of a research domain, keeping statistical significance in perspective, minimizing wasted data, becoming intimate with the data summarized, asking focused research questions, and finding moderator variables. Much of the criticism of meta-analysis has been based on simple misunderstanding of how meta-analyses are actually carried out. Criticisms of meta-analysis that are applicable are equally applicable to traditional, nonquantitative, narrative reviews of the literature. Much of the remainder of the chapter deals with the processes of effect size estimation, the understanding of the heterogeneity of the obtained effect sizes, and the practical and scientific importance of the effect sizes obtained.
Prerequisites for translating intervention research findings into practice are maintenance of results, generalization of effects and consistency of implementation. This report presents 12 months follow-up information on a randomized 2x2 factorial trial evaluating the incremental effects of adding (1) telephone follow-up or (2) a community resources utilization component to a basic touchscreen computer-assisted dietary goal-setting intervention for 320 type 2 diabetes patients. All conditions evidenced significant improvement from baseline to the 12 months follow-up across behavioral, biological and psychosocial measures. There were few consistent differences between conditions, but results were robust across interventionists and clinics. The telephone follow-up component appeared to enhance long-term results on some measures. When considered along with earlier results from a randomized trial that included a control condition without goal setting, it is concluded that this basic goal-setting intervention can be consistently implemented by a variety of interventionists and produce lasting improvements.
Bibliotherapy, reading a self-help book for the treatment of psychological problems, has been shown to be effective as a "stand-alone" treatment for depression. Many practitioners recommend self-help books as an adjunct to treatment. This article offers some guidelines for the use of bibliotherapy as an adjunct to individual psychotherapy with depressed older adults. Two clinical cases demonstrate how bibliotherapy can be used effectively in conjunction with individual psychotherapy. (C) 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Many patients with asthma, diabetes, and heart failure do not succeed in integrating the required self-management behaviours into their lives, and fail to attain optimal disease control. The purpose of this study was to describe the development of a theory-driven intervention to enhance self-management that would be appreciated and accepted by participants and providers. Based on self-regulation theory and proactive coping, the program emphasised goal-setting and the planning of behaviour. In five 2h group sessions, participants first decided upon their own goal and behaviours they wanted to change. Next, they wrote an action-plan to implement these behavioural intentions. Behavioural rehearsal and self-monitoring took place between the sessions. Participants and nurse providers evaluated the intervention positively. Evaluations were unrelated to patients' health at baseline, or to feelings of self-efficacy regarding self-management. But patients of older age, lower education, or no current employment responded best to the intervention.
Can self-management ability help to maintain subjective well-being in frail elderly people?
- Steverink
Steverink N, Schuurmans H, Slaets JPJ. Lindenberg S, Frieswijk N, Buunk BP. Can self-management ability help to maintain subjective well-being in frail elderly people? Gerontologist 2003;43:551.
Towards understanding successful ageing: patterned change in resources and goals How to measure self-management abilities in older people by self-report? The development of the SMAS-30
- N Steverink
- S Lindenberg
- J Ormel
- H Schuurmans
- N Steverink
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- Bp Buunk
- Jpj Slaets
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Steverink N, Lindenberg S, Ormel J. Towards understanding successful ageing: patterned change in resources and goals. Ageing Soc 1998;18:441–67. [22] Schuurmans H, Steverink N, Frieswijk N, Buunk BP, Slaets JPJ, Lindenberg S. How to measure self-management abilities in older people by self-report? The development of the SMAS-30, unpublished manuscript.
Klaar met de behandeling en dan? [after treatment has finished]. Groningen: Northern Centre for Healthcare Research
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Stiegelis HE, Bennenbroek FTC. Sanderman R, Buunk BP, Van den Berg ACM. Klaar met de behandeling en dan? [after treatment has finished]. Groningen: Northern Centre for Healthcare Research, 1999.
Living a healthy life with chronic conditions: self-management of heart disease, arthritis, diabetes, asthma, bronchitis, emphysema and others
- K Lorig
- H Holman
- Laurent D D Sobel
- V Gonzá
- Minor
Lorig K, Holman H, Sobel D, Laurent D, Gonzá V, Minor M. Living a healthy life with chronic conditions: self-management of heart disease, arthritis, diabetes, asthma, bronchitis, emphysema and others, 2nd ed. Palo Alto, CA: Bull Publishing Company, 2000.
Structural lag: past and future Age and structural lag: society's failure to provide meaningful opportunities in work, family and leisure
- Riley Mw Riley Jw Riley Mw
- Kahn Rl
- Foner
Riley MW, Riley JW. Structural lag: past and future. In: Riley MW, Kahn RL, Foner A, editors. Age and structural lag: society's failure to provide meaningful opportunities in work, family and leisure. New York: Wiley; 1994. p. 15–36.
An evaluation of behavioral treatments for insomnia in the older adult
- Engle-Friedman