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1877-0428 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
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doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.05.213
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“Quality of Life in the Built & Natural Environment 3"
Malay Garden Concept from the Traditional Malay Landscape
Design
Ismail Hafiz Sallehª
*
, Mohd Sabrizaa Abd. Rashidb, Siti Rasidah Md Sakipª
ªDepartment of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA (Perak), 32610 Bandar Seri
Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
bCentre for Knowledge & Understanding of Tropical Architecture & Interior (KUTAI), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti
Teknologi MARA (Perak), 32610 Bandar Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
Abstract
This study discusses the characteristics of traditional Malay landscape as the main elements for the development of the Malay
garden concept using the old Malay manuscripts as well as site observation to the Malay villages along Peninsular Malaysia. The
inherited landscape design concept can offer as a guideline to landscape architects and municipal administration to conserve the
integrity and the authenticity of the traditional Malay garden design and the strength of these characters will extensively use in
developing the concept of landscape design in Malaysia due to the increasing awareness of design and the quality of life.
© 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers) and cE-Bs (Centre
for Environment-Behaviour Studies, Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.
Keywords: Malay gardens; Malay landscape; cultural landscape; quality of life
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +6-019-732-5753; fax: +6-05-458-2615.
E-mail address: ismailhafiz86@yahoo.com
© 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers) and cE-Bs (Centre for
Environment- Behaviour Studies, Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.
549
Ismail Hafi z Salleh et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 222 ( 2016 ) 548 – 556
1. Introduction
The development of landscape design concept in Malaysia is becoming popular and significant due to the
increasing awareness of design, the environment and the quality of life. The traditional Malay landscape design
concept is a concept for the landscape design that deals with the characteristics of a traditional private garden of the
Malay villages along Peninsular Malaysia. This paper discusses about the study of the features of traditional Malay
landscape design as the main elements for the development of the Malay garden concept and more importantly to the
impact and the response of the global communities regarding traditional Malay landscape garden design. The
research also highlights the dependability of the traditional Malay landscape design in generating a sustainable
environment and resolve the issues related to the quality of life throughout the decades. Therefore, to support a
sustainable landscape design, researchers have focused on the characteristic of the traditional Malay landscape
elements including their identity which rarely known by Malaysian especially Malays that have been used either in
the gardens in the past, especially the palace garden, the home of the traditional Malays villages and the vicinity at
that time.
2. Literature review
Traditional Malay landscape design, which has evolved in harmony with the natural environment and the
rhythms of daily life far removed from industrialized society, is currently inspiring an awakening of interest
throughout the world. Landscape architecture scenarios in Malaysia were presently more passionate to the
contemporary design or mean of modern culture. According to Noor Hanita et al. (2012), the vernacular architecture
has resulted from the merging of both social culture and climate of a place that evolved and developed due to the
needs of the society. Referring to Bambang et al. (2012), space in a public territory is for all inhabitants, and no one
can declare his territory. It is the legal responsibility of the landscape architect, including municipal council to take
action that is responsible to the public while fulfilling the requirements of clients when dealing with the design
concept.
2.1. The concept of the Malay garden design
The Malay garden design concept is an initiative in establishing the identity of the Malay garden design and the
reinstatement of this design concept exclusive to the Malays as the indigenous community of Malaysia. It is not only
provides an opportunity to known better but more often for raising and maintain its uniqueness.
The Malay garden design is planned circumspectly through harmonious interactions between man, nature and
culture, which translated into the home design and the surroundings (Anisa Ani, 2012). According to Abdul
Rahman Al-Ahmadi (2003), Malays is known for their philosophy of manufacturing or construction of something as
a symbol of symbolism, means that either implicitly or explicitly based on the relationship with God, their
environment as well as the human being. The strength of the Malay garden design is plants (soft landscape) and
landscape furniture (hard landscape) as well as their composition and the interaction between internal and external
spaces. It is unique because it clearly symbolizes the culture of the Malays in the past and shows the Malays has a
substantial knowledge in term of plant functions in the garden or their environment.
2.2. Traditional Malay landscape design
The main compositions of the traditional Malay landscape design consist of the design concept and their two
main components that are soft landscape elements and hard landscape elements.
Traditional Malay house compound separated into three main areas that are front compound, side compound, and
rear compound. The placements of landscape furniture as well as plant species are dependent on its role on a
different compound. Frequently, traditional Malay people develop their garden to meet the synchronization with the
environment that is the concept, activities, and function. According to Nur Huzeima Hussain (2010), hard landscape
element categories as the artificial components. It is the design of an extra element that complements the design of a
garden. Referring to the Ismail Said (2002), the overall design of the traditional Malays garden and its features are
550 Ismail Hafi z Salleh et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 222 ( 2016 ) 548 – 556
partly influenced by ethnicity belief of the resident in general, it consists of vernacular timber houses laid in a
garden of fruit trees, edible shrubs, herbs, flowering and fragrant plants in the landscape furniture design.
Fig. 1. Typical layout of traditional Malay house compound along Peninsula Malaysia divided into three primary compounds; (1) Front
compound or front yard known by its ample space for the ceremony as well as playing area for community and full of aesthetic landscape
elements. (2) Side compound located either on the left or right side of the traditional Malay house and functions as a space for social interaction
between family members, bathing and washing area as well as for drying clothes (suspension) and as a space routes connecting the front and rear
compound. (3) Rear compound that commonly used by the women to gather during feasts, as well as the space for kitchen activities, livestock,
edible garden, bangsal as a store and space for trash disposal (perun)
2.3. Traditional Malay revivalism
The search for national identity seems to be a must for countries which have either newly become independent or
a leadership that stresses certain groups of race as being "better" than others (Mohammad Tajuddin, 2005). In
addition, he also stated that there are no fewer than three different identities in any national architectural mechanism;
a natural identity, a forced identity, and a manufactured identity. In addition, Said (2001) commented that in
Malaysia, the cultural landscape as well as the traditional landscape design is widely practiced in rural areas but is
lacking in the urban residential communities.
A native identity defined as one which has what the modernist thinkers refer as a "spirit of the times" and present
post-modernist concern of a "spirit of the place". The entire design concept supposed to acquire real character if it
responds religiously to the idea of both spirits.
The idea of the strength of mind of the times refers to a straight reaction of the users and builders of the available
technology, the structural know-how and the economic consideration of a particular time. The idea of spirit of place
is less tangible, but evokes the sense of local uniqueness derived from natural and cultural features, and personal
associations. It has become our responsibility to raise the concept of this tradition as a symbol of national
excellence.
2.4. Malaysian issues in landscape design and planning
A village residential environment of the Malays composed of vernacular timber houses laid in a random layout
with the simple application of the site plan (Mohammad Rusdi, 2012). Malaysia's historic cities portray unique local
cultures, important historical sites, and outstanding heritage buildings. Cultural city likes Kota Bharu, Kelantan, as
well as Bandar Hilir, Malacca is widely regarded as a cultural city for its rich history and the unique local cultures.
SIDE COMPOUND
REAR COMPOUND
FRONT COMPOUND
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However, the continual process of adopting Western styles and other design concepts has resulted in buildings
structure and landscapes that disregard the environmental, climatic factors and more importantly is about Malay
culture of Malaysia and this has led to problems of identity in the development of the cultural fabric.
According to Watson (2007), Malaysia is among the countries where fast growth trends pose new, challenging
questions when it comes to designing a contemporary place–identity. Rapidly growing cities like Kuala Lumpur, for
instance, generates high images through development types associated with the globalized world economy, while
also raising complex multicultural design issues. Additionally, Mohammad Rusdi (2012) stated that the most
challenging issue in building the new Malaysian nation has been the need to involve the country's varied socio-
cultural groups. Each is holding strong feelings and perceptions of itself as a uniquely imagined community while at
the same time belonging to a modern nation-state with strong beliefs in an overall Malaysian identity.
Shuhana (2012) defined that the landscape approach in a Historic Urban Landscape (HUL) is to conserve,
manage as well as to observe the value of the historic areas by considering the original setting, interrelationship of
physical form, social cultural, spatial organization and connection with natural features. HUL also depicts cultural
motion for human, economic and social development as well as tools to manage social and physical transformation.
3. Methodology
All the traditional Malay landscape design is simple, yet enhances the uniqueness of the tropical settings and the
current societies prefer to use soft landscape and hard landscape elements as the attractive component of their
landscape setting (Abdullah Sani, 2006).
The qualitative methods had been used to determine the components and elements of the traditional Malay
landscape design either in physical (tangible) or metaphysical (intangible) form. The symbolism in the Malay
landscape design focused on the qualitative method by referring to the Malay cosmology, old manuscripts and
through observation to the Malay villages along Peninsular Malaysia.
3.1. Traditional Malay literature
According to Zaharah (1970) in Anisa Ani (2012), the Malay identity could be studied through traditional Malay
literature such as old manuscripts, folk tales, and poetry. She also found that these sources are the most excellent
method to find out the information on the background of the traditional Malay culture in the region due to the
limitations of other reliable documentation.
There are seven old manuscripts used in this research; The Malay Annals (Sulalatus Al-Salatin), The Garden of
Kings (Bustan Al-Salatin), The Tale of Hang Tuah, The Tale of Merong Mahawangsa, The Tale of Inderaputera,
The Tale of Abdullah and Traditional Malay Medicine (Warisan Perubatan Melayu). From the manuscript, types of
plants are divided into four major groups based on their functions and values; esthetic values, herb and food plants,
fruit plants and big trees or hardwood trees.
An example how the landscape elements are cited and recorded in the Tale of Hang Tuah which is kolam as a
landscape furniture and kenanga, teratai, seroja as well as bunga tanjung as a soft landscape elements (Kasim
Ahmad, 1975 from http://mcp.anu.edu.au/N/Tuah_bib.html):
...maka adalah dalam kolam itu pelbagai bunga-bungaan daripada kenanga dan teratai dan seroja dan bunga
tanjung; dan ada dalam kolam beberapa ikan, warnanya seperti emas, dan pada sama tengah kolam itu sebuah
kolam diturap dengan batu putih, bergelar Pulau Sangka Sembika dan di atasnya suatu batu ..........
3.2. The traditional Malay living environment nowadays
The observation to the traditional Malay villages along Peninsular Malaysia is conducted based on the differences
of geographical aspects, traditional architecture as well as the combination of uses of external and internal space of
their houses. The difference in terms of evidentiary geography along with topography distribution zones within
Peninsular Malaysia. Four zones created which are the Northern zone (Perlis, Kedah, Penang and Perak), Central
zone (Selangor), the Southern zone (Johor, Malacca, and Negeri Sembilan) and the Eastern zone (Kelantan,
552 Ismail Hafi z Salleh et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 222 ( 2016 ) 548 – 556
Terengganu and Pahang). It shows that the culture and the living environment of the Malay community of each zone
are different and played a significant role in creating their landscape garden design. Refer Fig.2 – Fig. 3.
a b c
Fig. 2. (a – c) Showing the concept of the traditional Malay landscape design nowadays at the Northern zone; Lorong Tok Imam, Teluk Bagan
Tandop, Alor Setar, Kedah
a b
Fig. 3. (a – b) Showing the concept of the traditional Malay landscape design nowadays at the Southern zone; Jln. Muar, Parit Sulong, Muar,
Johor
Table 1. List of landscape furniture and their placement observed by the author from site survey, old manuscripts, and recorded in the research
papers done by researchers in the past about the Malay garden in the Malay Archipelago
Local Name (As be called by local people and mentioned in old manuscripts)
English name
Placement
Ampaian
Suspension
F/S/R
Bangsal / Sulap
Barn
S/R
Buaian
Tree swings
F/S/R
Gerbang
Arch
F
Guri
Guri
F/S
Jamban / Tandas
Latrine
S/R
Jamung andang / Kandil
Torch
F/S/R
Kepok padi / Jelapang
Paddy store
S/R
Kolah
Water tank
S/R
Kolam
Pond
S/R
Pagar
Fence
F/S/R
Pangkin
Resting hut
F/S/R
Pasu bunga
Flower pot
F/S
Pangkin / Pelantar
Open timber
platform
F/S/R
Perigi
Well
S/R
Perun
Dump site
R
Reban
Hen coop
R
Tempayan
Water vessel
F/S/R
Titi
Log bridge
F/S/R
Wakaf
Gazebo
F/S
Legend: 1. Front compound (F); 2. Side compound (S); 3. Rear compound (R)
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4. Findings
The Malay community at present also follows the trend of the times. However, they can still retain some
elements used by their ancestors. Table 2 to Table 5 describes plants employed in the Malay society nowadays. This
data is the result of a site visit done before. Through the study, it is found that 149 species have recorded in the
manuscript, and only 33 species have been used until now (only 22% of the active species). There has been an
evolution of the traditional Malay landscape design nowadays even at the traditional Malay village itself.
4.1. The dominant plants in accordance with the zoning
Table 2 shows the plants that found in the Northern zone. The most common species found in the north of the
country are mempelam or mango tree (Mangifera spp.). From the observation found that all the houses in the
Northern zone have a mango tree in their yard either planting at the front compound, side compound or rear
compound. The primary function of this species as a fruit plant.
Table 2. A list of the most often planted species in the Northern zone
Legend: 1. Front compound (F); 2. Side compound (S); 3. Rear compound (R); 4. Aesthetic value (A);
5. Herb and food plant (HF); 6. Fruit plant (FP)
Table 3 shows that kelapa or coconut trees (Cocos nucifera), pisang or banana trees (Musa spp.) as well as
mempelam or a mango tree (Mangifera spp.) are plants that have been grown in every traditional Malays house yard
in the Central zone. Shrubs such as lidah jin or mother in law tongue (Sansevieria trifasciata) also found widely
grown while inai (Lawsonia inermis) also found in all the houses that are observe and planted as herb and food
plant.
Table 3. A list of the most often planted species in the Central zone
Plants species
Placement
Function
Central zone
Total no.
Local Name
Botanical Name
Selangor
Kemunting cina
Catharanthus cultivar
F/S
A
3
3
Lidah Jin
Sansevieria trifasciata
F/S
A
3
3
Kelapa
Cocos nucifera
F/S/R
HF
4
4
Inai
Lawsonia inermis
F/S/R
HF
3
3
Pisang
Musa spp.
S/R
FP
4
4
Mempelam
Mangifera spp.
F/S/R
FP
4
4
Legend: 1. Front compound (F); 2. Side compound (S); 3. Rear compound (R); 4. Aesthetic value (A);
5. Herb and food plant (HF); 6. Fruit plant (FP)
Plants species
Placement
Function
Northern zone
Total no.
Local Name
Botanical Name
Kedah
Perlis
Penang
Perak
Puding
Codiaeum variegatum
F/S
A
2
3
2
2
9
Bunga kertas
Bougainvillea spp.
F/S
A
1
3
4
1
9
Kelapa
Cocos nucifera
F/S/R
HF
4
2
3
3
12
Bunga kantan
Etlingera eliator
S/R
A/HF
3
1
2
1
7
Betik
Carica papaya
S/R
FP
3
2
4
2
11
Mempelam
Mangifera spp.
F/S/R
FP
4
4
4
3
15
554 Ismail Hafi z Salleh et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 222 ( 2016 ) 548 – 556
Table 4 describes that the kelapa or coconut trees (Cocos nucifera) and rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) are the
most often grown in the Southern zone. Fruit trees such as manggis or mangosteen tree (Garcinia mangostana) is
also found frequently planted. Malay community in the Southern area was found to be much-planting fruit trees in
the yard of their home either side, rear, as well as front compound, compared with the other zones in this study.
Table 4. A list of the most often planted species in the Southern zone
Plants species
Placement
Function
Southern zone
Total no.
Local Name
Botanical Name
Negeri
Sembilan
Malacca
Johor
Pandan serani
Draceana fragrans
S/R
HF
3
1
2
6
Aralia / Sesenduk
Polyscias balfouriana
F/S
A
1
2
3
6
Kelapa
Cocos nucifera
F/S/R
HF
3
4
4
11
Limau kasturi
Citrus microcarpa
S/R
HF
2
2
3
7
Manggis
Garcinia mangostana
S/R
FP
3
2
4
9
Rambutan
Nephelium lappaceum
F/S/R
FP
4
3
4
11
Legend: 1. Front compound (F); 2. Side compound (S); 3. Rear compound (R); 4. Aesthetic value (A);
5. Herb and food plant (HF); 6. Fruit plant (FP)
Table 5 shows fruit trees like pisang or bananas (Musa spp.) and rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) as a selection
of plants grown in the traditional Malay community house in the Eastern zone. The table also shows the traditional
Malay community in the state of Kelantan is less plant in their home yard because of the limited land area.
Table 5. A list of the most often planted species in the Eastern zone
Plants species
Placement
Function
Eastern zone
Total no.
Local Name
Botanical Name
Kelantan
Terengganu
Pahang
Jejuang / Andung merah
Cordyline fruticosa
F/S
A
1
2
2
5
Pandan Serani
Draceana fragrans
S/R
HF
2
2
2
6
Kelapa
Cocos nucifera
F/S/R
HF
1
2
3
6
Ubi kayu
Manihot esculanta
S/R
HF
3
1
1
5
Rambutan
Nephelium lappaceum
F/S/R
FP
1
3
3
7
Pisang
Musa spp.
S/R
FP
1
3
3
7
Legend: 1. Front compound (F); 2. Side compound (S); 3. Rear compound (R); 4. Aesthetic value (A);
5. Herb and food plant (HF); 6. Fruit plant (FP)
5. Discussion
Traditional Malay landscape is a complex design because it consists of culture as well as artistic values that
portray the Malay symbolism and began only in palaces and houses of the Malay chiefs in ancient times. As we
know the landscape design and their components of Malay community are not well-built, compared with other
landscape themes that were popular in the modern times. However, the strength of which detected in the old Malay
garden are their two principal components that are soft landscape elements and hard landscape elements. These two
components also consist of indirect values and symbolism that determined through the perception of meaning either
in the aspect of belief, culture or function. It is so unique because it clearly symbolizes the civilized Malays and has
a high knowledge in the use of every element in the garden or their environment with their daily life. Therefore, the
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Ismail Hafi z Salleh et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 222 ( 2016 ) 548 – 556
identity of the traditional Malay landscape design can be expanded, and creating an informative Malaysian Malay
garden research field which could place more researchers in the concept of Heritage Gardens as well as will be a
reference for all landscape architects who are active in promoting the design of the Malay culture.
5.1. Potential of the traditional Malay landscape elements that can be used to develop the Malay garden concept
nowadays
The potential and strength of the traditional Malay landscape elements that can be used to develop the concept of
the Malay garden design are as follows:
x All the landscape elements that mentioned in the manuscripts composed of tropical species, and the overall
material made from the Malay archipelago easily adapted to the local environment.
x The plants and landscape furniture are still used by the Malay community at the present time, but do not impose
any design concept related to the Malay garden design concept.
x Malay's society has a strongly believes in the use of certain plants for medicinal purposes, especially the group of
herb and food plant.
x The plants, as well as landscape furniture, have an aesthetic value, and in some cases could provide more than
one function at a time (for example the plant function can give beauty to the planted area, produces an aromatic
smell and also used for medicinal purposes while hard landscape elements are multi-purpose used and obviously
built for the ascertaining function base for their everyday life activities and its surroundings).
x There are many options for choosing traditional landscape elements that might recommend for both yard
landscaping, open spaces, as well as the institutions.
5.2. Understanding and appreciation of the traditional Malay landscape design
Due to the recent development of and rapid urbanisation in Malaysia, there is a need for improved understanding
and appreciation of the traditional Malay landscape design among practitioners and citizens.
x National Landscape Department (JLN) and the Institute of Landscape Architects Malaysia (ILAM) responsible
for playing their role in upholding and preserve the traditional Malay landscape design, for example, organizing
events related to garden and plant in Malaysia such as Royal FLORIA Putrajaya as well as create an original
model of the Malay garden design.
x Produced a complete guideline designed by the National Landscape Department (JLN) special for Malay garden
concept and presented in term of a book, pamphlet as well as commercial advertising.
x Preserve and conserve every potential house in presenting features of this traditional landscape from the site
survey supported by the municipal council, local government, and NGOs.
x Students majoring in landscape architecture at universities/colleges in Malaysia introduced the concept of the
traditional Malay garden design in their syllabus.
6. Conclusion
The study of the traditional Malay landscape design is of particular importance in view of its distinctive
contribution to Malay heritage. These studies seek to provide a basis view of new approaches to the landscape
architect that show greater respect for the traditional vernacular landscape. The concept of the traditional Malay
landscape gardens exclusively to the Malaysian Malay community can encourage the expansion of the landscape
architecture field in Malaysia, particularly in areas of tourist attraction to showcase Malaysia's uniqueness.
Potentials of each traditional Malay landscape elements need more highlighted. Public parks that display the culture
of the local community and conservation of the traditional Malay old houses has shown positive effects in
promoting cultural products. The establishment of characterization of the traditional Malay landscape design
probably will become a national cultural heritage and is widely used in all landscape development in Malaysia
especially for the development of the Malay garden concept.
556 Ismail Hafi z Salleh et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 222 ( 2016 ) 548 – 556
Acknowledgements
Special thanks to MOSTI (Science Fund) for providing adequate provision along with site observation around
Peninsular Malaysia as well as to the Centre for Knowledge and Understanding of Tropical Architecture and Interior
(KUTAI) and Taman Alam Melayu Nusantara (T.A.M.A.N) UiTM Perak for the invaluable support during the
research period.
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