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Envisioning Information
Abstract
This book contains several hundred displays of complex data. Suggestions and examples are given for methods of enhancing dimensionality and density for portrayal of information. The first chapter outlines methods of moving away from single dimensional layout. Through the use of multi-dimensional images, greater clarity can be achieved and amount of information displayed increased. The following chapters cover the use of micro-macro design to illustrate detail, the layering of information and colour. The final chapter covers the display of space and time data. Examples used to illustrate the techniques covered include maps, the manuscripts of Galileo, timetables, dance movement notations, aerial photographs, electrocardiograms and computer visualisations. -R.C.Medler
... Images are crucial throughout the research process as data sources, documents of research activities, and tools for analyzing and representing research findings (Diaz Andrade et al., 2015;Prosser & Loxley, 2008;Weber, 2008). Visual displays aid in representing and interpreting large, complex quantitative data sets (Friendly & Wainer, 2021;Tufte, 1983Tufte, , 1990. Graphics are widely used to visualize textual or numeric findings through charts or graphs, but there is also a growing interest in using images as data sources (Pollak, 2017). ...
... Visual representation of data requires access to structured data (reference model), data transformation, and the use of graphical attributes such as color, form, or position for presentation (Börner & Polley, 2014;Card et al., 1999;Chen, 2004;Ware, 2021). Tufte (1990) points out that effectively envisioning information involves the intersection of images, words, numbers, and art. Information visualization is defined by two aspects: data analysis via graphical displays and visual representations that enhance cognition (Card et al., 1999;Friendly & Wainer, 2021;Li, 2020). ...
... Large sets of quantitative data are associated with the implementation of data visualizations. As discussed in the literature review, data visualizations are applied to present large amounts of data efficiently and effectively (Friendly & Wainer, 2021;Tufte, 1983Tufte, , 1990). This study demonstrated that JASIST articles used not only a high number of visualizations but also a variety of types to present research designs and communicate findings. ...
The increasing variety of research strategies and data collection techniques in information science, the access to large secondary data sets, and the ubiquity of information visualization call for expanding the classification of research methods and exploring how research is communicated visually. This study examined the relationship between types of data used in empirical research, visualizations, and research methods applied in information science studies. It analyzed 751 research articles published in the Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology ( JASIST ) using content analysis and machine learning techniques. The study finds that most empirical studies adopted a quantitative design with data mining, bibliometrics, experiments, and surveys as dominant strategies. The substantial use of secondary data points to the shift in how data are collected in empirical research. The JASIST articles used a variety of visualizations to present research designs and findings, with quantitative and mixed methods studies employing primarily tables and charts and qualitative studies relying more on tables and diagrams. This study uniquely explores the relationship between research methods and visualization. It contributes to the classification of the methods in information science by expanding the range of strategies within the quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods designs.
... By following these criteria, he contends that data visualization may significantly improve the interpretation and communication of quantitative data. Information design, according to Tufte (1991), should prioritize presenting data in a way that maximizes the density and complexity of information while remaining clear and simple to comprehend [2]. He provides numerous illustrations of effective information design, such as maps, graphs, and small multiples, and contends that highquality maps are an excellent example of layered, detailed information presentation, whereas chart junk and data posterization hinder effective communication. ...
... By following these criteria, he contends that data visualization may significantly improve the interpretation and communication of quantitative data. Information design, according to Tufte (1991), should prioritize presenting data in a way that maximizes the density and complexity of information while remaining clear and simple to comprehend [2]. He provides numerous illustrations of effective information design, such as maps, graphs, and small multiples, and contends that highquality maps are an excellent example of layered, detailed information presentation, whereas chart junk and data posterization hinder effective communication. ...
... The research question for this study is: what are the most effective visualization techniques for supporting decision-making for different types of data, including continuous, categorical, and time series data? The objectives of this study are: (1) to identify the characteristics of each data type and the visualization techniques that are commonly used for each type; (2) to review the literature on specific visualization techniques for each data type; (3) to evaluate the effectiveness of each visualization technique for each data type; (4) to identify the strengths and weaknesses of each technique and the factors that influence their effectiveness; and (5) to provide guidance for practitioners and researchers on how to choose the most effective visualization technique for a given data type. ...
Although visualization is beneficial for evaluating and communicating data, the efficiency of various visualization approaches for different data types is not always evident. This research aims to address this issue by investigating the usefulness of several visualization techniques for various data kinds, including continuous, categorical, and time-series data. The qualitative appraisal of each technique's strengths, weaknesses, and interpretation of the dataset is investigated. The research questions include: which visualization approaches perform best for different data types, and what factors impact their usefulness? The absence of clear directions for both researchers and practitioners on how to identify the most effective visualization approach for a specific data type poses a significant research challenge. Our findings will help both professionals and researchers determine the most successful visualization approach for different data types, as well as identify topics for future study in the field of data visualization.
... The originators of the figure indeed discourage its use with more than three axes (Krzywinski et al., 2012), and most common applications in network science (e.g., Engle & Whalen, 2012) and gene sequencing (e.g., Yang et al., 2017) also only use three axes. Furthermore, the compactness of this figure allows us to generate multiple panels reflecting alternative dynamic properties or robustness performance measures, in a "small multiples" visualization (Tufte, 1990). Combining many small visualizations simultaneously allows the reader to compare the separate panels and look for patterns or outliers in the matrix of visuals, and facilitates presentation and storytelling of large amounts of data in a single figure (van den Elzen & van Wijk, 2013). ...
... The reader can use this plot for several insights: to compare the relative size for each overlapping set of dynamic properties (e.g., to make inferences about how the dynamic properties of the SOWs in the ensemble are distributed); and to compare the relative shift in impact groups when moving from one set of dynamics to the other (e.g., starting from the top left segment and moving to the bottom one we can see that fewer SOWs exhibit no impacts at all-the light yellow band goes away). Presenting everything in a condensed single-panel format allows us to combine this with several other panels resulting from other criteria and thresholds combinations, in a "small multiples" visualization (Tufte, 1990). Showing many small visualizations simultaneously allows the reader to compare the separate panels and look for patterns or outliers in the matrix of visuals, and facilitates presentation and storytelling of large amounts of data in a single figure (van den Elzen & van Wijk, 2013). ...
Scenarios have emerged as valuable tools in managing complex human‐natural systems, but the traditional approach of limiting focus on a small number of predetermined scenarios can inadvertently miss consequential dynamics, extremes, and diverse stakeholder impacts. Exploratory modeling approaches have been developed to address these issues by exploring a wide range of possible futures and identifying those that yield consequential vulnerabilities. However, vulnerabilities are typically identified based on aggregate robustness measures that do not take full advantage of the richness of the underlying dynamics in the large ensembles of model simulations and can make it hard to identify key dynamics and/or storylines that can guide planning or further analyses. This study introduces the FRamework for Narrative Storylines and Impact Classification (FRNSIC; pronounced “forensic”): a scenario discovery framework that addresses these challenges by organizing and investigating consequential scenarios using hierarchical classification of diverse outcomes across actors, sectors, and scales, while also aiding in the selection of scenario storylines, based on system dynamics that drive consequential outcomes. We present an application of this framework to the Upper Colorado River Basin, focusing on decadal droughts and their water scarcity implications for the basin's diverse users and its obligations to downstream states through Lake Powell. We show how FRNSIC can explore alternative sets of impact metrics and drought dynamics and use them to identify drought scenario storylines, that can be used to inform future adaptation planning.
... Chaos and disorder are failures of design, not properties of information [15]. Displ ing geographic spatial information on a map is both a science and an art. ...
... Displ ing geographic spatial information on a map is both a science and an art. The visual ex rience of reading is important, and the effective choice of color scheme can greatly Chaos and disorder are failures of design, not properties of information [15]. Displaying geographic spatial information on a map is both a science and an art. ...
Land use/cover change(LUCC) has a significant impact on the ecological environment. Within the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), as the largest cross-spatial cooperation initiative in human history, one of the core issues is how to scientifically and effectively use and manage the land in the region to prevent the destruction of important ecological and environmental resources. In order to reduce impact on the latter, in this study, we used the bivariate choropleth–multiple-criteria decision analysis (BC-MCDA) method based on the connotation of the sustainable development goals to construct an ecological and environmental risk warning framework. We found that in the study area, 10.51% of the land has high ecological and environmental risk and importance, corresponding to conflict zones, which require special attention. Conflict areas are mainly distributed in the Gangetic Plain in India, the plains in central and southern Cambodia, the Indonesian archipelago, and the southern coastal areas of China. Due to the uneven spatial distributions of population and important ecological and environmental resources, the pressure on this type of land use is very high. A share of 8.06% of the land has high risk–low importance, corresponding to economic development zones. Following years of human development, the ecological and environmental value of this type of land is low. A share of 58.75% of the land has low risk and importance, corresponding to wilderness areas. The natural climatic conditions of this type of land are relatively poor, often characterized by a cold climate or water scarcity, and the human interference index is low. A share of 22.68% of the land has low risk–high importance, corresponding to ecological conservation areas, which are the most important areas for ecological function services for humans at present. Finally, we proposed development suggestions for each type of land.
... It implies that until we have not "visualized" something, this "something" does not have a visual form (Manovich, 2010). Edward Tufte (1990), in his book Envisioning Information, defines visualizations as a more functional approach for clarifying complex data than what the written word or voice can offer; as a Chinese quote says, "a picture is worth a thousand words" (Larkin & Simon, 1987). So, it can be concluded that communicating complicated ideas and contexts, analyzing trends and relationships in data, and extracting qualifying information from quantitative data are some of the primary purposes of data visualization (Al-Kodmany, 2001;Ballew, 2015;Fricker et al., 2013;Gill et al., 2013;Manovich, 2010;Vincent et al., 2019). ...
... Visualization is defined herein as any technique for creating images, diagrams, or animations to communicate a message. In his book Envisioning Information, Edward Tufte (1990) regards visualizations as a more functional approach for clarifying complex data than what the written word or voice can offer (Tufte, 1990). Communicating complicated ideas and contexts, analyzing trends and relationships in data, and extracting qualifying information from quantitative data are some of the primary purposes of data visualization (Gill et al., 2013). ...
In the past 50 years, the participation of the public in decision-making, joint problem-solving, and interactive management has increased. This growing participatory management has been categorized into five communication and public involvement levels: Informing, Consulting, Involving, Collaborating, and Empowering, which move from one-way distribution of information to the total contribution of the public in decision-making. Progression to higher levels of participatory processes is critical for a range of preferable societal outcomes, such as better distribution of resources, anti-poverty outcomes, and higher levels of resilience to survive critical situations and disasters. Our results document the growing use of landscape visualization techniques for participatory natural resource management. This rapid development of visualization techniques has led to increased effectiveness at each level of participatory planning, as evidenced by a growing number of published studies over time. We also identify specific visualization attributes that contribute to successful outcomes within each level of participation. However, we did not find proof to support the hypothesis that the increased availability of more advanced visualization techniques is driving natural resource planning and management to adopt higher levels of public participation. We, instead, postulate that an additional factor could be responsible for the apparent mismatch between the availability of increasingly advanced visualization techniques and their use in higher levels of participatory planning. Participating stakeholders' level of competency and local knowledge may inform this apparent paradox, as higher levels may negate the need for sophisticated visualization techniques. Likewise, lower local knowledge and decision-making competencies may require these advanced techniques to engage stakeholders in the process thoroughly. We, therefore, suggest investigating participants' competency levels before designing visualization products, which avoids unnecessary expenditure of resources while obtaining better results. Competency is a combination of knowledge, skills, and attitudes that enable individuals that supports successful task performance and problem-solving regarding real-world sustainability challenges and opportunities. As one of the essential sustainability skills, systems-thinking allows the learner to think comprehensively of system dynamics at different temporal and spatial scales, enabling the learner to assess and analyze a system's behavioral pattern through time instead of focusing on particular short-term events. Especially after 2019, when Covid-19 hit the world, we cannot think about life, our plans, the next generation, and the earth's future as before. COVID-19 has shown us that current approaches to planning and anticipating future consequences are insufficient for our current challenges, calling for us to introduce new models for problem-solving that acknowledge linked natural, economic, and social systems. These uncertainties, challenges, and complications emphasize the necessity of enhancing and promoting key sustainability competencies, especially systems thinking, at various scales (e.g., nations, policymakers, and local communities). These competencies enable planners, the public, the local community, academics, development practitioners, and anyone who intends to understand sustainability to address environmental challenges, get a better vision of the future, and think about practical solutions. Among all these groups, local communities and indigenous people play a significant role in preserving the natural environment, moving towards more sustainable systems, and co-producing knowledge on improving our planning based on traditional ecological knowledge. Our project will enhance decision-making opportunities for tribal communities, especially younger generations, by providing clear routes to recognizing and acknowledging their identity concerning the land and their local, traditional, and cultural values. In this research, we focus on the indigenous knowledge of the Menominee Tribal community as the leading stakeholders in the Menominee tribal forest. For thousands of years, the Menominee Nation has survived by managing natural resources in the area now known as Northeast Wisconsin. Since 1856, the Menominee Nation has been in charge of sustainable timber supplies in their forests, considered one of the first sustainable forestry operations in the United States. Rooted in this long-term experience with land stewardship, both prior to and following colonization, the Sustainable Development Institute at the College of Menominee Nation has developed to articulate a holistic model of sustainable development based on the Menominee experience. This model "conceptualizes sustainable development as the process of maintaining the balance and reconciling the inherent tensions among six dimensions of sustainability: land and sovereignty; natural environment (including human beings); institutions; technology; economy; and human perception, activity, and behavior." The results of chapters two and three of the current document indicated that landscape visualizations that are real, static, still, non-immersive, and 2D, such as realistic images and paintings, are compelling for participatory decision-making in Forestry and Sustainability studies. We employed a more complex visualization rooted in traditional forest management concerning two identified subsets of Bloom's Taxonomy based on the information to investigate if the more complex visualization leads to better results in policy and management. We designed and used two sets of visualization: Real, Static, Still, Non-immersive, and 2D (Realistic images), besides Real, Dynamic, Interactive, Non-immersive, and 3D (Web-based game engine). Benefiting from the advantage of these techniques, we also proposed a framework to evaluate various systems thinking skills. The general results in this experiment illustrate the effectiveness of landscape visualization in better illuminating the context of the system and systematic thinking among local communities. Although individuals' responses to various visual forms may depend on their personality and thinking style, regardless of their culture and the location they have been raised, visualization can highly affect how people think and communicate their thoughts. However, it seems practical to design visualization tools and research methods based on the audiences' competencies, preferences, and comfort to obtain more reliable results.
... Existe una relación entre visualización y razonamiento, teóricos como Tufte (1990) afirman que necesitamos visualizar información para razonar sobre ella, comunicar, documentar y preservar la información. Sin embargo, el uso protagónico de la oralidad frente a la imagen es una tendencia generalizada en las aulas del siglo XXI. ...
El proyecto OIR (Open Innovative Resources for distance learning, Recursos Abiertos Innovadores para el aprendizaje a distancia), es un proyecto de investigación Erasmus+KA226, cuyo objetivo es fortalecer la capacidad de las universidades para brindar una educación digital de alta calidad que favorezca la inclusión social, y en particular, mejore las estrategias y métodos de formación de docentes.
Participan en el mismo tres universidades europeas: Maria Curie-Skłodowska
University de Lublin (Polonia), Università degli Studi di Messina (Italia) y Universidad de Oviedo (España).
En el proyecto OIR se ha generado material educativo audiovisual (lecciones, vídeos
didácticos y podcast), disponibles a través del canal de YouTube @oirspain
En el marco de este proyecto, se organizó en abril de 2023 un encuentro en la Facultad de Formación del Profesorado y Educación de la Universidad de Oviedo, con el fin de intercambiar, comentar, difundir y debatir, en suma, compartir, prácticas educativas innovadoras en contextos híbridos inclusivos con docentes de diferentes etapas educativas (educación infantil, educación primaria, educación secundaria y universidad), que permitiera el intercambio efectivo de estas experiencias y recursos didácticos. Este libro contiene las actas de 31 ponencias presentadas en dicho encuentro.
... In our design research, we are playing with how we might visualise these complex and elusive qualities of tone of voice, drawing on the practice of information design (Tufte 1990). Our hope is that this could have several roles: to engage people in more nuanced conversations about tone of voice; to act as icons on a communication device to help people select tones of voice quickly in the midst of a conversation. ...
This article explores disabled experience and the future of technologies relating to augmentative and alternative communication (AAC). This field includes people’s use of AAC devices, typically in combination with other modes of communication, including vocalising, revoicing and body language. Such devices have speech technology and digital voices built into them and we will consider who could be said to have ownership of these technologies. We will also explore the role that people who use AAC have in making their AAC—and how this also contributes to shaping its future. The meanings of ‘voice’, ‘making’ and ‘ownership’ in the context of AAC are many. Yet too often the relationship between these is presented as if it is singular and straightforward. This paper will start by considering the most prevalent, obvious interpretations and build alternative and more complex directions from there. One of the authors uses AAC and is constantly personalising his software, editing and remaking it to reflect his needs and current thinking, representing his voice in ways that he feels ownership of; another is a life partner and can also be thought of as being part of his AAC. Two authors are researchers in an art school, where the act of making things in studios and workshops is inseparable from creative authorship and ownership. Together, all four authors are exploring the meaning and making of speech technology, experimenting with and appropriating it in ways not anticipated by its developers. This paper is a hybrid of voices: disabled and non-disabled; academic and non-academic coresearchers; designers and codesigners. Its unconventional format is intended to reflect the unconventional relationship between the researchers and to represent the conversation between these different voices.
... Color is an integral element of visualizations and graphics and is essential for communicating (scientific) information. However, colors need to be chosen carefully so that they support the information displayed for all viewers (see e.g., Tufte, 1990;Ware, 2004;Wilke, 2019). Therefore, suitable color palettes have been proposed in the literature (e.g., Brewer, 1999;Crameri et al., 2020;Ihaka, 2003) and many software packages transitioned to better color defaults over the last decade. ...
... As user-data interfaces, they can be used according to Schneiderman's old mantra (1996): "Overview first, zoom and filter, then details on demand". As micro-macro designs (Tufte, 2013), they allow Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved. ...
This paper aims to understand how and why tree diagrams are of central importance to microbiome scientists in their practices of meaning making. The interfaces that scientists use are, in fact, topological structures that organize the genetic data generated by sequencing technology. They establish relationships among microbes and also between microbes and the conditions of the ecological niche they help construct. The tree structure is a powerful topos of knowledge organization in Western culture. However, biomolecular research has revealed the existence of horizontal gene exchange among microbes and other merging forms; these cast doubt on the tree as a valid representational metaphor for the tangle of the microbial world and help to overcome neo-Darwinism. This essay analyzes the software and interfaces used by microbiome scientists as tools for organizing knowledge that shape how we see human-microbe relationships, while escaping a representational function. While trees have long been considered representative forms of visualization of an evolutionary paradigm, we emphasize the non-illustrative and heuristic power of these interfaces, which, although steeped in centuries of reflection and debate on evolutionary theories, respond more to a diagrammatic logic: tools for discovering the new from genetic “black matter” and for exploring new forms of relationships between microbes and humans.
... Color is an integral element of visualizations and graphics and is essential for communicating (scientific) information. However, colors need to be chosen carefully so that they support the information displayed for all viewers (see e.g., Tufte 1990;Ware 2004;Wilke 2019). Therefore, suitable color palettes have been proposed in the literature (e.g., Brewer 1999;Ihaka 2003;Crameri, Shephard, and Heron 2020) and many software packages transitioned to better color defaults over the last decade. ...
The Python colorspace package provides a toolbox for mapping between different color spaces which can then be used to generate a wide range of perceptually-based color palettes for qualitative or quantitative (sequential or diverging) information. These palettes (as well as any other sets of colors) can be visualized, assessed, and manipulated in various ways, e.g., by color swatches, emulating the effects of color vision deficiencies, or depicting the perceptual properties. Finally, the color palettes generated by the package can be easily integrated into standard visualization workflows in Python, e.g., using matplotlib, seaborn, or plotly.
... Flat color assignment methods assign colors to all classes without considering their hierarchical relationships. In flat color assignment, ensuring discriminability between colors of different classes is a fundamental requirement and consistently draws research attention over the years [18,34,36,50,63]. As a pioneering study, Healey [18] proposed a rule-based method to select discriminable colors on the hue wheel that maximize perceptual differences and name differences. ...
Assigning discriminable and harmonic colors to samples according to their class labels and spatial distribution can generate attractive visualizations and facilitate data exploration. However, as the number of classes increases, it is challenging to generate a high-quality color assignment result that accommodates all classes simultaneously. A practical solution is to organize classes into a hierarchy and then dynamically assign colors during exploration. However, existing color assignment methods fall short in generating high-quality color assignment results and dynamically aligning them with hierarchical structures. To address this issue, we develop a dynamic color assignment method for hierarchical data, which is formulated as a multi-objective optimization problem. This method simultaneously considers color discriminability, color harmony, and spatial distribution at each hierarchical level. By using the colors of parent classes to guide the color assignment of their child classes, our method further promotes both consistency and clarity across hierarchical levels. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method in generating dynamic color assignment results with quantitative experiments and a user study.
... Given the even distribution of the light on the subject as seen in Figure 4, it has the potential to tease out three-dimensional elements without obscuring the darker shadow areas, providing the computational photogrammetry model clearer texture data with each image, which should improve the photogrammetric model overall. Apart from the technical potential, it can also provide a way to improve Tufte's (1990) flat-land experience and add to the three-dimensional quality in information visualization towards better understanding of three-dimensionality in a two-dimensional image, adding to aesthetic appeal, communicating spatiality in new ways. ...
Archaeologists working in low light conditions have had difficulty producing 3D models that are both scientific and aesthetic. We are presenting chiaroscuro photogrammetry, a technique inspired by Renaissance artists, to solve this problem. The method is portable, inexpensive, low impact, adaptable, fast, and requires no additional expertise beyond photogrammetry. While first trialed on a rock and a tree that produced promising outcomes, the true test was on a panel of finger flutings in a completely dark chamber of Koonalda Cave, South Australia. The result was a 3D model of the finger flutings with evenly balanced light and deep colors, and the geometry of the model was free from holes and visible artifacts. The 3D model produced using chiaroscuro photogrammetry was visually and geometrically accurate, even more so than flash photogrammetry. Chiaroscuro photogrammetry has the potential to revolutionize 3D modeling in low light conditions for a variety of archaeological contexts. ARTICLE HISTORY
... Additionally, studies have found that small multiples lead to expedited task completion (although results can be task dependent), fewer errors, and improved accuracy when contrasted with trend animation [10], [11], [30]. Scholars recommend maintaining the same encoding across frames [31]- [33] and chart type arrangements [34]. Another study addressed small multiples' success with bar and line encodings across resolutions and numbers of displays [35]. ...
Small multiples are a popular visualization method, displaying different views of a dataset using multiple frames, often with the same scale and axes. However, there is a need to address their potential constraints, especially in the context of human cognitive capacity limits. These limits dictate the maximum information our mind can process at once. We explore the issue of capacity limitation by testing competing theories that describe how the number of frames shown in a display, the scale of the frames, and time constraints impact user performance with small multiples of line charts in an energy grid scenario. In two online studies (Experiment 1
n
= 141 and Experiment 2
n
= 360) and a follow-up eye-tracking analysis (
n
= 5), we found a linear decline in accuracy with increasing frames across seven tasks, which was not fully explained by differences in frame size, suggesting visual search challenges. Moreover, the studies demonstrate that highlighting specific frames can mitigate some visual search difficulties but, surprisingly, not eliminate them. This research offers insights into optimizing the utility of small multiples by aligning them with human limitations.
... There are two distinct strategies within the visualization literature for increasing perceptual efficiency (Ware, 2019c). The first approach is design-based: this attempts to understand the different variables of visual displays such as color, texture, and shape (Tufte, 1990;2001;Wilkinson, 2005;Meirelles, 2006;Fry, 2008;Dickinson, 2010;Bertin, 2011). Quality is insured through guidelines on how visual variables can be combined to enhance the richness and clarity of the data or concept being represented. ...
Network visualizations are alluring yet deceptively difficult to interpret. This article demonstrates several strategies for integrating qualitative data into interactive network diagrams for the purposes of providing contextual information about actors and their relationships. The result is a new joint display called a Narrated Network Diagram (NND). The development of NNDs aims to make network visualizations more reliable tools for reporting research findings, especially for researchers integrating Social Network Analysis tools into multi- and mixed-methods research designs. Until now, researchers primarily use interactivity to support exploratory analysis of large networks at various scales. However, interactivity can also be used to integrate diverse forms of data without sacrificing perceptual efficiency by essentially hiding significant amounts of text within nodes and edges as tooltips or by delineating additional data within legends, titles, and subtitles.
... • Envisioning Information (Tufte 1990) • The Visual Display of Information (Tufte 2001) • Killer Presentations (Oulton 2007) • The Back of the Napkin (Roam 2008) • The Wall Steet Guide to Information Graphics (Wong 2013) • Storytelling with Data (https://www.story telli ngwit hdata. ...
... The uncertainty scale itself can be more or less complex (Apollonio, Fallavollita & Foschi, 2021): it can simply indicate a general evaluation based on a single parameter (a linear variation from less to more uncertain), but also on the combination of more parameters (a matrix indicating the features to which uncertainty is referred: the shape, the position, the material, the period of creation of an element). Moreover, even if we solve the classification problem, we have to choose a method to visualise information (Bertin, 1967;Tufte, 1990). Multiple versions of the same hypothetical model can be created and presented side by side, so that the viewers can see the range of possibilities; annotation can highlight areas of uncertainty with notes on assumptions or alternative interpretations; interactive features such as sliders and buttons allow users to adjust different parameters as well (Kensek, 2007;Wacker & Bruschke, 2019). ...
The documentation and visualisation of digital 3D models related to hypothetical artefacts can be useful to analyse our past and make new discoveries, but can also be informative in educational contexts and when dealing, more in general, with non-specialised users. The publication of these models in web-based and open platforms, which would be a good practice, especially raises some questions related to the audience we refer to. This paper analyses the issue of communication of digital reconstructions and tries to give some answers to it by presenting a methodology through a case study and by indicating future developments.
... Proportional relationships, such as the relative percentages of students with IEPs in charter and neighborhood schools, can be visualized with proportional column graphs or pie charts. Temporal change, such as decreasing enrollments in schools, can be shown with time-series graphs, "small multiples" (Tufte, 1990), or tables of numbers. Spatial relationships such as relative locations of schools, lengths of commutes, or layouts of rooms within school buildings can be made visible using maps. ...
... This is facilitated by the conceptual organization of the nodes. Frame selection results in each frame corresponding to a desired conceptual space, as described by Woods, Patterson, and Roth (2002), that encapsulates a specific concept, showing both the macro concept of interest and the micro constituents that make it up (Tufte, 1990). Frame selection also results in being able to smoothly transition between overall scanning of high-level abstraction spaces and more targeted interrogation and sensemaking in lower-level abstraction spaces, then back again. ...
Abstraction hierarchies (AHs) are essential to a work domain analysis (WDA), the “most important and unique” phase of cognitive work analysis (CWA) (Vicente, 1999). Although AHs have been the industry standard for assessing and describing work systems for several decades, they are not without limitations (Vicente, 2002). We have developed an evolution of AHs called Abstraction Networks (ANs) to address several of the limitations Vicente identified. ANs are designed to (1) improve engagement with practitioners, thereby facilitating greater shared understanding of the system, (2) better integrate with existing systems analysis tools, and (3) provide a more direct bridge between systems analysis and display design. We document a case study that uses ANs to better understand a sterile processing department (SPD) at a Southeastern tertiary care hospital, detailing the extent to which AN’s achieve these three goals.
... Já o uso de guias se mostrou diverso nos modelos analisados. As tabelas do Mercosul e do Brasil utilizam guias verticais, o que pode ser associado ao efeito de aprisionamento de dados (TUFTE, 1990). Contudo, visto que as tabelas nutricionais costumam ser compostas em dimensões pequenas, isso pode prevenir a leitura incorreta dos valores numéricos. ...
... A reflection of the text was made using an annotated portfolio method (Gaver & Bowers, 2012;Hall, 2020) in which themes were highlighted and annotations were made to make sense of the experience leading to the findings. Finally, visual thinking methods (Arnheim, 1969;Tufte, 1990) were applied using models/diagrams, the fianl versions of which are presented in this paper. However, the illative process of developing the model was also part of the reflective process used to make sense of the practice research. ...
Background: The problem of difficult-to-recycle textile waste is an ongoing challenge. One of the issues is the lack of exchange between the recovery sector and design/manufacture of recycled materials. This paper seeks to addresses the gap in knowledge between sorting (in recovery) and blending activities (in manufacture), expanding current design strategies towards textile recovery. To achieve this, the research explores sorting practices of wool/acrylic blends in the mechanical wool recycling industry and applies this knowledge to the design of new yarns.
Methods: A bricolage of methods was used to conduct this research in three parts. First, an overview of a previous study by Author1 is presented from which this research builds. Second, field research using conversation methods with the owner of a closed wool recycling company was conducted centring around their material archive. Thirdly, practice research was conducted in a spinning facility where Author1 applied knowledge from part 1 and 2 by designing four recycled yarns. This was supported by interviews with a sorter and recycler to expand on the findings.
Results: Four methods of sorting and the sorting grades/thresholds that are found in the wool recycling industry are outlined, and five methods of recycled blending historically used in the wool recycling industry are established. This knowledge (sorting methods/grades and recycled blending techniques) were applied in practice and from the methods employed, the relationship between sorting in recovery and recycled blending in manufacture was established across three themes: fibre quality, fibre type and fibre colour.
Conclusions: The paper concludes that understanding the link sorting and blending provides the foundations for a ‘Design for Sorting’ methodology. When lessons from each theme (quality, type and colour) are combined, this enables fibre value to be retained in recovery and thus, provides a route for longevity of our textile fibres.
Data collected on landscapes tend to be multivariate: the variables covary and so may be (at best) redundant or (worse) confounding. Ecological data also are typically spatially structured at various scales. And they are noisy. Ecologists have devised various methods for dealing with these types of data. Here we begin with an overview of the kinds of data sets that ecologists often use, focusing on species abundances and environmental variables measured at the same locations. From these primary data matrices, we generate secondary matrices that are often used in actual analyses; correlation or covariance matrices are familiar examples, along with sample x sample distance or dissimilarity matrices. The chapter also illustrates a variety of exploratory data analyses: relationships among species, among environmental variables, and between species and environmental variables. The results of exploratory data analyses will, in turn, inform all subsequent analyses. We explore three general approaches to ecological analyses in the next three chapters.
This paper introduces an innovative framework for visualisation design ideation, which includes a collection of terms for creative visualisation design, the five-step process, and an implementation called VisAlchemy. Throughout the visualisation ideation process, individuals engage in exploring various concepts, brainstorming, sketching ideas, prototyping, and experimenting with different methods to visually represent data or information. Sometimes, designers feel incapable of sketching, and the ideation process can be quite lengthy. In such cases, generative AI can provide assistance. However, even with AI, it can be difficult to know which vocabulary to use and how to strategically approach the design process. Our strategy prompts imaginative and structured narratives for generative AI use, facilitating the generation and refinement of visualisation design ideas. We aim to inspire fresh and innovative ideas, encouraging creativity and exploring unconventional concepts. VisAlchemy is a five-step framework: a methodical approach to defining, exploring, and refining prompts to enhance the generative AI process. The framework blends design elements and aesthetics with context and application. In addition, we present a vocabulary set of 300 words, underpinned from a corpus of visualisation design and art papers, along with a demonstration tool called VisAlchemy. The interactive interface of the VisAlchemy tool allows users to adhere to the framework and generate innovative visualisation design concepts. It is built using the SDXL Turbo language model. Finally, we demonstrate its use through case studies and examples and show the transformative power of the framework to create inspired and exciting design ideas through refinement, re-ordering, weighting of words and word rephrasing.
Today nearly all organizations use data visualization to review their financial and business results, drive conclusions and make decisions. There are many benefits of data visualization. These include but are not limited to presenting many numbers in a small space, a synthesized view of the data, making comparisons easy, and the users thinking of the data rather than methodology, etc. Essentially, the overall graphics reveal the data. This paper will review three best practices graphs: voting results, categories performance and comparison, and marketing performance. While looking into best data visualization practices, we will also examine dangers and tainted influence using graphs.
In this paper, I critically analogize the diffraction phenomenon, drawing analogies betweenquantum physics and psychological science, double-slit experiments and timekeeping diagrams, as well as quantal and facial particle-ness and wave-ness. Different experiments on dynamic faces diffract importantly different information. That is, methodology poses a measurement problem in the study of the face. The case study for my analogization of diffraction is the epistemic mode of the timeline, including the bar graph timeline and the histogram timeline, utilized for the temporal dynamics of our facial behavior in the Facial Action Coding System (FACS), its applications, and adaptations. Now more than ever before, FACS-based automated facial behavior analysis systems are increasingly utilized in laboratory applications. Nevertheless, due to constraints in these systems, extracting path information out of experimental movement behavior more often than not flattens difference and generalizes diversity across the biological and the cultural features of the face. The diffractive queering of experimental measurements in psychological science and its timekeeping diagrams evidence how the face is entangled with its measure. Given this entanglement, when it comes to the temporal dynamics of facial behavior, measuring particle-like and wave-like behavior is not only epistemologically possible but also ethically necessary. This is because human facial behavior diffraction affords a deeper richness of complex information than either particle or wave alone. Only by taking into consideration both particle and wave behavior via diffractive queering of timekeeping diagrams can we move closer to making observable, and thereby making knowable, the human face.
The preferred tool for conceptualizing, determining, and claiming relations of kinship, ancestry, and descent among humans are diagrams. For this reason, and at the same time to avoid a reduction to biology as transported by terms such as kinship, ancestry, and descent, we introduce the expression diagrammatics of relatedness. We seek to understand the enormous influence that especially tree diagrams have had as a way to express and engage with human relatedness, but hold that this success can only be adequately understood by attending to what in fact are broader diagrammatic practices. These practices bring to light that diagrams of relatedness do not simply make visible natural connections, but create or deny relations in particular ways and for particular reasons. In this special section, contributors investigate diagrams of relatedness in genealogy, heredity, as well as biological and social anthropology. Conceiving of diagrams as techniques that transcend such binaries as ‘thought and action’ and ‘image and text’, we aim at an understanding of how they were constructed and how they functioned in particular epistemic, cultural, and political contexts.
O modelo de Governância é um processo que privilegia o diálogo entre as várias partes
e que permite recolher e analisar a informação decorrente de múltiplas perspetivas
sobre a formulação, implementação e monitorização das políticas públicas, procurando
obter resultados mais eficazes e inclusivos, neutralizando a vigência de práticas
predatórias na relação entre o poder político e os cidadãos (Ivo, 2002).
As TIC contemporâneas usadas no planeamento estão focadas na criação de sistemas dinâmicos que integrem dados e visualização para capturar, explicar e reproduzir as dinâmicas que são o motor da evolução espacial das cidades e territórios, percebidas no âmbito socioeconómico para gerar um espaço edificado construído a partir da paisagem natural que o suporta” (Pinto, Tenedório, Antunes, & Cladera, 2014, p. XV).
Ao falar de políticas públicas territoriais, o suporte à comunicação, o canal da mensagem, é suportado por mapas no seu formato analógico ou digital. Estudos evocam a frequente dificuldade de estabelecer a relação entre a forma e o conteúdo dos elementos cartográficos (Santos I. S., 2012) (Martins, 2011). Para reduzir esta dificuldade, propõe-se a utilização da visualização narrativa que consiste num estilo de visualização que usa a interação entre os aspetos exploratórios e a visualização comunicativa (Segel & Heer, 2010), adaptando os sistemas de visualização e de interação para que estes suportem a narrativa (Wojtkowski & Wojtkowski, 2002).
Transmitindo a informação com um bom sistema de comunicação adaptado às necessidades, criam-se as condições para que o cidadão possa estar devidamente informado.
Esta tese começa com uma abordagem às políticas públicas e governância, assente num pilar de participação pública. No caso de políticas territoriais, o canal privilegiado para transmitir informação são os mapas, mas estes de per si não incluem o contexto da informação a transmitir. Assim, através da análise das formas de comunicação digital e storytelling, pretende-se criar um guia de boas práticas para a construção de geoportais e apresentações que recorram à visualização narrativa, de forma a aumentar a capacidade de retenção de informação transmitida e de uma melhor compreensão da mesma.
O propósito consiste em melhorar o sistema de comunicação para transmitir informação territorial, recorrendo a storymaps de visualização narrativa. Páginas que permitem incluir vários elementos multimédia, com uma narrativa que ajuda a explicar o que se vê, ao mesmo tempo que se ilustra o que se escreve tornando a mensagem mais completa, integrada e de melhor compreensão.
A informação é assim transmitida de forma transparente, melhorando a relação entre governo local e cidadãos, tendo estes ao seu dispor condições para participar ativamente.
Los mapas mentales son una técnica que potencia un modelo de aprendizaje con todo el cerebro, orientado, prioritariamente, al desarrollo de capacidades y estrategias. Aunque el mapa mental, según su elaboración, puede ser individual y grupal, aquí centramos nuestra atención en el de carácter grupal, porque refleja el pensamiento de todo el grupo y potencia el desarrollo de relaciones interpersonales positivas con las que se promueve una convivencia idónea para el aprendizaje. Se ha seguido una metodología cualitativa de investigación, utilizando un cuestionario abierto y autorreflexivo sobre la experiencia de aprendizaje con mapas mentales. Se ha trabajado con una muestra de 140 estudiantes pertenecientes al Segundo Curso de la titulación de Grado de Educación Primaria, durante los cursos académicos 2010/2011 y 2011/2012. Los resultados refuerzan tres grandes núcleos vinculados con la dinámica de grupo como expresión de la conciencia social: la interacción, funcionamiento grupal y la integración.
Student presentations have become an integral part of classroom work and therefore teachers' assessment practices, particularly since the COVID-19 pandemic. However, it may be the case that student presentations only mimic examples within limited expectations of the genre, such as an introduction with outline, main points, and conclusion/summary accompanied by fairly rudimentary slides. An alternative approach may lie in providing a platform for learners to share and communicate information in the most effective way, perhaps with visual representations of data such as charts and graphs or multimedia. This is advantageous to both students and teachers because the former gain truly effective communication skills, while the latter can feel more engaged by novel student work rather than work that is overly conventional. Using a theoretical framework derived from the pedagogy of multiliteracies (New London Group, 1996) the presentation explores ways to integrate information, graphical, and communications literacies with positive and negative examples from the presenter's own classes.
This chapter identifies four dimensions of intersemiotic translations that characterize the relationship between the source and the target and highlights their relevance for the legal field. In particular, following a brief reflection on the concept of a semiotic system, we will focus on translation as interpretation. The creative dimension will then be highlighted as an essential element of translation. The creative component will be discussed in relation to both interlingual and intersemiotic translations. Finally, we will highlight the role of multimodality in intersemiotic translations by focusing on multimodal law.
Based on the author’s practical experience, the significance and design of board games in the education of people with disabilities, including those performed by university students as part of their project activities, are analyzed. The projects aimed to create a series of games catering to individuals with different disabilities, including visual and hearing impairments, musculoskeletal disorders, intellectual disabilities, and autism spectrum disorders. These games were developed in response to requests from educational institutions, psychological and pedagogical support centers, and cultural institutions. The games presented in this article are based on pre-project research conducted by the students, which focused on understanding the needs of the target audience and incorporating specific design and architectural elements into the games.
The article showcases the concepts, scenarios, and designs of six games, which were created by using tactile, paper-based, and digital platforms. These games not only promote the development of tactile and emotional sensations in children and adolescents but also familiarize them with the functioning of institutions and traditional culture. Throughout the project, over 100 participants were involved in both the pre-project research and the subsequent research conducted after the games’ completion. The proposed games have potential value for educators and psychologists working in various organizations, regardless of their type or affiliation. Additionally, the game creation technology employed in this project can be applied to project-based activities involving students from different universities and fields of study.
How do people internalize visualizations: as
images
or
information
? In this study, we investigate the nature of internalization for visualizations (i.e., how the mind encodes visualizations in memory) and how memory encoding affects its retrieval. This exploratory work examines the influence of various design elements on a user's perception of a chart. Specifically, which design elements lead to perceptions of visualization as an
image
(aims to provide visual references, evoke emotions, express creativity, and inspire philosophic thought) or as
information
(aims to present complex data, information, or ideas concisely and promote analytical thinking)? Understanding how design elements contribute to viewers perceiving a visualization more as an image or information will help designers decide which elements to include to achieve their communication goals. For this study, we annotated 500 visualizations and analyzed the responses of 250 online participants, who rated the visualizations on a bilinear scale as ‘image’ or ‘information.’ We then conducted an in-person study (
) using a free recall task to examine how the image/information ratings and design elements impacted memory. The results revealed several interesting findings: Image-rated visualizations were perceived as more aesthetically ‘appealing,’ ‘enjoyable,’ and ‘pleasing.’ Information-rated visualizations were perceived as less ‘difficult to understand’ and more aesthetically ‘likable’ and ‘nice,’ though participants expressed higher ‘positive’ sentiment when viewing image-rated visualizations and felt less ‘guided to a conclusion.’ The presence of axes and text annotations heavily influenced the likelihood of participants rating the visualization as ‘information.’ We also found different patterns among participants that were older. Importantly, we show that visualizations internalized as ‘images’ are less effective in conveying trends and messages, though they elicit a more positive emotional judgment, while ‘informative’ visualizations exhibit annotation focused recall and elicit a more positive design judgment. We discuss the implications of this dissociation between aesthetic pleasure and perceived ease of use in visualization design.
Data-driven machine learning (ML) models are attracting increasing interest in chemical engineering and already partly outperform traditional physical simulations. Previous work in this field has mainly focused on improving the models’ statistical performance while the thereby imparted knowledge has been taken for granted. However, also the structures learned by the model during the training are fascinating yet non-trivial to assess as they are usually high-dimensional. As such, the interpretable communication of the relationship between the learned model and domain knowledge is vital for its evaluation by applying engineers. Specifically, visual analytics enables the interactive exploration of data sets and can thus reveal structures in otherwise too large-scale or too complex data.
This chapter focuses on the thermodynamic modeling of mixtures of substances using the so-called activity coefficients as exemplary measures. We present and apply two visualization techniques that enable analyzing high-dimensional learned substance descriptors compared to chemical domain knowledge. We found explanations regarding chemical classes for most of the learned descriptor structures and striking correlations with physicochemical properties.
A fundamental challenge in modeling the brain is how to deal with the enormous complexity that exists at multiple spatial and temporal scales. This complexity is already encountered at the level of the single neuron, but it becomes still more apparent, and daunting, when creating models at the level of neuronal networks, a term that generally describes models on the scale of tens to millions of connected neurons. Complexity occurs across scales. Rapid interneuronal communication manifests on scales of microns and milliseconds, while learning across the cortex may take place on scales of centimeters and on temporal scales of hours, days, and years. It is impossible for a single model to include all complexity at all levels, so decisions must be made as to what is to be left out of a given model. Part of the simplification process involves model embedding while crossing multiple scales (multiscale modeling). This chapter describes that the basic model of the neuron that is used in networks is greatly simplified from the complex models that we developed in the prior chapter. Multiple other simplifications are also made: using only a restricted number of cell types (excitatory and inhibitory; fast and slow) instead of the many types that exist; leaving out large parts of the neuron function – for example, the axon; and assuming that the network is being driven rather than creating activity through its own mechanisms. Once a sufficiently simplified network model is obtained, a variety of mathematical, data-mining, and visualization tools can be used to investigate its properties. Oscillations in a network can be investigated by frequency spectra. Activity synchrony can be measured by looking at various correlation tools. The structure of a network can be analyzed through graph theory, by considering properties as path length, centrality, and clustering. Communication in a network can be analyzed through information theory, which quantifies the extent to which neurons influence and transfer information to other neurons. Much computer modeling involves exploration and experimentation on the simulations. Through in silico experimentation, the researcher refines and studies these complex models. Different researchers make very different choices about which simplifications are justified and how best to analyze and study their networks. Therefore, a large variety of models exist. There is no single best way to do network modeling.
Interactive design has become a part of digital development programs for the modern post-industrial information society of a metropolis, among which the most capacious is the Smart City program. The saturation of the market with the industry of digital solutions has led to the problem of an abundance of boilerplate, often media products with illiterately designed user experiences. A form of rethinking modern design practice can be an appeal to academic traditions, which retain their potential in modern design methods of vocational education. Experience in educational design of the Department of Environmental Design, Moscow State Stroganov Academy of Design and Applied Arts in the field of interactive design of the urban environment, focused on the actual needs of society and the tasks of design practice, demonstrated examples of preserving cultural identity, competent functional solutions and figurative and emotional saturation in a new media product, taking into account modern artistic and aesthetic trends. Examples of use of innovative AR, VR technologies in mobile applications, media reconstructions, and etc. build an environment with a new user experience adapted to the accelerating pace of urban development, considering the prospects for a more comfortable life. The potential of technological capabilities made it possible to take a fresh look at familiar problems in educational projects, to model new scenarios for the behavior of the target audience, thereby significantly strengthening the component of social orientation. The project theme covers almost the entire range of areas laid down by the “Smart City” program from problems of the transport environment and ecology to education, enlightenment, tourism, and etc. By focusing on the real needs of practice, instructional design has become a certain simulator of future design practice.
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