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Chile: Female Journalists Without Access to Power
Abstract
In March 2006, socialist politician Michelle Bachelet became not only the first woman to assume the presidency of Chile, but also the first female president in South America. Bachelet appointed a cabinet with an equal number of men and women. Although there were several other changes to her cabinet as well, hers was significant for being the only government since the country’s return to democracy that established equal representation of female and male ministers (Fernández and Rubilar 2011). Bachelet’s rise to power was a milestone in the fight for equal rights among men and women in Chile, a movement which began toward the end of the 19th century and continued throughout the 20th, with Chile’s first wave of feminism and women’s demands for access to education and the right to vote (Kirkwood 1986). Despite this longstanding movement and the gender milestone represented by her presidency, Bachelet did not fundamentally change the participation of women in positions of political power.
... However, violence against Chilean journalists is not limited to periods of revolution or ethnic conflicts. In recent years, numerous studies have shed light on the disadvantaged position of female journalists within national newsrooms and the specific form of violence they endure on a daily basis, often centered around bodyshaming (Dodds and Amor 2017;Lagos and Mellado 2013). ...
Online harassment against media workers has been on the rise, prompting academic and international organizations to call for comprehensive measures that could protect journalists from intimidation and threats on social media platforms. Despite these efforts, research shows little success in curbing the issue of hostility towards media professionals. With this article, we aim to explore journalists' perceptions regarding online harassment and the responsibility that they attribute to the media organizations they work for, as well as digital platforms for allowing violence to spread online. Our study is based on ethnographic fieldwork conducted in two Chilean newsrooms, including interviews with media professionals responsible for moderating hate. This article discusses the experiences of reporters who have faced online threats and attacks while reporting the news. Our findings show that digital platforms have provided new opportunities for violent behavior against journalists. More remarkably, some journalists are worried that their media organizations might prefer to benefit from the increased engagement and metrics that come with such aggressive actions. Our findings shed light on the challenges journalists face in the digital age and the need for more significant protection measures.
... Yet, violence against Chilean journalists does not limit itself to cases of revolutions or ethnic conflicts. In recent years, an extensive body of literature has emerged detailing female journalists' disadvantaged position within national newsrooms (Dodds & Amor, 2016;Lagos & Mellado, 2013) and the particular body-shame type of violence they are exposed to daily (García, 2016;Mensa Torras et al., 2021). ...
This volume addresses the concept of “(in) nocent lies” in the media–beyond the concept of misleading information online, this extends to a deliberate effort to spread misinformation, disinformation and conspiracy theories–and proposes a critical approach to tackle the issue in related interdisciplinary fields. The book takes a multidisciplinary and international approach, addressing the digital divide and global inequality, as well as algorithmic bias, how misinformation harms vulnerable groups, social lynching and the effect of misinformation on certain social, political and cultural agendas, among other topics. Arranged thematically, the chapters paint a nuanced and original picture of this issue. This book will be of interest to students and academics in the areas of digital media, media and politics, journalism, development studies, gender and race.
... Yet, violence against Chilean journalists does not limit itself to cases of revolutions or ethnic conflicts. In recent years, an extensive body of literature has emerged detailing female journalists' disadvantaged position within national newsrooms (Dodds & Amor, 2016;Lagos & Mellado, 2013) and the particular body-shame type of violence they are exposed to daily (García, 2016;Mensa Torras et al., 2021). ...
... Yet, violence against Chilean journalists does not limit itself to cases of revolutions or ethnic conflicts. In recent years, an extensive body of literature has emerged detailing female journalists' disadvantaged position within national newsrooms (Dodds & Amor, 2016;Lagos & Mellado, 2013) and the particular body-shame type of violence they are exposed to daily (García, 2016;Mensa Torras et al., 2021). ...
... Only in junior and senior professional levels inside the media industry -such as in administration, sales, and finances -is there a certain gender balance. From the analysis of this data by Lagos and Mellado (2013), it can be concluded that there are no significant policies within the different media companies to promote gender equality, nor for enhancing women's careers inside the newsroom. This reality is further confirmed with data from the Global Media Monitoring Project (2015), which stated that in both television and written journalism, 41 per cent of journalists in Chile are women, and 59 per cent are men. ...
Chilean chapter of the Media for Democracy Monitor 2021.
We conducted two surveys (in 2016 and 2022) to measure the work satisfaction of Chilean female journalists and applied a face-to-face version of the questionnaire to 146 male journalists. Conducting t-tests to compare means, we found that during these 6 years, work satisfaction by Chilean female journalists decreased soundly and was significantly smaller than that of male journalists. We also found that female journalists are more willing than men to quote sources of their gender and feature them as newsmakers in the news media. Conducting a regression analysis, we found that three independent variables were highly significant as they had a clear effect on the work satisfaction declared by female journalists. They were “perceived autonomy,” “gender equality at work” “and having enough female editors or supervisors in their newsrooms.” On the contrary, annual wage, work promotion, marital status, age and job status did not appear as relevant variables for women to assess their work satisfaction. Our results confirm that women are more satisfied when they work in an equal workplace, with a low perception of gender discrimination and having enough female editors or supervisors in their newsrooms.
La siguiente investigación presenta los resultados de un estudio mixto de carácter exploratorio, cuyo objetivo es identificar si las características del ejercicio periodístico se ven influidas por el enfoque de género, en el contexto de los debates presidenciales chilenos. Como corpus de análisis, se utilizaron las transcripciones de siete debates presidenciales televisados, organizados por ANATEL (Asociación Nacional de Televisión), emitidos entre los años 1989 y 2017. A partir de un análisis de contenido realizado a 758 enunciados (emitidos por 13 periodistas mujeres y 22 hombres) y un análisis de comparación constante, se pudo identificar que, al contrario de lo que describe la teoría, las periodistas se comportan de manera similar a sus pares masculinos, construyendo sus preguntas principalmente sobre temáticas hard news, enfocándolas en torno a la ejecución y financiamiento de políticas públicas y respaldándolas con el uso de datos. Además, se observa que adoptan un rol cívico-perro guardián, respondiendo a las expectativas tradicionales en torno al ejercicio del periodismo; en cambio, los hombres adoptan un rol cívico-antagónico. Se concluye que los debates, al ser una instancia neutral con reglas preestablecidas, disminuye la inequidad y desigualdades entre periodistas según su género, reduciendo las barreras existentes en las salas de redacción.
The article presents the principal results of a quantitative study on professional conditions for the exercise of journalism that affect the right to freedom of speech. It describes the obstacles currently encountered by journalists in the news media and explains the pressures, censorship and self-restrictions they experience in their work as journalists. Interestingly, the study shows that cases where freedom of expression is threatened are more frequent in the written media and in television. It also reveals that journalists themselves have come to regard these situations as a "natural" aspect of their work and take an uncritical view of the phenomenon.
El texto que se presenta a continuación recoge los principales resultados de un estudio cuantitativo, que tuvo como objetivo indagar en las condiciones profesionales del periodismo que impactan en el ejercicio de la libertad de expresión. Se exponen las actuales trabas que enfrentan los periodistas en los medios de comunicación, y se explicitan las presiones, censuras o autocensuras que se experimentan en el trabajo periodístico. Entre los resultados se destaca que es en la prensa escrita y en la televisión donde más se dan casos que atentan contra la libertad de expresión, y que los propios periodistas han asumido este tipo de situaciones como un aspecto "natural" de su trabajo, incorporando una visión acrítica respecto a este fenómeno.
El siguiente artículo describe y analiza cómo los periódicos chilenos refuerzan los estereotipos y desigualdades de género a través de los discursos expresados en la cobertura que le otorgan a las noticias sobre feminicidio. El estudio considera los casos de feminicidio íntimo ocurridos en la Región Metropolitana y propone una tipología del feminicidio para determinar cómo los diarios informan sobre este tipo de violencia contra la mujer por razones de género.
Este artículo describe el proceso que llevó a Michelle Bachelet a la presidencia de la república en Chile, las condiciones que lo hicieron posible y las tensiones que vivió el país tras su instalación en el poder en el plano político y también cultural. Se pregunta por el impacto de tener una mujer en la máxima jerarquía política en una sociedad que vive las tensiones de la modernidad y por la medida en que su liderazgo profundizará las transformaciones sociales en curso.
This article describes the process that led Michelle Bachelet to the presidency of the Republic of Chile, the conditions that made it possible, and the tensions—both political and cultural—that appeared in the country after her ascension to the post. The article explores the impact of having a woman in the highest political post of a society that is experiencing the tensions of modernity and the extent to which her leadership deepened existing social transformations.
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