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Introduction: Civilizations and International Relations Theory
Abstract
The past decade has seen renewed interest in the notions of “civilization” and “civilizations” in many parts of the social sciences. In particular, Samuel Huntington’s “clash of civilizations” thesis (1993a) has attracted an enormous amount of attention, both for its simplicity in dividing the world into mutually exclusive communities characterized by deep-essential differences, and for its pessimistic conclusion that these differences are so fundamental as to make the communities in question more or less implacably opposed to one another. Both of these aspects of Huntington’s argument—essential differences, and implacable opposition—have been scrutinized and criticized on both empirical and theoretical grounds, as part of a scholarly effort to forge the concepts of “civilization” and “civilizations” into useable analytical tools.
... Mimo to utrzymał się w obiegu akademickim co najmniej aż do lat 30. XX wieku, gdy nazizm znalazł w nim "naukowe" uzasadnienie swojej polityki rasowej (Schaff 2006) Baradziej i Goćkowski 1997, Braudel 1999, Kieniewicz 2003, 29-35, Arnason 2003, Tiryakian 2004, Hall i Jackson 2007a, Katzenstein 2010 Dorobek klasycznych, pluralistycznych i substancjalistycznych studiów cywilizacji szczegółowo omawia Joachim Diec w książce o wymownym tytule Cywilizacje bez okien (2002), więc pozwolę sobie tylko na wskazanie najważniejszych z punktu widzenia obecnych rozważań kwestii. To właśnie prowadzona przez pionierów naukowych studiów cywilizacji debata nad znaczeniem pojęcia sprawiła, że zaczęło być ono przede wszystkim traktowane jako odnoszące się do całościowo pojmowanych kulturowych "rzeczy", "metod życia zbiorowego" (określenie Konecznego), które wchodzą ze sobą w kontakt, nierzadko mający charakter starcia. ...
The first goal of the last in the series of articles called “Civilization as process” is to show how the notion of civilization was saved in academic discourse from being fully associated with imperialism and racism. While the text reconstructs how it happened, it nonetheless stresses that the doubts about the use of the term “civilization” in research have remained, even once its value-free, descriptive meaning was shaped. Essentialism based on racist and classificatory grounds still haunts civilizational studies, as can be seen in the scope and intensity of debate accompanying Samuel Huntington’s The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (1997), which has been accused of essentialism. In reaction to the spectacular but also dangerous theses by Huntington, theoretical inquiry into the notion of civilization has deepened, preparing the ground for contemporary resurgence in the academic discourse of civilization in singular – as a multivalent social process. One of the possible understandings of the notion, arguably especially useful today – civilization as “pacification of the social” – is discussed in the final part of this essay. To make this discussion possible, the classic substantialist and pluralistic theory, especially as formulated by Koneczny, is analysed, and then the dynamization of the concept in Sorokin, Nelson, Braudel and Eisenstadt is discussed, leading to an introduction to the currently dominant paradigm in civilizational analysis that is the theory of civilizational identities. The article shows that the latter is not the final step in the development of civilizational theory but rather the reverse.
... Among Toynbee's major and influential ideas, however, was the claim that international systems as civilizational groupings have tended to fall under regional "world" empires, echoing that idea of history as a series of world hegemonies. 4 Later attempts to utilize a civilizational framing of world history, most prominently in Samuel Huntington's Clash of Civilizations, have been highly critiqued in theory (Katzenstein 2010;Linklater 2021), although the discourse of "civilizational identities" and "civilizational states" has found persistent and even increasing usage in practice (Hall and Jackson 2007;Coker 2019). The comparative study of international systems in world history, working from earlier works such as Toynbee's Study and Wights Systems of States, is now a large and growing literature (Kang 2007;Zhang 2014;Suzuki et al. 2014;Phillips and Sharman 2015;Reus-Smit 2018;Spruyt 2020;Phillips and Reus-Smit 2020;Phillips 2011Phillips , 2021Zarakol 2022;Buzan and Little 2000;Buzan and Acharya 2022), although the concept of an "international system" has been distanced from the earlier concept and notion of an underlying "civilizational" culture (Philips 2017; Dunne and Reus-Smit 2017). ...
This article makes the case that the literature of hegemonic orders and debates on the crisis of US hegemony have been shaped and up to a point intellectually confined by a tradition or idea of world history understood as a series of hegemonic powers. This tradition of history as a succession of hegemonic powers is traced from ancient to modern sources, later reconstituted as a theoretical discourse. In drawing attention to the historical traditions underpinning this literature, these findings contribute to advancing the historiography of International Relations and to studying the role of multiple contemporaneous histories in the emerging international order.
Диссертация на соискание ученой степени доктора социологических наук по специальности 5.4.1 – теория, методология и история социологии.
Dalam pengajian Islam, kajian terhadap liberalisme dapat diperhatikan antaranya dalam aspek historiografi ideologi ini. Walau bagaimanapun, kajian sejarah ideologi ini dalam dimensi politik antarabangsa, khususnya dalam konteks dasar luar kuasa Barat pada hari ini-khususnya Amerika Syarikat-masih belum dilaksanakan dalam pengajian Islam. Sorotan dari sudut literatur mendapati bahawa bahawa topik tersebut sama ada hanya diulas secara ringkas atau tidak menjadi fokus dalam kajian sama sekali. Sehubungan dengan itu, untuk mendiskripsikan sejarah dan perkembangan "liberal internasionalisme" dalam dasar luar Amerika Syarikat semenjak era kemerdekaan Amerika Syarikat dan sehinggalah era pasca Perang Dingin, kajian ini dengan menggunakan kaedah kualitatif-kajian dokumen dan kajian pensejarahan-akan menganalisis sumber-sumber daripada literatur hubungan antarabangsa. Kajian ini mendapati bahawa liberalisme dalam bentuk tradisi dan ideologi dasar luar Amerika Syarikat dapat dilihat dalam agenda dan usaha Washington yang berusaha untuk mempromosi dan mempertahankan demokrasi di seluruh dunia dalam sejarah dasar luarnya.
Kata kunci Historiografi, liberal internasionalisme, amerika syarikat, promosi demokrasi
In Islamic studies, the study of liberalism can be observed among other aspects in the historiography of this ideology. However, the study of the history of liberalism in the dimension of international politics, especially in the context of the foreign policy of Western powers today-especially the United States-has not yet been implemented in Islamic studies. A review of the literature found that the topic was either only commented on briefly or was not the focus of the study at all. Therefore, to describe the history and development of "liberal internationalism" in the foreign policy of the United States since the era of independence and until the post-Cold War era, this study will use qualitative methods-document research and historical research-to analyze sources from international relations literature. This study found that liberalism in the form of the tradition and ideology of the United States foreign policy can be seen in the agenda and efforts of Washington that seeks to promote and defend democracy around the world in the history of its foreign policy.
South Asia is a constructed concept. Although South Asian countries choose to function within the paradigm of independent statehood, they are undergoing overlapping developments rooted in the distant and recent colonial past. This paper reflects on the notion that South Asia has a common past. In this context, the civilizational politics of India is addressed and the discourse on civilization is unwrapped to understand its contemporary and historical perspectives. The study of South Asian history constructs that Indus valley civilization presents a common ground for cultural and civilizational associations of South Asian countries. To understand the changing form of Indian civilization over the period of time, this paper examines four variants of Indian civilization: Orientalist, Anglicist, liberal nationalist, and Hindu nationalist variants. In this discussion, the perception of Tagore and Gandhi on nationalism is considered, and discourse on civilization between Asian thinkers like Susanne Hoeber Rudolph and Western thinkers like Samuel P. Huntington are provided to understand the historical underpinning of Indian civilization.
Kajian terhadap liberalisme dalam pengajian Islam, dengan objektif kajian yang pelbagai oleh para pengkaji yang berbeza, merupakan usaha-usaha yang telah banyak dilakukan dalam tempoh beberapa dekad kebelakangan ini. Walau bagaimanapun, kajian dalam keilmuan Islam berhubung peranan dan implikasi ideologi ini dalam ranah politik antarabangsa, khususnya dalam konteks hubungan kuasa Barat seperti AS dengan dunia Islam belum lagi dilakukan. Sehubungan dengan itu, kajian ini dengan berdasarkan kepada perbincangan liberalisme dalam buku Great Delusion: Liberal Dreams and International Realities (2017) bertujuan untuk (i) mendiskripsikan pemikiran politik liberal dalam ranah domestik negara AS, (ii) pengaruhnya dalam dasar luar AS yang disebut sebagai "hegemoni liberal" yang antaranya bermatlamatkan menyebarkan demokrasi, (iii) dan kesannya kepada dunia Islam, khususnya negara-negara di Timur Tengah seperti Iraq dan Libya. Kajian ini mendapati bahawa pemikiran politik liberal mempengaruhi dasar luar AS seperti yang terlihat pada penekanan AS terhadap polisi mempromosikan demokrasi. Disamping itu, kertas kerja ini juga turut menjelaskan implikasi pemikiran politik liberal dalam dasar luar AS telah mendorong kuasa dunia liberal (liberal great power) tersebut untuk melaksanakan pendekatan tertentu seperti perubahan rejim dan campur tangan yang lain, sama ada atas faktor kemanusian (humanitarian) atau dijustifikasikan atas nama pendemokrasian. Kertas kerja ini menyimpulkan bahawa dasar luar hegemoni liberal AS ini selain bermatlamat mempertahankan hegemoninya, implikasi negatifnya terhadap Timur Tengah adalah wujud dari sudut kestabilan negara-negara Islam yang terlibat.
Starting from the contemporary approaches to the issue, the studies in this
collected volume reconstruct how civilizational paradigms and narratives
have been used to explain political relations, to define the global order, to
justify attempts to gain hegemony over particular geopolitical areas, and to
make predictions on global developments in specific times of crisis. Civilizational
narratives, paradigms and models are considered in light of their
crucial role in consolidating the belief in, and the identity of, imagined communities
by politically supporting, justifying, or delegitimizing the practices
of political institutions and agents. The theories of civilization are seen here
Introduction 9
also, as Archin Adib- Moghaddam does,47 as discourses that permeate the
public opinion and politics, but, at the same time, differently, the power
structures that they imply are highlighted through a plurality of methods, that
range from comparative approach, to the analysis of intellectual discourse,
to the political analysis of the models suggested by the different theories,
to a geopolitical approach. In particular, this book analyzes the concepts of
civilization as they have been used in the intellectual and political discourse
in periods particularly critical for global relations and for the consolidation
or contestation of the West’s dominant role in international, national politics
and academic discourse. In order to understand the impact of civilizational
narratives on politics and public opinion, the studies in this book consider
civilizations not only as academic issues, but altogether as components of
wider cultural and political discourses which justify and enhance political
practices intended to consolidate, defend or contest an internal and international
political order.
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