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Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol.6, No.6, 2016
146
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices on Solid Waste Management
among Undergraduate Students in a Philippine State University
Eveth P. Barloa
1
, Lustina P. Lapie
2
, and Christian Paul P. de la Cruz
2*
1. Los Baños National High School, Los Baños 4031, Laguna, Philippines
2. Graduate Studies and Applied Research, College of Teacher Education, Laguna State Polytechnic
University – Los Baños Campus, Los Baños 4030, Laguna, Philippines
Abstract
This cross-sectional survey was conducted to capture the knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAPs) on solid
waste management (SWM) from a total of 2,528 undergraduate students enrolled in the Laguna State
Polytechnic University – Los Baños Campus (LSPU-LBC) during the 2nd Semester, A.Y. 2015-16. While most
students had satisfactory levels for knowledge (73.4%) and attitude (71.0%) on SWM-related matters, less than
half (43.1%), showed satisfactory practice level. Similarly, the relatively higher average rating for knowledge
(87.8%) and attitude (87.0%) of the students were both inconsistent with the lower average practice rating
(72.5%). The average KAP rating was 82.3%, with merely half (55%) had satisfactory KAP ratings. The
interaction effect between knowledge and attitude ratings significantly predicted the students’ practice rating
(r
2
=0.11; P<0.005). The students’ average KAP ratings were also somehow also linked to their social status,
whereby, satisfactory KAP rating was significantly associated with students from medium-sized families (5-9
members), having parents with moderate academic backgrounds and held permanent jobs. The students’
perceived abundance-ranking for some common household solid wastes, as well as household solid waste-
stocking preference and disposal systems are also presented. Inclusion of relevant topics–with emphasis on
proper SWM and other solid waste-issues–in the undergraduate curriculum of LSPU-LBC is recommended to
promote awareness on environmental issues and improve attitude of college students towards environmentally-
sustainable practices.
Keywords: Environment, KAP, Philippines, Solid waste management, Students
1. Introduction
The persistent increase in human population and rapid industrialization has caused the continuing global
problems on improper wastes disposal (Atienza, 2008). The major drawbacks concerning wastes management,
especially in the developing countries are the ineffective waste collection strategies and the lack of disposal sites
(Reyes et al., 2013). It has been suggested, likewise, that practices of basic solid waste management (SWM) are
often neglected at the individual level (Licy et al., 2013). While most people are aware of the negative impacts of
mismanaged wastes on the environment, their negative attitude coupled with insufficient environmental
knowledge among individuals usually corresponds to poor practices towards maintaining good environmental
conditions (Licy et al., 2013). Enactment of certain policies relevant to improving environmental sanitation and
community-perception on waste management is a matter of national urgency to minimize imminent outbreaks of
diseases and adverse impacts on the economy due to loss of workdays, treatment cost, and clean-up activities
(Joseph, 2006). Thus, the Ecological Solid Waste Management or Republic Act 9003 in the Philippines mandates
the Local Government Units (LGUs) to implement programs on proper solid waste management at the municipal
level (Reyes et al., 2013).
The Municipality of Los Baños in the Province of Laguna, Philippines is a first class town, subdivided into
14 barangays and with an estimated 101, 884 human population as of 2010 census (NSO, 2013). Several
important research agencies and institutions are located within the area, including the premier national
university, the University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB), the Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic,
and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCAARRD) of the Department of Science and Technology
(DOST), and the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), among others. In recognition of its role as a center
for research, development, and environmental preservation, Los Baños was declared as a Special Science and
Nature City of the Philippines through Presidential Proclamation No. 349. Therefore, Los Baños is expected to
maintain good environmental standing and should serve as model community of the environment in the entire
country.
The “Anti-littering and Waste Segregation Program” has been implemented in Los Baños through a
municipal ordinance. The ordinance enforces strict waste segregation schemes, collection schedule of
Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol.6, No.6, 2016
147
biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes, and execution of corresponding penalties for non-compliance. The
town’s open dumpsite was converted into an Ecological Waste Processing Center (EWPC) in June 2004. The
EWPC was declared as an MRF by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), with the
following operational procedures: segregation at source, unloading of bio-wastes, final sorting of bio-waste,
composting, and shredding of residual waste specifically plastics. Unfortunately, problems linked to solid wastes
continue to persist in the town. To possibly achieve good environmental status, genuine concern to preserve the
environment plus improvement in practice level should initially emanate from the members of the community.
According to Arora and Agarwal (2011), the problems of waste management are predominant in developing
countries without substantial environmental awareness programs for the community.
Several community surveys have sought to capture the level of knowledge, attitude, practices (KAP) among
students regarding the environment. Students are particularly targeted since they are regarded as the future of the
nation and schools are expected to develop their potential as advocates of sustainable environment (Ahmad et al.,
2015). Studies have also shown that students exhibit moderate to unsatisfactory practice level on waste
management (Desa et al., 2011; Adeolu et al., 2014; Ahmad et al., 2015). Therefore, this study was conducted to
capture the level of knowledge, attitude, and practices of college students on solid waste management. This is to
elucidate the roots of continuing problems on solid wastes towards improved environmental integrity, especially
in the Municipality of Los Baños.
2. Methodology
2.1 Research Design
The cross-sectional study design was adopted in conducting the KAP survey as a form educational diagnosis for
targeted communities (Kaliyaperumal et al., 2004). This study involved college students enrolled in different
degree programs under several College Units in Laguna State Polytechnic University Los Baños Campus during
the Second Semester, A.Y. 2015-2016. The minimum sample size of 385 was taken based on Cochran’s formula
to estimate the proportion of a dichotomous-response. In using the formula, the maximum variability of the
attribute (50%) was assumed, along with the desired 95% confidence level and 5% level of precision (Israel,
2013).
The cluster sampling technique was utilized to facilitate the selection process. Briefly, the total list of all
on-going classes was initially obtained from the University Registrar’s office. Each class was considered as
primary sampling unit and the minimum sample size was adjusted using the finite population correction formula
(Israel, 2013). Thus, a total of 86 classes (out of 106) across different degree programs were randomly selected
and all students present at the time of the survey were requested to join. Involvement was purely voluntary and
student-subjects were allowed to withdraw at any stage. The final number of students included in this study was
2,528 based on completeness and validity of their responses.
2.2 Research Instrument
Data were gathered using a three-part structured questionnaire prepared in English language and subjected to
pilot testing to ensure feasibility and content validity. The computed Cronbach’s Alpha was 0.794 and was
deemed acceptable according to a standard scale (George and Mallery, 2003). The first part aimed to collect the
socio-demographic profiles of the student-respondents. The second part comprised several statement-indicators
to assess the students’ knowledge, attitude, and practices using the Ruler and Option Scale (ROS) as an ideal tool
to generate interval metrics. In using the ROS, students with “agree” response on certain KAP statements were
further asked to rate their answer from one as the minimum rating up to 100% as the maximum rating. Other
options such as “disagree”, “no opinion”, and “not applicable to me” did not qualify for any amount of ratings
(Yusoff and Janor, 2014). The third portion of the test-form was focused on the students’ perceived relative
abundance of some common household solid wastes, solid waste-stocking preference, and waste disposal
systems as practiced in their homes. Prior to the actual survey, all involved faculty members were trained on the
proper administration of the survey questionnaire.
2.3 Statistical Analysis
All data were organized in a spread sheet and subsequent separate cross-checking was done by two different
individuals. All categorical measurements were coded numerically to facilitate data transfer and analyses. All
statistical procedures were performed in SPSS Statistics version 20.0. Actual counts, relative frequencies, and
Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol.6, No.6, 2016
148
mean scores were used in the descriptive analysis to describe the characteristics of the sample population under
study. Significant associations between continuous variables were examined in linear regression; whereas,
dependence of variables with dichotomous-response was statistically determined using the binary logit model.
The non-parametric Friedman test was used in comparing related measures. All inferential statistics were
performed at 95% confidence level.
3. Results
3.1 Respondents’ Profiles
Majority were residents of Los Baños (67%); females (51.2%); within the age bracket of 15-20 years old
(68.7%) with mean age of 20.2 (±3.21); and single (95.1%) at the time of the survey. In terms of their parents’
employment status, 51.7% and 66.7% of the student-respondents had fathers and mothers held non-permanent
jobs, respectively; regarding the parents’ highest educational attainment, most student-respondents had fathers
(38.7%) and mothers (31.4%), who were high school graduates; finally, more than half or 57.5% of the came
from small families (i.e., 1-4 members); and most of them (48.5%) belonged to families with an average monthly
income ranging from five thousand to ten thousand pesos.
3.2 Students’ KAP Ratings on SWM
Individual ratings for knowledge, attitude, and practices were computed to describe the average KAP level on
SWM. Comparable average ratings were obtained for knowledge (87.8%) and attitude (87.0%); whereas;
remarkably low average rating was obtained for practice (72.5%). The average general KAP rating was 82.5%
and deemed unsatisfactory or needs improvement. This indicates that the lower scores in practice might have
pulled the KAP scores off the satisfactory rating. The average KAP ratings were subsequently converted into a
dichotomous-response. Thus, an average score of 85 and above was considered “satisfactory”, otherwise, the
student rating was deemed as “needs improvement” (Table 1).
Results on dichotomized-response rate on average KAP showed that most students had satisfactory
knowledge (73.4%) and attitude (71.0%) ratings. Interestingly, the number of students with satisfactory practice
rating was only 43.1%, suggesting that having high knowledge and good attitude did not translate into exemplary
practice level. Detailed inspection of specific practice statements showed that almost half of the student-
respondents did not show satisfactory ratings. Hence, of the total respondents, only 55% were shown to have
satisfactory general KAP on SWM.
Table 1. Average KAP Ratings of the Student-Respondents Regarding Solid Waste Management.
Measure Mean ±Std. deviation Assessment
Satisfactory (%) Needs improvement (%)
Average knowledge 87.84 ±16.8 73.4 26.6
Average attitude 87.04 ±11.5 71.0 29.0
Average practices 72.50 ±24.7 43.1 56.9
Average general KAP 82.46 ±12.8 55.0 45.0
3.3 KAP Associations
The univariate and interaction effects of average knowledge and attitude scores to the average practice score
of student-respondents on waste management and recycling were analysed using simple linear regression (Table
2). The univariate models suggested knowledge and attitude as significant predictor variables (P<0.005), and
contributed to the total variability of practice average score by as much as 8.5% and 4.8%, respectively.
Consequently, significant interaction was shown when these variables were entered simultaneously into the
linear regression model (P<0.005). Both knowledge and attitude were confirmed as unique predictors of practice,
and their interaction contributed to about 11% of the total variance of practice average score. The results indicate
the positive influence of increasing knowledge and attitude on the average practice score. Thus, compared to
students with lower average knowledge and attitude scores, those with higher knowledge and attitude averages
showed better average practice scores.
Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol.6, No.6, 2016
149
Table 2. Association between the Average Knowledge and Attitude Ratings of Student-Respondents and their
Average Practice Rating.
Assessment Pearson’s R Adjusted R
2
B 95% CI for B P- value
Knowledge 0.292 0.085 34.903 30.007 – 39.799 <0.005
Attitude 0.219 0.048 31.459 24.266 – 38.652 <0.005
Knowledge*Attitude
Knowledge
Attitude
0.328 0.107 0.370
0.335
0.314 – 0.426
0.253 – 0.417
<0.005
<0.005
<0.005
3.4 Link between KAP and Students’ Profile
The link between student-respondents’ profile and KAP outcome based on the average KAP scores was
explored in binary logistic regression (Table 3). The dichotomous-response of the average KAP scores (i.e.,
satisfactory or needs improvement) was utilized for this purpose. The potential explanatory variables including
sex, age, year level, civil status, parents’ educational attainment and employment status, household size, and
family income were entered into the logit model as categorical variables. The accuracy of the model was
improved from 55.0% to 62.3% and found to be highly significant (X
2
= 226.32, df = 20, P<0.005) when the
socio-demographic profiles were included. The logit model explained approximately 11% of the outcome’s
variation on the student-respondents’ KAP rating.
Significant overall effects were shown for variables under parents and family attributes; while, none among
the individual attributes examined was shown as unique predictor of the students’ KAP outcome. The variables
parents’ highest educational attainment and parents’ employment status had significant effects (P<0.005) on KAP
outcome. Compared to those from less-educated parents, students from parents who are moderately to highly
educated were 1.11 (P<0.005) to 2.14 (P=0.008) times more likely to have satisfactory KAP rating, respectively.
Similarly, students from parents having very stable employment status had increased likelihood of having
satisfactory KAP rating by 4.24 more (P<0.005) than those from parents with less stable employment status.
Having parents with moderately stable jobs did not, however, increase the probability of having satisfactory KAP
rating. These results indicate that the odds for students to have satisfactory KAP rating increases when both
parents have good educational background and hold permanent jobs.
Table 3. Association of Socio-Demographic Measures as Potential Predictors of the Respondents’ Dichotomous-
Outcome of their Average KAP Rating.
Profile B P-value Odds ratio 95% CI for OR
Sex
Male
Female
Age bracket
15-20 y.o.
21-25 y.o.
More than 26 y.o.
Year level
1
st
year
2
nd
year
3
rd
year
4
th
year
Civil status
Single
Couple
Parent’s education**
Least educated
Moderately educated**
Highly educated**
Parents’ employment**
Least stable
Moderately stable
Very stable**
Household size**
Small (1-4 members)
Medium (5-9 members)**
Large (>10 members)
Family income**
<5k Php
5k-10k Php**
>10k Php
-0.063
0.016
0.247
0.004
-0.049
-0.330
0.330
1.056
0.385
0.077
1.487
0.438
-0.006
-0.458
-0.139
0.454
0.464
0.878
0.216
0.963
0.970
0.667
0.773
0.104
<0.005
<0.005
0.008
<0.005
0.380
<0.005
<0.005
<0.005
0.983
<0.005
<0.005
0.249
1.000
0.939
1.000
1.016
1.280
1.000
1.004
0.952
0.962
1.000
0.104
1.000
2.874
1.469
1.000
1.081
4.424
1.000
1.549
0.994
1.000
0.632
0.870
0.795 – 1.108
0.828 – 1.247
0.866 – 1.892
0.809 – 1.246
0.762 – 1.190
0.739 – 1.252
0.935 – 2.069
2.142 – 3.854
1.105 – 1.953
0.909 – 1.285
3.208 – 6.101
1.306- - 1837
0.600 – 1.647
0.519 – 0.771
0.687 – 1.102
Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol.6, No.6, 2016
150
Students coming from a medium-sized family were 55.0% (P<0.005) more likely to have satisfactory KAP
ratings than those from small families. However, belonging to a large family did not increase the odds of having
satisfactory KAP rating (P=0.983). Thus, satisfactory KAP was positively associated with students from
medium-sized families. Students from families with monthly income of ₱5000.00 to ₱10, 000.00 were shown to
be 37% less likely to have satisfactory KAP rating compared to students with family income of below ₱5, 000.00
(P<0.005) per month. Significant changes in the probability of having satisfactory KAP rating were not
demonstrated among students from families with monthly income of more than ₱10, 000.00 and those earning
below ₱5, 000.00 (P=0.249) per month. The results suggest that satisfactory KAP rating was negatively
associated with students coming from families having a monthly income of five to ten thousand pesos per month.
These findings indicate that the students’ KAP on waste management and recycling were somehow linked to
their social status. Satisfactory KAP rating appears to be associated with students from medium-sized families
having parents with good academic backgrounds and hold stable jobs that corresponds to a relatively steady
financial source.
3.5 Perceived Abundance of Common Solid Wastes
Student-respondents were also asked to rank the common wastes in their homes in terms of their relative
abundance. Plastic was perceived as the most abundant (MR=2.27) solid waste in the homes of the student-
respondents, followed by papers with a corresponding mean rank of 3.59. The mean rank difference was found to
be statistically significant (P<0.005). Meanwhile, cans (MR=4.90), glasses (MR=4.53), food scraps (MR=4.05),
and yard trimmings (MR=4.86) tied in rank 3. Cloth and other types of waste such as diaper and cigarette butts
ranked the least among the common solid waste in the homes of student-respondents (Table 4).
Table 4. Relative Ranking based on Perceived Abundance of Some Common Types of Solid Wastes in the
Homes of the Student-Respondents.
Garbage type Mean rank Ranking
Plastic 2.27
a
1
Papers 3.59
b
2
Food scraps 4.05
b
3
Glass 4.53
c
3
Yard trimmings 4.86
d
4
Cans 4.90
d
4
Cloth 5.51
e
5
Others 6.29
f
6
3.6 Preferred storage systems
Inquiry into some of common ways on how to store solid waste in the homes of student-respondents was
also covered in this study. Plastic bags were shown as the primary choice to stock solid wastes among the
majority of the student-respondents (57.9%), followed by closed trash bin (32.5%) and open trash bin (24.2%).
The remaining few respondents answered “pile in the yard” (4.8%) and “sack” (1.5%) as their choices for storing
solid wastes in their homes.
Table 5. Preferred Solid Waste Storage in the Homes of the Student-Respondents.
Waste storage 1
st
Choice 2
nd
Choice 3
rd
Choice Not a choice
Trash bin
Covered
Just open
32.5
24.2
0.0
2.1
0.0
0.0
67.5
73.7
Plastic bags 57.9 0.0 0.1 42.0
Pile in yard 4.8 0.0 0.0 95.2
Others (i.e., sack) 1.5 0.0 0.0 98.5
3.7 Disposal systems
Students were also asked to disclose the type of disposal systems they practice at home for some common
solid wastes. Majority of the student-respondents disclosed unselectively disposal of food scraps, yard
trimmings, and plastics with other the types of household wastes. Meanwhile, papers, glass, and metal wastes
were predominantly recycled/ reused or sold to junkshops.
Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol.6, No.6, 2016
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4. Discussion
The use of KAP survey is an emerging popular method to assess community psychology and practices related to
environmental issues. In this study, the KAP survey was implemented through a cross-sectional research design,
to capture the knowledge, attitude, and practices of college students, specifically on solid waste management and
recycling.
In general, the study found out that majority of undergraduate students from LSPU Los Baños Campus,
during the 2nd Semester, A.Y. 2015-16, had satisfactory knowledge and attitude; however, less than half had
satisfactory practice level on several items on material recycling and participation in environmental programs.
This suggests that most undergraduate students, at the time of the survey were somehow aware of the importance
as to proper solid wastes management and recycling and they also exhibit good attitude towards these matters;
however, relatively few students had exemplary practice level.
Abdullah and Tuna (2014) also surveyed students from secondary schools, universities, and colleges in
Nigeria. The study revealed unsatisfactory knowledge level on environmental issues among student-respondents,
but they showed good perception ratings. The students were at least, conscious but they could not “explain on
why” environmental problems continue to exist in their community (Abdullah and Tuna, 2014). Similarly,
Rahmaddin et al. (2015) studied the KAP regarding waste management in communities near Martaputra River
Bank in Indonesia. The community’s attitude was deemed highly satisfactory, also their knowledge; however, the
participants showed poor actions towards handling and management of river-dumped wastes by non-
participation. The gap between knowledge and practices on household wastes was also indicated in the study
done in Thrissur City in Kerala, India (Licy et al., 2013). Meanwhile, another study has explored the village KAP
on solid waste management in Sta. Rosa City in Laguna Province, the Philippines. Results showed high
awareness and favorable attitudes on waste-related issues and topics, among the surveyed members of the
communities. Interestingly, the respondents also engaged in favorable practices on waste segregation
(Tatlonghari and Jamias, 2010).
This study revealed that the students’ knowledge and attitude were positively correlated with their level of
practice. The tendency of the students to minimize the use of materials was highly associated with satisfactory
knowledge and attitude ratings. Reuse of solid wastes including plastic/ glass bottles, cans, and paper and
rainwater was also associated with satisfactory knowledge rating, but not with attitude; whereas, preference to
use rechargeable batteries over the disposable types was significantly related to satisfactory attitude ratings. High
positive correlations between knowledge and practice level were also reported by Tatlonghari and Jamias (2010).
Similar to the findings of this study, respondents with higher knowledge scores were more likely to exhibit good
practice on solid waste management. Similarly, a study involving adolescents showed that pro-environmental
attitude positively predicts pro-environmental behavior (Meinhold and Malkus, 2005). On the other hand,
somewhat contrasting findings were reported in an environmental-KAP survey that involved students from 16
higher learning institutions in Malaysia (Ahmad et al. (2015). It was found that both knowledge and attitude did
not necessarily lead to sustainable environmental practices. The study highlighted that complexity of the
relationships between students’ KAP towards sustainable environment (Ahmad et al., 2015). The same findings
were reported by Ifegbesan (2010) in a knowledge-practice level assessment done in Ogun State, Nigeria. It was
revealed that secondary school students from the sampled zones were relatively aware of waste problems in their
school compounds, but the same students possessed poor waste management practices (Ifegbesan, 2010).
The apparent break in the knowledge-attitude-practices continuum was also demonstrated in another
community survey done in Angles City, Pampanga, Philippines. It was shown that high knowledge and favorable
attitude toward the environmental issues did not necessarily result in favorable environmentally-sustainable
practices (Ortiz, 2001). Also, Tatlonghari and Jamias (2010) did not found relational evidence between attitude
and practice, despite their findings on the seeming connection between knowledge and practice levels.
This study also points-out the significant relationships between KAP level and certain socio-demographic
aspects of the student-respondents. Findings show that students coming from medium-sized families with parents
having good academic background and held stable jobs were more likely to exhibit satisfactory KAP ratings.
However, students from families with monthly income ranging from ₱5, 000.00 to ₱10, 000.00 were less likely
to have satisfactory KAP ratings as compared to the students from families with income below ₱5, 000.00 or
above ₱10, 000.00. No similar published findings was encountered to support this result; although, it can be
stated that most respondents with unsatisfactory KAP rating came from 5k-10k family-income range.
On the other hand, the individual attributes including sex, age, and civil status did not demonstrate any
significant statistical connection to the students’ KAP ratings. Similar results were also reported by Tatlonghari
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and Jamias (2010), whereby KAP level did not vary between male and female respondents. Nonetheless, one
study demonstrated that compared to men, women were more aware of the importance of good behavior towards
the environment (Mapa, 1997). This highlights the importance of gender-fair campaigns and other-related
programs relevant to addressing environmental issues and proposed conservation measures. Meanwhile, a weak
negative relationship was observed between age and knowledge level (Tatlonghari and Jamias, 2010). Thus,
younger respondents appeared to have better knowledge relative to the elderly as revealed in this study. The
same positive correlation results between age and the respondents’ knowledge and practice levels were obtained
by Adeolu et al. (2014) in a study conducted in Oyo State Nigeria.
Similar to the obtained waste management data of this study, Tatlonghari and Jamias (2010) also reported
selling or recycling as the usual practice for papers, bottles, plastic containers, and tin cans. As with this study,
Tartiu (2011) also noted that many households discard solid waste with other types of wastes.
Similarly, indiscriminate solid waste disposal methods like open dumping and open burning was reported in
Nigeria (Adeolu et al., 2014). According to Tartiu (2011), findings of community-based environmental KAP
surveys, such as this study, are essential to attain significant improvement in waste management systems through
recycling schemes or composting, as well on the development and proactive implementation of processes or
programs that could address the declining community awareness on environmental deterioration and the much-
needed conservation strategies.
5. Conclusion
Higher knowledge and attitude levels were shown to be inconsistent with the students’ practice level, which was
found relatively lower. Nonetheless, both knowledge and attitude ratings significantly explained the outcome for
practice rating. Thus, it appeared that higher knowledge and attitude level had positive effect on practice level. It
was also shown that satisfactory KAP rating is associated with students having parents with moderate academic
backgrounds and held permanent jobs, coming from a medium-sized family. Environmental education is
recommended, with emphasis on issues regarding solid waste management and recycling, should be included in
the basic curriculum or certain course works of college students, to expand their knowledge and attitude towards
improved practices on solid waste management. Relevant seminars and programs on environmental protection
and waste management should be organized by LSPU and the Municipality of Los Baños to encourage students
and the general public to becoming environmentally‐responsible citizens.
6. Acknowledgement
The authors would like to extend their sincere gratitude to J. Barlao, N.L. Dandan, C. Ruin, and J. Ignacio for
their assistance during the conduct of the survey.
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