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Introduction and Key Messages
Abstract
In many ways, the last ten years have been rather good for developing countries. Average income growth rates have been quite high — in fact, substantially higher than in industrialized countries — and absolute income poverty has come down substantially (Chen and Ravallion, 2010). While much of this success in reducing poverty is related to particularly high growth rates in some populous Asian economies (including China, India, Indonesia, and Vietnam), substantial rates of per capita growth and associated poverty reduction has been experienced in the majority of countries from all regions. Even in Sub-Saharan Africa, growth has been higher than in rich countries, and poverty rates have started to come down, albeit only slowly and from a very high level (Bourguignon et al., 2008).
... Therefore, this latter issue should also be a concern of high priority from a policy perspective, as success in poverty alleviation may not guarantee success in reducing vulnerability (Chakravarty, 2018). In this regard, identifying who constitutes the vulnerable population, understanding the characteristics of vulnerability, identifying its determinants, and finding appropriate measurement standards become critical elements in devising policies aimed at eliminating this issue (Klasen & Waibel, 2013). This represents a pivotal challenge in China's current poverty governance: adopting a scientific approach to precisely predict the poverty risks of rural householders, conducting causal analyses, and ensuring early identification, intervention, and timely assistance to populations prone to relapse into poverty, thereby ensuring the stable transition of previously impoverished populations out of poverty and preventing the recurrence of poverty among vulnerable populations on the fringes of destitution. ...
This study investigates the nexus between household head gender and poverty vulnerability in the context of China's eradication of absolute poverty. Using a sample of 5061 rural households from the 2018 CFPS database, poverty vulnerability is quantitatively measured through the VEP model and the 3FGLS method. Additionally, the Probit model is employed to elucidate the ties between household head gender and rural household poverty vulnerability. The study uncovers an absence of significant disparity in poverty vulnerability between female-headed and male-headed households overall. However, heterogeneity is observed within female-headed households: de jure female-headed households exhibit greater vulnerability, while De facto female-headed households display the opposite trend. Notably, health risks are accentuated as a decisive factor, with female-headed households, especially de jure ones, experiencing significantly higher health risks than their male-headed counterparts. Moreover, the education level, household income, and assets are positively correlated with reducing poverty vulnerability and facilitating households' escape from poverty. These findings provide important references for formulating poverty alleviation strategies and more effective mechanisms to prevent relapse, thereby alleviating vulnerability to relative poverty.
Support from the CIREM is gratefully acknowledged
This report focuses on the dimensions of poverty, and how to create a better world, free of poverty. The analysis explores the nature, and evolution of poverty, and its causes, to present a framework for action. The opportunity for expanding poor people's assets is addressed, arguing that major reductions in human deprivation are indeed possible, that economic growth, inequality, and poverty reduction, can be harnessed through economic integration, and technological change, dependent not only on the evolvement of markets, but on the choices for public action at the global, national, and local levels. Actions to facilitate empowerment include state institutional responsiveness in building social institutions which will improve well-being, and health, to allow increased income-earning potential, access to education, and eventual removal of social barriers. Security aspects are enhanced, by assessing risk management towards reducing vulnerability to economic crises, and natural disasters. The report expands on the dimensions of human deprivation, to include powerlessness and voicelessness, vulnerability and fear. International dimensions are explored, through global actions to fight poverty, analyzing global trade, capital flows, and how to reform development assistance to forge change in the livelihoods of the poor.
This is the twenty-first in the annual series assessing major development issues. This report acknowledges that knowledge, not capital, is the key to sustained economic growth and improvements in human well-being. It distinguishes between two sorts of knowledge: knowledge about technology, called technical knowledge or simply know-how, and knowledge about attributes, that is, knowledge about products, processes, or institutions. The report focuses on the relationship between the unequal distribution in know-how (knowledge gaps) across and within countries and the difficulties posed by having incomplete knowledge of attributes (information problems). In the first of three parts, the report discusses the importance of knowledge to development, and the risks and opportunities that the information revolution poses for developing countries. It then examines three critical steps that developing countries must take to narrow knowledge gaps: acquiring knowledge, absorbing knowledge, and communicating knowledge. Part 2 discusses the nature and extent of information problems, specific information problems, and three areas where information problems are most severe, namely in financial information, in environmental research, and in listening to the poor. Part 3 summarizes what knowledge and information requirements mean for developing government and international institution policies.
A new data set on national poverty lines is combined with new price data and almost 700 household surveys to estimate absolute
poverty measures for the developing world. We find that 25% of the population lived in poverty in 2005, as judged by what
“poverty” typically means in the world's poorest countries. This is higher than past estimates. Substantial overall progress
is still indicated—the corresponding poverty rate was 52% in 1981—but progress was very uneven across regions. The trends
over time and regional profile are robust to various changes in methodology, though precise counts are more sensitive.
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