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The EU as an Agricultural Trade Partner
Abstract
Increasing trade across nations of the world has been one of the dominant features of post-war economic development. In the last 40 years, the share of world trade in total world GDP has more than doubled, increasing from a quarter of GDP in 1960 to nearly 52 per cent in 1999 (World Bank, 2001). In the agricultural sector, food exports have also increased faster than food output. This increase in volume as well as in value terms has greatly been facilitated by the establishment of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in the late 1940s, whose aims have been continued by the WTO (World Trade Organization). The way in which the GATT/WTO has enabled a greater economic integration of countries through trade will be examined in Chapter 8.
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The Barcelona Process has so far avoided full inclusion of agricultural trade in the Euro-Mediterranean Free Trade Area (EMFTA). Given the importance of agriculture in Mediterranean countries, an end to the agricultural exception would give an opportunity for the Southern Mediterranean Countries (SMCs) to reduce the adjustment costs of 'reciprocity' in bilateral trade with the European Union (EU). This paper reviews the measures that constrain the intra-regional agricultural trade. Southern European fears of the Mediterranean integration relate to 'North--South' asymmetries, including imbalances of Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) support among the EU regions. Rural development appears to be compatible with co-operative strategies to remove the political inertia regarding full introduction of agriculture in the Barcelona Process. Copyright 2002, Oxford University Press.
A team of researchers from the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO), and the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) collaborated to produce this comprehensive and even-handed attempt at defining the nature, extent, scope, and implications of what they term the "Livestock Revolution” in developing countries. Looking forward to 2020, they argue convincingly that the structural shifts in world agriculture being brought about by shifts in developing-country demand for foods of animal origin will continue and that increasingly global markets have the ability to supply both cereal and animal products in desired quantities without undue price rises. They emphasize, however, that policy decisions taken for the livestock sector of developing countries will determine whether the Livestock Revolution helps or harms the world's poor and malnourished. The report emphasizes the importance of continued investment in both research on and development of animal and feed grain production and processing, and the need for policy action to help small, poor livestock producers become better integrated with commercial livestock marketing and processing. It details a host of requirements in the area of technology development for production and processing of livestock products, potential benefits from new technologies, and critical policy issues for environmental conservation and protection of public health.
The same rule which regulates the relative value of commodities in one country does not regulate the relative value of the commodities exchanged between two or more countries.
Under a system of perfectly free commerce, each country naturally devotes its capital and labor to such employments as are most beneficial to each. This pursuit of individual advantage is admirably connected with the universal good of the whole. By stimulating industry, by rewarding ingenuity, and by using most efficaciously the peculiar powers bestowed by nature, it distributes labor most effectively and most economically: while, by increasing the general mass of productions, it diffuses general benefit, and binds together, by one common tie of interest and intercourse, the universal society of nations throughout the civilised world. It is this principle which determines that wine shall be made in France and Portugal, that corn sell be grown in America and Poland, and that hardware and other goods shall be manufactured in England…
The author attempts a systematic analysis of economic integration in Europe, basing his text on the empirical and theoretical studies of colleagues and on his own research. Three elements are central to the book: economics, as theoretical principles of economic pheneomena associated with the integration process, the development of the European economy and aspects of economic policy; integration, meaning the gradual elimination of economic frontiers between countries seen from both the internal and external aspects; and Europe, as defined by the EC member states. There are six parts: part 1 is a general introduction; part 2 covers the theoretical treatment of integration phenomena; part 3 deals with goods and services, labour and capital; part 4 covers the regulation of markets each chapter discussing a different sector of economic activity; part 5 is a discussion of the conditions for balanced growth of the integrated economy; part 6 is an evaluation of the results presented in the book. -after Author
There have been important changes in the international trade of processed and high-value added food products from developing countries over the past several decades. One of them has been the emergence of oilseeds and fruits and vegetables, replacing traditional products such as sugar, coffee, and cocoa as the main exports from developing countries. Another trend has been the collapse of African agroindustrial exports and the increase of exports from Asia. The paper highlights key trends, and explores possible reasons for the trends, focusing on trade policies in less-developed countries (LDCs) and developed countries (DCs). The paper argues that national trade policies and other economic policies appear to have been relatively supportive of agroindustrial production and exports in Asia. In contrast, policies have had more mixed effects in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), and seem to have been just one component in a larger array of forces inhibiting economic development in Africa. The performance of agroindustrial production and exports from LDCs may be now more dependent than ever on the completion of reforms in the agricultural trade policies of DCs. For Africa, however, a more supportive international environment and better macroeconomic and trade policies will not be enough to ensure a thriving agroindustrial sector within a broader process of economic development until military confrontations stop.
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