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The Effects of a Three-Month College Football Practice on Apo- proteins A and B of Inactive Young Men

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ABSTRACT This modern age is experiencing increased cardiovascular diseases and higher mortality rates due to inert lifestyles and bad nutrition habits along with stress. Apo lipoproteins A and B are among the most important prognosticating factors of cardiac diseases. Therefore, the present study attempts to study the effects of a three-month college football practice on changes in Apo proteins A and B in inactive young men. Through a public call, 30 subjects were selected randomly from male college students and were divided into two control and experimental groups of 15. The experimental group participated in 3 sessions of exercising per week and the control group had not practice at all. 24 hours before the first and 24 hours after the last exercise session, 10 cc blood samples were taken from both groups after 12 hours of fasting from the left arm vessel. These samples were centrifuged to separate the serum and kept at -70° c to be analyzed at a laboratory. In order to compare Apo proteins A and B of the posttest in both groups, covariance analysis was utilized. Results revealed that physical activities in the form of three-month college football practice change Apo protein A and B levels in blood serum in pre and posttests of experimental group significantly. Yet, the study failed to find significant differences in the level of Apo protein A and B of control and experimental groups. Key words: College football; Apo protein A; Apo protein B; Young men; Inactive

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Epidemiologic studies and clinical trials have demonstrated that the unique fatty acid profile of nuts beneficially affects serum lipids/lipoproteins, reducing cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Nuts are low in SFA and high in PUFA and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA). Macadamia nuts are a rich source of MUFA. A randomized, crossover, controlled feeding study (5-wk diet periods) compared a Macadamia nut-rich diet [42.5 g (1.5 ounces)/8.79 MJ (2100 kcal)] [MAC; 33% total fat (7% SFA, 18% MUFA, 5% PUFA)] vs. an average American diet [AAD; 33% total fat (13% SFA, 11% MUFA, 5% PUFA)] on the lipid/lipoprotein profile of mildly hypercholesterolemic (n = 25; 15 female, 10 male) subjects. Serum concentrations of total cholesterol (TC) and LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) following the MAC (4.94 +/- 0.17 mmol/L, 3.14 +/- 0.14 mmol/L) were lower than the AAD (5.45 +/- 0.17 mmol/L, 3.44 +/- 0.14 mmol/L; P < 0.05). The serum non-HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) concentration and the ratios of TC:HDL-C and LDL-C:HDL-C were reduced following consumption of the MAC diet (3.83 +/- 0.17, 4.60 +/- 0.24, and 2.91 +/- 0.17, respectively) compared with the AAD (4.26 +/- 0.17, 4.89 +/- 0.24, and 3.09 +/- 0.18, respectively; P < 0.05). There was no change in serum triglyceride concentration. Thus, macadamia nuts can be included in a heart-healthy dietary pattern that reduces lipid/lipoprotein CVD risk factors. Nuts as an isocaloric substitute for high SFA foods increase the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids and decrease SFA, thereby lowering CVD risk.
A Guide to the Laboratory of Sports Physiology. First Ed
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