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Discovering the Future: The Business of Paradigms
... Talking about the cognitive paradigm means discussing a set of ideas about how to do something, create it, or think about it as well (Britannica, n.d.). Thus, the cognitive paradigm is a set of rules and regulations that serve two purposes: they define our boundaries and impose upon us the way we act within these boundaries (Barker, 1993). In other words, the cognitive paradigm is not just related to the cognitive content of a certain phenomenon, but it also includes the thinking style, behavior, and emotions. ...
... This means that changing our perspective on ourselves, others, and the universe we live in, which is called changing the cognitive paradigm, is possible and facilitated by changing scientific theories. However, although change is possible, it is often not easy and can be a difficult and costly process, because changing the cognitive paradigm means that the entire world could change (Barker, 1993). In relation to value orientations, the process of change is also possible but not impossible; however, it is more difficult and resistant to change. ...
... They arise from the interaction between humans and their material and social surroundings, meaning value orientations are born out of necessity and are related to the human effort to adapt to this world. They are a lens like the cognitive paradigm(Barker, 1993;13 Bird, 2022;Gregory, 1974), but it is a lens used by ordinary humans to understand themselves and the world around them in order to maintain survival. The process of change is possible, though not easy, and despite our efforts, the effects of previous value orientations remain with us even after thousands of years. ...
The semantic dilemma in language leads to numerous problems that extend beyond our daily interactions and conversations to the very core of science itself. This issue has been noted by thinkers and philosophers for thousands of years; thus, defining our scientific terms becomes a necessary requirement. Clyde Kluckhohn (1951) and Florence Kluckhohn, with Fred Strodtbeck (1961), introduced a concept of great importance to the structure of social sciences, which is the concept of value orientations. These three thinkers formulated a profound definition for this term. However, the definition they provided can be categorized as an intensional definition according to Lyons (1977). In this research, an attempt will be made to add an additional layer of definition, which is the extensional definition of the term, also according to Lyons' perspective, along with another functional layer. The goal is to arrive at a three-layered definition of the concept of value orientations in order to achieve greater precision in the term for the benefit of both the reader and the researcher, while maintaining the original understanding of the term and not compromising its essence and significance. 2
... (Barrena, 2014, p. 4) So, if the disruption is not considered practical (and pertinent), associated with the perception of people who have the power and exercise it, it is very likely that the approach will be dismissed for not possessing the expected value and/or usefulness at the time, under a vision that omits speculation and is not in favour of 'what if'. Barker (1990) offers an example, which supports the previous statement, when he explains how difficult it was for Chester Carlson, in 1938, to sell his idea, the same one that gave rise to the photocopier and that, at the time, due to the inability to see its usefulness, the people who evaluated his proposal rejected it repeatedly. ...
... But Barker (1990), based on Thomas Kuhn, considers that paradigms are 'any set of rules and regulations ' (p. 25). ...
... Therefore the policies, norms and conditions existing in a company can and should be considered as paradigms. Barker (1990) also talks about the paradigm effect, which he describes as the impossibility of seeing what does not conform to our rules and regulations. ...
Disruptive thinking is associated with entrepreneurship through innovation. This study explores, through documentary research and inferential analysis, those aspects can be considered fictions and disenchantments associated with the exercise and practice of disruptive thinking during entrepreneurship. The main objective of this research was achieved by documenting three fictions and four disenchantments related to the use of disruptive thinking in the field of entrepreneurship.
... Age. Out of 24 respondents, six (6) or 25.0 percent of the school administrators' ages ranged from 50 to 59 years; four (4) or 16.7 percent had ages ranging from 40 to 49 years; eight (8) or 33.3 percent were between 30 to 29 age range. The data revealed that majority of the respondents were young or middleaged. ...
... or 16.7 percent had Bachelor's degree with MA units, six(6) or 25.0 percent had master's degrees, eight(8) or 33.30 percent had Master's degree with doctoral units, six(6) or 25.0 percent had Doctoral degrees and post-doctoral trainings, respectively. That indicates that all the school administrators were pursuing graduate studies. ...
... or 16.7 percent had Bachelor's degree with MA units, six(6) or 25.0 percent had master's degrees, eight(8) or 33.30 percent had Master's degree with doctoral units, six(6) or 25.0 percent had Doctoral degrees and post-doctoral trainings, respectively. That indicates that all the school administrators were pursuing graduate studies. ...
... Paradigms are defined as systems of thought with sets of assumptions that determine how people perceive the world (Amatucci et al., 2013). Tensions can arise when experiences and information do not match an existing paradigm: People tend to personalize and invest in a prevailing paradigm and feel threatened by anything or anyone that tries to change or dislodge it (Barker, 1993;Kuhn, 1970). They assume that because the paradigm has been successful in the past, it will continue to be so, given more time or resources (Barker, 1993). ...
... Tensions can arise when experiences and information do not match an existing paradigm: People tend to personalize and invest in a prevailing paradigm and feel threatened by anything or anyone that tries to change or dislodge it (Barker, 1993;Kuhn, 1970). They assume that because the paradigm has been successful in the past, it will continue to be so, given more time or resources (Barker, 1993). This kind of inability or refusal to see beyond current modes of thinking may be the greatest barrier to paradigm shifts (Harrison et al., 2017;Kuhn, 1962Kuhn, , 1970Kuhn, , 1996Smith, 2006). ...
Objective & Method: Pediatric patient populations are changing and health care environments are becoming increasingly more complex. Child life professionals must adapt to the realities of today’s health care spaces if they hope to make a difference in the lives of hospitalized children and their families. This paper explores some of the challenges associated with the current ways of thinking and theoretical orientations, which can impede professional growth and psychosocial care as a whole. For example, practice and scholarship continue to be guided by developmental theories, with little regard for how race and other social determinants may affect child health outcomes.
Results & Conclusion: As a way forward, child life professionals must consider engaging in a paradigmatic shift whereby new theories and approaches can address the realities of racial disparities and reject the antiquated views of childhood embedded within established developmental theories.
Disclosure Statement: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Funding Statement: No funding sources were provided by the author(s).
... Paradigms are defined as systems of thought with sets of assumptions that determine how people perceive the world (Amatucci et al., 2013). Tensions can arise when experiences and information do not match an existing paradigm: People tend to personalize and invest in a prevailing paradigm and feel threatened by anything or anyone that tries to change or dislodge it (Barker, 1993;Kuhn, 1970). They assume that because the paradigm has been successful in the past, it will continue to be so, given more time or resources (Barker, 1993). ...
... Tensions can arise when experiences and information do not match an existing paradigm: People tend to personalize and invest in a prevailing paradigm and feel threatened by anything or anyone that tries to change or dislodge it (Barker, 1993;Kuhn, 1970). They assume that because the paradigm has been successful in the past, it will continue to be so, given more time or resources (Barker, 1993). This kind of inability or refusal to see beyond current modes of thinking may be the greatest barrier to paradigm shifts (Harrison et al., 2017;Kuhn, 1962Kuhn, , 1970Kuhn, , 1996Smith, 2006). ...
Objective: Previous research has demonstrated that medical play intervention is associated with decreased pain, fear, and anxiety in children undergoing surgical procedures; however, these studies have typically examined one-on-one, adult-directed, and preparation-focused uses of medical play. Therefore, the purpose of this mixed-methods pilot study was to examine the impact of a group medical play intervention on children’s self-reported fear and observed anxiety in the pre-operative waiting area, and determine the feasibility of group medical play as a research intervention while balancing clinical care.
Method: Twenty children (ages 5 to 10 years) scheduled for a sedated surgical or medical procedure in the pre-operative services waiting area of a children’s hospital in the Southeastern United States participated in a 30-minute group medical play session facilitated by a Certified Child Life Specialist. At the conclusion of the group activity, participants used a pictorial scale to rate their level of fear about surgery at two distinct timepoints: prior to and after the medical play session. In addition, they responded to three open-ended prompts about their perceptions of the activity.
Results: Participant fear ratings were analyzed using a two-tailed, paired samples t-test, revealing that the group medical play activity was associated with a statistically significant decrease in participant fears about surgery.
Conclusion: In conclusion, group medical play as a research intervention was both clinically feasible and effective in reducing children’s fears about surgery, highlighting the value of group play opportunities for children’s coping in health care settings.
Disclosure Statement: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Funding Statement: No funding sources were provided by the author(s).
... But change we must. We are in the midst of a paradigm shift (Barker, 1993;Kaufman & Zahn, 1993). We in education--university, central office, school-scannot be loners anymore. ...
There is a creative tension between qualitative and quantitative researchers which encompasses differences on a wide variety of topics. Perhaps the most concise overview of various aspects of this debate is contained in Smith (1994). Part of the national debate revolving around qualitative-quantitative evaluation centers on the topic of teacher-as- researcher (e.g., Sechrest, Winter 1993; Reichardt & Rallis, Spring 1994). The situation is no different in Florida. The 1992 special issue of the Florida Journal of Educational Research (Emihovich, 1992) has generated much comment. At least one such formal comment, and rejoinder, was printed in the 1993 issue (Davis, 1993; Emihovich & Students, 1993). These were followed by a symposium (Emihovich, 1993a) and an institute (Emihovich, 1993b). And recently, there was an article by Vitale and Romance (1994) in the latest issue of FJER which treated parts of this discourse. The purpose of this brief position paper is to present three perspectives of a person who has been trained in classical research methods, has read and received some training in qualitative research methods, and lives – daily – with the practical realities of holding a central office school board researcher/evaluator position.
... The sociohistorical contexts of education perpetuate long held beliefs about the purposes of school, and indeed, different purposes of schools across systems (Barker, 1992). Schools reflect the beliefs of the day about what it means to learn, and hence, what it means to be a teacher or a learner. ...
Australian literacy classrooms are shaped by an unprecedented time of national curriculum reform. Australian teachers follow a national English curriculum with the pressures of national standardised assessment, state interpretation (state-based syllabus and support documents) and localised system requirements influencing their pedagogical practices. It is timely to consider how teachers recontextualise these external pressures in their teaching of writing. This paper uses reflexivity theory to investigate the interplay between social, cultural and individual influences on the materiality of writing classrooms. Through our conceptual framing of reflexive materiality, we analyse video tours created by elementary teachers (Grades 3–6) to highlight classroom components pertinent to their writing pedagogy and practices. Our analysis focused on theoretically-based instruction practices, teacher professional knowledge, opportunities for students to write, and the impact of the external context on the materiality of the classroom environment. Findings demonstrate a reflexive relationship between teachers’ system-based contexts and the substance of classroom objects, spaces, and teachers’ ideas and philosophies regarding writing.
... Another popular theory states that new paradigms create time trajectories that we can identify and exploit. The trajectory is begun by a "shifter" who radically changes the paradigm, thus creating or founding a new future-the potential for innovations (Barker, 1993). Barker explains how then "explorers" could discover-in the trajectories of these futures that shifters have set in motion-possibilities to create innovative products and develop them, working out or advancing the new future. ...
A greater understanding of the “content of time,” in terms of what happens within organizations, should assist scholars, researchers, and practitioners in their study of strategy making. To that end, this paper will examine what Scripture teaches us about time, specifically, the following aspects of time: (1) speech, (2) listening, (3) action, (4) life, and (5) intensifying forces. In so doing, suggestions will be provided regarding potential research directions.
... Barker says, "When a new paradigm happens, everything goes back to zero.". 8 The most successful are those organizations that have information and knowledge, known as "all brains, no body" organizations, which are diametrically opposed to traditional organizations, the so-called. "small brain, large body", which are essentially the organizations of the industrial age. ...
Modern working conditions are complex and dynamic, and therefore continuous monitoring of them is necessary. It is precisely because of this that in the educational process it is necessary to use the concept of knowledge management. The main goal of the research is to perceive the need to apply knowledge management through e-learning in education as a way to improve the educational process, that is, the focus is on determining the ways in which knowledge management affects educational programs so that they can more attractive. The paper is aimed at analyzing a very important point of view of the process of implementing knowledge management through e-learning, in order to achieve the set goals at each level in the educational process. The new modern operating trends indicate that electronic learning improves the quality of the educational process and thus has a positive impact on the personal development of each individual, thereby improving and advancing the quality of the entire educational process. The use of electronic technologies and the Internet, as a primary form of communication, is the most obvious feature of modern education. The goal is for students to acquire higher educational competencies, achievements and attitudes. This paper dwells on pedagogical innovations through electronic learning itself, which give a new direction in the introduction of a change in the way of learning.
... More Articles at www.aipractitioner.com Vision This part of the course began with a video entitled "The Power of a Vision" by Joel Barker (Barker, 1994) which tells the story of Victor Frankl, who was sent to Auschwitz concentration camp in Poland during the Second World War (Frankl, 1969). He decided three things: to survive, to learn something and to help others to survive. ...
... In his seminal book on scientific and other human advances, Thomas Kuhn (1962) explores where and how change occurs. These ideas have been expanded by Joel Barker (1993) and Barker and Erickson (2005) in discussions about how paradigms are formed and under what conditions there is potential for their modification through further experience. Barker echoes Kuhn in describing how major reformations rarely occur in the mainstream, citing examples of the emergence of Christianity, Islam, Protestantism, democratic governments, racial equality, women's liberation, and equity before the law. ...
Our commentary explores three critical issues related to ecosystem services. First is how ecoservices are currently designed and implemented primarily for human benefit without concern for how these impact other species. We conclude that awareness of this imbalance is the first step toward meaningful change. Second we observe that human exceptionalism guides most decisions, and ask whether we can overcome this mind-set to embrace ecoregeneration and design of resilient and mutually beneficial agroecosystems. Our attitude toward the challenge and moving toward greater humility about human roles that guide management decisions in the ecosystem is a requisite for change. Third we conclude that a broad focus on One Health could be employed in designing more resilient and reciprocal agroecosystems and guiding our actions toward creating future systems that will meet the needs of humans and other species in the ecosystem. Changes in our awareness of beneficiaries that embrace a more inclusive outlook, in our attitudes toward other species, and in our responsible actions that will enhance an entire host of biological players in the agroecosystem will be essential for mutual survival.
... The thinking of organizational leaders aiming to acquire marketing knowledge with a customer-oriented viewpoint must incorporate the following: freeing themselves from existing mental knowledge models (see Spender, 1990;Banker, 1993); a temporal and spatial system in which diverse, heterogeneous knowledge intersects (Johansson, 2004); new concepts to leverage and stretch existing resources and capabilities from a strategic intent (Hamel and Praharad, 1989); avoidance of competency traps (Levitt and March, 1988;Martines and Kambil, 1999) and core rigidities (Leonard-Barton, 1992; destruction of the organization's information filter (Henderson and Clark, 1990); destruction of the organization's power structure and "creative destruction" of vested rights and resources; breaking down the organization's structural inertia (Hanna and Freeman, 1984); breaking down successful personal experience and promoting strategic policies for future aims (Ackoff, 1981); and building a hierarchy of imaginative capability (Hamel, 1996;Mintzberg, Ahlstrand and Lampel, 1998). Individual actors, moreover, must deliberately shake up their "thought worlds" (Doherty, 1992) based on individual backgrounds and specialization from the viewpoint of the customer. ...
... In the context of the integration of Russian universities into global education, it becomes more and more important to develop the competencies of intercultural interaction among all actors of the educational process. [1] In the process of transformation of the material and technical values of the industrial society, the instrumental mind [2] the last century is replaced by the paradigm of fl exible thinking [3] In the process of developing internationalization, the environment of universities is constantly changing, this aff ects all its levels: social, informational, academic. The multidimensionality of the multicultural environment challenges educational organizations to determine the degree of cultural distance in an organization. ...
In the process of transforming the priority of material and technical values to the paradigm of flexible thinking, communicative interaction becomes a new value, which is a vital competence in the integrative multicultural reality of the global world, where cultural diversity is recognized as a key value. Diversity management is now dominant in organizational management, the ability to focus on organizing behavior based on the interaction of all parties in an environment where many cultures are intertwined. The multidimensionality of the multicultural environment poses a challenge in determining the degree of cultural distance in an organization. This allows us to understand the similarities and differences between the host culture and the culture of foreign visitors and students, and to identify gaps and barriers to intercultural interaction and adaptation tools. It also calls for the formation of all actors in the educational process of the necessary knowledge and skills that contribute to their adequate orientation in belonging to their own culture and awareness of the influence of their value dominants in practical situations of intercultural communication. Thus, in organizational management, host Russian universities face the challenge of recognizing their own cultural paradigm and thinking.
... Doubt, in fact, could motivate: freedom from ideological constraints opened up political strategies, and accepting the limits of what one could know liberated agents from their dependence on the belief that one had to know everything before acting, that conviction was a precondition for action." Doubt may help prevent what Barker (1993) describes as "paradigm paralysis" when it is assumed there is only one way to do something. This condition actually can prevent managers from exploring and considering other options. ...
Fast decision making, a propensity for action, and getting things done appearto be highly valued by both practitioners and academics in the United States. Undersuch monikers as exhibiting initiative, being proactive, walking the talk, and takingcharge, getting things done is widely lauded and promoted. As a result, most managersare content to deal with day-to-day operational activities that require immediateattention, daily routines, and superficial behaviors rather than addressing importantissues requiring reflection, systematic planning, creative thinking—and above all—time. To address this often unproductive busyness the authors propose active waitingwhich involves the recognition that not all problems are open to a quick fix andthat sometimes waiting can be a valuable option. However, waiting does not haveto be passive. The authors recommend that managers act like the skilled, veteranlions of the Serengeti plains and adopt active waiting in order to be able to seize theopportune moment in pursuit of effective business strategy. This paper offers a six-stepprocess to help leaders integrate active waiting into their supervision style andconcludes with recommendations for managers.
... Corporate enterprise survival requires having a sustainable vision supported by strategic and tactical plans for affordable systems, products, or services that the marketplace needs. Adizes (1988) and Barker (1992) describe how enterprises as well as individuals, professions, and societies, fail or succeed and must continually evolve as new technologies and methods become available. ...
Systems Engineering, as an emerging discipline was transformed from the Engineering of Systems in the early 1950's to focus on Managing the Development of Systems with a new Systems Management approach. The transformation was initiated to resolve conflicts between Engineering and Management paradigms that contributed to failures in post-WWII complex system development and integration of new technologies. By today's standards, the transformation was a partial solution with unintended consequences, namely Systems Engineering's qualifications as an Engineering Discipline. … Where is the Engineering?
To answer the question, we explore the SE Technical Competency Gap, what it is and how it evolved, explore its impact on the Engineering of Systems that contributes to project technical, cost, and schedule performance issues SE is intended to minimize, and illustrate how the lack of a core technical framework that defines its concepts, principles, and practices leads to the proliferation of misinformation by the uninformed. Ultimately, the SE global community has a conundrum – continue its unwitting Systems Management approach under the premise of SE … or … to institute corrective actions to … restore … SE technical core competency qualifications as a bonafide, maturing Engineering Discipline to where it should be today postures for the future.
... Segundo Joel Barker (1989), paradigma constitui um conjunto de regras e regulamentos que: ...
... These questions form a substantial agenda for research and debate as health professions' education evolves. A quote from the business literature is apposite: world' (Barker, 1993). ...
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What are health professions educators doing during the COVID-19 pandemic? A search of articles in MedEdPublish on the topics of COVID-19 revealed 39 articles published in the first 3 months of the pandemic. Topics included curriculum adaptation, guidelines for using technology, assessment adaptation, impact on students, faculty and career development, and conference adaptation. There was significant overlap among articles, particularly those discussing teaching, learning, and assessment practices. Common themes were adaptation, innovation, remote delivery, flexibility in the face of a pandemic, and how to continue to educate and graduate competent health professionals. All articles were descriptive, and none included data describing efficacy, likely due to the short timeline since the pandemic’s inception. Additional study is necessary to produce evidence for the teaching and assessment adaptations described. Some changes are likely to persist longer-term and may outlast the pandemic itself.
... Faculty all over the world are starting to upload their content to the web to provide learning opportunities for students beyond their classrooms. Having students in an online environment, either partially or fully, requires the instructor to learn new knowledge and skills that are crucial to succeed in creating high quality online learning environments because, as the famous quote from Joel Barker says, "When a paradigm shifts, everyone goes back to zero" and then "your past success guarantees nothing [1]." This is a reflective paper, in which I, the instructor (the first author), will narrate my experience on transitioning from teaching in a face-to-face classroom to teach fully in an online environment. ...
... The thinking of organizational leaders aiming to acquire marketing knowledge with a customer-oriented viewpoint must incorporate the following: freeing themselves from existing mental knowledge models (see Spender, 1990;Banker, 1993); a temporal and spatial system in which diverse, heterogeneous knowledge intersects (Johansson, 2004); new concepts to leverage and stretch existing resources and capabilities from a strategic intent (Hamel and Praharad, 1989); avoidance of competency traps (Levitt and March, 1988;Martines and Kambil, 1999) and core rigidities (Leonard-Barton, 1992; destruction of the organization's information filter (Henderson and Clark, 1990); destruction of the organization's power structure and "creative destruction" of vested rights and resources; breaking down the organization's structural inertia (Hanna and Freeman, 1984); breaking down successful personal experience and promoting strategic policies for future aims (Ackoff, 1981); and building a hierarchy of imaginative capability (Hamel, 1996;Mintzberg, Ahlstrand and Lampel, 1998). Individual actors, moreover, must deliberately shake up their "thought worlds" (Doherty, 1992) based on individual backgrounds and specialization from the viewpoint of the customer. ...
... it establishes or defines boundaries; and it guides you inside those boundaries in order to besuccessful. (Barker, 1992). ...
In the process of learning English pronominal system, EFL learners commonly face problems due to the need in the coordination of morphological attributes, syntactic and syntactic-pragmatic knowledge. In order to resolve the problem, this study proposes the paradigmatic presentation of pronouns as a structural plan for teaching this category. In this regard, the present research examines the effect of implementing this technique on high school students' command over English pronominal system. To this aim, 60 students randomly assigned into two classes, viz. experimental and control groups were selected. A pre-test to identify the level of learners and a post-test to detect the effects of the independent variable i.e. paradigmatic presentation of the pronominal system were run. The results of the data analysis revealed that learners' performance in the experimental group through the paradigmatic presentation was significantly better than that of the control group. Iranian EFL Journal 495 The results of the delayed post-test also signified that paradigmatic presentation of pronouns led to long term retention except for possessive and objective pronouns.
... Action without vision just passes the time. Vision with action can change the world (Barker 1993). ...
The current global crises, including climate, COVID-19, and environmental change, requires global collective action at all scales. These broad socio-ecological challenges require the engagement of diverse perspectives and ways of knowing and the meaningful engagement of all generations and stages of personal and professional development. The combination of systems thinking, change management, quality improvement approaches and models, appreciative/strength-based approaches, narratives, storytelling and the strengths of Indigenous knowledges, offer synergies and potential that can set the stage for transformative, strengths-based education for sustainable healthcare (ESH). The need for strong leadership to enact a vision for ESH is outlined here with the intent to enable and nurture the conditions for change, ultimately improving health and well-being across generations.
... Action without vision just passes the time. Vision with action can change the world (Barker 1993). ...
The current global crises, including climate, COVID-19, and environmental change, requires global collective action at all scales. These broad socio-ecological challenges require the engagement of diverse perspectives and ways of knowing and the meaningful engagement of all generations and stages of personal and professional development. The combination of systems thinking, change management, quality improvement approaches and models, appreciative/strength-based approaches, narratives, storytelling and the strengths of Indigenous knowledges, offer synergies and potential that can set the stage for transformative, strengths-based education for sustainable healthcare (ESH). The need for strong leadership to enact a vision for ESH is outlined here with the intent to enable and nurture the conditions for change, ultimately improving health and well-being across generations.
... These questions form a substantial agenda for research and debate as health professions' education evolves. A quote from the business literature is apposite: world' (Barker, 1993). ...
What are health professions educators doing during the COVID-19 pandemic? A search of articles in MedEdPublish on the topics of COVID-19 revealed 39 articles published in the first 3 months of the pandemic. Topics included curriculum adaptation, guidelines for using technology, assessment adaptation, impact on students, faculty and career development, and conference adaptation. There was significant overlap among articles, particularly those discussing teaching, learning, and assessment practices. Common themes were adaptation, innovation, remote delivery, flexibility in the face of a pandemic, and how to continue to educate and graduate competent health professionals. All articles were descriptive, and none included data describing efficacy, likely due to the short timeline since the pandemic's inception. Additional study is necessary to produce evidence for the teaching and assessment adaptations described. Some changes are likely to persist longer-term and may outlast the pandemic itself.
... Looked at the other way around, engineers working in the product development department of a large automobile manufacturer would be unlikely to stake their careers on an electronic matter transmitter as a means of mass transport, since such a device is unimaginable in the context of existing knowledge. A striking example of the way knowledge, although absolutely indispensable, can endanger Industry-4.0 capability is seen in Barker's (1993) account of how Sony initially decided not to proceed with the development of music CDs in the mid-1970s, because their knowledge of the LPs of the time led them to believe that CDs would be the same size as LPs, and that such huge CDs would hold so much music that, for instance, they would be unaffordable. The company's familiarity with provision of music on discs 12 inches [30 cm] in diameter channelled their thinking in a specific direction and made it difficult for them to envisage compact discs. ...
To be published by Bertelsmann (2021)] CHAPTER 1 Engineering: The open-ended profession The age of Industry 4.0 that is now emerging involves a new kind of interaction between humans and cyber-physical systems, and engineers need to be equipped for this interaction. The necessary preparedness involves not only traditional technological knowledge and skills but also appropriate personal properties. Understanding and promoting the latter requires a "cyber-psychology," the core of which is "capability-focused technological fluency" (CFTF). Naturally, CFTF requires possession of fixed skills relevant to a specific discipline (in the case of engineering, technological fluency-TF), but it also involves general capabilities that can be applied to any kind of task, in any domain, at any time, and in any place (capability focus-CF). At its heart are two meta-competencies: updating of knowledge, on the one hand, and using knowledge to cope with novelty and uncertainty, on the other. Promoting these requires an appropriate educational approach encompassing not only cognitive components, such as knowledge, thinking and communication, but also personal properties, such as openness to novelty, tolerance of complexity, willingness to take risks, or self-confidence in the face of uncertainty. This requires "two-dimensional" engineering education which promotes both CF and TF.
... This part of the course began with a video entitled "The Power of a Vision" by Joel Barker (Barker, 1994) which tells the story of Victor Frankl, who was sent to Auschwitz concentration camp in Poland during the Second World War (Frankl, 1969). He decided three things: to survive, to learn something and to help others to survive. ...
Appreciative Inquiry: Practitioners' Guide for Generative Change and Development
Kindle ASIN: B00IJRQHAI
As an initial outcome (Phase 1) of this multifaceted research, the ECOOPx (Emerging Cooperation) Model has been specifically developed in response to contemporary demands arising within our global society, characterized by continuous and transformative changes, particularly regarding intercultural crises and conflicts. Initiated by Leonard Glab Frontera and the G-Lab-2b ThinkTank in 2024, this model is designed as a dynamic framework intended for ongoing evolution. Throughout 2025 (Phase 2) and 2026 (Phase 3), the ECOOPx Model will undergo further enrichment and refinement through rigorous application of various qualitative and quantitative research methodologies, including documentary analysis, structured and semi-structured interviews, interdisciplinary peer dialogues, observational studies, surveys, and specifically, field expedition research conducted on the African continent.
The ECOOPx Model possesses the analytical capacity to examine and visualize concrete cases, identifying why cooperation fails to occur, with particular attention given to areas of resistance. Specifically, it isolates and investigates challenges within six critical dimensions which are interconnected: Communication, Trust, Urgency, Organization, Shared Vision, and Resonance.
Moreover, beyond identifying obstacles, the model provides actionable insights and potential solutions to facilitate successful intercultural cooperation. It enables an assessment of current readiness levels for cooperation and outlines pathways for progress. Given its multidimensional and adaptable structure, ECOOPx constitutes a versatile analytical tool applicable across various contexts, including scientific research, academic application, policy formulation, and the business environment.
Critical thinking (CT) is an essential tool for rehabilitation professionals in the 21st century. Well developed CT skills are indicated for rehabilitation professionals in the new century to promote continuous quality improvement of the service delivery system. Such improvement will occur as rehabilitation professionals learn to routinely anticipate change, transform rehabilitation agencies into learning organizations, plan change in a comprehensive and sustained manner, and utilize data driven decision-making. CT is a precursor skill that makes acquisition of these competencies more probable. It is also a base competency for rehabilitation professionals to engage with the complexities of today's system in a contemplative, analytical, and discerning manner, ultimately toward promotion of what is best for the system and its customers. A CT skills framework is presented as well as the benefits of and strategies for exposing CT skills to graduate students and practicing rehabilitation professionals.
Abordagem de um modelo conceitual e prático de planejamento estratégico aplicável a Organizações do Setor de Transportes, quer sejam públicas ou privadas, enfocando a descrição de uma proposta metodológica com enfoque na perspectiva construtivista; a descrição detalhada das diversas fases que compõem o desenvolvimento do processo. O modelo proposto é desenvolvido em quatro fases distintas: Análise ambiental interna, Análise ambiental externa, Encontros internos para formulação estratégica, que se destina à formulação estratégica propriamente dita da Organização e Sistematização das premissas estratégicas. A metodologia desenvolvida é fruto de pesquisas bibliográficas e aplicações práticas, refinada após várias aproximações sucessivas. O modelo metodológico desenvolvido considera não apenas uma estrutura de procedimentos lógicos, mas principalmente um processo que envolve as pessoas da Organização, extraindo delas suas percepções e sentimentos em relação à realidade com a qual convivem; além de possuir uma dinamicidade que permite relacionar as necessidades de um comportamento científico aos objetivos da Organização, à área de investigação e à ação profissional.
The purpose of the study is to assess paradigm shifts in society and their implications for Library and Information Science (LIS) education and training systems in Zimbabwe. The study was informed by the postpositivist paradigm which allows for methodological pluralism. Qualitative and quantitative methodologies were used to inform both the research design and data collection processes. The qualitative methodology was dominant, complemented by the quantitative. The strategy of inquiry combined case study with survey research designs. Respondents in the five study cases were surveyed using questionnaires and in-depth interviews. Documentary review was used to collect data on LIS curricula in Zimbabwe. The findings of the study show that the dictum of success of the industrial era is no longer valid in the era of knowledge. The shift of focus from capital to knowledge has created different educational needs that require different educational systems. The study also found that although LIS scholars bemoan the perceived decline of LIS education and argue for improvements, only superficial changes have thus far been observed. This lack of positive development has been attributed to conservatism, inertia and the favouring of vested interests. The study provides policy makers with evidence-based research critical for analysis, advocacy, forecasting and strategic planning of an effective transformation of LIS education and training in Zimbabwe. Further research needs to be done concerning the reasons why LIS faculty staff members resist making revolutionary changes.
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have become a subject of study by themselves, given the wide range of topics revolving around research in this area, which can be easily observed while searching for information in the most prestigious databases in the world. This chapter presents the characteristics of quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-research methods applied in the study of SMEs, since the understanding of these methods is a matter of vital importance to better analyze the particularities, environment, needs, and other relevant aspects of small- and medium-sized enterprises. Likewise, it is important to display the most relevant and significant variables to be included in the study of this kind of organizations.
Автор рецензирует книгу американского социолога Деймона Чентолы, который, исходя из принципа доказательности, предлагает переосмыслить доминирующие подходы к рассмотрению сильных и слабых социальных связей. Чентола указывает, что предложенное Марком Грановеттером объяснение соответствует логике простых заражений и ориентировано исключительно на выполнение функций быстрого информирования и реагирования. Для того чтобы идея или социальная новация прижилась, требуется комплексное заражение, которое опирается на сильные социальные связи, где участники тесно связаны друг с другом, чем создают избыточность при коммуникации. В межгрупповом взаимодействии важность приобретает не географический охват сети, а количество мостов между представителями различных сообществ. Подчеркивается, что идеи о сильных связях становятся краеугольным камнем не только сетевой социологии, но и социологии управления, поскольку в сплоченных группах с развитыми внутри них контактами существенно повышается продуктивность. Благодарность. Статья подготовлена при финансовой поддержке РНФ (проект № 22-78-00082).
Unsafe work practices can happen in many ways. The following lengthy list includes examples of potential causes: Excessive work for clinicians Too many unnecessary reports and requirements Over-dependence on technology Conflict between the need for professional autonomy and establishing the dynamically changing best processes Care delivery “silos” resulting from lack of interdepartmental teamwork Constant distractions and interruptions Too many policies and procedures, leading to a tendency to follow marginally effective methods Over-reliance on electronic medical tracking taking precedence over bedside discussions with patients Inattention to detail Lack of motivation to get, or resources for, a second opinion Quick diagnosis based on past observations Inadequate attention to medical equipment dangers Insufficient effort in infection prevention People pretending the negative would not happen to them Hospitals looking for quick profit Questionable alternate boards certifying physicians who may not be qualified A lack of passion for work Unfavorable workflows, such as labs located far from the emergency department A lack of clarity of what is required to assure patient safety Too much team consensus instead of challenging the quality of intervention
In order to continue its growth and development, each organization, enterprise or company, sooner or later meets the decision of expending the business beyond national borders. The time when for prosperity it was enough to know the national business has passed. We live in era when without knowing the international component no one can even imagine the modern way of doing business. The international business deals with some extra problems and issues of the complexity of the international business environment and their impact on the decision-making process. On the other hand, basic concepts and resources of the national business governance are relevant for international business, too. In the 21 st century, the business world has experienced major changes. Modern technologies have created unlimited communicational possibilities for organizations. We live in a globalized world which created a global business environment. In such environment, employees expand their knowledge and experience. The combination of given elements create a new business world where knowledge and information are the most important. Knowledge management represents a new way of thinking about organizations and sharing organizational and intellectual resources. This means that we should search for organizing and creating organizational intellectual capital as well as the enhancement of a culture of continuous learning and knowledge sharing. An effective management skills program should help an enterprise to incorporate the following: accelerating innovation by encouraging the free flow of ideas, improving the customer service, keeping the attention of employees by recognizing the value of their knowledge and rewarding them, improving all the activities and actions and reducing their costs by eliminating unnecessary procedures. At the global level, together with knowledge management, international business is experiencing its investment boom. Foreign direct investment is an indicator that tells us how fast is the expansion of the international business. Rezime: Radi svog daljeg rasta i razvoja, svaka organizacija, preduzeće, kompanija i sl., pre ili kasnije se sureće sa odlukom proširenja poslovanja van nacionalnih granica. Prošlo je vreme kada je za prosperitet bilo dovoljno razumevanje domaćeg poslovanja. Živimo u vremenu u kome se bez poznavanja međunarodne komponente uopšte ne može ni zamisliti savremen način poslovanja. U međunarodnom poslovanju, dodatni problemi i teme proističu iz kompleksnosti međunarodnog poslovnog okruženja i njihovog uticaja na proces odlučivanja. Sa druge strane, bazični koncepti i sredstva iz nacionalnog poslovnog upravljanja su relevantni i za međunarodno poslovanje. U XXI veku poslovni svet doživeo je velike promene. Savremene tehnologije stvorile su organizacijama neograničene mogućnosti komuniciranja. Živimo u globalizovanom svetu u kom je stvoren globalni poslovni prostor. Zaposleni u takvom prostoru proširuju znanje i iskustvo. Kombinacija datih elemenata kreira novi poslovni svet u kome znanje i informacije imaju najznačajniju ulogu. Menadžment znanja predstavlja novi način razmišljanja o organizacijama i deljenju organizacionih i intelektualnih resursa. To znači da se treba tragati za organizovanjem i stvaranjem
The COVID-19 spread over more than 200 countries is expected to trim the economy of different regions by 4–10% of GDP (World Bank, Global economic prospect, Press Release, 2021), raise level of unemployment and poverty, and derail the career and happiness of people all over the world. It has compelled the leaders to think and lead differently in the present volatile, uncertain, complex and ambiguous (VUCA) environment with new challenges like loss of comfort zones, disorganization, unpredictable speed and magnitude of change, sudden and severe fluctuations due to lockdowns, etc. They need to leverage compassion and creativity for taking decisions that will impact on large number of people. Positive leadership deeply rooted in spirituality, ethical and moral values like interconnectedness, universal responsibility, courage, meaning in life, patience and tolerance, learning and sharing, selfless service and self-awareness, interconnectedness, universal responsibility, courage, meaning in life, patience and tolerance, learning and sharing, selfless service and self-awareness that have contributed to happiness and well-being of people, can promise shared and sustainable future. The present paper attempts to explore the role of positive leadership in the present VUCA environment.
Obstáculos y factores que inciden en la implementación de una estrategia de negocios son analizados en el presente artículo. Mediante una revisión de la literatura pertinente, se describe un breve marco conceptual que identifica los principales obstáculos a la implementación estratégica exitosa. En seguida, se analizan factores que posibilitan implementar correctamente la estrategia de negocio. Se concluye, con el desafío de gestionar de manera interdependiente los factores analizados.
The future of the Afrikaans reformed churches in South Africa: possible, probable and desirable optionsIn 1994, South Africa experienced a radical paradigm shift which in some ways led Afrikaans reformed churches into a state of semi-paralysis. Over the past twenty-six years the church has had to deal with the resultant fallout. The fact that many setbacks had been overcome successfully, is an encouraging indication that the church has the potential of a brighter future. Bosch stated that as long as one lives and thinks within the patterns of a given paradigm, then that paradigm provides one with a plausible structure according to which all reality is interpreted. The quintessential question would be: what is the preferred future vision for the Afrikaans reformed churches? How is the journey to 2030 and 2040 mapped out? These answers will partly determine the outcome. When one evaluates the current situation, both positive and negative aspects have to be considered. The key question is, how can the positives be optimised, and the negatives minimised? With vision and scenario planning and the detailed consideration of possible, probable and preferable outcomes, an exciting future becomes possible. The challenges of membership, finances, consumerism and also Covid-19 can also be overcome. More informal church practises for those on the fringes are opening new opportunities globally – as expressed by for instance the Fresh Expression Movement. A new and vigorous focus on relationships, care, community involvement and friendship missions may result in fulfilling the vision of the Afrikaans reformed churches. With compassion in action, Afrikaans reformed churches can in some ways blossom over the next two decades.
The article considers a theoretical aspect of the concepts ‘customer focus and a client’, as well as the use of information technologies which operate on the basis of the library of the Minsk Innovation University as one of the areas of customer-oriented services.
In 1994, South Africa experienced a radical paradigm shift which in some ways led Afrikaans reformed churches into a state of semi-paralysis. Over the past twenty-six years the church has had to deal with the resultant fallout. The fact that many setbacks had been overcome successfully, is an encouraging indication that the church has the potential of a brighter future. Bosch stated that as long as one lives and thinks within the patterns of a given paradigm, then that paradigm provides one with a plausible structure according to which all reality is interpreted. The quintessential question would be: what is the preferred future vision for the Afrikaans reformed churches? How is the journey to 2030 and 2040 mapped out? These answers will partly determine the outcome. When one evaluates the current situation, both positive and negative aspects have to be considered. The key question is, how can the positives be optimised, and the negatives minimised? With vision and scenario planning and the detailed consideration of possible, probable and preferable outcomes, an exciting future becomes possible. The challenges of membership, finances, consumerism and also Covid-19 can also be overcome. More informal church practises for those on the fringes are opening new opportunities globally - as expressed by for instance the Fresh Expression Movement. A new and vigorous focus on relationships, care, community involvement and friendship missions may result in fulfilling the vision of the Afrikaans reformed churches. With compassion in action, Afrikaans reformed churches can in some ways blossom over the next two decades.
This study develops a Commonage Cooperative Model (CCM) to enhance consistency in performance and sustainability of small-scale pig farming SMMEs. It expounds on the economics of scale derived through resourcing among the alliances of wider stakeholders. Hence, it advances existing models in agribusiness-related strategic management that supports Local Economic Development (LED). Being driven by the government policies on cooperative development, the model encompasses a value chain of small-scale pig farming SMMEs that can cooperate to improve competition.
In this chapter we take a look at some, primarily, environmental sustainability issues in Sweden. Sweden is in many aspects a rich country with high social and economic welfare and it usually comes out as a country that has handled environmental challenges well. However, from a consumption perspective, Swedish consumers are among the world leaders when it comes to metrics such as ecological footprint and carbon dioxide emissions per capita. By using two paradigmatic views, the Dominant Social Paradigm (DSP) and the New Ecological Paradigm (NEP) we analyze sustainability in Sweden with a particular focus on energy use. We look at sustainability in the three broad areas of policies, corporate activities and consumption and in these areas we delve deeper into environmental sustainability issues concerning recycling and waste, energy efficiency, circular business models, sustainable consumer behaviors in relation to cars and transport, and responsible investments. We end the chapter by discussing implications for the future and the analytical framework and by developing a middle ground which we call ambiguous wavering.
This chapter builds on the previous chapter that focused on exploration of opportunities, as change leaders have to identify an opportunity and how to go about moving from the current reality to capitalise on the opportunity. Change leaders must develop a mental model or picture in their own minds about the changes that they want to propel or instigate. The chapter takes change leaders through a process to facilitate their Eureka moments and offer tips on how to facilitate others to reach insights and hopefully shifting mindsets or changing paradigms. These Eureka moments build commitment in employees to support the change process. We discuss the link between Eureka moments and innovation in organisations. Russia is an emerging market in this chapter, which receives attention, because Russia has experienced significant paradigm shifts in their history with the end of the Soviet Union.
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During the 2019 election campaign in Ukraine, one of the candidates successfully used the serial and political show.
The purpose of the article is to describe the use of the serial and political show in the election campaign, to find out the reasons for the successful use of these new forms of political media communication.
The study applied the method of social and psychological justification of electoral behavior under the influence of non-traditional forms of political media communication. The theoretical basis of the study is the theories of cognitive dissonance and cognitive congruence, social perception and causal attribution, as well as the socio-communication model of the «spiral of silence».
It is established that the success of the serial and political show in the election campaign is due to a number of factors: the presence of social expectations in society, a paradigm shift, social cognitive dissonance. It is found out that with the help of the TV serial the image of V. Zelensky as a successful and democratic president was formed in the voters’ minds, as well as the idea of a majority opinion was artificially created. With the help of a political show in which V. Zelensky acted as president and other political figures, the audience was convinced that his election victory was irreversible. He has become a well-known person among the population thanks to the popular serials and films that are broadcast on the television channel, which is the leader among the population in ratings and trust. This data confirms the long-term impact of television and impact of media linked to political parties on the election results. The results of the article can be used in planning political campaigns and in further studies of the influence of the media on voter behavior.
Key words: applied communication technologies, elections, media, television, political technologies, media psychology. </p
Within the family of changes that take place in organisations, incremental change is better known than its wilder sibling, radical change. While there is an extensive literature concerning the nature and implementation of incremental change, radical change is primarily treated theoretically and conceptually, lacking in an empirical foundation and the perspectives of experienced change agents. This omission is especially evident with respect to the population of interim managers, who tend to play critical roles as change agents and as knowledge bearers.
The study that forms the basis of this thesis was designed to address this gap in extant knowledge. The broad aim of the research was to explore change agent's perceptions, beliefs, and experiences regarding the nature of radical organisational change, when it is necessary, how it should be implemented, and how its outcomes may be evaluated. To fulfil this aim, in-depth interviews were conducted with 20 experienced change agents: a sample of ten interim managers experienced in leading radical organisational change, five consultants who specialise in organisational change and five line managers who were experienced in its implementation.
The research generated 176 diverse insights concerning radical organisational change, both within and across the three samples. While the interim managers offered strong pragmatic convictions, straight "from the gut͟", the consultants offered a more intellectual and theory-laden approach to the interpretation of radical change, with the line managers situated somewhere between these two worlds. These insights were condensed into a set of key findings and contributions to knowledge, providing an enhanced understanding of radical organisational change that is informed by the perspectives of experienced change agents. The study's findings also comprise informed contributions to practice, including a conceptual framework that summarises the leadership challenges that are inherent to radical organisational change.
Leadership is changing and is now more commonly defined as a shared, collaborative responsibility rather than an individual one. Preparing leaders in the 21st Century, will require a team effort. Those responsible for preparing new leaders will need to consider leader behavior along with new technologies and research based best practices to ensure that preparation programs are in tune with the world as it is now. Mind shifts in the way leaders perceive issues and problems will be essential to success. This issue is of particular interest to principal preparation programs which must focus on developing effective school leaders. One way to begin the process of change will be to redefine popular conceptions of 21st Century leadership. Aspiring leaders and learners will need to be exposed to new ideas, attitudes, and approaches to work—making these shifts will also be required to transition aspiring leaders from teaching to leading. School leaders, and school principals, after teachers, have the most impact on student learning in their schools. However, it is not clear that principals are prepared to make decisions about what works best for staff and students in today’s schools, new requirements and new accountability measures are in place, and many principal preparation programs have not changed to reflect what is now needed. In this digital age, being a leader for schools requires adequate preparation, experience, and good decision making: problem solving and technology leadership. An aspiring leader needs to make transformational mind shifts in their approach to leading. Technology changes also raise the bar for school leaders; the stakes are usually higher because of the anticipation around the likely impact of new ideas and newly adopted technologies. The school leader, to be effective, must also shift—their thinking, changing a focus from what happened, the events—to how they respond to what is happening now; from reacting to responding, from contracting to interacting. The way the new leader makes this mind shift and behavior transition; how the leader makes changes becomes a personal choice and responsibility. This article discusses the mind shifts necessary for the new leader to make, first in thought, and later in action changes in his or her personal behavior and awareness, in order to effectively and successfully manage and lead the change process to succeed in today’s school environment.
This chapter describes the challenge this book will address that faces decision-making managers and entrepreneurs and explains why there is an urgent need to resolve related issues in order to meet the challenge. After this challenge is clearly presented, this chapter turns its attention to illustrate why systems science and systems methodologies are the appropriate approach for managers and entrepreneurs to use in their daily decision-making while pointing out weaknesses existing in the widely employed methodologies – anecdotal analysis, calculus-based tools, and statistics-based methods.
The objective of this monograph is the assessment of the rural policy evolution in advanced countries by revealing its stages and regularities, and identification of potential improvement areas. The selected research object – the rural policy – is analysed from the perspective of public governance using different methodological approaches: historical, systemic, and evolutionary. That helps to reveal more sensibly the potentials of the most complex - evolutionary - approach and to suggest rural policy-makers management methods that take into consideration the new long-term economic, social, and environmental challenges faced by the society. For the first time the assessment of changes in rural policy ideas and measures relied on the method of qualitative structures. This method does not only help to understand the reasons behind the emergence of new rural policy ideas but also enables to forecast the future trajectory of their content development. Furthermore, the qualitative structure method frames clearer principles of the rural policy measure impact assessment that contribute to a more efficient use of the aid.
The first parts of the monograph introduce the analysis of the economic and rural policy in advanced countries, which is aimed at offering a concise description of the rural policy development circumstances and at highlighting the general trends in the rural policy ideas and management model change by making a "map" of such change in time. The research period starts from the ideas prevalent after World War 2, which gave rise to the development of the rural policy as a separate academic discipline as well as its emergence as an independent branch of economic policy, and covers seven decades. The key rural policy ideas are presented by addressing each decade in the second half of the 20th century and the first decade of the 21st century. However, it is self-evident that such classification is pretty much notional since the chronology of the popularity of certain ideas slightly varies in different countries since each country evolves at an individual pace and, as this takes place, the duration of the stages is not necessarily identical.
The research is focused on characteristics of the rural policy covering the overall aim, policy object, desirable impact to national economy, key measures, and main beneficiaries. Both the analysis of the scientific literature and the review of actual rural policy decisions documented in different political instruments of international organisations and most developed countries reveal a conspicuous sequence of the changes in characteristics. The set of the characteristics may be defined as the strategy. Each strategic model of the rural policy used as tool to industrialize the agriculture in advanced countries may be described as the evolution stage defined by the method of qualitative structures. The cycle of the evolution consists from six strategies: 1) Extensive growth strategy; 2) Intensification strategy; 3) Specialization strategy; 4) Risk management strategy; 5) Collaboration strategy; 6) Innovation strategy. The process of new strategy emergence and actualization in policy-making goes step by step from simple model to complex one. Furthermore, the ideas of the previous strategies are not disclaimed but rather complemented with new and more sophisticated tools. Therefore the policy measures required to put older ideas into practice can be used in parallel.
The development of knowledge-based society in rural regions is analysed as the new cycle of the rural policy evolution focused on the new kind of resources – knowledge. The framework of the rural policy which consists from six strategies defined by the method of qualitative structures is presented with recommendations on policy object, key measures, and main beneficiaries for each strategy.
The last part of the monograph introduces the analysis of the Lithuanian rural policy. As the evolutionary approach was chosen as the methodological basis for the analysis, the analysed period starts from the restitution of Lithuania's independence in 1990. Although during the period when Lithuania belonged to the Soviet Union the agricultural sector was industrialised, the privatisation of the economic system gave rise to completely new economic subjects that had to create their own farms and to start the evolution cycle from the beginning. Rural policy measures therefore gained in importance in order to speed up this process. The key rural policies and achievements in Lithuania are viewed from two different perspectives: the measures for the industrialisation of agriculture and the development of the knowledge society in rural areas are analysed separately. The review of the 24-year rural policy experience and a reference to the insights in the previous parts of the research as well as the latest managerial theories served the basis for producing recommendations regarding further rural policies and methods of their implementation, which emphasise the need to concentrate on the promotion of the development of a knowledge society in rural regions.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.