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Bidoupia phongii, new orchid genus and species (Orchidaceae, Orchidoideae, Goodyerinae) from southern Vietnam
Abstract
Species of subtribe Goodyerinae (Orchidaceae, Orchidoideae) in the flora of Vietnam have been the subject of a series of taxonomic treatments (Seidenfaden 1992, Averyanov 1994, 2008, Averyanov & Averyanova 2003, Nguyen, Averyanov & Duong 2005). Nonetheless, the inventory of this group remains incomplete due to their sporadic distribution, rarity in nature, and deficiency of available herbarium and living collections. Additionally, almost all Goodyera-related species rarely flower either in nature or cultivation, which makes available observations scarce. As a result, new data on species and records for the flora of Vietnam are appearing continuously (Ponert et al. 2014, Averyanov et al. 2016) in addition to the already completed accounts. One more curious novelty from Goodyerinae discovered recently in southern Vietnam is described and illustrated below.
... Seed production is the key factor for maintaining population renewal and development of plant population (Wang et al., 2019). Rhomboda tokioi belongs to Orchidoideae of Orchidaceae, previously misidentified as Hetaeria cristata (Averyanov, 2011), and is mainly distributed in China, Japan, Ryukyus, and Vietnam in humid, broad-leaved shady forests on silicate soils at elevations between 400 and 1300 m (Averyanov et al., 2016;Garay and Sweet, 1974;Averyanov, 2011). ...
... R. tokioi is mainly distributed in humid, broad-leaved shady forests on silicate soils at elevations around 400 to 1300 m (Averyanov et al., 2016;Garay and Sweet, 1974;Averyanov, 2011;Yam and Weatherhead, 1990). In most members of Rhomboda, its labellum has a deep pouch near its base, a narrow middle section, and often a hooked tip. ...
Seed production is the key factor for maintaining plant population renewal and development. Because of pollination limitations and other factors, orchids, especially rewardless ones, generally have low fruit set rates. In Rhomboda tokioi, however, the natural fruit setting rate is very high, more than 90%. Common reasons for such a high natural fruit setting rate include high pollinator efficiency, autonomous selfing, seed formation through apomixis and so on. To test these possibilities, we carried out field observations, morphological examinations, and breeding system experiments. The results showed no migration of pollinia into or out of flowers and suggested that the structure of the floral organs hinder autonomous selfing. Interestingly, the fruit setting rate of this orchid was still higher than 90% when the gynostemium was removed prior to flowering. Additionally, after hand pollination, the pollen tube stopped growing at a late stage and could not enter the ovule, indicating the seeds were produced by obligate apomixis. Morphological experiments showed that a megasporocyte first forms a chain tetrad and then develops into a mature embryo sac, while the embryo of the offspring developed from unfertilized egg cells. More interestingly, the offspring had the same number of chromosomes as the female parent. According to the existing theory of apomixis, we can infer that the reproductive model of R. tokioi is Allium-type apomixis.
... This paper continues our recent publications of new original data on orchid diversity in Vietnam (Averyanov et al, 2018a-c) obtained in the field studies mostly during years 2016-2017 since last our publications (Averyanov et al., 2016a(Averyanov et al., -d, 2017aAveryanov and Maisak, 2017a, b;Nguyen and Averyanov, 2017). Like previous papers, it summarizes the results of joint efforts of professional botanists and orchid enthusiasts on studies of Vietnamese native orchids from subfamilies Epidendroideae and Vandoideae leading to the discovery of 5 species new for science, namely Calanthe nguyenthinhii Aver., Dendrobium truongcuongii Aver. ...
The paper continues our recent publication of new original data on orchid diversity in Vietnam (Averyanov et al., 2018a-c) obtained in 2016-2017. It includes data on 5 orchid species new for science (Calanthe nguyenthinhii Aver., Dendrobium truongcuongii Aver. et Canh, Gastrodia khangii Aver., Nephelaphyllum thaovyae Aver. et Canh and Podochilus truongtamii Aver. et Vuong) and 15 species, new for the flora of Vietnam (Calanthe ceciliae, Dendrobium eriiflorum, D. griffithianum, D. hekouense, D. minusculum, D. stuposum, D. xichouense, Eria lancifolia, E. xanthocheila, Geodorum terrestre, Liparis condylobulbon, L. tenuis, Luisia teres, Pomatocalpa maculosum, Porpax ustulata). Annotated species list includes the valid name, synonyms, type, citations of relevant taxonomic regional publications, data on ecology, phenology and distribution, estimated IUCN Red List status, studied specimens, brief taxonomic notes, and illustrations for each recorded species. Lectotypes for two species, Liparis tenuis, and Dendrobium exsculptum are proposed. When the new data presented in this paper are included, the documented orchid flora of Vietnam reaches at least 1243 species.
... The paper continues publication of new original data on orchid diversity in Vietnam obtained in the field studies mostly during years 2016-2018 since last our publications (Averyanov et al., 2016a(Averyanov et al., -d, 2017aAveryanov and Maisak, 2017a, b;Nguyen Hoang Tuan and Averyanov, 2017). It summarizes the results of joint efforts of professional botanists and orchid enthusiasts on studies of Vietnamese native orchids from tribes Cymbidieae and Vandeae leading to discovery of 2 genera and 10 species new for the flora of Vietnam. ...
The paper continues publication of new original data on orchid diversity in Vietnam (tribes Cymbidieae and Vandeae) obtained in 2016-2018. It includes data on 2 genera and 10 species new for the flora of Vietnam. Among them, six species are new to science (Ascocentrum hienii, Biermannia canhii, Cymbidium tamphianum, Gastrochilus setosus, Malleola luongii, Robiquetia orlovii). Four other species are found on the territory of Vietnam for the first time (Bogoria raciborskii, Lesliea mirabilis, Pennilabium struthio, Uncifera obtusifolia). Two genera, Bogoria and Lesliea, are newly recorded for the flora of Vietnam. One new nomenclature combination (Ascocentropsis malipoensis), one new name (Ascocentropsis yunnanensis) and one lectotype (for Uncifera obtusifolia) are proposed. When the new data presented in this paper are included, the known orchid flora of Vietnam comprises about 1220 documented species from 174 genera.
... A photograph also allows for reexamination and reinterpretation of the scene in a different way than notes and diagrams could afford. Photographs are important alongside diagrams in describing the characteristics of new species such as this recently described species from Vietnam [1]. In the ...
Photography is a good way to capture and communicate scientific information. Knowledge of some key principles of photography may greatly improve the results achieved. Examples of the setup of photographic equipment and photographs are included as a guide to the reader.
... Notes. This is remarkable discovery of the second species of earlier monotype genus recently described from Bidoup Mountains in Lam Dong province of southern Vietnam (Averyanov et al., 2016c). New species closely allied to the type species, but distinctly differs in twice smaller flowers, ovary twisted on 180° (not 360°), short straight mesochile (claw), 1.4-2.2 ...
This paper summarizes results of joint efforts of professional botanists and orchid enthusiasts on studies of Vietnamese native orchids during years 2013–2016. It provides new original data about the discovery of 1 genus (Grammatophyllum Blume) and 29 orchid species new for the flora of Vietnam. Valid name, main synonyms, data on type, ecology, phenology, estimated IUCN Red List status, distribution, studied specimens, as well as brief taxonomic and biological notes are provided for each species and varieties. Eight species (Bidupia khangii, Bulbophyllum striatulum, B. tipula, Cleisostoma dorsisacculatum, Cymbidium repens, Dendrobium congianum, Flickingeria xanthocheila, Podochilus rotundipetala) and two varieties (Phreatia densiflora var. vietnamensis, P. formosana var. continentalis) are described as new for science. One combination (Bulbophyllum bicolor var. funingense) is proposed. An illustrated annotated list of all studied species and varieties is arranged in alphabetical order. Including present data, the known orchid flora of Vietnam comprises currently at least 1210 documented species from 172 genera.
This paper presents new data on the orchid diversity of Vietnam obtained in 2015–2021. It contains descriptions of three new species (Cleisostoma furcatum, Malleola micrantha, Schoenorchis hungii), one new variety (Chiloschista parishii var. minutiflora) and one new form (Cleisostoma furcatum forma albiflora). Additionally six species, Ascocentropsis malipoensis, Chiloschista sweelimii, Pomatocalpa undulatum, Trachoma rhopalorrhachis, Trichoglottis maculata, and Uncifera acuminata are newly recorded for Vietnam. The paper also provides an amended description of a very rare and poorly known species, Cleisostoma equestre. All studied taxa belong to subtribe Aeridinae (tribe Vandeae, subfamily Epidendroideae). The accepted plant name, main synonyms, data on type specimens, ecology, phenology and distribution, estimated IUCN Red List status, studied specimens, brief taxonomic notes, and illustrations are provided for each species listed.
This is the first volume in the new multi-volume set, Global Biodiversity. Each volume in this series aims to provide insightful information on the biodiversity of selected nations in particular regions. The volumes summarize the available data on both wild and cultivated plants, wild and domesticated animals, and microbes of the different nations.
The first chapter in the volume provides an informative overview of what is biodiversity along with biogeographic classifications. It provides explanations of biodiversity patterns and species number; biodiversity conservation, protection, and international commitments and cooperation; biodiversity threats and drivers of change (such as human population growth, climate change, land use change); and the economics of biodiversity as well.
Volume 1: Selected Countries in Asia provides an abundance of
biodiversity information on Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Indonesia,
Iran, Iraq, Japan, Lebanon, Malaysia, Mongolia (page 351-394), Myanmar, Nepal, and Vietnam. (119 color and 2 b/w illustrations. 548 pages with index.)
The orchid flora of Vietnam is the richest among all other regional floras of mainland Asia. Successive inventories show an increasing orchid number from 411 species in the year 1934, 718 spp. in 1992-1994, 897 spp. in 2003-2005, 1005 spp. in 2009 and 1090 species & 160 genera figured in 2011. Since last inventory, 116 species and 13 genera have been additionally discovered and documented in Vietnam. The present report summarizes published and new original data for the last 5 years. When the new data presented here were included, the orchid flora of Vietnam should comprise at least 1213 documented species from 174 genera. One genus discovered for this period in Vietnam has broad distribution in mainland subtropical and temperate Asia (Cephalanthera), 8 genera have broad Malesian distribution (Abdominea, Hymenorchis, Cordiglottis, Grammatophyllum, Macropodanthus, Microtatorchis, Octarrhena, Tuberolabium) and 4 genera are endemics of Indochina (Bidoupia, Drymoda, Lockia, Vietorchis). At least 116 species were discovered in Vietnam during last five years. Among them, 63 were discovered and documented as a new species for the flora of the country. These species form 4 groups: species with Mainland Asia – Himalayan distribution (19 species), species of South-Chinese floristic province (9 species), Malesian species (15 species), species of Indochinese Peninsula (20 species). Other 53 discovered species are local endemics of following floristic provinces: South-Chinese floristic province (6 species), North-Indochinese floristic province (15), Central-Annamese floristic province (4 species) and South-Annamese floristic province (28 species). All newly described endemics well illustrate unique character of local aboriginal floras of eastern Indochina and reveal some peculiar specific evolutionary threats in the orchid family. Brief illustrated data on floral morphology, distribution and ecology are provided for all newly discovered species. Expected IUCN Red List national status is identified for these species as well. Largest part of discovered species (67 species, or 58%) belongs to threatened categories: VU (20 species, or 17%), EN (25 species, or 22%) and CR (22 species, or 20%). Other discovered species (49 species, or 42%) belong to non-threatened categories: DD (32 species, or 28%) and LC or lover risk (17 species, or 15%). Totally for the last five years in studied area were discovered and described three new genera – Bidoupia Aver., Lockia Aver. and Vietorchis Aver., as well as at least 54 species new for science – Aerides phongii*, Bidoupia phongii*, B.khangii, Bulbophyllum bidoupense, B.blaoense, B.glabrichelia, B.phitamii, B.setilabium, B.striatulum, B.tipula, Cheirostylis glandulosa, Cleisostoma dorsisacculatum*, C.lecongkietii*, C.phitamii*, C.tricornutum, Cordiglottis longipedicellata, Cymbidium repens*, Dendrobium congianum, D.thinhii*, Eria grandicaulis, E.praecox, Flickingeria xanthocheila, Gastrochilus kadooriei, Hymenorchis phitamii*, Liparis caudata, L.honbaensis, L.longibracteata, L.longispica, L.ngoclinhensis, Lockia sonii*, Luisia parviflora, Malaxis subtilis, Miguelia cruenta*, Nervilia mekongensis, Oberonia dolichostachys, O.janae, O.ngoclinhensis, O.rhizoides, O.sonlaensis, O.tatianae, Octarrhena minuscula, Odontochilus aureus, Paphiopedilum tamphianum*, Podochilus rotundipetala, Sarcoglyphis tichii*, Schoenorchis hangianae*, S.scolopendria, Taeniophyllum phitamii, Tainia acuminata, T.cornuta, Trichoglottis canhii*, Vanda gracilis*, Vanilla atropogon* and Vietorchis furcata. Almost all these taxa are strict endemics of Vietnam. Orchids, names of which are marked above by asterisk (*) stand presently on the verge of full extinction.
DNA barcoding is expected to be one of the most promising tools in biological taxonomy. However, there have been no agreements on which core barcode should be used in plants, especially in species-rich genera with wide geographical distributions. To evaluate their discriminatory power in large genera, four of the most widely used DNA barcodes, including three plastid regions (matK, rbcL, trnH-psbA) and nuclear internal transcribed spacer (nrITS), were tested in seven species-rich genera (Ficus, Pedicularis, Rhodiola, Rhododendron ,Viburnum, Dendrobium and Lysimachia) and a moderate size genus, Codonopsis. All of the sequences from the aforementioned seven large genera were downloaded from NCBI. The related barcodes for Codonopsis were newly generated in this study. Genetics distances, DNA barcoding gaps and phylogenetic trees of the four single barcodes and their combinations were calculated and compared in the seven genera. As for single barcode, nrITS has the most variable sites, the clearest intra-and inter-specific divergences and the highest discrimination rates in the seven genera. Among the combinations of barcodes, ITS +matK performed better than all the single barcodes in most cases and even the three-and four-loci combinations in the seven genera. Therefore, we recommend ITS+matK as the core barcodes for large plant genera.
Bulbophyllum bidoupense (sect. Brachystachyae) and Schoenorchis hangianae (sect. Pumila) are described and illustrated as species new for science. Both species are local endemics of the Bidoup mountain system belonging to the South Annamese floristic province of the Indochinese floristic region within Lam Dong and Khanh Hoa provinces of southern Vietnam. Schoenorchis hangianae and allied S. scolopendria are rather isolated species recognized among their congeners by plagiotropic creeping plant habit.
A number of new combinations of names in subtribe Aeridinae are needed to bring species nomenclature for Vanda into alignment with recent phylogenetic analyses and a treatment to be published in a forthcoming volume of Genera orchidacearum. I present 17 name transfers from Ascocentrum, Ascocentropsis, Christensonia, Eparmatostigma, and Neofinetia to Vanda or indicate where there are existing epithets combined previously in Vanda.
As a result of Hon Ba nature reserve survey Hetaeria finlaysoniana, previously recorded from Thailand, Myanmar and southern China, is newly recorded from Vietnam. Description of studied plants is presented together with notes on ecology and photographic documentation. These plants were collected in southern Vietnam (Hon Ba Nature Reserve, Khanh Hoa), which is located quite far from other known localities and thus a larger distribution of this possibly overlooked species could be expected. Additionally, H. youngsayei is newly recorded from the same reserve, 540 km from the nearest previously known locality. Distribution of both species is discussed and an updated identification key for all Vietnamese members of the genus Hetaeria is presented.
In the course of revisional work on Continental African Bulbophyllum (Orchidaceae) two new species have been discovered.
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