Restorative Justice and Responsive Regulation
Abstract
http://johnbraithwaite.com/monographs/
... Retributive and restorative justice are two interlinked, but sometimes conflicting, notions of justice. Whereas retributive justice refers to traditional judicial processes in which punishment is unilaterally assigned to perpetrators (e.g., Carlsmith & Darley, 2008;Darley & Pittman, 2003), restorative justice refers to bilaterally rebuilding a sense of justice through reaffirming shared values between perpetrators and victims, with a strong emphasis on healing rather than punishing (e.g., Braithwaite, 2002;Wenzel et al., 2008). Unlike punishment, practices of restorative justice are rather heterogeneous, and typically involve direct interactions between affected parties, such as truth sharing, political apologies, material exchanges, and other forms of restitution to the victims (Menkel-Meadow, 2007). ...
... Restorative approaches to justice, on the other hand, have also been argued to empower victims, for example, by validating their suffering and returning to them a sense of control (Shnabel et al., 2009). The bilateral nature of restorative justice, however, should also help satisfy perpetrators' need for acceptance by rebuilding their moral selves and facilitating reintegration into their communities (Braithwaite, 2002;Wenzel et al., 2008). ...
... Despite their "intrinsically different nature" (Hayner, 1994, p. 605), truth commissions and criminal trials therefore have many shared goals. Unlike trials, truth commissions are more concerned with healing rather than punishing, and hence considered a form of restorative justice (Braithwaite, 2002). Like trials, the effects of truth commissions on achieving their purported goals have been highly contested (David, 2017;Van der Merwe & Chapman, 2008). ...
Transitional justice refers to a variety of measures that aim to address large-scale or systematic human rights violations in societies emerging from repression or mass violence. This chapter reviews the interdisciplinary literature on transitional justice with a particular focus on empirical studies attempting to uncover its effects on individuals affected by violence and repression, including victims, perpetrators, and communities at large. We first consider retributive and restorative justice as two distinct notions of justice that are of primary concern in the aftermath of mass atrocities, and then zoom in on the psychological implications of major transitional justice measures. These measures include criminal trials, truth commissions, material and symbolic reparations, as well as grassroot and hybrid measures. In addition, we discuss the case of impunity, or the absence of transitional justice. Our review highlights the advantages and limitations of different transitional justice measures in promoting human rights, peace, and reconciliation, and identifies directions for future research.
... With this in mind, in the second half of this article I outline one alternative conceptual approach to public/private relationships that replaces the traditional dichotomy with a triangular relationship, of state, family, and community (see figure 1). 1 This is followed by a discussion of how the model can help us to systematically think through the concerns raised earlier about the potentially negative implications associated with an increased role for the community in the treatment and prevention of domestic violence. Finally, as a means of exploring the insights generated by the model even further, I also engage John Braithwaite's (2002) recent work on responsive regulation. In particular, I discuss his regulatory pyramid model which, I argue, helps to significantly enhance our ability to explicitly engage the challenges posed by new state-community partnerships. ...
... Still, it is important to acknowledge that the model does not provide any guidance about when to take a criminal justice approach and when to take a less formal approach. In this regard, John Braithwaite's (2002) theory of responsive regulation provides additional insights into how such determinations might be guided: "The basic idea of responsive regulation is that governments should be responsive to the conduct of those they seek to regulate in deciding whether a more or less interventionist response is needed. In particular, law enforcers should be responsive to how effectively citizens or corporations are regulating themselves before deciding whether to escalate intervention" (p. ...
... Victims, especially those who choose to continue to live with the abuser during the rehabilitation period, would also need to be supported. Braithwaite's (2002) responsive regulatory approach has an explicit preference for taking the least punitive approaches whenever possible, expressed through a formulation that he terms "the regulatory pyramid." At the base of the pyramid are informal interventions that operate to change behavior through the power of persuasion. ...
... Braithwaite, again, gives us a way to think about and address these issues. Braithwaite's (2002) book Restorative Justice and Responsive Regulation is of great importance to social work and social welfare because it offers us a way to reconcile empowerment practice with the context of coercion in which much social work takes place. It offers an understanding of both the limits and the possibilities of a genuine, empowering partnership with service users or clients. ...
... Advocates argue that efforts to restore the social functioning of victims, offenders, and others in the affected social networks, is at least as effective in terms of recidivism and costs, but of considerably greater value than punitive practices when it comes to promoting citizenship and community-capacity building. In the long run, it is argued, restorative justice has the capacity to transform the role of the legal system in preventing crime and strengthening the response of those at the community level who first encounter it when it does happen (Braithwaite, 2002). ...
... To the extent that a restorative justice practice or practitioner sets into procedure expectations of shaming the abuser, requiring an apology or some other outcome, the risk of colonizing the process and the outcomes with formalism are increased. Braithwaite (2002) agrees and argues that in informal justice processes, apology and forgiveness often emerge in face-to-face meetings but should not be deliberately produced. The important question becomes how is it possible to balance empowering and regulatory processes in a decision-making effort that safeguards the rights of the individuals, especially to safety, and allows for solutions to emerge from the affected parties themselves? ...
... This is especially the case for social work as it is practiced in the legal-judicial and criminal justice systems, and in other settings in which interpersonal harm or group conflict has occurred. Braithwaite (2002) quoting Tony Marshall states that "[r]estorative justice is a process whereby all the parties with a stake in a particular offence come together to resolve collectively how to deal with the aftermath of the offence and its implications for the future" (p. 11). ...
... 11). Braithwaite (2002) identifies "the core values of restorative justice" as "healing rather than hurting, moral learning, community participation and community caring, respectful dialogue, forgiveness, responsibility, apology, and making amends" (p. 11). ...
... The exercise of restorative justice involves victims, offenders, their families, and their communities. Braithwaite (2002) contends that restorative justice and "responsive regulation" can also be applied at macro-societal levels beyond interpersonal crime. Such applications include the economic regulation of business, international peacemaking, and sustainable development. ...
This manuscript explores how the question of social justice is approached by some major social work theorists in the anti-oppressive practice school. The article then draws on ideas from moral and political philosophy and from critical social theory with a view to broadening and deepening social work’s theorization of social justice. The article points to six ideas that can enhance our thinking about social justice in social work theory: i) justice as equality based on the inherent worth and dignity of all human beings, and the rights that adhere to them; ii) justice as (relative) equality through economic redistribution; iii) justice as the flourishing of all species in a healthy and sustainable(natural and built) environment; iv) justice as moral integrity; v) justice as fairness; and vi) justice as restoration and healing. A broad and nuanced understanding of “social justice” in social work is more necessary than ever, as we carry out our work in the challenging contemporary circumstances of social injustice, inequality, environmental degradation, and the politics of austerity.
Keywords: Social work theory, justice, social justice, human rights, redistribution, environment, restorative justice
... What is needed is an approach to family involvement research that is consistent with the intervention's values of community and family empowerment. John Braithwaite's work on restorative justice may provide some theoretical concepts (Braithwaite, 2002a) and a method for developing theory (Braithwaite, 1993) that could be useful in current efforts to use family involvement interventions in child protection. In this article, I describe some key ideas from Braithwaite's work and then illustrate their applicability using evaluation research of family involvement programs. ...
... The specific organization of this process is less important than its core values, which include healing rather than hurting, moral learning, Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare Persuasion Figure 1 An example of a Regulatory Pyramid (Ayres and Braithwaite, 1992). community participation and community caring, respectful dialogue, forgiveness, responsibility, apology, and making amends (Braithwaite, 2002a). The key point here is that the values emphasize restoring whatever was disrupted in the dispute. ...
... Following arguments made by Desmond Tutu and others, Braithwaite suggests that securing peace in regional conflicts such (Braithwaite, 2002a). as in the Middle East, South Africa, and the former Yugoslavia requires the use of restorative processes that convince people that their human rights are respected and that give them an opportunity to mourn and forgive (Braithwaite, 2002a).He cites the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission as an example of bringing restorative practices to the grassroots level where they must be employed in order to promote sustainable peace. ...
... RJ also represents a revolutionary change in contemporary criminal justice philosophy and practices (Laird, 2021). Although retributive justice is the prevailing paradigm in contemporary American society, RJ has been the dominant justice paradigm throughout the world for most of recorded history (Braithwaite, 2002;Zehr, 2015). Restorative practices (RPs) support offenders in actively repairing damage they have caused to individuals, interpersonal relationships, and the community (Zehr, 2015). ...
... Participants sit in a circle and are encouraged to honestly share their thoughts and feelings in a collaborative attempt to understand the event and identify a plan for repairing harm to individuals and the community (Maryfield et al., 2020). In a process referred to as reintegrative shame (Braithwaite, 2002(Braithwaite, , 2006, victims and communities shame behaviors while embracing the offender(s) and holding them accountable to community values. An important aspect of healing and restoration may be neglected if community members are not included in the process (Patrick & Aden, 2021). ...
... Some of the feelings that are commonly experienced and reflected in restorative inquiry and conferencing include shame, guilt, remorse, responsibility, embarrassment, pride, and forgiveness. As previously mentioned, a salient example of the use of a nonjudgmental stance is the emphasis the restorative justice facilitator (RJF) places on reintegrative shame (Braithwaite, 2002). Restorative scholars make an important distinction between destructive stigmatizing shame, which communicates that the wrongdoer is a bad person, and constructive reintegrative shame, which communicates that they performed a behavior that violated rules or laws designed to ensure the well-being of others and the community (Braithwaite, 2002). ...
Restorative justice (RJ) represents a humanistic approach to addressing the harm caused by juvenile and adult offenders. RJ practices have been shown to reduce recidivism and enhance the holistic wellness of victims and offenders. The authors make recommendations for incorporating RJ into counselor training, identity development, and counseling practices.
... Para atender a complexidade do fenômeno dos crimes cometidos por corporações, Braithwaite (2002) apresenta a ideia de regulação responsiva por meio da pirâmide reguladora. A pirâmide é uma maneira de tentar solucionar o dilema sobre "quando punir e quando persuadir" (2002, p. 29). ...
... (BRAITHWAITE, 2002. p. 30, tradução das autoras) A intensidade do processo regulador aumenta com a empresa recalcitrante, que inicia com a abordagem persuasiva para uma advertência, então sobe para sanções civis e depois criminais, até chegar na punição tida como mais gravosa ao capital corporativo, com a revogação permanente da licença da empresa (BRAITHWAITE, 2002). Imagem 1 Fonte: Braithwaite (2002, p. 31, tradução das autoras). ...
... Assim, o processo regulatório responsivo perpassa por múltiplos tipos de responsabilizações de forma escalonável, pois o enforcement é piramidal -as medidas mais brandas cam na base e as mais severas no topo. Cada linha da pirâmide, para surtir o efeito responsivo adequado, deve ser aplicada no momento indicado e necessário, sendo que a aplicação dessas medidas deve ser transparente e pública para todos: Estado, envolvidos e sociedade (BRAITHWAITE, 2002). ...
... Nesta seara da criação de novas justiças, podemos citar como exemplos os círculos de cura desenvolvidos pelas Primeiras Nações Canadenses (JAMES, 1993apud BRAITHWAITE, 2002) e a diversidade de costumes africanos relacionados à justiça restaurativa (BRAITHWAITE, 2002). Originalmente, estas diferentes experiências, ainda como iniciativas isoladas, não faziam referência a uma ideia organizada de justiça restaurativa (WALGRAVE, 2011). ...
... Foi só no final da década de 1980 e início dos anos 1990 que tais práticas foram categorizadas a partir dos movimentos que as engendraram, com suas bases teóricas e princípios éticos, o que permitiu que estas iniciativas isoladas fossem agrupadas e denominadas de justiça restaurativa (WALGRAVE, 2011). Conforme pontua Braithwaite (2002), a prática restaurativa esteve, sempre, à frente da teoria. Foi somente nos anos de 1990 que comunidades acadêmicas representadas pelos pesquisadores Lode Walgrave, Alison Morris, Gabrielle Maxwell, Kathy Daly, Heather Strang e Lawrence Sherman, somaram-se ao movimento impulsionado pelas experiências restaurativas (BRAITHWAITE, 2002). ...
... Conforme pontua Braithwaite (2002), a prática restaurativa esteve, sempre, à frente da teoria. Foi somente nos anos de 1990 que comunidades acadêmicas representadas pelos pesquisadores Lode Walgrave, Alison Morris, Gabrielle Maxwell, Kathy Daly, Heather Strang e Lawrence Sherman, somaram-se ao movimento impulsionado pelas experiências restaurativas (BRAITHWAITE, 2002). ...
... For example, a change in school vending machine policy to increase availability of healthier foods may place relatively low agentic demands on users of the machine for them to benefit but requires agreement from the school leadership team and implementation by the vending machine contractor -both activities with high agentic demands. Conditions and strategies to enhance compliance of such actors have been discussed extensively in the literature, [17] yet an understanding 'what' these actors are required to do in order to implement interventions, resulting in a 'layering' effect of agentic demands in PHIs has not been systematically explored. [18] The current ad-hoc approach to classifying agentic demands of PHIs is inadequate for capturing their nuance and diversity. ...
... However, given that macro-environmental and microenvironmental actors are required in the majority of interventions this feels an important area to explore further. Related literature that was beyond the scope of our methods includes regulatory compliance, exploring the conditions required for such actors to comply with intervention implementation, [17] and may be a starting point to explore this further. is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in (which was not certified by peer review) preprint ...
The agentic demand of population health interventions may influence intervention effectiveness and equity, yet the absence of an adequate framework to classify agentic demands limits the fields advancement. We systematically developed the DEmands for PopulaTion Health Interventions (DePtH) framework identifying three constructs influencing agentic demand - exposure (initial contact with intervention), mechanism of action (how the intervention enables or discourages behaviour), and engagement (recipient response), combined into twenty classifications. We conducted expert qualitative feedback and reliability testing, revised the framework and applied it in a proof-of-concept review, combining it with data on overall effectiveness and equity of dietary and physical activity interventions. Intervention components were concentrated in a small number of classifications; DePtH classification appeared to be related to intervention equity but not effectiveness. This framework holds potential for future research, policy and practice, facilitating the design, selection, evaluation and synthesis of evidence.
... Restorative justice seeks to redress wrong-doing through the inclusion and open dialogue of those parties affected by a particular offense. Models based on restorative justice values offer an alternative to prevalent models of justice emphasizing retribution and rehabilitation (Braithwaite, 2002). The aim of restorative justice is to solve problems in a manner that elicits and integrates the perceptions and desires of those affected by the problem, thus, promoting active responsibility for solving problems. ...
... The notion that the families should be given the opportunity to self-correct before the state asserts its control over families comes from Braithwaite's (2002) model of responsive regulation, and it provides a critical theoretical underpinning for understanding the redistribution of power that FGC inspires among families and state authorities. The family retains its autonomy hence, decision-making power, to the extent that it is able to act responsibly. ...
... As violências estruturais e institucionais praticadas em massa nos encorajam a repensar as potencialidades da justiça restaurativa para além de um encontro e considerá-la como uma estrutura que oriente o diálogo sobre 6 de Braithwaite (2002), principalmente no que tange a não-dominação e empoderamento, permitem uma melhor, e mais precisa, interação entre o resultado, o processo e a forma que os sujeitos impactados experimentam e compreendem o alcançado. ...
... 458), pois, propriedade sobre o processo, podemos dizer que elas foram empoderadas -uma qualidade importante para uma paz duradoura. [...] Os críticos têm 6. Braithwaite (2002) apresenta princípios como contribuição para um padrão que esteja aberto à inovação e às diferenças culturais a despeito de projetos restaurativos. Esses princípios são orientações que orientam a construção do percurso restaurativo para que seja de fato transformativo e enfrente as estruturas ao cuidar das necessidades da sociedade na formação de cidadãos fortalecidos e comprometidos com a responsabilização pelos danos causados. ...
... These contrasting policy tools, here termed "direct" and "indirect" policy measures, have been variously labelled: "economic deterrence" versus "fiscal psychology" measures (Hasseldine and Li, 1999); a "deterrence model" versus an "accommodative model" (Murphy, 2005(Murphy, , 2008; "deterrence" versus "tax morale" tools (Ahmed and Braithwaite, 2005); "chauvinistic" versus "softy" tools (Cullis and Lewis, 1997); "command and control" versus "responsive regulation" tools (Commonwealth Association of Tax Administrators, 2006); "regulatory formalism" versus "responsive regulation" (Braithwaite, 2002); "market-based" versus "rights-based" tools (Vainio, 2012); "sticks" versus "carrots" (Small Business Council, 2004); "deterrence and incentives" versus "persuasion" (OECD, 2016); and "deterrence" versus "enabling" tools (Williams, 2004a(Williams, , 2006a. Each set of tools is now considered in turn. ...
... On how these policy tools can be combined, the responsive regulation approach envisages a regulatory pyramid, sequenced from the least intrusive indirect tools at the bottom and used first, to the most intrusive direct tools at the top and used last (Braithwaite, 2002(Braithwaite, , 2009). The outcome is that these tools are temporally sequenced. ...
... These contrasting policy tools, here termed "direct" and "indirect" policy measures, have been variously labelled: "economic deterrence" versus "fiscal psychology" measures (Hasseldine and Li, 1999); a "deterrence model" versus an "accommodative model" (Murphy, 2005(Murphy, , 2008; "deterrence" versus "tax morale" tools (Ahmed and Braithwaite, 2005); "chauvinistic" versus "softy" tools (Cullis and Lewis, 1997); "command and control" versus "responsive regulation" tools (Commonwealth Association of Tax Administrators, 2006); "regulatory formalism" versus "responsive regulation" (Braithwaite, 2002); "market-based" versus "rights-based" tools (Vainio, 2012); "sticks" versus "carrots" (Small Business Council, 2004); "deterrence and incentives" versus "persuasion" (OECD, 2016); and "deterrence" versus "enabling" tools (Williams, 2004a(Williams, , 2006a. Each set of tools is now considered in turn. ...
... On how these policy tools can be combined, the responsive regulation approach envisages a regulatory pyramid, sequenced from the least intrusive indirect tools at the bottom and used first, to the most intrusive direct tools at the top and used last (Braithwaite, 2002(Braithwaite, , 2009). The outcome is that these tools are temporally sequenced. ...
... These contrasting policy tools, here termed "direct" and "indirect" policy measures, have been variously labelled: "economic deterrence" versus "fiscal psychology" measures (Hasseldine and Li, 1999); a "deterrence model" versus an "accommodative model" (Murphy, 2005(Murphy, , 2008; "deterrence" versus "tax morale" tools (Ahmed and Braithwaite, 2005); "chauvinistic" versus "softy" tools (Cullis and Lewis, 1997); "command and control" versus "responsive regulation" tools (Commonwealth Association of Tax Administrators, 2006); "regulatory formalism" versus "responsive regulation" (Braithwaite, 2002); "market-based" versus "rights-based" tools (Vainio, 2012); "sticks" versus "carrots" (Small Business Council, 2004); "deterrence and incentives" versus "persuasion" (OECD, 2016); and "deterrence" versus "enabling" tools (Williams, 2004a(Williams, , 2006a. Each set of tools is now considered in turn. ...
... On how these policy tools can be combined, the responsive regulation approach envisages a regulatory pyramid, sequenced from the least intrusive indirect tools at the bottom and used first, to the most intrusive direct tools at the top and used last (Braithwaite, 2002(Braithwaite, , 2009). The outcome is that these tools are temporally sequenced. ...
... These contrasting policy tools, here termed "direct" and "indirect" policy measures, have been variously labelled: "economic deterrence" versus "fiscal psychology" measures (Hasseldine and Li, 1999); a "deterrence model" versus an "accommodative model" (Murphy, 2005(Murphy, , 2008; "deterrence" versus "tax morale" tools (Ahmed and Braithwaite, 2005); "chauvinistic" versus "softy" tools (Cullis and Lewis, 1997); "command and control" versus "responsive regulation" tools (Commonwealth Association of Tax Administrators, 2006); "regulatory formalism" versus "responsive regulation" (Braithwaite, 2002); "market-based" versus "rights-based" tools (Vainio, 2012); "sticks" versus "carrots" (Small Business Council, 2004); "deterrence and incentives" versus "persuasion" (OECD, 2016); and "deterrence" versus "enabling" tools (Williams, 2004a(Williams, , 2006a. Each set of tools is now considered in turn. ...
... On how these policy tools can be combined, the responsive regulation approach envisages a regulatory pyramid, sequenced from the least intrusive indirect tools at the bottom and used first, to the most intrusive direct tools at the top and used last (Braithwaite, 2002(Braithwaite, , 2009). The outcome is that these tools are temporally sequenced. ...
... Perlakuan yang seakan mengistimewakan pelaku dibanding korban tersebut menimbulkan pandangan yang berbeda. Para pendukung just desert theory menyatakan bahwa "it is unjust that offenders get unequal treatment depending on whether they have a merciful or a punitive victim, a poor one who needs compensation or a rich one who does not, a victim who will cooperate iin the diversion from court or one who will not" (adalah tidak adil bahwa pelaku mendapatkan perlakuan yang tidak setara berdasarkan pada apakah pelaku itu berkaitan dengan korban yang bermurah hati (suka memaafkan) atau korban yang suka pada hukuman (punitive), orang miskin yang membutuhkan kompensasi atau orang kaya yang tidak, korban yang akan bekerja sama dalam pengalihan dari pengadilan atau orang yang tidak mau pengalihan dari pengadilan) (John Braith Waite, 2002). Sementara itu, para pendukung restorative justice menyatakan sebaliknya bahwa "it is morally wrong to privilege equality of treatment for offenders over equality of justice which means equal treatment of victims" (secara moral adalah salah mengutamakan kesetaraan perlakuan bagi pelaku atas dasar persamaan keadilan yang berarti perlakuan yang sama dengan korban). ...
Parameter korban penyalahgunaan narkotika dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 35 Tahun 2009 dipandang terlalu sempit dan sangat sulit dibuktikan. Karena itulah, selain menggunakan undang-undang, aparat penegak hukum juga menggunakan peraturan-peraturan lain untuk menentukan parameter korban penyalahgunaan narkotika. Dengan cara seperti itu, pecandu dan penyalah guna narkotika bagi dirisendiri dapat dikatakan sebagai korban bagi pelaku tindak pidana peredaran gelap narkotika. Kajian ini membahas bagaimana pecandu dan penyalah guna narkotika bagi diri sendiri dapat dikatakan sebagai korban. Dengan menggunakan analisis viktimologi, kajian ini menemukan bahwa aparat penegak hukum menggunakan paradigma viktimologi positivis (positivist victimology) yang memposisikan penyalah guna narkotika sebagai pelaku tindak pidana yang sekaligus sebagai korban bagi tindakannya sendiri (self-victimizing victim). Paradigma tersebut menyebabkan penyalah guna narkotika bagi diri sendiri tidak mendapatkan hak- haknya sebagai korban, sehingga ada kecenderungan aparat penegak hukum untuk menjatuhkan sanksi pidana, meskipun parameter sebagaimana disebut di atas secara kumulatif telah terpenuhi.
... Existing forensic linguistics research tends to attribute the restorative power of conferencing to an outpouring of personal internal emotion (e.g. Braithwaite 1989Braithwaite , 2002, attesting to a lack of theorization to inform and possibly reform truly reintegrative performances of ritualized redress. In response to the emphasis on emotional power in restorative conferencing accounts, this volume argues that it is the ceremonial impact of iconization processes, that is, the foregrounding of interpersonal meaning and backgrounding of ideational meaning, that motivates social realignment and enables reintegration of a YP into the appropriate communities of concern (p.263). ...
This article provides a critical review of a monograph entitled Discourse and Diversionary Justice: An Analysis of Youth Justice Conferencing.
... Daarbij speelt een rol of de intrinsieke motivatie om zich aan regels te houden hier bestaat, en of ondernemingen zich net zoals individuen in deze dimensie onderscheiden. Daarbij is het nuttig om ondernemingen te classificeren in de groep die meewerkend ('compliant') kan en wil zijn, en vooral informatie nodig heeft, de groep die met lichte sancties geprikkeld kan worden tot conform gedrag, en de groep die alleen reageert onder dwang van steeds strengere sancties, en wellicht zelfs uit de markt gehaald moet worden (Ayres & Braithwaite, 1992;Braithwaite, 2002). Dit onderzoek is toegespitst op het mededingingsrecht. ...
Naar een gedragseconomie van het recht
Behavioral economics builds on insights from behavioural sciences, primarily psychology, and aims to explain the behaviour of (groups of) individuals under conditions of scarcity. It applies an empirical methodology grounded in econometrics and based on experimental research. The authors’ proposition is that behavioural law and economics rooted in experiments is a valuable approach to legal studies that complements pre-existing law and economics. Experiments maximise the opportunity to identify causal links and norms as building blocks of the law as interventions in human behaviour, and hence are well suited in the context of empirical legal studies. The research design menu includes variables such as hypothetical decisions versus actual behaviour, experiments with or without full randomisation, pure or quasi, lab versus field, and natural experiments versus experiments that can be manipulated. Behavioural economics operates under conditions of incentive compatibility and the no-deception principle. In this article, the authors set out a research agenda for behavioural law and economics research, covering private law (consumer and contract law as well as liability and tort law), administrative law, and economic law.
... Its origins are thought to be in a range of traditions and teachings, with the common focus on justice. This has included within Aboriginal, Inuit and Christian faith communities and Buddhist, Taoist and Confucian philosophies (Braithwaite, 2002). From these roots, restorative justice has been defined and commuted across many different countries and contexts (Daly & Immarigeon, 1998;Leung, 1999). ...
The spaces for restorative justice practices in a forensic inpatient mental health hospital: a thematic analysis of group case supervision
Restorative justice practices are relatively new to forensic mental health settings. Therefore, there is limited understanding of where and how these practices might feature in this work. The current study explored the spaces for them in a forensic inpatient hospital drawing upon data from group case supervision. Five themes were developed from three concurrent monthly case supervision sessions attended by fourteen restorative justice practitioners. Challenges to using restorative justice practices where participants had mental health needs were evident, but these needs were not thought to preclude their use. Practitioners brought up implications for workload. Assumptions about the principle of neutrality were raised, where staff had different roles in the process. Staff as participants in restorative justice practices raised considerations around professional identity and vulnerability. Restorative justice practices offered unique and complementary ways to repair harm, but these may not always fit within the values or needs of the organisation. The idea of bringing together people affected by harm can raise worries and may feel counter-intuitive to practices that reduce risk. It was important that new staff were made aware of restorative justice opportunities and that policies and procedures were in place and communicated to protect and foster its new status.
... Dalam paper Restorative Justice and Responsive Regulation, John Braithwaite memiliki konsep responsive regulation yang menilai seberapa jauh kesalahan seseorang atas perbuatannya masih dapat diperbaiki tanpa harus melalui penuntutan dan penghukuman (pemidanaan), sepanjang ada itikad baik (good faith untuk mengakui kesalahannya dan bersedia melakukan perbaikan. [14] Artinya instrumen pemidanaan digunakan sebagai last efforts as the tools of curative measure dengan berpedoman pada asas restitution in integrum, bukan sebagai pemberian nestapa semata yang membawa akibat buruk (trauma syndrome) bagi pejabat pemerintah dalam menjalankan fungsi pelayan publik (bestuurzorg). ...
The concept of Abuse of Authority as contained in Law 31/1999 as amended and added to Law 20/2001 concerning the Eradication of Corruption Crimes creates a dualism of understanding. The definition of abuse of authority in criminal law and the definition of abuse of authority in administrative law clearly experience differences in terms of concept and law enforcement. This research describes the concept of abuse of authority from the perspective of administrative law, this research is a normative legal research using statutory and conceptual approaches so that the understanding of abuse of authority and its legal consequences in administrative law, and its relation to the enforcement of corruption crimes can be understood.
... The use of a restorative justice approach in the judicial process to date is also seen as an innovation in the formation of a special justice system in solving environmental crime cases, where in its development more than 100 countries have experimented with restorative justice in criminal cases [12]. With restorative justice, perpetrators, victims, and communities come together to address the wounds caused by crime [13]. It is critical that this approach protects the most vulnerable and does not result in further harm. ...
... 2015, p. 52). Ademais,Braithwaite (2002) cita alguns valores prioritários e intrínsecos à Justiça Restaurativa, tais quais: a não-dominação -as diferenças de poder devem ser minimizadas durante o procedimento -, o empoderamento -deve-se dar voz aos implicados a fim de que seus pontos de vistas sejam compreendidos -, a obediência aos limites máximos legais -não se pode chegar a um acordo humilhante o degradante para qualquer dos envolvidos https://periodicos.uff.br/culturasjuridicas -, a preocupação de maneira igualitária com todos os participante, o respeito aos direitos humanos e a escuta respeitosa.Em consonância com tais ensinamentos, o sistema de justiça restaurativa entende o crime como uma violação a pessoas e relacionamentos, numa concepção dessemelhante do panorama retributivo, que restringe o comportamento danoso à violação de regras. ...
Este artigo tem como problema central a verificação da possibilidade do reforço à emancipação social e da justiça a partir da construção de um paradigma restaurativo de justiça na comunidade. Parte-se da hipótese de que práticas restaurativas comunitárias podem favorecer um processo emancipatório de mão dupla, promovendo transformação na percepção da comunidade sobre o que é justiça, como também permitindo que o sistema de justiça tradicional e a própria Justiça Restaurativa remodelem-se a partir das experiências comunitárias. A pesquisa consubstancia-se na abordagem qualitativa, utilizando o método hipotético-dedutivo e a técnica de pesquisa bibliográfica. Os objetivos, definidos sequencialmente nos capítulos de desenvolvimento, são: demonstrar como se deu a irrupção do Poder Judiciário como principal instância de resolução de conflitos, bem como a adoção do paradigma retributivo e sua posterior crise; já no contexto da diversificação aos mecanismos formais de controle, apresentar a Justiça Restaurativa como legítima modalidade de resolução de conflitos, além do seu percurso no cenário brasileiro e entraves enfrentados na sua aplicação; e finalmente, perquirir sobre a possibilidade de construção de um paradigma restaurativo comunitário no país como vetor emancipatório, a partir de preceitos ligados à justiça comunitária e ao pluralismo jurídico, além de analisar projetos desenvolvidos nesse contexto e a viabilidade da extensão desse modelo na conjuntura nacional.
... Namun pada prakteknya dengan menggunakan cara yang di anggap non-litigasi atau disebut sebagai negosiasi cooperation (Braithwaite, 1936) terjadi proses perkembangan yang ternyata telah menyimpang dari tujuan awal meliputi upaya untuk mengendalikan. Kegiatan yang telah menyimpang tersebut juga disebut sebagai tindakan kolusi "collusion" (Heuvel, 1992: 129), maka diketahui permasalahan yang bukan mengenai kerjasama "cooperation" melainkan berupa pertanyaan bagaimana suatu "cooperation telah berubah serta bergeser menjadi suatu "collusion". ...
... To my mind, this endeavour will be helped considerably by engaging our 'restorative imagination' (Braithwaite, 2002;Llewellyn & Morrison, 2018). Imagination is a 'reparative and restorative experience' that supports healing, including mending the rift between humans and animal kin (Malchiodi, 2022). ...
I draw attention to the context of ecosystem restoration where a wide number of contestations impact how animal kin are included or excluded from restorative efforts. In part 1, I explore why the Animal Question is an important one for ecosystem restoration and identify the issues of habitus, deep harm and contested spaces. Following in part 2, I discuss why I think ERJ is relevant for engaging with the Animal Question in ecosystem restoration and situate ERJ’s conceptualisation of harm. Part 3 delves deeper into some of the pathways I consider ERJ ethos and practices might engage the Animal Question in the context of ecosystem restoration. My consideration starts by discussing the values of relationality, care and connectedness. I then examine the need for reflection before examining the contestations through examples of expert-to-expert, expert-to-volunteer, and giving animal kin voice. I finish this part by suggesting that taking the long view, what I term ‘ongoing attentiveness’, must underlie ERJ’s direction. In conclusion, I advocate that having a restorative imagination will encourage far-reaching, transformative engagement with the Animal Question.
... Relying on interviews with 36 drug users placed in compulsory drug treatment centers, the authors explore their perceptions of the multiple tools and strategies adopted by regulators. Adopting Braithwaite's, (2002) responsive regulation theory, the research reveals that drug treatment in mainland China is a state-sponsored regulatory practice that lacks both a restorative base and regulatory deterrence, rendering escalation in the responsive regulatory pyramid inevitable. The authors emphasize that the drug treatment system needs to be more professional in helping drug users to form a clear intention to achieve abstinence, deal with withdrawal symptoms, and respond to possible life changes. ...
... As primeiras têm como exemplo emblemático aquela defendida por Braithwaite (2002), que vê a Justiça Restaurativa como meio menos dispendioso de reação ao crime, e aquela defendida por Howard Zehr (2008), que percebe a Justiça Restaurativa como mecanismo destinado a introjetar valores mais humanitários no sistema de justiça, UMA INTERFACE ENTRE A TEORIA DA JUSTIÇA DE JOHN RAWLS E A JUSTIÇA RESTAURATIVA COMO POLÍTICA CRIMINAL restaurando as relações e reparando os danos causados aos indivíduos e às comunidades pelo delito. Quanto às tendências de ver a Justiça Restaurativa como política criminal de um Estado, podem ser classificadas em três grupos: as que defendem o incremento repressivo por parte do sistema penal, as que têm como objetivo fazer ajustes no sistema penal para evitar excessos punitivos, e, por fim, as chamadas abolicionistas. ...
O artigo objetiva investigar como a Teoria da Equidade proposta por John Rawls pode contribuir para o desenvolvimento teórico da Justiça Restaurativa como política criminal capaz de otimizar o atendimento judicial dos membros de um Estado Democrático. Na metodologia, utilizou-se a análise descritiva dos princípios da Justiça Restaurativa dispostos na Resolução n. 12/2002 do Conselho Econômico e Social das Nações Unidas e dos princípios universais propostos por Rawls em sua teoria. Em conclusão, observa-se que os princípios básicos da liberdade e da igualdade enfatizados na Teoria da Justiça de Rawls oferecem uma base filosófica capaz de contribuir para a teoria da Justiça Restaurativa vista como política de prestação jurisdicional de um Estado Democrático aos seus membros, que se realiza por meio da participação, cooperação e integração social.
The existence and use of restorative justice has evolved in the past 50 years. This includes research related to the development and effectiveness of such within a number of academic and professional areas. It also includes the types of practical activities and processes based upon the theoretical premise of restorative justice, which is referred to as restorative pedagogy. The purpose of this chapter is to outline the use of restorative justice in higher education. This includes the application of restorative justice practices as a viable alternative to punitive-based responses to student misconduct. Finally, this chapter discusses the infusion of restorative justice content and practices in criminal justice courses.
This chapter provides an overview of the contemporary issues faced by offender populations and the field of correctional psychotherapy. The chapter begins by examining the changing dynamics within offender populations, considering the impact of overcrowding, access to therapy, stigma and discrimination, and disproportionate representation. This chapter explores the evolving challenges and the need for innovative approaches to address these issues effectively. Furthermore, the chapter addresses the unique needs of individuals with mental health disorders, substance abuse issues, and co-occurring disorders. In conclusion, this chapter provides an overview of the contemporary issues faced by offender populations and the field of correctional psychotherapy. It emphasizes the need for creative and adaptable approaches to address these challenges effectively. By recognizing and addressing these issues, professionals in the field can enhance the impact of correctional psychotherapy and contribute to positive outcomes for offender populations.
Corruption is the biggest obstacle in implementing the development process, and until now, it has yet to be appropriately resolved although various models of retributive punishment have been applied. As a result, tThe losses suffered by the state continue to increase, and as a consequence, people cannot enjoy public facilities as they should. Cooperation between the Police, the Attorney General’s Office, and the Ministry of Home Affairs, which forms coordination between Aparat Pengawas Intern Pemerintah (APIP) and Aparat Penegak Hukum (APH), is a way to prevent corruption at the local government level. Criminal sanctions and imprisonment are no longer the main options for the government to deal with corruption problems in the regions. This choice then raises the pros and cons of the people who so far only recognize the existence of retributive justice as a form of criminal sanction. This study was made using the theory of consequentialism from Jeremy Bentham, and the Restorative Justice Theory put forward by John Braithwaite to provide an overview of the solutions used by APIP in preventing corruption in the regions. The doctrinal research method with a statutory approach will show the impact of the application of restorative justice on corruption practices in the regions. From this study, it can be seen that the restorative justice used by APIP can minimize losses suffered by the state and, at the same time, provide a deterrent effect for perpetrators of corruption.
O artigo apresenta um estudo de caso que utilizou referenciais da justiça restaurativa para o tratamento de um conflito envolvendo adolescentes em uma comunidade/aldeia dividida entre indígenas e não indígenas na Amazônia brasileira, particularmente na Reserva Extrativista Tapajós-Arapiuns, a qual experimentou um processo de etnogênese, autoindentificando-se como pertencente ao povo Arapiun. O caso estudado correspondeu a uma experiência típica de encontro entre vítima, ofensor, famílias e comunidade. Para realizar o estudo, fizemos uma pesquisa qualitativa, com entrevistas em profundidade com os facilitadores e uma liderança indígena que participou da prática restaurativa, realizadas por meio de plataforma virtual de videoconferência em razão de haverem se dado ainda quando a pandemia de covid-19 encontrava-se em curso. Documentos, fotografias e outros registros do caso também foram analisados, embora não sejam referenciados no corpo do artigo. No final do texto, trazemos algumas reflexões acerca dos limites e possibilidades da justiça restaurativa ser uma forma de lidar com conflitos em contextos socioculturais de grupos locais que vivenciaram processos de etnogênese na Amazônia brasileira.
The Republic of Indonesia has a very broad authority in the police which is given to carry out the main tasks of the National Police, including Harkamtibmas, protecting, protecting, serving the community, and Law enforcement, in which other powers are also given, namely Police Discretion, an authority to take action based on the conscience of police members who also supported by existing regulations within the Police institution. This research is a
conceptual research. The problem that will be discussed is how to implement Restorative Justice by the Police in accordance with the Circular Letter of the Chief of Police Number SE/2/II/2021 concerning Ethical Cultural Awareness to Create a Clean, Healthy, and Productive Indonesian Digital Space in relation to criminal acts of good name as regulated in The Criminal Code and the ITE Law, are in line with the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 19 of 2016 Amendments to Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions and Criminal Acts of Defamation which are regulated in the Criminal Code as an alternative to cybercrime, but also must be able to act as a deterrent in order to provide protection for the rights of others
Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia diberikan Kewenangan yang sangat luas dalam menjalankan tugasnya sebagaimana tugas pokok Polri antara lain Harkamtibmas, melindungi, mengayomi, melayani masyarakat serta penegakan hukum, didalamnya juga diberikan kewenangan lain yaitu Diskresi Kepolisian yang merupakan sebuah kewenangan untuk melakukan tindakan berdasarkan hati nurani anggota polisi yang bertugas serta didukung aturan yang ada dalam institusi Kepolisian. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian konseptual. Permasalahan yang akan dibahas adalah bagaimana penerapan Restorative Justice oleh Kepolisian sesuai dengan Surat Edaran Kapolri Nomor SE/2/II/2021 tentang Kesadaran Budaya Beretika untuk Mewujudkan Ruang Digital Indonesia yang Bersih, Sehat, dan Produktif dalam kaitan dengan tindak pidana pencemaran nama baik yang diatur dalam KUHP dan UU Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik (ITE), selaras dengan UU Nomor 19 Tahun 2016 tentang Perubahan Atas UU Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik Serta Tindak Pidana Pencemaran nama baik yang diatur dalam KUHP sebagai alternatif guna menekan kejahatan dunia maya, namun juga harus bisa sebagai efek jera guna memberi perlindungan atas hak asasi orang lain
In recent years, Asian criminology and Southern criminology have drawn scholarly attention to the profound divide between Western and non-Western societies, or the Global North and Global South, in criminological knowledge production. Perspectives from Asian and Southern criminology expose these divides and propose critical ways to correct the hegemony of Western over non-Western, or Northern over Southern, knowledge production. For the contemporary movement of decolonization of knowledge, a particular contribution of Asian criminology is to link Western and non-Western, or Northern and Southern, criminological science. As Sandra Walklate concluded, “Asian criminology … stands at the positive intersection of the north–south and east–west in terms of geography and culture. It is well placed to think differently, both conceptually and methodologically, about the criminological enterprise, and the debates that such different thinking might generate.” This article reviews the divide in criminology between the Global North and South. Based on the framework of the Asian criminological paradigm, Asian criminology has made major contributions to bridging the divide between the North and the South through academic institutionalization and theoretical development strategies.
Many of the victims of human rights violations by the civil-military
dictatorship in Chile are still owed truth, recognition, justice, and reparation
by the State and civil society. In this sense, although the insistence on
guarantees of non-repetition -the “never again”- is almost transversal in
the socio-political discourse of all contemporary societies that suffered
repression or political violence in their recent past, the institutional instances
of reparation have not been equally transversal. From this perspective, the
following contribution proposes three conceptual reflections based on the
Chilean experience. First, the aim is to establish contextualized definitions
of two key concepts of policies towards the past: reparation and restorative
justice. Then, a reflection on the importance of truth, recognition, and
justice in the face of the trauma produced by specific violations to the
integrity of the person perpetrated in the violation of human rights will be
developed. Finally, the topic of the still urgent need -for the victim and for
society as a whole- of instances of truth, recognition and socio-institutional
justice that lead to the most authentic reparation possible will be discussed
in depth.
Similar to all relationships, power is a dominating factor for inflicting, but also preventing, violence and harm in the family unit. Domestic violence in particular is infused with strong power dynamics that cannot simply be eradicated through the law or formal structures of justice and therapy. This chapter examines the role of restorative justice in rebalancing power among family members experiencing domestic abuse putting an emphasis on gender-based violence. Through original research and normative analysis, this chapter argues for a consensual model of restorative justice, which provides complementary avenues for social justice. Restorative justice is not in opposition to the criminal and civil justice systems, but an alternative route based on the values of power sharing, dignity, equality and respect. When applied according to these principles and in conjunction with the law, the vicious circle of power, harm and abuse within the family can be addressed.KeywordsRestorative justiceViolenceDomestic violencePower abuseGender-based violence
Aiming to ensure a responsive and socially relevant approach to court cases, judiciaries have initiated innovative projects, such as problem-solving community courts, over the last three decades. In this socio-legal case study, I analyse the legal transplantation of a community court from the US to the Netherlands. Drawing on eighteen months of ethnographic field work (interviews, observations and file research), the study shows that, during the transplantation process, the goal of serving the neighbourhood receded into the background, while the goal of solving the problems of defendants gained even more prominence than it already had at the inception of the court. The conditions that have played a role in the path that the court has carved out to legitimise its activities differ from its American counterparts. The adjustments signify important internal legal cultural differences and illustrates how the implementation process is formed by opinions about the proper role of judges.
Health sectors covers wide range of criminal acts, including medical malpractice, circulation of illegal drug, pharmacy and prescription drug fraud, and hospital unprofessionalism. The Number of victims due to crimes in health sector is far more than what it appears to be. An example of crimes within the health sectors is medical malpractice. Malpractice is a bad practice. Restorative justice as new approach offers a solution to criminal cases that focus more on the recovery rather than vengeance. Therefore, the issue that need to be discuss is whether health crimes equate to medical malpractice and how should the application of restorative justice be applied to criminal acts in health sectors. One of the main reasons to implement restorative justice is because the victim as the party who is most harmed and suffers, is in fact generally being abandoned in criminal justice system. The care and protection given to the victim felt not yet adequate especially if the aim is to restore the victim’s suffering. This study shows that health crimes does not equate to medical malpractice because as the name suggested medical malpractice entail a profession. However, criminal acts can be committed by anyone. The application of restorative justice should be applied to cases in health sectors that involve negligence and not cases based on intent. The application of restorative justice can be beneficial to perpetrators, victims, and society. Keywords: restorative justice, malpractice, health crime
When it comes to discussion of access to justice within the context of human rights, conversation is often focused on a narrow understanding of what access to justice means. Within international legal frameworks, access to justice has often been defined through Articles that can be found in the International Convention on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). Some examples include Article 14(1), which provides that all are equal before the courts and tribunals and must be afforded a fair hearing; Article 14(2), which outlines each person’s right to the presumption of innocence; and Article 14(3), which highlights each person’s rights to legal counsel, time to prepare an adequate defence, and a trial without undue delay, among other guarantees
Studies in green criminology have confirmed how important it is for criminology to turn its focus to environmental risks, harms, and massive tragedies caused by human activity. Specifically, Southern green criminology has shown how the coloniality of knowledge limits the imagination when comprehending and analysing environmental harm, the victims, and the possibilities of justice. Considering that the criticism of retributive justice is part of a Southern green criminology perspective, this chapter seeks to discuss alternatives to the criminal justice system to deal with environmental conflicts involving corporations and local communities in Brazil. First, the authors address the debate on massive environmental victimisation, through a review of empirical studies. Second, they address some of the challenging specificities of environmental harm and crime, highlighting the collective character of the victimisation process; the unbalanced power relationship between victims and perpetrators; the ties between the state and corporations; and the demands for justice, memory, and truth, not only to repair the past, but to prevent harm in the future. Finally, they approach the question of how restorative justice could contribute to dealing with environmental conflicts caused by economic activities in the global South.
O presente ensaio busca demonstrar como a Justiça Restaurativa pode ser aplicada no Direito Penal Econômico enquanto ferramenta de potencialização da autorregulação ao mesmo tempo em que visa compreender como o modelo de produção normativa do Tripartism, concebido por John Braithwaite, pode legitimar um sistema de controle social alternativo fundamentado na autorregulação regulada empresarial. Para tanto, analisam-se as conexões existentes entre os Programas de Compliance e a Justiça Restaurativa, verificando quais são as suas contribuições no processo de correção dos defeitos dos Programas de Cumprimento. Com a pesquisa, foi possível perceber que a Justiça Restaurativa empresarial é uma possibilidade real e, se aplicada com cautela e controle, poderá configurar um mecanismo complementar hábil ao fortalecimento da autorregulação, instituindo uma nova cultura empresarial baseada na ética e na lealdade e, por decorrência, concedendo maior efetividade aos Programas de Compliance, sobretudo em relação às pequenas e médias empresas.
O objetivo deste artigo é investigar a relação entre as garantias processuais penais e os princípios restaurativos no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro. Questiona-se se a Justiça Restaurativa, a fim de propor um modelo de justiça não-punitivo, poderia fazer retroceder as conquistas do garantismo penal. A pesquisa se justifica considerando que a Justiça Restaurativa, de inspiração abolicionista, apresenta notas claras de oposição aos fundamentos do sistema penal. No entanto, longe de suplantá-lo, as práticas restaurativas brasileiras procuram articular-se com ele, comunicando-se justamente através de institutos processuais penais. Considerando que as garantias processuais penais também são fundamentos desse modelo punitivo, investiga-se se haveria um risco dessa relação ambígua produzir, em alguma medida, também uma negação dessas garantias. A pesquisa é original e seu valor deriva do fato de que, caso comprovada uma oposição insuperável entre os modelos, a viabilidade dos programas restaurativos poderia ser questionada. Os métodos adotados são os da pesquisa teórica e da interpretação teleológica. A técnica aplicada é a da pesquisa bibliográfica. Como resultado, percebeu-se no plano teleológico entre os axiomas garantistas processuais e os princípios restaurativos, a existência de um espaço de harmonização, tanto no que tange à natureza das funções que exercem no interior de seus modelos, quanto na função política comum que se assinala entre eles. Conclui-se que o princípio restaurativo da confidencialidade, em especial, exerce sob determinadas circunstâncias, uma função de verdadeira garantia processual penal. O artigo se destina especialmente aos acadêmicos e profissionais que lidam com o tema da institucionalização da Justiça Restaurativa no Brasil.
p>Indonesia adalah Negara hukum artinya bahwa dinamika kehidupan masyarakat di Indonesia diatur oleh undang-undang atau peraturan. Akan tetapi fenomena yang terjadi masih banyak warganya yang melakukan pelanggaran hukum. Tentunya hal ini akan menjadi permaslahan tersendiri bilamana pelanggaran-pelanggaran hukum yang terjadi ditengah-tengah masyarakat semua harus berproses dan menjalani putusan dari pengadilan. Permasalahan-permasalahan yang muncul dengan banyaknya peristiwa pidana yang terjadi ditengah-tengah masyarakat antara lain keterbatasan jumlah penyidik dibandingkan dengan peristiwa yang ditangani, kapasitas rutan untuk menampung anggota masyarakat yang dilakukan penahanan dan menjalani putusan pengadilan serta anggaran Negara yang digunakan untuk membiayai keperluan sehari-hari selama menjalani masa penahanan atau menjalani putusan pengadilan. Aparat penegak hukum baik Kepolisian, Kejaksaan maupun peradilan umum mengeluarkan regulasi yang mengatur tentang penegakan hukum dengan pola restorative justice dengan tidak mengenyampingkan rasa keadilan untuk mengembalikan kepada keadaan semula dengan cara ganti rugi terhadap korban tanpa adanya paksaan untuk menuntut secara hukum dengan mempertimbangkan kondisi social dan tidak menimbulkan keresahan ditengah-tengah masyarakat dengan membuat kesepakatan perdamaian kepada para pihak. Peristiwa Pidana yang terjadi ditengah-tengah masyarakat sesuai dengan hukum yang berlaku di Indonesia mengenal adanya tindak pidana biasa dan delik aduan, artinya dalam peristiwa tindak pidana biasa sama halnya dengan delik aduan bilamana diselesaikan dengan cara restorative justice. </p
ABSTRAK Meningkatnya pelanggaran yang dilakukan oleh pelaku anak, atau dengan kata lain meningkatnya kenakalan anak yang mengarah pada tindakan kriminal,mendorong untuk memberikan perhatian dalam proses penanggulangannya. Pemberian sanksi/hukuman terhadap anak yang terbukti melakukan tindak pidana juga memerlukan perhatian yang serius, sanksi yang diterima oleh seorang anak dirasakan memberatkan dan berdampak negatif terhadap perkembangan jiwanya. Perlakuan terhadap anak yang melakukan tindak pidana tidak semata-mata membalas perbuatan yang dilakukan tetapi juga untuk mensejahterakan atau memperbaiki anak tersebut. Perlindungan hukum terhadap anak yang melakukan tindak pidana harus tetap terjamin karena perlindungan anak ditujukan pada segala kegiatan untuk menjaga agar anak dapat tumbuh dengan wajar, secara lahir dan bathin serta bebas dari segala bentuk ancaman, hambatan dan gangguan terhadap perkembangan anak. Permasalahan yang diangkat dalam penelitian ini adalah 1) Bagaimana kebijakan formulasi pelaksanaan pidana penjara jangka pendek bagi anak di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Anak Kelas IIA Blitar? 2) Bagaimana efektifitas pelaksanaan pidana penjara jangka pendek bagi anak di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Anak Kelas IIA Blitar? Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah dengan pendekatan sociolegal yang bersumber dari pengumpulan data yang diperoleh dari data primer dan data sekunder, kemudian dianalisis dengan metode analisis kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah wawancara. Teknik analisis data menggunakan analisis data kualitatif. Hasil yang didapat dalam penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kebijakan formulasi pidana penjara jangka pendek diatur dalam instrumen hukum internasional yakni International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights,Standar Minimum Rules for The Administration of Juvenile Justice, United Nations Rules for The Protection of Juveniles Deprived of Their Liberty. Selain itu, instrumen hukum nasional pun telah mengatur pengenaan pidana penjara jangka pendek terhadap anak sebagimana termaktub dalam UU Nomor 11 Tahun 2012 Tentang Sistem Peradilan Pidana Anak. Pelaksanaan pidana penjara jangka pendek terhadap anak di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Anak Kelas IIA Blitar berdasarkan teori efektifitas telah efektif dalam memberikan pembinaan dengan ukuran kefektifan baik secara pencapaian tujuan, integrasi dan adaptasi. 2 Kesimpulan yang didapat bahwa Pelaksanan pidana penjara jangka pendek dalam prakteknya terdapat kekurangan namun pada intinya tujuan yang dicapai sebagaimana yang telah didapatkan penulis di lokasi penelitian dalam pemberian pembinaan cukup efektif. Tahap integrasi terlihat jelas dimana pihak Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Anak Kelas IIA Blitar melakukan komunikasi dengan lembagalembaga Pembinaan lainnya termasuk Organisasi Masyarakat /LSM untuk mengawasi maupun membahas mengenai pembinaan yang terbaik bagi anak-anak dalam pelaksanaannya sehingga kelak dapat diterima oleh masyarakat mana saja. Kata Kunci :Efektifitas, Pidana Jangka Pendek dan Lembaga Pemasyarakatan
Pendekatan restorative justice dalam hukum pidana bukan bertujuan untuk mengabolisi hukum pidana atau melebur hukum pidana dan hukum perdata, karena pendekatan restorative justice yang mengutamakan jalur mediasi antara korban dan pelaku. Pendekatan restorative justice justru mengembalikan fungsi hukum pidana pada jalurnya semula yaitu pada fungsi ultimum remidium suatu senjata pamungkas bilamana upaya hukum lain sudah tidak dapat lagi digunakan dalam menghadapi suatu tindak pidana dalam masyarakat. Rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimana demokratisasi hukum di bidang penegakan hukum pidana melalui restorative justice. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah jenis penelitian normatif. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah pendekatan konsep. Penelitian ini mendeskripsikan konsep restorative justice kedalam politik system pidana di Indonesi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Penyelesaian secara damai (restorative justice) tersebut bersedia memberikan ganti rugi kepada korban dalam rangka mendapatkan pemaafan dari korban. Penyelesaian perkara dengan pendekatan restorative justice harus dilakukan dengan memberdayakan para pihak dalam perkara pidana yaitu pelaku, korban dan masyarakat. Para pihak diharapkan dapat bermusyawarah untuk mencapai kesepakatan bersama dalam rangka menyelesaikan tindak pidana yang telah terjadi dan melalui pendekatan restorative justice penyelesaian perkara pidana diharapkan dapat menguntungkan bagi semua pihak (win-win solution).
In Australia, rates of suicide and poor mental health among construction workers were high before the COVID-19 pandemic. “Lock downs”, “restrictions”, “social distancing” and legislative changes responding to the pandemic have likely exacerbated the working conditions that foster poor mental health. This study analyses the way in which workplace health and safety (WHS) is regulated in Australia against the backdrop of existing research relating to the development of Australia’s WHS laws, and the state of mental health of those working in Australia’s construction industry. This study was conducted using a doctrinal research methodology and utilising legal theory. This study assesses the capacity of the Australian WHS regulatory system to protect construction workers’ mental health by examining and interpreting key provisions in Australia’s WHS laws. It then uses a regulatory theory, responsive regulation, to explain the inconsistency between the capacity of those laws to safeguard mental health and the very poor state of mental health of Australia’s construction workers. The conclusion reached is that there is scope to improve current WHS laws to better protect construction workers’ mental health. A recommendation is made, that current WHS laws are changed to prescribe minimum standards of worker mental health, and mandate control measures to minimise and/or eliminate psychosocial risks. It is submitted that these changes in the law will contribute to a changed culture in Australia’s construction sector, which is supportive of mentally healthy workplaces and workers.
As intensas e rápidas transformações da sociedade, também causadas pelas novas tecnologias, desafiam os métodos de ordenação do sistema jurídico, os quais teriam de acompanhar tais modificações, de modo que os reguladores passaram a adotar outro modo de conceber as normas: por meio da regulação experimental ou sandbox regulatório. Em síntese, o regulador delimita que um grupo ou um espaço restrito se submeta a uma regulação flexível, diferente e por determinado tempo. Com isso, as externalidades positivas e negativas podem ser visualizadas por meio de uma experiência real, consagrando-se uma construção concertada da regulação que eventualmente migrará a todo o mercado. Tal instituto incentiva o experimentalismo estruturado de produtos e serviços inovadores em ambiente controlado e mediante supervisão do regulador, tentando mitigar a desconexão regulatória. Nesse contexto, a presente pesquisa pretende, por meio de uma metodologia de abordagem dedutiva, e pelo método de procedimento expositivo, estabelecer, na sua primeira parte, as premissas teórico-dogmáticas desse instituto. Ao final, por meio do método de procedimento expositivo e comparativo, intenciona-se demonstrar ao leitor as complexidades reveladas pela aplicação de institutos desse tipo, colocando em xeque a dogmática de alguns deles. Estabelece-se como problema de pesquisa analisar e sistematizar as premissas teórico-dogmáticas da regulação experimental ou sandbox regulatório, sugerindo-se contribuições para o ajuste desse modelo em relação ao espectro jurídico-positivo ora praticado.
The Indonesian Muslim community is familiar with restorative justice. The substance of restorative justice is building joint participation between perpetrators and victims through third parties. The objectives of this study are: to describe restorative justice in the traditions of Indonesian Muslim society and to examine the relevance of restorative justice for the settlement of criminal cases in the future. This research uses a philosophical approach, namely legal construction at an ideal level in the future. The results show that the restorative justice approach has strong roots in Indonesian Muslim society, namely deliberation to reach a consensus. Deliberative institutions are held to find solutions that can satisfy all parties. In the future, restoration justice needs to be applied in Indonesia in resolving criminal cases, especially crimes against life. The restorative justice approach offers a different view from the approach applied in the current criminal system.
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