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Analysis of the Longest Distances Run by the Best Soccer Players at the FIFA World Cup in Brazil in 2014

DOI:10.18276/cej.2015.3-15
Authors:
Łukasz Bojkowski
Łukasz Bojkowski
Łukasz Bojkowski
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Jerzy Eider
Jerzy Eider
Jerzy Eider
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Robert Śliwowski at Poznan University of Physical Education
Robert Śliwowski
Andrzej Wieczorek at Poznan University of Physical Education
Andrzej Wieczorek
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Abstract and Figures

The aim of the study was, among other things, to characterise the maximum distance run by the four best teams in the FIFA World Cup in Brazil, including individual tactical formations and players who played for at least 90 minutes in the whole tournament. In total, the highest results of 68 players were established. In the analysis data obtained using Castrol Performance Index method were used. The mean maximum distance run by players of the tournament semi-finalist teams in the 24 analysed games was 11.63 km. The mean by the analysed defenders was 11.75 km, whereas for midfielders it was 12.02 km, for forwards – 11.02 km, and for goalkeepers – 5.65 km. In group of all 68 respondents soccer players a distance of over 15 km in one game was obtained by Bastian Schweinsteiger, Thomas Müller and Lucas Biglia.
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... Boone, Vaeyens, Steyaert, Vanden Bossche, Bourgois (2012) showed that a goalkeeper covers a distance of 4 km during a single soccer match. Other authors showed that goalkeepers can run up to 5.65 km in a match (Di Salvo, Benito, Calderón, Di Salvo, Pigozzi, 2008;Ademović, Čolakhodžić, Talović, Kajmović, 2012;Chmura et al., 2012), and even, in some cases, up to 6.99 km (Bojkowski, Śliwowski, Wieczorek, Eider, 2015). ...
... These results correspond to the findings of Di Salvo, Benito, Calderón, Di Salvo, Pigozzi (2008) in the English Premier League (5.61 ±0.61 km). Bojkowski et al. (2015) noted that goalkeepers taking part in the 2014 World Cup covered the mean distance of 5.65 km, with the longest distance of 6.99 km. This indicates that goalkeepers covered a two-time shorter distance that the outfielders (Andrzejewski, Chmura, Pluta, Kasprzak, 2012;Di Salvo, Baron, Tschan, Calderon Montero, Bachl, Pigozzi, 2007;Ionică, 2013;Soroka, 2013). ...
Distance Covered Below and Above the Anaerobic Threshold by Elite German Goalkeepers
Article
Full-text available
  • Apr 2017
The study aimed to assess the total covered distance during a match, performance volume below and above the anaerobic threshold, as well as characterize physical activities of professional Bundesliga goalkeepers during soccer matches. 34 goalkeepers (606 observations) from all eighteen Bundesliga teams, who played in the 2014/2015 season were considered for the study. The performance of goalkeepers was analyzed with the use of the VIS.TRACK system. The variables measured included: total covered distance [km] in the whole match, the first half, and the second half; distance covered below and above the anaerobic threshold (4 m • s–1) [km]; and distance covered in six intensity ranges [km]. The total distance covered by the goalkeepers was 5.48 ±0.56 km. The distance covered by goalkeepers below the anaerobic threshold was 5.28 ±0.52 km, whereas the distance covered above the anaerobic threshold amounted to 0.21 ±0.09 km. The ratio between the goalkeepers’ volumes of aerobic and anaerobic performance was 25:1. The total distance covered by goalkeepers in match play and the distances covered by goalkeepers below and above the anaerobic threshold (96.17% and 3.83%, respectively) indicate that during a match the goalkeepers undertake predominantly aerobic exercises.
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... Untuk kemampuan daya jelajah dari yang paling rendah sampai yang paling tinggi dari beberapa posisi pemain yaitu 8740-11400. Hal tersebut menandakan bahwa nilai daya jelajah pemain unit kegiatan mahasiswa Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia (UPI) masuk dalam kriteria baik, karena nilai standar daya jelajah adalah 8,000-12,000 seperti pendapat yang diungkapkan (Bojkowski, Śliwowski, Wieczorek, & Eider, 2015) "Nowadays, the mean distance (for outfield players) depending on the sports level of a player and a playing position ranges from 8,000 to 12,000 m". Daya jelajah tertinggi diperoleh pemain berposisi winger dengan nilai daya jelajah 11140 m. sedangkan untuk daya jelajah terendah diperoleh pemain yang berposisi sebagai center back dengan nilai daya jelajah 8935 m. ...
AEROBIC CAPACITY (VO2MAX) DAN JARAK TEMPUH PEMAIN SEPAK BOLA
Article
  • May 2019
VO2Max merupakan indikator dari kemampuan daya tahan aerobik seseorang, sebagai seorang pemain sepak bola diharuskan memiliki kemampuan VO2Max yang baik agar bisa bergerak secara terus menerus selama 90 bahkan 120 menit waktu pertandingan. Karena pemain dituntut untuk bisa terus bergerak selama pertandingan, baik itu berjalan, berlari, dan sprint untuk mengejar bola. Oleh karena itu, kemampuan daya tahan aerobik seorang pemain akan mempengaruhi kemampuannya bergerak selama pertandingan. Maka daripada itu salah satu faktor penting untuk menjadi seorang pemain sepak bola adalah VO2Max. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan antara Aerobic Capacity (VO2Max) dengan kemampuan daya jelajah pemain. Alasan penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui tingkat kemampuan VO2Max dan kemampuan daya jelajah pemain pada anggota unit kegiatan mahasiswa sepak bola Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia (UPI). Metode penelitian yang digunakan metode deskriptif korelasi. Sampel penelitian ini terdiri dari 10 orang pemain dengan pemilihan sampel menggunakan teknik purposive sampling. Instrument yang digunakan yaitu bleep test dan Tes kemampuan daya jelajah menggunakan Polar RC3. Hasil data dari penelitian ini terdapat hubungan positif yang signifikan atau nilai korelasi sangat tinggi hal itu dapat dilihat dari nilai pearson korelasi = 0.972 dan nilai sig p=0.0000.05. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa semakin tinggi nilai aerobic capacity (VO2Max) maka semakin tinggi kemampuan daya jelajah pemain.
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... On the other hand, the results of the hematological tests did not reveal any aberrant values (data not presented). It is common knowledge that midfielders cover the longest distances during the match, in comparison with the players of other tactical formations [57,58]. It is therefore likely that such fluctuations in the iron level are the result of physiological stress, induced by prolonged and more intensive physical activity of this study group throughout the season. ...
Blood Biomarkers of Recovery Efficiency in Soccer Players
Article
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Physical exercise strongly affects human metabolism and causes biochemical changes. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between routine plasma biomarker levels and recovery efficiency in soccer players during an entire competitive match season. The players participating in the study were divided into a midfielder/defender group (seven midfielders and seven defenders) and a goalie/substitute group (six persons—goalkeepers and players with a short cumulative match-time). The fasting capillary blood samples were taken 17–24 h after each competitive match. The blood plasma was used to determine the creatinine, urea, alkaline phosphatase, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate and alanine aminotransferase, iron and magnesium levels of the athletes. The levels of (AST) (aspartate aminotransferase), (ALT) (alanine aminotransferase) and (Cr) creatinine were higher in the midfielder/defender group than in the control group, but only AST and Cr significantly varied over time (AST decreased, and Cr increased with time). The (LDH) (lactate dehydrogenase) activity and urea level were significantly lower in the midfielder/defender group than in the goalie/substitute group, and it significantly varied over time (LDH decreased, and urea increased with time). No differences in the (CK) creatine kinase and (ALP) alkaline phosphatase activities between the groups was found, although CK increased significantly with time in the midfielder/defender group (particularly midfielders in the spring round). In midfielders, the AST activity and the iron level were significantly lower in the spring than in the autumn round. On the contrary, ALT, CK, urea and magnesium levels were significantly higher in the spring than in autumn round. A long-term measurement of biochemical parameters in elite soccer players indicated that AST, CK, LDH and creatinine levels, when analyzed together, could constitute a useful set of markers for monitoring recovery periods.
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... Dalam pertandingan sepakbola, rata-rata setiap pemain membutuhkan jarak sekitar 9-14 km untuk jarak tempuh (distance covered) (Russell et al., 2016). Selama Piala Dunia 2010 di Afrika Selatan, jarak terbesar dalam pertandingan yang dianalisis dicakup oleh gelandang tengah (dari 12,3 ke 12,9 km), Forward (dari 10,5 ke 11,9 km) dan pemain bertahan (dari 10,8 hingga 12,0 km) (Bojkowski, Eider, Śliwowski, & Wieczorek, 2015). Hal ini menunjukan karakter permainan sepakbola yang memaksakan kinerja fisik pemain elite didasarkan pada kombinasi daya tahan, kecepatan, kelincahan dan kekuatan selama pertandingan sepakbola berlangsung (Boone, Vaeyens, Steyaert, Bossche, & Bourgois, 2012 (Andrzejewski, Chmura, Pluta, & Konarski, 2015). ...
The Annalysis of Distance Covered, Heart Rate, and Body Fluid Loss in Every Position of Football Player
Article
Full-text available
  • Jul 2019
The aim of this study was to analyze the extent of distance, heart rate, and loss of body fluids in various positions in Indonesian professional soccer players as the basic material for planning an exercise program Method: this study uses a quantitative descriptive method. The sample of this study is the 11-player BUFC team in the 2019 Presidential Cup match against SPFC using a purposive sampling technique approach. The results of this study show the distance covered the most reached External Midfielder 10.421 m, the highest Heart Rate Maximum reached Central Midfielder 200 bpm, Average heart highest rate External Defender 165 bpm, the biggest loss of body fluids Central Midfielder 0.9 %. The conclusion of the research based on the results of data analysis shows that Central Midfielder, External Midfielder, and External Defender are the positions that do the most distance (Distance Covered), maximum maximum heart rate, highest average heart rate, and the most loss of body fluids.
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... It is assumed that work in the first and second intensity range (based on aerobic endurance), takes about 60% of the total load of the player during the match unit [10]. Research shows that during one match a football player runs on average from 9 to 14 kilometers (studies Bojkowski, Śliwowski, Wieczorek, et al. [7] showed that at the World Cup in 2014, representatives of Germany beat in the match an average of 12.42 km), of which about 4-8 km are overcome in low and medium intensity [2,15,20]. Shaping oxygen-related efforts is also fundamental to the development of speed and strength, which are the basic parameters affecting the dynamics of the game [1]. ...
Motor and psychological predispositions for playing football
Article
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  • Jul 2019
Nowadays football is steadily developing around the world. Many sport theorists and practitioners pay a lot of attention to the search for the key factors determining high sports results. Players’ comprehensive preparation seems to be essential in order to succeed in football. Therefore, the focus of this work was on the aspects of fitness and mental preparation. The authors aimed to define the basic motor skills and psychological conditions, designed to serve as predisposition to sports competition in an 11-person football. Among the motor factors, a special attention was drawn to the importance of endurance and speed ability in football. As far as the psychological conditions are concerned, the role of the psychosocial prototype of a high-performance sporting situation and psychological characteristics determining success in football were emphasized. KEYWORDS: predispositions, football, motor skills, psychology.
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... 10 Physical individual variables have been observed within playing positions in all competitive levels of football. 11,12 Numerous studies have compared playing position, presenting a clear link between playing position and physical capacity both aerobically and anaerobically. 13 Being an intermittent sport, 3 the aerobic system is heavily taxed with peak heart rates of 85% HR max and 98% HR max . ...
Heart Rate Intensity in Female Footballers and its Effect on Playing Position based on External Workload
Article
Full-text available
  • Jun 2018
Introduction: Female football is the world’s fastest developing sport, and due to the rise in magnitude, female football, of all levels, must embrace scientific applications allowing an increase in performance through training, technique and preparation. The purpose of the study was to examine the physiological external workload, of amateur female footballers, across varying heart rate intensities, as well as, interpret fatigue between each half of the Soccer-Specific Aerobic Field Test (SAFT90) protocol. Methods: A sample of n = 24 amateur female football players (mean ± SD; age: 20.7 ± 4.0 years; stretched stature = 165.6 ± 5.8cm, body mass = 58.1 ± 4.7 kg) were recruited during the 2016/2017 competitive season. Maximum heart rate (HRmax) values were determined using the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 1 (Yo-Yo IR Level 1) with the SAFT90 protocol used to interpret the physiological and mechanical demands displayed during football match. A one-way analysis of variance was applied to determine the differences between each position (defenders, midfielders and forwards) with the level of significance set at alpha level P < 0.05. Results: There were statistically significant differences between each position and total external workload (F (df:23) = 9.156; (P < 0.05), in addition to average heart rate (HR) across 90 - minutes (F (df:23) = 22.317; (P < 0.05). Statistical significance determined differences between each position and the duration of time spent within the prescribed HR intensity zones, including zone 1 (<70% HRmax), zone 2 (70-85% HRmax) and zone 4 (90-95% HRmax) across the SAFT90. The total distance all players completed across the 90 minutes was 10913.7 ± 1076.7 m, whereas the shortest external workload (10020.4 ± 1086.6 m) was completed by defenders and largest (11781.9 ± 324.7 m) by midfielders. The average heart rate of all player’s was 161.1 ±14.7 bpm-1 resulting in a mean intensity of representing 81% HRmax. Conclusions: Midfielders spent the largest proportion of time between zone 2 and zone 4. Based on these results, coaches are able to determine which type of physiological profile is needed for a specific positon and use this information to design specifically prescribed training programmes to maximise the fitness development.
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Fitness profile of national women soccer players
Article
Full-text available
  • Jun 2021
Čeriová, V., Babic, M., Mikulič, M., & Holienka, M. (2021). Kondičný profil futbalistiek reprezentačného družstva Slovenskej republiky. [Fitness profile of national women soccer players]. Telesná výchova & šport, 31(2), 14-19. ISSN 1335-2245. ----------------------------------- The aim of the research was to gather selected indicators on the fitness profile of the Slovak women´s national soccer players from selected matches of the European Championship 2021 qualification. We focused on selected fitness parameters of external load. We assumed that the differences between the individual player positions in terms of selected parameters of the external load of players in the match will be significant. The research group consisted of players (n = 18) of the senior women national team of Slovakia, who qualified for the European Championship 2021. The average calendar age of the players at the time of the research was 25.8 ±3.5 years. We used the Polar Team Pro system to obtain data. We used the Kruskal-Wallis H-test statistical method to determine statistical significance and Mann-Whitney U-test. We found the differences at the 5% level of statistical significance. We found a significantly (p < 0.01) higher total distance travelled [m] in midfield formation players (M = 11141.3; SD = 1136) in compare with forward formation players (M = 10454.5; SD = 540.1), as well as with players of the defensive formation (M = 9525.1; SD = 198.5). Between the players of the forward formation and the players of the defensive formation, we found a significantly (p < 0.05) higher total distance travelled [m] by the players of the forward formation. We found a significantly (p < 0.01) higher maximum speed [km/h] reached by the players of the defensive formation (M = 25.7; SD = 0.8) compared with the players of the forward formation (M = 24.6; SD = 1.1), and compared with the players of the midfield formation (M = 23.7; SD = 0.7). We did not find significant differences in the total distance travelled [m] at a speed of 19.8 – 24.9 km/h between individual player positions. We found a significantly (p < 0.01) higher total distance travelled [m] at a speed of 25 and more km/h by the players of the defensive formation (M = 12.9; SD = 8.6) than in the players of the forward formation (M = 10.7; SD = 11.3), and for midfield formation players (M = 2.1; SD = 4.2). Between the players of the forward formation and the players of the defensive formation, we found a significantly (p < 0.01) higher total distance covered at a speed of 25 and more km/h by the players of the forward formation. In conclusion, we can state that there are differences between the selected player positions in the fitness profile of players during the match. ------------------------ Cieľom výskumného sledovania bolo získať vybrané ukazovatele o kondičnom profile hráčok slovenskej reprezentácie žien vo futbale z vybraných zápasov kvalifikácie Majstrovstiev Európy 2021. Zamerali sme sa na vybrané kondičné parametre vonkajšieho zaťaženia. Predpokladali sme, že rozdiely medzi jednotlivými hráčskymi funkciami z pohľadu vybraných parametrov vonkajšieho zaťaženia hráčok v zápase budú signifikantné. Výskumný súbor tvorili hráčky (n = 18) seniorskej reprezentácie Slovenska, ktoré odohrali kvalifikáciu na ME 2021. Priemerný kalendárny vek hráčok bol v čase výskumu 25,8 ±3,5 roka. Na získavanie údajov sme použili systém Polar Team Pro. Na zistenie štatistickej významnosti sme použili štatistickú metódu Kruskal-Wallis H-test a Mann-Whitneyho U-test. Rozdiely sme zisťovali na 5 % hladine štatistickej významnosti. Zistili sme štatisticky významne (p < 0,01) vyššiu celkovú odbehnutú vzdialenosť [m] u hráčok stredovej formácie (M = 11141,3; SD = 1136) ako u hráčok útočnej formácie (M = 10454,5; SD = 540,1), aj ako u hráčok obrannej formácie (M = 9525,1; SD = 198,5). Medzi hráčkami útočnej formácie a hráčkami obrannej formácie sme zistili štatisticky významne (p < 0,05) vyššiu celkovú odbehnutú vzdialenosť [m] u hráčok útočnej formácie. Zistili sme štatisticky významne (p < 0,01) vyššiu dosiahnutú maximálnu rýchlosť [km/h] u hráčok obrannej formácie (M = 25,7; SD = 0,8) ako u hráčok útočnej formácie (M = 24,6; SD = 1,1), aj ako u hráčok stredovej formácie (M = 23,7; SD = 0,7). Nezistili sme štatisticky významné rozdiely v celkovej odbehnutej vzdialenosti [m] v rýchlosti 19,8 – 24,9 km/h medzi jednotlivými hráčskymi funkciami. Zistili sme štatisticky významne (p < 0,01) vyššiu celkovú odbehnutú vzdialenosť [m] v rýchlosti 25 a viac km/h u hráčok obrannej formácie (M = 12,9; SD = 8,6) ako u hráčok útočnej formácie (M = 10,7; SD = 11,3), aj ako u hráčok stredovej formácie (M =2,1; SD = 4,2). Medzi hráčkami útočnej formácie a hráčkami obrannej formácie sme zistili štatisticky významne (p < 0,01) vyššiu celkovú odbehnutú vzdialenosť v rýchlosti 25 a viac km/h u hráčok útočnej formácie. Na záver môžeme konštatovať, že medzi vybranými hráčskymi funkciami sú rozdiely v kondičnom profile hráčov počas zápasu.
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A scientific evening with P. Feyerabend, C.S. Peirce, J.S. Bruner and T.S. Kuhn
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Full-text available
  • Jun 2017
The author emphasises the constructivist nature of science and the specific role of abduction in creation of theories. He points out to eclectic nature of science and theory creation and compares scientists’ strategy to that of Foraminifera, as described by E. Heron-Allen. To build tests around their uni-cellular organisms they use any suitable grain of sand. The only mechanism for theory building is the abduction, eclectic by its nature. Basing on that, the author presents language not as a passive tool for reality description, but as an active instrument for science creation. He illustrates it with the specific interplay between notions “certainty” and “reliability”. Such an interplay unveils specific mechanisms underlying creation, development and improvement of theories (and science as a whole, as well). He points to the fact that certainty belongs to the sphere of abstraction, and reliability – to the sphere of practice. The relations between theory and practice are quite tight in physics. Unfortunately, in biology, and – all the more – in psychology and in motor control, the theory is by far more distal to reality than in physics. As a result, in motor control the share of theoretical reasoning in motor control is by far greater than observations and measurements. In motor control the intellectual courage is, then, by far more needed than the experimental diligence.
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Monitoring training load of football goalkeepers
Thesis
Full-text available
  • Jun 2018
Babic, M. (2018). Monitorovanie tréningového zaťaženia brankárov vo futbale. [Monitoring training load of football goalkeepers]. Bratislava. Diploma thesis. Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ The internal load of goalkeepers during the training process is examined according to the achieved values of the heart rate. Our aim was to expand the knowledge of the impact of different methodical forms on the internal loading of goalkeepers in football, thereby support the possibilities of improving their training process. The assumption was that the goalkeepers would achieve significantly different heart rate values in different methodical forms. The examined group was composed of six goalkeepers (U16, U17, U19). Using the POLAR PRO sports testers was found out the internal load of goalkeepers, which was then processed with compatible POLAR Team2 software. Afterwards, the acquired data were evaluated by Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Cohen´s “r” (effect size). In individual methodical forms were found significantly different average heart rate values (T=0;p<0.05;r=0.9), which statistically and logically confirmed our assumption. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Vnútorné zaťaženie brankárov v tréningovom procese skúmame z pohľadu dosiahnutých hodnôt srdcovej frekvencie. Diplomovou prácou sme chceli rozšíriť poznatky o vplyve rozdielnych metodických foriem na vnútorné zaťaženie brankárov vo futbale a tým podporiť možnosti vylepšenia ich tréningového procesu. Predpokladali sme, že brankári budú dosahovať významne vyššie hodnoty srdcovej frekvencie počas prípravných hier v hernom tréningu ako počas prípravných cvičení v hernom nácviku. Sledovaný súbor tvorili brankári (n=6) v kategórií mladšieho a staršieho dorastu (U16, U17, U19). Pomocou športtesterov POLAR PRO sme zistili vnútorné zaťaženie brankárov, ktoré sme spracovali kompatibilným softwarom POLAR Team2. Následne sme získané údaje vyhodnotili Wilcoxonovým T-testom a Cohenovým r. Zistili sme významne rozdielne priemerné hodnoty srdcovej frekvencie v jednotlivých metodických formách (T=0;p<0.05;r=0.9), čím sme štatisticky aj vecne logicky potvrdili náš predpoklad.
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Determination of Capacity and Rules of the Variability of Maximum Force Using Nonlinear Mathematical Models: a Case Study.
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2016
The aim of this study is to determine the capacity and the variability of maximum force rules measured 1 RM for eight muscle groups (back-hip extensors, legs extensors, arm extensors, back extensors, shoulder and arms extensors, shoulder joint flexors, hip and knee extensors, trunk flexors). The determination was performed on the experimental results of the top basketball center player using repeated measurements and nonlinear mathematical models methods. Changes in maximum force were induced with 8 months of weight lifting training and analised with nonlinear regression analysis within 95% confidence interval. The results indicate that from all the models applied only the Asymptotic Regression, Michaelis-Menten and Gompertz Growth models had satisfactory performance and provided solid solutions to the given problem. This means that the models developed in this study properly and reliably determine the capacity and predicted changes in the maximum force (1 RM) for all eight monitored muscle groups.
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Enhancing Knowledge of Nutrition and Prevention in Medical Professionals and Coaches: The Key to Defeating the Female Athlete Triad
Article
Full-text available
  • Jul 2013
The American College of Sports Medicine has adapted their position statement on the female athlete triad to include low energy availability, amennorhea, and decreased bone mineral density rather than an eating disorder, amennorhea and osteoporosis. This review will reveal the triad would be more precisely named the " female energy continuum " to demonstrate that these components occur more often linearly than simultaneously. A significant number of females suffer from one of the triad's components but few suffer from all three concomitantly. Many medical professionals and coaches are unaware of what the triad is and how to appropriately treat athletes suffering from this phenomenon. An emphasis must be placed on the education of coaches and sports medicine practitioners regarding nutrition and eating disorder identification. Perhaps more importantly, those groups need to enhance their knowledge of how to properly treat and manage a patient who presents with low energy availability. Regardless of the source, athlete education, specific medical screenings and a multi-faceted team approach should be implemented.
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Swimming and cycling do not cause positive effects on bone mineral density: a systematic review
Article
Full-text available
  • Mar 2016
Osteoporosis is considered a common metabolic bone disease and its prevalence is increasing worldwide. In this context, physical activity has been used as a non-pharmacological tool for prevention and auxiliary treatment of this disease. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the effects of cycling and swimming practice on bone mineral density (BMD). This research was conducted in accordance with the recommendations outlined by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. The studies were consulted in the period from 2004 to 2014, through major electronic databases: PubMed®, SciELO® and LILACS®. Ten studies evaluated the effects of cycling on BMD, and the results showed that nine studies have linked the practice of professional cycling with low levels of BMD. Another 18 studies have reported that swimming has no positive effects on bone mass. We conclude that cycling and swimming do not cause positive effects on BMD; thus, these are not the most suitable exercises for prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Editora Ltda. All rights reserved.
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International Trends in Adolescent Screen-Time Behaviors From 2002 to 2010
Article
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Purpose: Engaging in prolonged screen-time behaviors (STBs) is detrimental for health. The objective of the present analyses was to examine temporal trends in TV viewing and computer use among adolescents across 30 countries. Methods: Data were derived from the cross-national Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study. Data on TV viewing and computer use for gaming and nongaming purposes were collected in 2002 (n = 139,725 [51.4% girls]), 2006 (n = 149,251 [51.3% girls]), and 2010 (n = 154,845 [51.2% girls]). The temporal trends in TV viewing and computer use were each tested for all countries combined and for each individual country by sex-specific univariate analysis of variance. Results: Between 2002 and 2010, TV viewing decreased slightly in most of the 30 countries among both boys and girls. This decrease was more than offset by a sharp increase in computer use, which was consistent across all countries. Overall, boys reported more hours of STBs. They also reported a slightly larger decrease in TV viewing and slightly larger increase in computer use. STBs were generally more frequent on weekend days. Conclusions: The overall cross-national increases in STBs should be a call to action for public health practitioners, policy-makers, and researchers that interventions specifically focused on reducing STBs in youth are sorely needed. Because all countries experienced a trend in the same direction, it might be fruitful to learn more about the determinants of STBs among those countries in which hours of STBs are generally low as compared with other countries.
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SPECIAL PHYSICAL EDUCATION: Scientific basis.
Book
  • Jan 2013
This textbook aims at offering contemporary scientific findings and providing answers as to the way in which one should organize, program, implement and control the process of special physical education and training in order to achieve the best possible educational and training effects and produce the changes relating to physical integrity and capacity of students, police officers and elite police athletes. The textbook is designed according to international standards. Its content is based on contemporary educational and training theories, on the results of experimental studies conducted by foreign and domestic authors, as well as on the results stemming from experimental studies conducted by the author of this textbook over the past 25 years. The subjects of these studies were police officers and top athletes. Furthermore, the content of this textbook is based on the best foreign and domestic police practice.
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Exercise Physiology: Nutrition, Energy, and Human Performance
Book
  • Jan 2010
Since publication of its First Edition in 1981, Exercise Physiology has helped more than 350,000 students build a solid foundation of the scientific principles underlying modern exercise physiology. This Seventh Edition has been thoroughly updated with all the most recent findings, guiding you to the latest understanding of nutrition, energy transfer, and exercise training and their relationship to human performance. This Seventh Edition maintains its popular seven-section structure. It begins with an exploration of the origins of exercise physiology and concludes with an examination of the most recent efforts to apply principles of molecular biology. The book provides excellent coverage of exercise physiology, uniting the topics of energy expenditure and capacity, molecular biology, physical conditioning, sports nutrition, body composition, weight control, and more. Every chapter has been fully revised and updated to reflect the latest information in the field. The updated full-color art program adds visual appeal and improves understanding of key topics. A companion website includes over 30 animations of key exercise physiology concepts; the full text online; a quiz bank; references; appendices; information about microscope technologies; a timeline of notable events in genetics; a list of Nobel Prizes in research related to cell and molecular biology; the scientific contributions of thirteen outstanding female scientists; an image bank; a Brownstone test generator; PowerPoint® lecture outlines; and image-only PowerPoint® slides.
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Sports Data Mining
Book
  • Jan 2010
Data mining is the process of extracting hidden patterns from data, and its commonly used in business, bioinformatics, counter-terrorism, and, increasingly, in professional sports. First popularized in Michael Lewis best-selling Moneyball: The Art of Winning An Unfair Game, it is has become an intrinsic part of all professional sports the world over, from baseball to cricket to soccer. While an industry has developed based on statistical analysis services for any given sport, or even for betting behavior analysis on these sports, no research-level book has considered the subject in any detail until now. Sports Data Mining brings together in one place the state of the art as it concerns an international array of sports: baseball, football, basketball, soccer, greyhound racing are all covered, and the authors (including Hsinchun Chen, one of the most esteemed and well-known experts in data mining in the world) present the latest research, developments, software available, and applications for each sport. They even examine the hidden patterns in gaming and wagering, along with the most common systems for wager analysis.
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The effect of minimalist, maximalist and energy return footwear of equal mass on running economy and substrate utilization
Article
The aim of the current study was to explore the effects of minimalist, maximalist and energy return footwear of equal mass on economy and substrate utilization during steady state running. Ten male runners completed 6-min steady state runs in minimalist, maximalist and energy return footwear. The mass of the footwear was controlled by adding lead tape to the lighter shoes. Running economy, shoe comfort, rating of perceived exertion and % contribution of carbohydrate to total calorie expenditure were assessed. Participants also subjectively indicated which shoe condition they preferred for running. Differences in shoe comfort and physiological parameters were examined using paired samples t-tests, whilst shoe preferences were tested using a chi-square test. The results showed firstly that running economy was significantly improved in the energy return (35.9 ml.kg.min-1) compared to minimalist footwear (37.8 ml.kg.min-1). In addition % carbohydrate was significantly greater in the minimalist (76.4 %) in comparison to energy return footwear (72.9 %). As running economy was improved and carbohydrate utilization reduced in the energy return in comparison to minimalist footwear, the current investigation shows that these footwear are more economical when shoe mass is controlled.
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