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Epidemiology and management of powdery mildew of sunflower
Abstract
Sunflower Helianthus annuus L. is one of the world's most cultivated oil seed crop. And affected by several biotic and abiotic factors. Approximately 13 percent yield is reduced due to powdery mildew disease severity. In the present study, conducive environmental conditions for powdery mildew disease of Sunflower were characterized. All the environmental variables had significant correlate with powdery mildew disease severity. The data on epidemiological failures was analyzed through correlation and regression while the data on management was analyzed through Anova. The treatment means was compared through the help of LSD. Among the six Germplasm lines screened one line G12 was found moderate resistant against powdery mildew disease. Effect of different chemicals that include Topas, Clone, Aerosil, Kumulus and Sulfex Gold was determined in RCBD for controlling of powdery mildew disease of sunflower. In field evaluation of fungicides, three sprays of Kumulus at 0.02 per cent concentration were found superior.
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EXTRACTO
El material experimental constaba de 8 líneas consanguíneas divergentes y 15 híbridos F1. Fue analizado el modo de heredar, el efecto de genes, las habilidades de combinación y las componentes de la variancia genética para el contenido del ácido oleico y linólico. El modo de heredar es determinado sobre la base de la prueba de significación de los valores medios de los híbridos F1 en relación con el promedio parental (Borojeviæ, 1965). Las habilidades de combinación han sido determinadas por el método línea × tester (Singh y Choudhary, 1976). Él modo de heredar el contenido del ácido oleico y linólico fue diferente en la generación F1. Fueron encontrados los casos de dominancia, dominancia parcial, intermediaridad y heterosis. El efecto positivo altamente significante de las habilidades de combinación comunes (HCC) tuvieron las líneas consanguíneas HA-22 y RHA-N-K para el contenido del ácido oleico, y las líneas consanguíneas HA-74 y RHA-C-B para el contenido del ácido linólico. Los valores negativos altamente significantes de OKS, tuvieron las líneas consanguíneas HA-22 y RHA-C-B para el contenido del ácido oleico, y la línea consanguínea RHA-N-K para el contenido del ácido linólico. El efecto de las habilidades de combinación especiales (HCE) no era significante para las dos propiedades investigadas en los híbridos F1. En la herencia del contenido del ácido oleico, fue significante la componente aditiva de la variancia genética, mientras que para la herencia del contenido del ácido linólico, más significante era la no aditiva (dominación y epistasis).
The nucleotide sequence of the internal transcribed spacer （ITS） regions of the ribosomal DNA including the 5.8S rRNA gene and the 5' end of the 28S rRNA gene have been determined for 19 species in 10 genera of the powdery mildew fungi in order to analyze their phylogenetic relationship. These fungi were divided into two large groups based on the nucleotide length of the ITS regions, and this grouping was in line with that based on the morphological characters of the anamorphic stage rather than the teleomorphic stage. Although the variable ITS sequences were often ambiguously aljgned, conserved sites were also found. Thus, a neighbor－joining tree was constructed using the nucleotide sequence data of the conserved sites of theITS regions, the 5.8S rRNA gene, and the 5' end of the 28S rRNA gene．The phylogenetic tree displayed the presence of four groups in the powdery mildews, Which were distinguished by their morphology and/or host ranges. In the ITS2 region, the presence of a common secondary structure having four hairpin domains was suggested, in spite of the highly variable nucleotide sequences of this region. The predicted secondary structure was supported by the compensatory mutations as well as compensatory conserved sequence and high G＋C content in the predicted stem regions.
In control populations, the first capitulum buds were produced in late February. Onset of flowering became progressively delayed as status within the hierarchy declined. In all sub-classes of the population, rust infection during the previous autumn delayed flowering in the spring by 1-2 wk. The percentage of plants within a sub-class that were reproductive (bore buds or capitula) in the March and April declined as status in the hierarchy decreased. In classes of comparable status, fewer plants flowered in inoculated populations. Infection resulted in no significant change in the percentage of florets that developed into seed or in the viability of seed. The potential seed production of control populations was >460 000 seeds m-2. Populations that had been rust-infected in the autumn potentially produced 183 000 seeds m-2, a reduction of >60% compared with controls. -from Authors
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