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Herbal drugs and phytopharmaceuticals
... Populations of many species have limited distribution in their natural habitats, requiring conservation strategies for protection (Kokate et al, 2010) [14] . Unavailability of such medicinal plants has led to arbitrary substitution and adulteration in raw drug market (Tewari NN, 1991;Bisset WG, 1984) [31,38] . Adulteration it is a practice of substituting the original crude drug partially or fully with other substances which is either free from or inferior in therapeutic and chemical properties or addition of low grade or spoiled or spurious drugs or entirely different drug similar to that of original drug substituted with an intention of enhancement of profits (Bisset, WG., 1984; Sunita, G., 1992; Sagar, PK., 2014) [38,37,9] . ...
... Unavailability of such medicinal plants has led to arbitrary substitution and adulteration in raw drug market (Tewari NN, 1991;Bisset WG, 1984) [31,38] . Adulteration it is a practice of substituting the original crude drug partially or fully with other substances which is either free from or inferior in therapeutic and chemical properties or addition of low grade or spoiled or spurious drugs or entirely different drug similar to that of original drug substituted with an intention of enhancement of profits (Bisset, WG., 1984; Sunita, G., 1992; Sagar, PK., 2014) [38,37,9] . Patent proprietary ASU/ TAM Herbal Medicines are sold over the counter in pharmacies. ...
Traditionally utilization of ASU herbal drugs as medicine used is the since ancient time for health, wellness and cures to mankind and it is used in all cultures all over history The primeval and tribal's, hiller's persons learned by trial and error basis to identified valuable potent medicinal plants. In modern scenario more demand increasing towards herbal medicinal ASU products because ASU and TAM herbal products having low hazardness and toxicity as compare to other medicine and there is increasing awareness and general acceptability of herbal drugs in today's medical practice on global demand basis. In present, It is however a known fact that over 80% of the world population used herbal medicines and product for healthy living. As well as globally demand of herbal products increases the need of herbal quality assurance for customer satisfaction also increases. For the prevention of drug substitution, adulteration and developed abuse herbal products, WHO have been released guidelines on global requirement and public domain to all herbal industries. The identification of this highly active moiety is an important requirement for Quality assurance, quality control and dose determination of plant related dugs. Standardization research of ASU. Herbal drugs means confirmation or validation of its identity, purity, quality and efficacy. It is mandatory for every ASU herbal industry. It must need for collection, handling, processing and production of ASU herbal medicine as well as employ such parameters in ensuring the quality, safety, efficacy and compulsory need for the global ASU. TAM. Herbal market. In this overview all guidelines which are required for development of ASU and TAM herbal products at global scale.
... Traditional knowledge of medicinal plants is important for modern medicine development [6]. Major pharmaceutical drugs have been derived from biological diversity [7]. For example, Aspirin was discovered independently by residents of both the New and Old worlds as a remedy for aches and fevers [8]. ...
... Plant remedies are the most important source of therapeutics for nearly 80% of the population in Ethiopia and most of the knowledge is still in the hands of traditional healers [7]. However: the great role of traditional medicine and medicinal plants in primary health care, little work has so far been done in the country to properly document and promote the associated knowledge covering only a few out of the estimated 80 or more socio-cultural (language) groups in Ethiopia [13]. ...
... In some communities' herbal medicine is still believed as an epicenter of their medical system. The inclination towards the herbal medicine has gain popularity due to multiple notable side effects from western medicine [2][3][4][5][6][7]. The trust in herbal medicine has once again captivate attention towards its effective results against disease and ailments. ...
... Herbal medicine has a poor scientific foundation in its recognition as evidence-based medicine. Plants undoubtedly are one of the most fascinating categories because, they are the sources of bioactive molecules [4,9] but can be toxic if preparation isn't authentic or as per the standard protocol. The therapeutic effect derived from the plant extracts accounted for medicinal use, rests on the principle of bioactive compounds [10]. ...
Herbal drugs are one of the very well-known medicines adapted by millions of people worldwide since ancient time. The plant kingdom is a treasure of potential phytochemicals that can be utilized to treat variety of medical conditions. With the advent of increase in demand and knowledge of herbal medicines quality of these herbal medicines has grab the attention of various pharma industries. Thus, certain standard parameters to determine the quality of raw material are described in the present article. In the current study the quality of raw material 16 members of order Myrtales constituting 5 families i.e. Myrtaceae, Lythraceae, Lecythidaceae, Melastomataceae and Combretaceae from different regions of Maharashtra were carried out. Allied variety of plants from the region of Mumbai and Lonavala were considered for the study. Physicochemical parameters such as Moisture content, Total Ash Value, Acid soluble Ash, and Water-soluble Ash were determined. Values of proximate analysis of raw material were found to be within permissible limit as specified in pharmacopeia.
... Valerian is the common name for a perennial herb plant belonging to the family Caprifoliaceae and native to various regions of America, Europe and Asia [1]. Among approximately 200 species known so far, Valeriana officinalis L. is the one most commonly used for medicinal purposes [1]. ...
... Valerian is the common name for a perennial herb plant belonging to the family Caprifoliaceae and native to various regions of America, Europe and Asia [1]. Among approximately 200 species known so far, Valeriana officinalis L. is the one most commonly used for medicinal purposes [1]. Reports have shown that some valerian species have been used for centuries in Europe and North America as mild sedatives and sleep enhancers [2,3]. ...
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder whose pathophysiology includes the abnormal accumulation of proteins (e.g., β-amyloid), oxidative stress, and alterations in neurotransmitter levels, mainly acetylcholine. Here we present a comparative study of the effect of extracts obtained from endemic Argentinian species of valerians, namely V. carnosa Sm., V. clarionifolia Phil. and V. macrorhiza Poepp. ex DC from Patagonia and V. ferax (Griseb.) Höck and V. effusa Griseb., on different AD-related biological targets. Of these anxiolytic, sedative and sleep-inducing valerians, V. carnosa proved the most promising and was assayed in vivo. All valerians inhibited acetylcholinesterase (IC50 between 1.08–12.69 mg/mL) and butyrylcholinesterase (IC50 between 0.0019–1.46 mg/mL). They also inhibited the aggregation of β-amyloid peptide, were able to chelate Fe2+ ions, and exhibited a direct relationship between antioxidant capacity and phenolic content. Moreover, V. carnosa was able to inhibit human monoamine oxidase A (IC50: 0.286 mg/mL (0.213–0.384)). A daily intake of aqueous V. carnosa extract by male Swiss mice (50 and 150 mg/kg/day) resulted in anxiolytic and antidepressant-like behavior and improved spatial memory. In addition, decreased AChE activity and oxidative stress markers were observed in treated mouse brains. Our studies contribute to the development of indigenous herbal medicines as therapeutic agents for AD.
... The volatile oil fraction was reported to be composed of various bioactive constituents including elemol, eugenol, esters, cinnamaldehyde, cadinene cumicalcohol, cuminaldehyde, m-cresol, dipentene, limonine, pinene, sesquiterpenes, furano-sesquiterpenes heerabolene, and terpenes, (Rao et al. 2001), alcohols, α-camphorarene, myrcene, Z-guggulsterol, aldehydes I, II, III guggulsterol (Treas andEvans 1978). Galactose, alongside with acidic polysaccharide arabinose, 4-0-methyl-glucuronic acid, and xylose (2:7:8 with 18-20% protein) (Bisset and Wichtl 1994), is the major composition of the gums (soluble in water) or mucilage fraction. Hydrolyzing the gum gives galactose, 4-0-mythylglucuronic acid, arabinose, and xylose (Leung 1980). ...
... Hydrolyzing the gum gives galactose, 4-0-mythylglucuronic acid, arabinose, and xylose (Leung 1980). The major composition of terpenes in myrrh is furano-sesequiterpenoids with elemane, eudes-mane, guaiane, or runcates, structures (Bisset and Wichtl 1994). It has a peculiar odor resulting from furano-sesquiterpenes (Bruneton 1995), which is likely to be a significant constituent of pharmaceutical myrrh (Wichtl 1994). ...
Medicinal plants have a long track record of use in history, and one of them is Commiphora myrrh which is commonly found in the southern part of Arabia, the northeastern part of Africa, in Somalia, and Kenya. Relevant literatures were accessed via Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science to give updated information on the phytochemical constituents and pharmacological action of Commiphora myrrh . It has been used traditionally for treating wounds, mouth ulcers, aches, fractures, stomach disorders, microbial infections, and inflammatory diseases. It is used as an antiseptic, astringent, anthelmintic, carminative, emmenagogue, and as an expectorant. Phytochemical studies have shown that it contains terpenoids (monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, and volatile/essential oil), diterpenoids, triterpenoids, and steroids. Its essential oil has applications in cosmetics, aromatherapy, and perfumery. Research has shown that it exerts various biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-microbial, neuroprotective, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, analgesic, anti-parasitic, and recently, it was found to work against respiratory infections like COVID-19. With the advancement in drug development, hopefully, its rich phytochemical components can be explored for drug development as an insecticide due to its great anti-parasitic activity. Also, its interactions with drugs can be fully elucidated.
This review highlights an updated information on the history, distribution, traditional uses, phytochemical components, pharmacology, and various biological activities of Commiphora myrrh .
Graphical abstract
Graphical summary of the phytochemical and pharmacological update of Commiphora myrrh
... It's noted as a weaker forerunner of aspirin [46]. Willow bark contains various chemical compounds, including glycosides (such as salicin), tannins, aromatic aldehydes and acids, salicyl alcohol (saligenin), and flavonoids [47][48][49][50][51]. These constituents contribute to its pharmacological effects. ...
... Traditional medicine (TM) has been utilized by many Latin American, African and Asian countries to meet some of their primary health care needs. About 80% of the world's population, especially in developing countries uses herbal medicine as their source of primary healthcare due to poverty or limited access to modern medicine (Farnsworth et al., 1985;Bisset and Wichtl, 1994;Mukherjee, 2002;Bodeker et al., 2005). Further, 1 out of 125 plantbased products ends up successfully as a drug (McCaleb, 1997) while the same is correct for only 1 in 10,000 out of synthetic chemicals (Farnsworth, 1994). ...
The changing lifestyle in recent years has greatly influenced the reproductive health of humans resulting in infertility-related problems, globally. One of the prominent approaches to address the infertility issue has been the use of plant-based safe and affordable drugs with no or minimal side effects. Two such medicinal plants, Putranjiva roxburghii Wall., (commonly called putranjiva) of the family Putranjivaceae and Diplocyclos palmatus (L.) C. Jeffrey (commonly called shivlingi) of the Cucurbitaceae family have been reported. There are reports stating the extensive use of these two medicinal plants by many countries especially India for their general and reproductive health benefits. The plants are an aid to azoospermia, aphrodisiac, menstrual disorder, semen disorders, infertility, diseases of female genital organs, oligospermia, conception, etc. These two plants act as a uterine tonic and help to enhance fertility when coadministered. As reported, the shivlingi is also believed to help conceive a male child when consumed by the female for 1-2 months on empty stomach. No doubt there are several reports stating the benefits of these two medicinal plants in various reproductive-related aspects but there is still a need for scientific work to be carried out to validate and justify the statements and claims made by practitioners or local communities as there are no or few studies being carried out in this area till date. No study shows work on the coadministration of these two medicinal plants. Therefore, extensive research in this field along with proper screening of phytosterols and other phytocompounds is still needed before the declaration and formulation of fertility drugs from these plants to provide hope to couples dealing with infertility-related issues.
... The heterocarp achenes are sickle-shaped, curved and ringed. [27][28][29] ...
The plant C. officinalis belonging to family Asteracea/Compositae, is native to Central Europe and the Mediterranean,
it grows readily in sunny locations throughout North America and Europe. There are about 20 species in this genus cultivated by
Egypteans, Greeks, Hindus, and Arabs. Calendula grew in European gardens and has been used medicinally since 12th century.
Mainly, the flowers were made into extracts, tinctures, balms, salves and applied directly to skin to help heal wounds and to
soothe inflamed and damaged skin. In Italian folk medicine Calendula is used as an antipyretic and anti-inflammatory. The
reported pharmacological actions of the plant are, angiogenic property having vascular regeneration parameter affirming the
said activity, analgesic properties were confirmed in the flower extract of the plant, it was found triterpenoids were mainly
responsible to promote anti-inflammatory activity in the plant, due to presence of faradio esters the plant projects anti�oedematous activity, the additional pharmacological activities explored till date are antimicrobial and antibacterial activity,
effective treatment in case of breast cancer, antihepatotoxicity activity, genotoxic and antigenotoxic activity, Hepatoprotective
and renoprotective activity, antiviral activity, anti-HIV activity, effective in dealing with periodontal infections, ameliorating
incidence of myocardial infarction, antioxidant and anti-immunomodulatory activity, effective treatment for acne, prominent
anti-gastric ulcer and wound healing property, effective in dealing with bacterial infections in vets. Further studies of having sun
protection factor in Calendula officinalis have also been investigated with positive results. The present review is an anthology of
the work done on this potential herbal plant, having prospects of wide areas of therapeutic activity, in a way as an important
medicinal source.
... Its fruits are small in size, greenish-white, tentacle-shaped, grayish-brown in color and aromatic (Teng and et al., 1985) . Celery contains the following substances, including isoimperatorin isoquercitrin, linoleic acid, and volatile oil, which consists of dlimonene, Selinene, Santalol, Eudesmol dihydrocarvone, Sedanenolide, Isopimpinellin, Apiumoside and Celeroside (Garg and et al., 1980), Also used as a laxative, carminative, diuretic, stimulant, tonic, lowers blood pressure, treats indigestion, tonics the uterus, and is used in the treatment of infections (Leung, 1980) It was found the volatile oil an effect on the nervous system, as it is analgesic and antispasmodic (Bisset and Wichtl, 1994), and it is also used in the treatment of Rheumatism (Yan and et al., 1998). It contains many Mineral and secondary compounds such as flavonoids, kaempferol, Quercetin, flavones, Apigenin and Luteolin (Petersson and et al., 2006). ...
This Experiment was carried out in the fields of College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad during the autumn season 2014-2015. Plants seeds (celery, parsley and Chamomile) planted in dishes, Seedlings transferred after month when seeds germination .The seedlings were planted in the field on lines between 75 cm and 40 cm between one plant and another. This experiment was carried out using the design RCBD on three replicates. The first factor represents different plants, While The second factor represents harvest dates .The results were showed that The harvest of leaves celery at three o'clock in the afternoon gave the highest percentage of volatile oil and penol, which was 0.75 ml / 100 g and 5 mg/100g. Parsley gave highest level of volatile oil at 6 pm, which was 0.5 ml / 100 g, While the harvest time at three in the morning produced the highest percentage of phenols, which reached 3.7 mg/100g. The amount of volatile oil in the flowers of chamomile plant increased when harvesting at 12 AM, which gave the highest amount of 0.063 ml / 100 g compared to the date of harvest at three in the afternoon, which produced the lowest amount of volatile oil amounted to 0.026 ml / 100 g. and harvest time at 9 pm in the content of total phenols.
... To achieve the desired benefit from herbal preparations, an individual must take the required dose over a certain length of time. Although it is generally believed that most herbal preparations are safe for consumption, some herbs like most biologically active substances could be toxic with undesirable side effects (Bisset, 1994). ...
Herbal formulation has been used in recent years to treat various diseases including malaria, typhoid, dysentery and cholera. To investigate the microbiological quality of herbal formulations. Herbal formulations were purchased
Wurukum market, Modern market, and North bank market) in Makurdi metropolis Microbiological analysis was carried out using pour plate isolation method. Identification of
isolated microorganisms was based on their using standard microbiological procedures.
bacterial counts (TBC) of all the test herbal samples obtained from the various markets ranged from 1.8 x103 to 9.3x103 cfu/ml and the total fungal count in the herbal mixture had a range of 1.0x103 to 2.5x103, Four bacterial species were identified and they include; B
Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus isolates was Bacillus spp (12.5%),while the highest occurring was (37.5%).Four fungal isolates were identified and they include,
Scedosporiumspp and Phialophoraparasiticum were the least occurring fungal isolate (12.5%) while Phialophoraparasiticum were the most occurring fungal isolate (37.5%).herbal medicines for curative purposes is on the increase, the microbial load of the medicinal plants at critical control points during processing.the danger associated with the potential toxicity of herbal therapies employed over a long period of time demand that the practitioners be kept abreast of the reported incidence of renal and hepatic toxicity resulting from the ingestion of medicinal herbs.
... It has a thickness of around 5mm and is characterised by distinct longitudinal furrows. When observed in cross-section, the root appears hollow, while its cut surface appears white [12,13] . ...
... During the past decade, there has e and public interest in natural therapies in both developing and developed countries. Due to poverty and limited access to modern medicine, about four billion people, 80% of the world's population, living in developing countries use herbal medicine as their source of primary health care (Bisset, 1994;Farnsworth et al., 1985). These medicinal plants species belong to a wide range of plant types, including trees, herbs, shrubs, lianas, woody climbers, et al., 2003). ...
Chlorophytum borivilianum the treatment of many clinical conditions in India. It is an important drug commonly Musli'. It has many therapeutic applications in Ayurv of medicine. In the Ayurvedic literature, Safed Musli is celebrated as a Divya Aushad with unparalleled medicinal properties. Major antibacterial antibacterial activies of activies of methanolic, dimensions of the drug including antibacterial and antifungal activies studies carried out on this drug.
... The trend that took place in the past few decades is the return of interest in herbs and wild and cultivated plants and a return to what was known in the past as folk medicine or herbal medicine. There are several reasons for this trend, the most important of which is the consideration of plants as a laboratory for the production of natural pharmaceutical materials at a time when manufactured drugs cause side effects that affect the health of the patient, as well as a result of scientific and industrial progress, which provided effective methods and methods for the rapid production of effective compounds from the plant, especially through tissue culture of the parts plants that contain these compounds and to find effective methods and methods for increasing medicinal compounds, and the ease of handling medicinal plants, their tissues and their products [1]. Moreover, scientific experiments have proven that the laboratory-manufactured active substance does not perform the physiological effect of the same active substance extracted from medicinal plants [2]. ...
The Explants that was used in the experiment to stimulate the production of glycoside compounds is the tips of the vegetative branches with a length of 2 cm obtained from the stage of vegetative multiplication growing from seeds treated with gamma radiation with a dose of (0, 30) gray, the tips of the branches were planted on MS nutrient medium prepared with different concentrations Of sucrose maltose (30, 60, 90, 120) g.l-1 in independent experiments to know the effect of irradiation, sucrose and maltose in stimulating the production of cardiac glycoside compounds, chlorophyll and carbohydrates. The data showed the superiority of maltose at a concentration of 90 g.l-1 significantly over the rest of the treatments, as it achieved the highest rate of production The active compounds Digitoxin, Digoxin, and Gitoxin reached (284.42, 372.65, 327.63) µg.g-1 dry weight, respectively. They also led to an increase in the amount of chlorophyll that reached 4.11 mg.g-1, while the concentration of 120 g.l-1 maltose achieved the highest rate in carbohydrate production which reached 4.51 mg.g-1. The irradiation treatment was superior in increasing the production of the active compounds, reaching (215.78, 286.28, 250.26) µg.g-1 dry weight, respectively. It also led to an increase in the amount of chlorophyll and carbohydrates, which amounted to (3.81 and 4.53) mg.g-1respectively.
... Calendula suffruticosa α-linolenic acid 24.20 [17,30] Calendula arvensis d-cadinene (Sesquiterpines) 15.1 [16,31] CO α-cadinol 64 [31][32][33][34][35][36] Calendula stellata linalool 34.40 [30] Calendula tripterocarpa Phenolic compounds 11.22 [37,38] ...
... Aloe should not be used during pregnancy or lactation except under medical supervision after evaluating benefits and risks. Aloe is also contraindicated in patients with cramps, colic, hemorrhoids, nephritis or any undiagnosed abdominal symptoms such as pain, nausea, or vomiting [52,53] . ...
... (Pedaliaceae), widely known as Devil's Claw, is an herbaceous medicinal plant that belongs to the family Pedaliaceae and thrives in the dry landscapes of Southern Africa. This plant has analgesic properties, such as those attributed to harpagoside, and anti-inflammatory properties (Wichtl and Bisset, 2000;Stewart and Cole, 2005;Cole and Strohbach, 2007). It has been extensively used by Kalahari indigenous San people (Matlahare, 2002;Stewart and Cole, 2005) for the treatment of a wide variety of health conditions including fever relief, blood diseases, muscular aches and pains, an analgesic during pregnancy, rheumatism, liver, kidney and pancreatic ailments, osteoarthritis, tendonitis, heart disease, dyspepsia, and loss of appetite (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962;Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000;Von Koenen, 2001;Grote, 2003). ...
... The original habitat of its important commercial species is due to the mountainous regions of the Mediterranean basin countries. South European countries, Bulgaria, Russia, and the USA [1,2] all produce it. Lavender is derived from the verb lavare, which means to wash or bathe. ...
Using a wooden canopy from the Department of Horticulture and Garden Engineering at the College of Agriculture/University of Tikrit, researchers examined the 2020/2021 lavender crop. To see if the growth regulator brassinolide and the nutrient solution Grow-more can improve the vegetative features and active substance of the lavender plant Lavandula angustifolia Mill. Three replications were used for the experiment, which used a randomized complete block design (RCBD) to investigate two parameters. There are two components: BL, a brassinolide growth regulator (concentrations of 0,000, 0,005, 0,001 mg L ⁻¹ ), and GM nutrients (concentrations of 4, 120 mg L ⁻¹ ). (240 mg. L ⁻¹ )
... Calendula suffruticosa α-linolenic acid 24.20 [17,30] Calendula arvensis d-cadinene (Sesquiterpines) 15.1 [16,31] CO α-cadinol 64 [31][32][33][34][35][36] Calendula stellata linalool 34.40 [30] Calendula tripterocarpa Phenolic compounds 11.22 [37,38] ...
Calendula officinalis Linn. (CO) is a popular medicinal plant from the plant kingdom’s Asteraceae family that has been used for millennia. This plant contains flavonoids, triterpenoids, glycosides, saponins, carotenoids, volatile oil, amino acids, steroids, sterols, and quinines. These chemical constituents confer multifaceted biological effects such as anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, antihelminthic, antidiabetes, wound healing, hepatoprotective, and antioxidant activities. Additionally, it is employed in cases of certain burns and gastrointestinal, gynecological, ocular, and skin conditions. In this review, we have discussed recent research from the last five years on the therapeutic applications of CO and emphasized its myriad capabilities as a traditional medicine. We have also elucidated CO’s molecular mechanisms and recent clinical studies. Overall, this review intends to summarize, fill in the gaps in the existing research, and provide a wealth of possibilities for researchers working to validate traditional claims and advance the safe and effective use of CO in treating various ailments.
... (17), helikrizin A ve B, naringenin, naringenin 4'-O-glikozit gibi flavonon türevleri(18)ayrıca kalkon yapısında izosalipurpozit, pinosembrin kalkon, 6'metoksi-2' ,4,4'-trihidroksikalkon, helikrisetin (19) yanında braktein , sernuozit gibi auron (20) yapısında bileşikleri içerdiği görülmüştür. Bunun dışında bitkinin fenolik asitlerden kafeik asit, p-kumarik asit, klorojenik asit (21), floroglusinol türevlerinden 1-izobutirilfloroglusinol, 1-asetil-3-[3' ,3'-dimetilallil-(1)] floroglusinol (22), antosiyaninlerden pelargonidin, 3-O-glikozit (23), kumarinlerden umbelliferon ve skopoletin (24), terpenik bileşiklerden ise diterpen olarak 19-suksinoiloksi-ent-pimar-7,14-dien, ent-labdan türevleri, triterpen olarak skualen, sitosterol, stigmasterol (25) yanında uçucu yağ (26), tanen (27), yağ asitleri ve inorganik bileşikler (28) içerdiği de bildirilmiştir (29). ...
... 3. Средства растительного происхождения на основе мяты перечной (Mentha piperita) в виде настойки, порошка, таблеток, сырья растительного измельченного оказывают анксиолитическое, седативное, умеренное спазмолитическое, желчегонное, противорвотное и местнораздражающее действия. Основными активными компонентами листьев мяты перечной являются эфирное масло (0,5-4 %), которое содержит ментол (30-55 %), главным образом в форме свободного спирта) и ментон (14-32 %), а также изоментон (2-10 %), 1,8-цинеол (6-14 %), α-пинен (1,0-1,5 %), β-пинен (1-2 %), лимонен (1-5 %), неоментол (2,5-3,5 %), ментофуран (1-9 %) [40][41][42][43], карвон, розмариновую кислоту и ментилацетат. ...
Therapy with medicinal herbs in the complex of therapeutic actions for insomnia occupies a special place. The main advantage of phytotherapy of sleep disorders is their high therapeutic efficacy in the absence of side effects, except in cases of individual sensitivity to individual components of the drug. Unlike synthetic drugs, drugs, which are based on vegetable raw materials, have a rapid effect on the extracellular and intracellular metabolic processes. Therefore, the therapeutic effect of medicinal plants is persistent and prolonged. The method of phytotherapy is an alternative and highly effective method of treatment of insomnia, and it should not reject, but significantly complement other methods of modern medicine.
... The safety and efficacy of cowslip extracts rich in saponins have been demonstrated in several pharmacological studies, which show their potent anti-asthmatic, anti-inflammatory and anti-viral properties [5]. According to the exiting EMA monograph (EMA/HMPC/104095/2012) [6], primula radix (root) preparations can be used as an expectorant for coughs associated with colds, and the main indication for primula root is for the treatment of respiratory tract problems, such as asthma, bronchitis, and catarrh; these actions are attributed to secretolytic and secretomotoric triterpenoid saponins, which are present in the plant material in amounts up to 12% [7]. Apart from its role in human health, P. veris seems to be an important plant species for the natural habitats as it can serve as an early indicator of an ecosystem's health and quality by responding rapidly to direct negative environmental changes [8]. ...
Primula veris subsp. veris L. is a perennial herbaceous and medicinal plant species the roots and flowers of which are a source of valuable pharmaceutical raw materials. The plant tissues are used to produce expectorant and diuretic drugs due to their high content of triterpene saponins and phenolic glycosides. Underground roots of P. veris can be obtained only through a destructive process during the plant’s harvesting. In the present study, an in vitro adventitious root production protocol was developed as an alternative way of production, focused on four species-specific secondary metabolites. Root explants were cultured in Murashing & Skoog liquid medium supplemented with 5.4 μM α-naphthaleneacetic acid, 0.5 μM kinetin, L-proline 100 mg/L, and 30 g/L sucrose, in the dark and under agitation. The effect of temperature (10, 15 and 22 °C) on biomass production was investigated. The content of two flavonoid compounds (primeverin and primulaverin), and two main triterpene saponins (primulic acid I and II) were determined after 60 days of culture and compared with 1.5-year-old soil-grown plants. The accumulated content (mg/g DW) of bioactive compounds of in vitro adventitious roots cultured under 22 °C was significantly higher than the other two temperatures of the study, being 9.71 mg/g DW in primulaverin, 0.09 mg/g DW in primeverin, 6.09 mg/g DW in primulic acid I, and 0.51 mg/g DW in primulic acid II. Compared to the soil-grown roots (10.23 mg/g DW primulaverin, 0.28 mg/g DW primeverin, 17.01 mg/g DW primulic acid I, 0.09 mg/g DW primulic acid II), the in vitro grown roots at 22 °C exhibited a 5.67-fold higher content in primulic acid II. However, primulic acid I and primeverin content were approximately three-fold higher in soil-grown roots, while primulaverin content were at similar levels for both in vitro at 22 °C and soil-grown roots. From our results, tissue culture of P. veris subsp. veris could serve not only for propagation but also for production of species-specific secondary metabolites such as primulic acid II through adventitious root cultures. This would therefore limit the uncontrolled collection of this plant from its natural environment and provide natural products free from pesticides in a sustainable way.
... Calendula officinalis is an annual or biennial herb that can grow to 30-60 cm in height. Its body is herbaceous or only woody at the base, the leaves are whole or slightly fragmented, the achene bill is strongly incurved, the flowers are yellow-orange colored (Bisset and Wichtl 2001;Milss 1992). Powdered Calendula officinalis is yellowish-brown with a characteristic, aromatic odor and has a slightly bitter taste (Jackson and Snowdon 1992; Arora et al. 2013). ...
Turkey has an important position in the world in terms of the richness of plant species. It contains about 9,000 plant species and 11,500 taxa. In addition, more than 1000 plant species are used as medicinal and aromatic plants in our country. Medicinal plants are mostly collected from nature and evaluated. Recent studies have shown that these plants can be evaluated in many ways both in agriculture and in various industrial areas. Calendula genus is represented by over 60 taxa in the world and 4 taxa in Turkey. Especially from these taxa; The medicinal and economic values of Calendula officinalis and Calendula arvensis species are quite high. In this study, the medicinal uses of Calendula officinalis and Calendula arvensis plants, which are distributed in the flora of Turkey, were examined in detail based on the literature.
... As for Thymus vulgaris, the active compound present in the essential oil exhibits anthelmintic, antibacterial and antifungal properties (47), as well as antispasmodic activity (48). Moreover, it may be useful against bronchospasm (49) and as mucolytic (50), which may explain its wide use in chronic bronchitis. Regarding pharmaceutical forms commonly employed in phytotherapy (Table 6), tablets (81.6%), syrup (oral or topical) (63.5%) and cream/ointment (53.7%) were the most frequently prescribed. ...
Medicinal plants have been used in veterinary medicine since ancient times, and they are gaining importance in Eastern Europe. The aim of this study was to conduct a survey on the use of medicinal plants in Spain. A cross-sectional study with an online questionnaire was carried out among Spanish small animal veterinarians, to evaluate the use patterns of medicinal plants and attitudes of professionals toward it. 313 veterinarians took part in the study. Most of them were female (80.2%) and age ranged 35–49 (49.5%). 80.3% of respondents use phytotherapy. Musculoskeletal and gastrointestinal disorders were those most frequently treated, with cannabis, aloe and thyme the most often medicinal plants used. The most common pattern of user was women working in clinics.
... The participation of individual components depends on the plant's origin and region. Due to differences in the content of individual components of essential oils, plants from southern Europe produce sweeter tastes, whereas plants from central and northern Europe produce a more bitter tastes [15]. The main components of the fennel essential oil isolated from the dried aerial parts were trans-anethole, α-pinene and limonene, whereas methyl chavicol was dominant in the EOs from the seeds [16]. ...
The aim of this work was to compare the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of the essential oils from two plant parts (leaves and stems) of fennel, wild-grown in the Montenegro seaside. The chemical composition of the isolated essential oils was determined by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and flame ionization detection (GC/FID). The yield of the fennel essential oils (FEOs) from leaves (0.83%) was four times higher than that from the fennel stems (0.21%). Forty-six compounds were identified from leaves’ FEOs and were mainly aromatic compounds (68.5%), monoterpenes (17.8%), and others, where the most abundant compounds were (E)-anethole (51.4%) and methyl chavicol (9.3%). Forty-seven compounds were identified in the FEOs from stems, which were mainly aromatic compounds (69.7%), oxygen-containing monoterpenes (14.9%), where the most abundant compounds were also (E)-anethole (55.7%) and methyl chavicol (7.8%). The FEOs from stems showed higher antioxidant activity, with an EC50 value of 2.58 mg/mL, than in the fennel leaves, which had an EC50 value of 6.91 mg/mL. The FEOs show superior antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans (45.3 mm) and Bacillus subtilis (24.0 mm). Isolated essential oils could be used as a safer alternative to synthetic additives in the food industry.
... Its fruits are small in size, greenish-white, tentacle-shaped, grayish-brown in color and aromatic (Teng and et al., 1985) . Celery contains the following substances, including isoimperatorin isoquercitrin, linoleic acid, and volatile oil, which consists of dlimonene, Selinene, Santalol, Eudesmol dihydrocarvone, Sedanenolide, Isopimpinellin, Apiumoside and Celeroside (Garg and et al., 1980), Also used as a laxative, carminative, diuretic, stimulant, tonic, lowers blood pressure, treats indigestion, tonics the uterus, and is used in the treatment of infections (Leung, 1980) It was found the volatile oil an effect on the nervous system, as it is analgesic and antispasmodic (Bisset and Wichtl, 1994), and it is also used in the treatment of Rheumatism (Yan and et al., 1998). It contains many Mineral and secondary compounds such as flavonoids, kaempferol, Quercetin, flavones, Apigenin and Luteolin (Petersson and et al., 2006). ...
DETERMINATION OF THE ACTUAL INTENSITY BY CORRECTION OF THE EMISSION SPECTRUM LINES OF HEAVY METALS CONTAINED IN CRUDE OIL USING LASER INDUCED PLASMA –TECHNIQUE
... Herbal character is affirmed by slender layer chromatography, minute and plainly visible assessment, and organoleptic assessment. Extract contain 0.825% apigenin and luteolin glycosides, vitexin, isovitexin, and their C glycosides, kaempferol, quercetin, and rutin; indole alkaloids (0.01%), for the most part, harman, harmaline, harmine; coumarin subordinates; cyanogenic glycosides (gynocardin); amino acids (counting GABA); unsaturated fats (linoleic and linolenic); gum; maltol; phytosterols (stigmasterol); sugars (sucrose) and a hint of unpredictable oil [8][9][10][11][12][13][14] . ...
For humankind, a major wellspring of the bioactive
compound, the family Passiflora L. contains near about 520 types of
dicotyledonous plants in the family Passifloraceae. Passiflora incarnata and
P. alata, likewise generally known as passionflower. Two types of perpetual
climbing vine with lovely extraordinary flower and scrumptious organic
products that become around the world, favoring subtropical, ice-free
atmospheres. The arrangement, by and large, found in the tropical, semitropical
United States (Virginia to Florida and as far west as Texas), Mexico,
Central American, and from Brazil to Paraguay through northern Argentina.
Treatment of some diseases like anxiety, insomnia, convulsion, sexual
dysfunction, cough, and cancer. Passionflower is at present authority in the
national Pharmacopeia's of Egypt, France, Germany, and Switzerland and
furthermore monographed in the British Herbal Pharmacopeia. The present
article including the detailed about of pharmacological properties of Passion
flower and to provide information for further research on passion plants.
... Because of extreme poverty and limited access to pharmaceutical medicine, approximately 80% of the world population consider and use traditional medicine, especially in developing countries (mostly in rural area of these countries where access is denied to modern medicine) as their primary source of healthcare. It is an alarming gate for sound QoL if treatment received from an untrained professional or practitioner (Bodeker et al, 2005;Mukherjee, 2002;Farnsworth et al, 1985& Bisset, 1994. ...
The current study aimed at finding the association of Health-Related Quality of Life among Hepatitis C patients (dependent variable) with use of herbal medicine to cure Hepatitis C (independent variable). The study was conducted in three teaching Hospitals at Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. A sample size of 361 respondents were proportionally allocated to each Hospital and then selected through systematic sampling techniques. Data was collected on a three level Likert Scale interview schedule covering both the study variables. The association of independent variable (use of herbal medicine to cure disease) and dependent variable (Health-Related Quality of Life) were tested by using Chi-Square (x 2) statistics. The association of Health-Related Quality of Life found significant (P=0.007) with Hepatitis C patient did seek treatment from traditional practitioner ever before, patients have used herbal medicine to cure HCV (P=0.002), herbal medicines are inexpensiveness (P=0.002), patients were not accessed due to their geographical remoteness (P=0.002),patients were convinced by family (P=0.000),patients believe in herbal medicines (P=0.005) and patients exposed truth to physician regarding the use of herbal medicine to cure Hepatitis C (P=0.005). Strong check on herbal medicine stores and laboratories by the drug inspector were some of the recommendations in light of the study.
In summary, neurodegenerative diseases are multifactorial disorders marked by the degeneration and eventual death of nerve cells, leading to structural and functional deterioration. Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, and Multiple Sclerosis are notable examples of such diseases, impacting quality of life and often progressing rapidly. While there is currently no definitive cure for these conditions, treatment strategies focus on enhancing quality of life by slowing disease progression. However, chronic use of existing therapeutic interventions and medications can cause serious side effects. This situation has led patients to turn to alternative medicine practices.A prominent approach among complementary medicine practices is the use of medicinal plants with neuroprotective properties. These plants can aid in brain injury recovery and enhance learning and memory functions through the stimulation of new synapse formation. These plants containing phytochemicals may be effective in the developmental mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases and may favourably affect the prognosis of the disease. Therefore, phytochemical, pharmacological and clinical research on medicinal plants may make promising contributions to the development of naturally derived drugs for neurodegenerative diseases.
Plants Secondary metabolites are used medicinally in a
variety of ways. They are tiny organic mixtures produced by the
plants. Terpenes, phenolic chemicals, and nitrogen compounds
make up the majority of them. Here, we covered many secondary
metabolites and how they support plant survival and reproduction
Ammi crinitum Guss., a species belonging to the Apiaceae family, is an exclusive and endemic plant of the Sicily region, Italy. Considering the limited scientific attention given to A. crinitum, herein, for the first time, metabolite profiles of polar extracts (MeOH) of the aerial parts, flowers, and roots were investigated by liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization and high resolution multiple-stage mass spectrometry (LC-ESI/ HRMSn), allowing the identification of 32 compounds, never identified in A. crinitum. Metabolites belonging to the classes of organic acids, megastigmanes, phenylpropanoids, iridoids, flavonoids, coumarins, triterpenoids, and polar lipids were putatively identified; in particular, several compoundsare reported here for the first time in Ammi genus. Considering the increasing interest for the development of botanical insecticides, the acaricidal activity of A. crinitum against the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch was evaluated. Although all extracts showed promising acaricidal activity, the most effective was the extract obtained from the aerial parts. The lowest LD50 and LD90 values of 2.3 and 77.3 μg‧cm2 were estimated for this extract from aerial parts, although this LD50 was statistically identical to the LD50 of the roots extract. The extract from aerial parts not only caused the mortality of T. urticae adults, but also inhibited the fertility and fecundity of females, even when a dose of 5 μg‧cm2 was applied. Based on our experiments, MeOH extracts from aerial parts biomass of A. crinitum can be proposed as a perspective source of active substances of potential botanical acaricides.
The cultivation of Calendula officinalis has gained importance not only for its medicinal properties but also for its ornamental value. C. officinalis flowers contain carotenoids and oleanolic acid, valuable phytoconstituents with various medicinal properties. However, to meet the increasing demand for this plant, it is necessary to adopt sustainable cultivation practices that optimize growth, enhance flowering, and maximize the content of bioactive compounds. An experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions during the 2021/2022 and 2022/2023 seasons on C. officinalis using chemical fertilizer (NPK-RD: recommended dose of NPK), organic fertilizer (poultry manure), and biofertilizers. The biofertilizers included different combinations of plant growth-promoting microbes: N-fixing bacteria (Az), P-solubilizing bacteria, K-solubilizing bacteria (Bc), and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi. The results showed that the application of poultry manure was more pronounced compared to biofertilizers. The principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that NPK-RD, moderate and higher levels of organic fertilizer, and Az+Bc+VAM treatments achieved significant superiority in all tested parameters. A higher dosage of poultry manure (95.20 m 3 ha −1) was significantly superior to chemical fertilizer in plant height, branch number, plant dry weight (DW), chlorophyll, carbohydrates, flower number, flower yield fresh weight (FW), and carotenoids content. However, the flowering start, flowering period, flower yield DW, and oleanolic acid content obtained by poultry manure at 95.20 m 3 ha −1 were significantly equal to NPK-RD treatment. The inoculation with Az+Bc+VAM microbes positively impacted carotenoids content in the C. officinalis flower. These results underline the potential of organic fertilizer and plant growth-promoting microbes in improving growth, flowering and phytochemical quality of the C. officinalis plant with the possibility of avoiding chemical fertilization.
Alkaloids are considered major secondary plant metabolites and are found mostly in plants. Some alkaloids are used as a spice in foodstuffs such as fenugreek, black pepper, and long pepper. These spices have large quantities of alkaloidal compounds. Trigonelline is a major alkaloidal compound present in fenugreek seeds, and piperine is present in peppers. Black pepper has a long history of usage in traditional medicines all throughout the world as well as food and condiments (Kaltner et al., 2020). In the Piperaceae, or pepper family, there are about 2,000 species in the Piper genus (Durant-Archibold et al., 2018). Only a few spices from the genus Piper include alkaloids, the biggest class of nitrogenous natural chemical substances. The two species that are most well-known are Piper longum and Piper nigrum, also known as pippali and black pepper, respectively. This genus contains piperidine-type alkaloids (Martha Perez Gutierrez et al., 2013). Numerous traditional medical systems, including traditional Chinese medicine, the Indian Ayurvedic system, and folkloric medicines of Latin America and the West Indies, have used plants from the genus Piper as a cure (Zaveri et al., 2010). Another alkaloid-containing species we have included in this chapter is a short-living and annual medicinal herb Trigonella foenum-graecum belonging to the Fabaceae family. Its major alkaloids are Trigonelline and 4-hydroxy-isoleucine (Nagulapalli Venkata et al., 2017).
This chapter provides an overview of food spices containing alkaloids as major chemical compounds. The major focus is on the sources, traditional uses, and phyto-pharmacological properties of food spices containing alkaloids.
The present study was carried out at the research field of Spices Research Sub-Centre, Faridpur during Rabi season 2018-19. The experiment was done to determine the optimum seed rate and suitable sowing method for fennel cultivation to increase seed yield and quality of fennel. The experimental field belongs to high land of Low Ganges River Floodplain (AEZ 12) with clay loam in texture having 7.6-8.1 soil p H. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (factorial) with three replications. Four different seed rates viz., 6, 8, 10 and 12 kg seed/ha and two sowing methods viz., Broadcasting and Line sowing method were evaluated. All of all yield contributing parameters (number of plants per m 2 , number of branches per plant, number of umbels per plant, number of umbel lets per umbel, number of seeds per umbel let and seed yield (kg/ha) showed better result where seeds were sown at 10 kg/ha with line sowing method. Most of all yield contributing characters showed minimum results where seeds were sown at 6 kg seed/ha.The highest seed yield (1569 kg/ha) was recorded from the treatment combination of 10 kg seed/ha × line sowing method with highest benefit-cost ratio (2.9). The lowest seed yield (985.8 kg/ha) was recorded from 6 kg seed/ha × Broadcasting method with lowest benefit-cost ratio (1.87).
The present study was carried out at the research field of Spices Research Sub-Centre, Faridpur during Rabi season 2018-19. The experiment was done to determine the optimum seed rate and suitable sowing method for fennel cultivation to increase seed yield and quality of fennel. The experimental field belongs to high land of Low Ganges River Floodplain (AEZ 12) with clay loam in texture having 7.6-8.1 soil pH. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (factorial) with three replications. Four different seed rates viz., 6, 8, 10 and 12 kg seed/ha and two sowing methods viz., Broadcasting and Line sowing method were evaluated. All of all yield contributing parameters (number of plants per m2, number of branches per plant, number of umbels per plant, number of umbel lets per umbel, number of seeds per umbel let and seed yield (kg/ha) showed better result where seeds were sown at 10 kg/ha with line sowing method. Most of all yield contributing characters showed minimum results where seeds were sown at 6 kg seed/ha.The highest seed yield (1569 kg/ha) was recorded from the treatment combination of 10 kg seed/ha × line sowing method with highest benefit-cost ratio (2.9). The lowest seed yield (985.8 kg/ha) was recorded from 6 kg seed/ha × Broadcasting method with lowest benefit-cost ratio (1.87).
The repellent activity of Chinese cinnamon oil (Cinnamomum cassia) on nymphal ticks (Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann, Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides Supino, and Hyalomma asiaticum Schulze and Schlottke) was evaluated in a sample Y-tube bioassay. The results were based on the vertical migration of ticks during the host-seek phase and showed a dose-dependent repellent effect of Chinese cinnamon oil on the tested nymphs after 6 h. For H. longicornis, R. haemaphysaloides, and H. asiaticum at the concentrations (vol/vol) of 3, 3, and 1.5%, the repellent percentages over time were 68–97, 69–94, and 69–93%, respectively, which indicated strong repellent activities against ticks, similar to the positive control DEET (N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide). Chinese cinnamon oil exerted the strongest effect on H. asiaticum nymphs. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the repellent effects of Chinese cinnamon oil on ticks. Chinese cinnamon oil has considerable potential and should be developed as a practical tick repellent.
Fennel has a very wide usage area and it is evaluated especially in food, cosmetics, perfumery and health sectors. 2,698.095 tons of anise, star anise, fennel and coriander are produced on an area of 2,698.095 hectares in the world. India, Syria, Turkey, China and Egypt are the leading countries in terms of agricultural area and product amount. Turkey ranks 11th (9,895 tons) in terms of export amount in the world and 4th place (32.1 million $) in terms of export value. In our country, the agricultural area of fennel has increased by 113% in the last 5 years and reached 33,857 decares. While the most fennel cultivation was carried out in Burdur with an agricultural area of 18 thousand hectares, this province was followed by Konya with 12.9 thousand hectares and Antalya with 2.5 thousand hectares.
In our country, there has been a serious increase in the agricultural area and production amount of fennel. Although there is an increase in the amount of production, problems such as yield, marketing, promotion and pricing are encountered in the provinces of Burdur and Antalya, where fennel has been cultivated for many years. Although the fennel production area in Turkey has reached approximately 34.000 da, there is still no registered variety. Producing fennel as a population prevents obtaining a standard yield and quality. One of the main problems of fennel production is the post-harvest pricing policy and the negativities experienced due to the narrow market network. The establishment of cooperatives for product marketing and especially for a stable price policy will make a positive contribution to the development of fennel agriculture. Apart from the use of fennel as a spice, it can also be evaluated as an essential and fixed oil. Due to the special fatty acids (petroselinic acid) contained in the fixed oils of fennel seeds, they are still waiting to be evaluated. Marketing opportunities can be increased by promoting fennel honey, which has a high added value.
The attractive plant species Senna angustifolia belongs to the genus Senna. Herbal medicine utilizes it. It naturally grows in upper Egypt, particularly in the Nubian region, and is also commercially grown close to Khartoum. Additionally, it is grown worldwide, most notably in Somalia and India. This current review on Senna angustifolia contains the latest data related to isolated chemical constituents, structure, formulation, uses, side effects, dose etc.
Humans have relied on medicinal plants for food, housing, clothing, and medicine since the dawn of humanity. However, following World Health Organization's support for herbal medicine development, increased awareness of their social and economic significance, and research validation of herbal remedy efficacy claims, there appears to be a renewed increase in demand for medicinal plant resources over the last few decades. This increased exploitation has resulted in the depletion and endangerment of some of Africa's most significant medicinal plant species, making it unsustainable. This chapter focuses on traditional knowledge of medicinal plants as well as the variety of important medicinal plants in Africa, contemporary trends in their use, and issues of their unsustainable exploitation. It also proffers suggestions for remedies and a path ahead to achieve a more sustainable use of medicinal plant species in Africa.KeywordsSustainabilityUtilization patternsAfricaMedicinal plantsWHOTraditional medicine
The present study used linden [Tilia rubra DC. subsp. caucasica (Rupr.)] flower extract as a reducing and coating agent to create silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The Face-Centered Central Composite Design of Response Surface Methodology was used to investigate the combined effect of four different synthesis variables in order to obtain the maximum amount of AgNPs produced. Optimal AgNP production was achieved within the investigated range when the AgNO3 concentration, plant extract amount, microwave power, and time were 10 mM, 2.5 ml, 800 watts, and 90 seconds, respectively. The UV–Vis, FT–IR, SEM–EDS, and TEM were utilized to characterize the synthesized AgNPs. In addition, in vitro experiments revealed that the LC50, MIC, and MFC values of synthesized AgNPs for seven Phytophthora species varied between 46.38 and 119.36 µg ml-1, 225 and 450 µg ml-1, and 225 and 900 µg ml-1, respectively. The findings of this study suggest that AgNPs synthesized with linden flower extract should be investigated further for use in the treatment of Phytophthora spp.-caused diseases.
The present paper deals with physico chemical properties of leaves of Pavetta crassicaulis BREMEK. The standardization is carried out on the basis of physiochemical and phytochemical studies including analysis of ash, dry matter, moisture content, powder behavior, uorescence analysis and qualitative phytochemical analysis of leaves of Pavetta crassicaulis. It belongs to family Rubiaceae and commonly called as Papat. It is bushy shrub and leaves variable in size and shape. Ethnomedicinal studies of Kolhapur district revealed that traditionally leaves of P. crassicaulis were used to treat piles and bone fracture. Phytochemical tests revealed the presence of of alkaloids, phenols, tannins, reducing sugars, xanthoproteins, coumarins and saponins. The behavior of the powder drug with different chemical reagents and its uorescence analysis were also observed. The study scientically validates the use of plant in traditional medicine.
Plants have always been a vital source of medicines and other essential products that have been a part of human life ever since time immemorial. Pharmacognosy and its associated aspects have been going through constant evolution and investigation with every generation revealing different and new pharmaceutical properties of plants and their products. The horticulture sector of India has witnessed a great demand of exotic fruits and vegetables in the last decade. These are either imported or artificially introduced in an exotic and non-indigenous habitat. A large number of these exotic plants which are consumed as fruits and vegetables possess a variety of bioactive phytochemical compounds. These bioactive compounds impart them some really important medicinal and pharmacological properties such as anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, anticarcinogenic, antiulcerogenic, analgesics etc. This review article is an attempt to briefly address such exotic fruits and vegetables, the bioactive compounds associated with them and their medicinal properties useful to mankind.
Calendula suffruticosa Vahl subsp. boissieri Lanza, is well known for its medicinal properties in northeastern Algeria. As far as literature has been able to prove, no study has attempted to make a phytochemical or biological activity evaluation (antioxidants, enzyme inhibitors and antimicrobial potential). This work intends to evaluate, for the first time, the chemical constituents and study the previously mentioned biological activities of C. suffruticosa.boissieri essential oil and different sections (flowers, leaves, roots) as well as the effect of changing the solvent (ethanol 70%) and (methanol 70%) on these activities. The essential oil of aerial parts of this plant was investigated using GC-MS, and 45 compounds were discovered, accounting for 98.01% of the essential oil, including 23 monoterpenes, 6 sesquiterpenes, 12 diterpenes, 1 coumarin, 3 alkanes, methyl-cyclohexane (23.73%), limonene (25.02%), and O-cymene (13.20%). Five methods were used to study the antioxidant activity (ABTS, DPPH, CUPRAC, reducing power, and β-carotene bleaching assay), where the results were impressive, especially for the essential oil. In addition, the hydroethanolic solvent (70%) was found to be the most effective solvent for extraction in general compared to the hydromethanolic solvent (70%). The extracts and essential oils of C. suffruticosa. boissieri also showed a strong inhibiting ability against cholinesterase, tyrosinase, anti-alpha-amylase, alpha-glucosidase, and antimicrobials, a very valuable antioxidant, which is a real discovery. Based on these results, it can be said that this plant has important biological activities, so it can be used in the phytotherapy, food, or pharmaceutical sectors.
Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.; Lamiaceae) is a perennial, bushy plant, native to West Asia and the Eastern Mediterranean regions, usually growing in clusters along roadsides. The main active components of the plant can be listed as volatile compounds, triterpenes, and phenolic compounds. In traditional folk medicine, it is used for the treatment of many diseases such as nervous system, gastrointestinal system, immune system, and cardiovascular system diseases and also used in aromatherapy. Studies have shown that the extracts prepared from the plant and some compounds obtained from the plant have many effects such as antiviral, antidepressant, antiulcer, antimicrobial, antispasmodic, hypolipidemic, antidiabetic, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effect. Therefore, it can be considered that the extract prepared and the active compounds obtained from Melissa officinalis L. will be beneficial in the treatment and prevention of many diseases.KeywordsLamiaceae
Melissa officinalis
Lemon balmBioactive compoundFolk medicinePharmacological properties
Fumaria officinalis L. (Fumariaceae family), annual herbaceous plant, grows naturally throughout the world and is traditionally used in many countries. The dried aerial parts of F. officinalis (fumitory) at flowering period, Fumariae herba, has been accepted by numerous monographs, including Com E and EMA. The digestive and gallbladder-biliary systems have been the subject of the traditional uses of F. officinalis. It is also known that the plant is used to treat conjunctivitis, arteriosclerosis, bladder infections, constipation, skin disorders, as well as anti-rheumatism, and is cleaner of blood in folk medicine. The herbal medicinal products of F. officinalis have been available as comminuted in tea or powdered, and dry water extract in various pharmaceutical forms on the markets for more than 30 years. It is also reported that liquid extract, tincture, and juice of the plant are included in the components of the herbal preparations. Phytochemical constituents of F. officinalis have frequently been characterized as isoquinoline alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. It is demonstrated that various experimental studies on F. officinalis, such as in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trials, have been proceeded, in which therapeutic effects of the plant are exhibited due to the above-mentioned bioactive contituents. In the literature, it is seen that biological activities of F. officinalis extracts such as antimicrobial, cytotoxic, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, amphocholeretic, and analgesic were examined. Otherwise, there has been no detailed evaluation of F. officinalis in pharmacognosic aspects until now. The aim of this work is to present F. officinalis description, and ethnobotany, phytochemistry, as well as its biological potentials by highlighting the connection between its ethnomedicinal uses and scientific or clinical proof. Additionally, the medicinal administrations and posology of F. officinalis were summarized, as well as herbal medicinal products available on the market. According to a review of the literature, certain medical applications of F. officinalis, such as dermatological conditions, infections, hypertension, and constipation, have not been adequately supported by research. Based on the current reports, it is clear that it is necessary to investigate F. officinalis more in terms of different biological activities and bioactive phytochemical components.KeywordsHerbal preparationDigestive systemGallbladder-biliary systemAlkaloids
Fumaria officinalis
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