CULTIVATION OF STONE OYSTER STRIOSTREA PRISMATICA (GRAY) IN A WATER SUPPLY CHANNEL FOR SHRIMP FARM IN SINALOA, MEXICO

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CULTIVATION OF STONE OYSTER STRIOSTREA PRISMATICA (GRAY)
IN A WATER SUPPLY CHANNEL FOR SHRIMP FARM IN SINALOA,
MEXICO.
Luis A. Rendón Martínez1, Armando A. Ortega-Salas2, Miguel A. Hurtado Oliva1, Pablo
Piña Valdez1y Mario Nieves Soto1*
1Facultad de Ciencias del Mar. Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa. Paseo Claussen s/n, Col.
Los Pinos, Mazatlán, Sin. México.
2Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, UNAM. Calz. Joel M. Camarena s/n,
Mazatlán 82040, Sinaloa, México.ortsal@cmarl.unam.mx
*Corresponding author: Mario Nieves Soto. marionievessoto@hotmail.com
Cultivation of Striostrea prismatica in Mexico.
ABSTRACT
Striostrea prismatica (Gray, 1825) represents one of the most popular and artisanal fisheries in
the rocky coast, but now cultivation of stone oyster in a call channel for shrimp is a new method
to calculate their growth, condition index and survival. A total of 1 500 juveniles were seeded
with a length of 19.1 ± 3.2 mm, width of 16.2 ± 3.19 mm, height of 3.97 ± 1.36 mm and 1.0 ±
0.54 g weight. They were placed in 70-60 organisms Nestier type baskets, seeds were collected
from the oyster shells which were discarded by fishermen. Temperature was the most important
variable, combined with salinity and food availability in seasons, coupled with low
concentrations of seston which had a negative correlation with growth and consistent with the
increase in the condition index and rates high growth. Survival rate was 73.03%. The model
parameters von Bertalanffy growth are L∞= 142.63; k= 0.0489 and t0= -2.198. At the end,
height and average weight was 73.53 ± 15.38 mm and 31.56 ± 17.17 g, which although is less
than the minimum catch size proposed in NOM 90 mm, the results show that the fattening of
juvenile oyster is appropriate for the fishery resource, applicable and effective for strategy
management.
KEYWORDS
Condition index; cultivation; growth; seed; Striostrea prismatica.

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INRODUCTION
Stone oyster is a bivalve mollusk sessile of marine benthic life. It is distributed from Baja
California, Mexico to Northern Peru. It is attached to rock formations in surf waves, usually in
river mouths and estuaries, at depths of one to fifteen meters [1].
It represents a resource of high commercial value and has been a source of employment
for a large number of fishermen in the Northwest of Mexico. Currently the fishery is in the status
of exploited at maximum sustainable [2]; most likely due to the increase in fishing effort,
extraction size below the minimum capture, also part of the spectrum of multi-specific coastal
fisheries and the lack of fishing regulations, among others. It is an artisanal fishery which is done
by free diving [3], where the catch directly affects the recruitment of the population, the
incidence of seeds in the shells, being extracted for marketing and be thrown out of the sea.
It has been determined their reproductive cycle [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9]; changes in the
biochemical composition [10], mortality and growth under natural conditions [3]; development of
diet for broodstock diets [11], induced spawning and larval rearing [12] and the calculation of a
size at first maturity [13].
There are papers related to oyster culture, although other species, for this species, little or
no information, will attempt to make a comparison work, although it should be noted that they
have different habitats, reproductive behavior, biochemical composition, among others [14] [10],
[7], [15], [16], [17].
Water temperature plays an important role in reproductive biology of oysters [18], several
studies report optimum temperatures for growth ranging from 18 to 32 ° C [19]; [16]; [15]. When
the water temperature increases from 23 to 27 ° C this species enters its stage of gametogenesis
for later spawning with temperatures above 30 ° C [7]; [10]. The availability of food and the
quantities of organic and inorganic material in the water column represent one of the most
important variables in the biology of mollusks [20]; [21]; [22]; [23]; [24]; [25]; [26]. It is
necessary to highlight the importance of this species whose extraction represents one of the most
popular and artisanal fisheries along with C. corteziensis bear much of the catch in the Pacific

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coast of Mexico, is also a native species with great potential in aquaculture. This study evaluated
the feasibility of oyster seed culture Striostrea prismatica collected from discarded shells of the
fishery.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Obtaining seed
Seeds shucked oysters were collected of the fishery products (Fig. 1a). It was counted and the
length, width and height of the shell with a precision vernier 0.01 mm and individual weight with
a vernier (0.2 mm Mitutoyo, CD 8 "-CS) and an electronic scale (Ohaus, Scout Pro 200×0.01g)
was recorded. They were placed in Nestier baskets (50x50x10 cm), four per module and a dead
box, which was the first one, which was covered with polystyrene as a means of flotation. About
1 500 seeds, arranged in 6 modules were sown. They were seeded at an initial density of 70
organisms per basket and decreased to 60 from the second month, to reduce stress density.
Although there are studies on the natural environment showing that support a density up to 176
oysters / m2[27]. An anchoring system cement reinforced rod was used. Cultivation was carried
out on a call channel for seeding shrimp in the estuary "the Salinitas", connected to the sea by a
pipe 40 inches, separated by a sandy barrier 25m long (Fig. 1b).
Environmental variables
Daily monitoring of temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, dissolved solids and the
percentage of oxygen saturation was made. A multiparameter probe (YSI 2030 Pro, Ohio 45387)
and a potentiometer (Hanna HI98128, Rhode Island 02895) was used. 4 L of water culture for
determination of chlorophyll afilter (Whatman GF / F) measured by spectrophotometer by the
extraction method 90% acetone [28], seston and the percentage of organic matter used were
collected was made by weight differences with filtered water, dried and calcined in an oven
muffle (550 ° C / 3.5h) [15].

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Biometry and condition index
Monthly baskets were cleaned. A sample of 50 organisms was taken and compared the total
increases in length, width, height and total weight. Survival was recorded from 100% down
compared to the dead bodies at the end. This same sample was taken 10 organisms to assess the
condition index, from total body weight, the weight of the soft tissue and the shells. The soft
tissue was dried in an oven at 80 ° C for 48 hours to determine the dry weight. The condition
index was determined by the following equation: [C.I. = (P1 / P2) × 100] where P1 = dry weight
of the fabric and P2 = dry weight of the shell [29].
Statistic analysis
Normality and homogeneity of variance of the data groups was tested environmental variables
were analyzed with analysis of variance one-way, also applying post hoc Tukey analysis, just as
the biometry (length, width, height and weight) and the condition index (CI) [30]. A correlation
analysis of order Spearman rank among the environmental variables (temperature, oxygen,
salinity and pH) and food availability (chlorophyll a, organic matter and seston) compared to the
monthly average growth, increases was made in length (ΔL) and weight (ΔP) and CI. Length-
weight, width-weight, height-weight ratio was calculated. Growth in length was also determined
at the time by von-Bertalanffy equation; the constants of the model were estimated by maximum
likelihood. Analyses were performed using the statistical package STATISTICA v8.0 (Stat Soft
Inc).
RESULTS
Environmental variables
Oxygen ranged from 0.28 to 15.01 mg / L in July, November registered the lowest average with
2.35 ± 0.79 mg / L and July increased 6.11 ± 3.18 mg / L (P <0.05). Salinity had a peak of 32.4
in August and a minimum of 0.9 ‰ in November, November, the lowest average 4.4 ‰ ± 5.89
and more average in July 29.55 ±2.22 ‰ (P <0.05). The water temperature ranged from 35.1 in
August with a minimum of 18.6 ° C in November, November has the lowest average with 22.62
± 3.11 ° C, and the highest August with 32.89 ± 1.69 ° C (P <0.05). The pH recorded in October

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at the start of cultivation, the lowest average with 8.2 ± 0.1, and March the highest average 8.8 ±
0.1 (P <0.05).
Availability of seston, chlorophyll aand organic matter
Seston had a peak of 207.96 in April and a minimum of 26.9 mg / L in March, with an average of
83.17 ± 36.05 mg / L. The percentage of organic matter peaked in January of 60.77 and a
minimum of 4.4% in October with an average of 30.14 ± 10.66%. Chlorophyll ahad a maximum
of 42.99 in July and 3.96 mg / m3in November and an average of 10.53 ± 6.11 mg / m3was
obtained (Fig. 2).
Growth, survival and condition index
Of the 400 days of culture, a total of 1 500 juveniles were collected for fattening; the average size
± SD sowing initial were 19.1 ± 3.2 mm, long, 16.2 ± 3.19 mm width, 3.97 ± 1.36 mm high and
1.01 ± 0.54 g weight. At the end the average length sizes were 15.4 ± 73.5 mm, 49.2 mm wide
11.8 ± 16.3 ± 3.8 mm high and 31.6 ± 17.2 g total weight (Fig. 3). The daily growth rate in length
was 0.15 mm, 0.09 mm in width, 0.03 mm in height and 0.08 g wt. March has the highest
increase over the remaining months except February where the largest increase in height is
presented (Fig. 4). The cumulative mortality was 26.97%, the highest mortality was in December
and January with 4.49 and 11.24%.
Parameters von-Bertalanffy model were calculated using the maximum likelihood method
which generates response surface by the negative natural logarithm of the likelihood and the
interaction of two parameters associated with a probability Chi2. The following parameters were
obtained: infinite length (L∞) = 142.63; Growth constant (k) = 0.0489 and theoretical growth start
time (t0) = - 2.1983. Leaving the following equation: Lt (mm) = 142.63 (1-e-0.0489 (t + 2.1983)).
The results in weight ratios relative to the length, width and height, show that for the first
two, the data at a potential type model fit, while the latter is adjusted to an equation of linear type,
an allometric growth is checked with negative slope b values below 3, the equations described as:
W = 0.0035 *Length2.05,R2= 0.75; W= 0.0025 * Wide 2.31,R2= 0.81 and W= 2.06 * Height-8.1,
R2= 0.67 for the three relationships, respectively.

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The condition index ranged from 7.48 in October and 1.22 in January, and an overall
average of 2.94 ± 1.1, the lowest average was October to the end of culture with 2.11 ± 0.79 and
November with the highest average 4.06 ± 1.05 (P <0.05) ( Fig. 5). The condition index is a good
estimator of the gametogenic activity.
Interactions Spearman correlation with the variables described and biometrics, as well as
monthly increases in length, weight and condition index were performed. Pairs of variables with
coefficients positive correlation (P <0.05) were found as corresponding to the increases in size
and weight with respect to temperature. The condition index on the percentage of organic
material showed a negative correlation coefficient (P <0.05). Positive correlations between
chlorophyll aand growth to the length, width and height were found and a negative correlation
between seston and growth in length, width, height, weight and weight increase (P <0.1) (Table
I).
DISCUSSION
It is indisputable the need to develop mitigation measures that adhere to the guidelines
and proposed management strategies for a fishery, in this case the stone oyster. In addition to the
need to exploit native species for aquaculture, which on the one hand reduce the effect of
overfishing and the other a large number of recruits who are discarded by the fishery of this
resource advantage. This is the first study to use stone oyster seed cropping systems; it allows us
to observe their viability and relationships with environmental variables. There are related works,
although they refer to species that currently bear much of the oyster production of the Mexican
Pacific coast such as Crassotrea. gigas and C. corteziensis and other species of bivalves like
Mytilus galloprovincialis,Argopcten ventricosus and Pteria sterna [31]; [16]; [25]; [32]; [26];
[21]; [33]; [17]; [34]. S. prismatica in Ecuador have conducted studies evaluating feed for
broodstock conditioning systems, larviculture and reproductive cycle [11]; [12]. In Mexico,
recent studies show that the ban governing the fishery is out of phase at least by area [9].
The water temperature is a variable of great importance in the development of bivalve
culture. The record of temperature variation reported in this paper is within the range recorded for
the area of breeding and maturation of the species [6], although due to the characteristics of the

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variations of this place were considerable. Seen in the months of November and December where
increases in weight were lowest and coincides with the steepest decline in this variable, the same
is observed in September where were recorded two months prior to this, higher temperatures, this
may be associated with thermal stress suffered by this species native to the area, but it is less
adapted to fluctuating conditions of temperature, limiting this variable represents during culture
is confirmed. C. gigas for optimal growth temperature is 20 to 25 ° C and above 30 ° C cause
death [35]. C. corteziensis for optimum growth temperature is between 28 and 30 ° C and thermal
tolerance can reach around 32 ° C [16]. Moreover, [33] recorded values between 19 and 25.4 ° C
temperature for a culture of C. gigas in Northern Sinaloa and reach commercial size in seven
months of seeding, although high summer temperatures conducive to physiological stress and
growth decreases [21]; in this work we found slow growth and a decline in the condition index
after the considerable increase in temperatures in the summer season, we can confirm that the
thermal tolerance of this species is 32.8 on monthly average.
A variable temperature is associated with salinity; it influences the metabolic activity of
these mollusks. Sudden variations in salinity prevent the oysters have tolerance to variations in
other environmental variables such as temperature [36]. In this work endured salinity
concentrations during the second month of culture under 5 ups, for the supply of fresh water from
rainfall, a decline seen in the growth rate, because in these conditions oysters, experience a loss
of sensation in the mantle, decreased heart rate and loss of motion in the ciliary activity that limit
their power [37]. This remained stable until summer, at concentrations of marine conditions.
The percentage of organic matter and chlorophyll aare important environmental variables
that affect gonadal development and storage of energy for growth and are indicative of the
availability of food [23]; [16]; [32]; [26]; [24]. Seston is associated with mass mortalities of
oyster culture [26]. The chlorophyll aconcentration reached the peak in July, when the condition
index percentages were the highest and seston concentrations were lowest. The transport of
organic and inorganic material caused by rains increased the content of seston and organic matter,
when concentrations were high, the condition index was slightly affected, not growth rates, which
showed significant declines, mainly due to under these conditions, they close their shells
avoiding this food. In the natural environment, banks of stone oyster for long periods remain

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buried due to hauling sandy substrates by movements of marine currents, which on one hand
increases the natural mortality [3], although in many cases can last up a month or more under
such substrates in a state presumably minimal metabolism, allowing the population to stay and
also avoid being removed by fishing, oysters subjected to adverse conditions of temperature and
salinity, can withstand periods of prolonged adverse situations the environment, as if they were
drugged [37]. This suggests an example of adaptation to the conditions of the culture medium
which was available using the survivability of the species.
The condition index (C.I.) has been a measure of the physiological state of many
organisms; oysters may also be related to the stage of reproduction, growth and health, [8], [32].
In a study comparing the condition index of C. gigas cultivated in a lagoon and beyond conclude
that a lower rate of condition experience more stress changes and differences in water quality
[26]. In M. squamosos, decreases in the condition index are related to spawning and abrupt
changes observed in this are caused by the formation and loss of spawning gametes [38]. A
significant decrease was observed in January, attributable to stress due hurricane: decreased
temperature, oxygen concentration, salinity and increase the acidity of the water, including 50%
of the percent cumulative mortality was recorded in this date. You cannot ignore that living
things are structural, functional and self-regulating systems that have mechanisms of adaptation
to signals received from the external and internal environment [39], a close to the reality of
commercial projects indicator is a final cumulative mortality 30-40% [31]. The C.I. increases
until July and is consistent with the increase in the concentration of chlorophyll a, to reduce the
remaining months, this decline coincides with a rise in temperatures seasonal period, these are
higher due to the shallowness of the place.
Growth is important in cropping systems of this depends on profitability. The minimum
catch size for stone oyster is 90 mm [2], which also coincides with a recent study of size at
maturity [13]. In this paper the size in length at the end was less than the minimum size, but is
similar to the commercial sizes of other species [35], this is a species whose environmental
conditions where it develops are very different from the culture medium where and it remained
mainly represents one of the first attempts at cultivation of one of the native stone oyster species
in the area and which affects a fishery with a visible lack of regulation.

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CONCLUSIONS
Environment variables, availability of seston, chlorophyll aand organic matter were good to have
enough growth, survival and condition index from oysters cultured of seeds attached to shells
discharged by fishermen. It is also an alternative employment for fishermen union members in
cooperatives and a strategy management of the fishery.
Acknowledgements. We are grateful to the support of CONACYT for the scholarship 202596
first author. To the "Sociedad Cooperativa Veteranos de la Revolución" for land use and to the
"Sociedad Cooperativa Ostioneros Ribereños de Mármol" for technical support.
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36. Brown J.R. and Hartwick E.B. Influences of temperature, salinity and available food upon
suspended culture of the pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. I. Absolute and allometric
growth. Aquaculture. 1988. 70:231-235.
37. Andrews J D., Haven D. and Quayle B. Fresh-water kill of oysters (Crassostrea virginica)
in James River, Virginia. 1959. En: Galtsoff, P.S. Eds. The american oyster Crassostrea
virginica Gmelin. Fish Bull. 1964: 405.
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población de mejillón de fondo Modiolus squamosus (Mollusca, bivalvia) en Touchare,
Golfo de Cariaco, Venezuela. Ecotrópicos. 1999. 12(2): 83-90.
39. Martínez-Guzmán G. Control de la reproducción y producción de semillas de bivalvos en
sistemas controlados. In: Lovatelli, A., Farías A. y Uriarte I. Eds. Estado actual del cultivo
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Actas de pesca y acuicultura No. 12, Roma. 2008. 267-275.

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Table 1. Values of Spearman correlation between increases in sizes (ΔL) and weight (ΔW) and C.I.
regarding the different variables in the cultivation of stone oyster S. prismatica in “las salinitas”,
Sinaloa, México. October 2013 to October 2014.
Variables
Longi
tud
Ancho
Alto
Peso
I.C.
∆L
∆P
O2
-0.07
-0.07
-0.05
-0.01
-0.1
-0.08
0.25
S (ups)
0.45
0.48**
0.46
0.44
-0.45
0.06
0.47
T
0.73*
0.70*
0.71*
0.76*
-0.05
-0.36
0.03
pH
0.42
0.39
0.40
0.41
-0.02
0.46
0.58
Seston
-0.48**
-0.48**
-0.50**
-0.50**
0.15
-0.17
-0.50**
MO
0.14
0.21
0.21
0.19
-0.67*
-0.06
0.41
Chlorphyll a
0.51**
0.53**
0.55**
0.48
0.15
-0.04
0.13
*P<0.05; ** P<0.1

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(a)
(b)
Fig. 1. (a) Seed attached to an adult shell oyster (green line: alive seed. and red line: dead
seed). (b) Study area.

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_____ PIM
__ __ POM
.........Chl a
November 13
December 13
January 14
February 14
March 14
April 14
May 14
June 14
July 14
August 14
September 14
October 14
Culture
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
PIM (mg/L) y POM (%)
Chlorophyll a(mg/m3)
aa
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
ab ab ab
ab
ab
ab
ab
ab
bc bc
c
a
b
a
ab
ab ab
ab
ab
b
ab
ab
aa
a
Fig.2.
Average ± s.e. of the annual variation in food availability, organic matter and seston for growing
stone oyster S. prismática; different letters indicate significant differences (P<0.05).

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Months
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Length wide height (mm)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Weight (g)
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
ab
ab
ab ab
ab
bb
b
b
cc
dd
eee
e
e
e
f
ef
ef
cd
cd
cd
de
de
de
cde
de
c
bc
def
def
efg
efg gg
g
fgh
fg
ghi hi
i
Length _______
Wide --------
Height ............
Weight __ __ __ __
Fig.3. Average growth ± s.e. in length, width, height and weight of stone oyster S.
prismatica, under culture conditions in the estuary "The Salinitas", Sinaloa, Mexico,
different letters indicate significant differences (P<0.05).

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Fig 4. Monthly increases in size (ΔL) and weight (ΔW), and monthly averages of
temperature, salinity and pH of an stone oyster cultivation S.prismatica, in a water supply
channel for shrimp farm with the estuary conditions “las Salinitas”, Sinaloa, México.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
ΔL (mm), ΔW (g), pH
Measurement date
Salinity(ups)
Temperature(°C)
Lenght Wide Height Weight
pH Temperature Salinity

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Oct.13 Nov.13 Dec.13 Jan.14 Feb.14 Mar.14 Apr.14 May.14 Jun.14 Jul.14 Aug.14 Sep.14 Oct.14
Date
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4.0
4.2
4.4
4.6
Condition index (%)
abc
abc
bc
abc
abc
ab
abc
abc
a
a
a
c
abc
Fig.5. Average ± s.e. the percentage of condition index during the months of cultivation of
stone oyster S. prismatica, different letters indicate significant differences (P<0.05).