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Les terrasses historiques du bassin de Kasserine (Tunisie centrale)
Abstract
In the Kasserine basin, several meters thick deposits of Historic age are widespread along the Htab Wadi and its southern tributaries. In places, they cover Late Pleistocene to mid Holocene sediments and form also three terraces built inside the main late Pleistocene to mid Holocene terrace. The deposits of the three terraces are rich in 14C dateable materials (Helix, charcoal and bones) and archaeological artefacts (flint tools and Roman ceramics and walls) that allow relative dating and correlations. This paper presents the absolute and relative ages of deposits and terraces, establishes a chrono-stratigraphy for the last 2300 years and outlines the emplacement processes and geomorphological evolution. The present study gives new data on the anthropogenic and climatic significance of the Historic terrace of the Kasserine basin.
... Boarded by NW-SE faults, this trough offers a wide range of Quaternary facies (encrusting, limestone, travertine, alluvia, colluviums, deposits with gypsum) attesting of diverse sedimentary environments and successive paleoclimates. These series were dated by various materials gathered from different prehistoric and historical sites and by radiocarbon dating (Bkhairi & Karray 2008, Bkhairi 2009). ...
... The archaeological material has occupied a variety of stratigraphic positions; it has allowed us to date the Quaternary formations from the Middle Pleistocene till the historical fillings. The chronology has been supported by absolute dates conducted in the basin of Kasserine, a few kilometers downstream from the study area (Molle & Brosche 1976, Medus & Laval 1997, Bkhairi & Karray 2008, Bkhairi 2009). ...
... They are organized in alluvial sheets and terraces. In detail, the granulometric, mineralogy and geochemical analyses performed on different quaternary series in both sides of the fault crossing Battoum Wadi, show marked lithological variations (Bkhairi & Karray 2008, Bkhairi 2009). To the West of this fault, facies are coarse and detrital reflecting sedimentation related to fluvial dynamics in open environments. ...
In the “Foussana Trough, area of the Central Tunisia, a morphostructural ana lysis allowed the identification of structural discontinuities that mainly correspond to N-160- en- echelon normal faults. The organization of Quaternary deposits and the hydrographic network structure have been widely influenced by the relative movements of these faults. The seismicity recorded in the region of “Foussana shows that these tectonic elements are still active. These faults indicate a local distensive context that can be compatible with an N-S active compression affecting the Atlas and Tell domain of Tunisia.
L’oued El Faouara est, comme son nom l’indique en arabe, la source jaillissante, le lieu de différents points d’eau exploités depuis l’Antiquité. Cette exploitation s’est faite, sous les romains, par l’intermédiaire d’un barrage et d’un système d’aqueducs qui constituent, de nos jours, des repères intéressants dans la reconstitution de l’évolution des paysages et plus particulièrement de la dynamique des eaux courantes et des formes qui en ont résulté au cours des temps historiques, en particulier des terrasses alluviales. L’une de ces terrasses rappelle la « terrasse historique » évoquée dans différente publications et pourrait, de ce point de vue, paraitre sans originalité particulière. Mais si elle nous a paru mériter de retenir l’attention, c’est à cause de sa localisation, de l’importance de son épaisseur, en comparaison avec la taille très modeste du cours d’eau, et surtout de ses rapports avec les différents ouvrages de l’aménagement hydraulique et leur évolution dans le temps. Notre recherche apporte la preuve que cette terrasse s’est formée sous les yeux des anciens. La contemporanéité, jusqu’ici soupçonnée mais non attestée par des données archéologiques directes en Tunisie, entre l’accumulation et les aménagements est prouvée. Cette recherche fournit, en même temps, des éléments intéressants quant aux rapports qu’entretenaient les sociétés humaines avec leur milieu et leurs réactions aux contraintes liées à la dynamique de ce dernier. Cette publication met aussi en lumière l’apport mutuel des l’archéologie et la géomorphologie. La première a aidé à dater les dépôts et les formes. La seconde a permis de nouvelles précisions sur la chronologique relative des différents aqueducs et ce en considérant, en particulier, leur altitude, leur position par rapport au matériel de la terrasse ainsi que les matériaux accumulés dans leurs canalisations.
Hydric erosion is very active in the Upper Steppes area of Tunisia chiefly on the alluvial floodplains where it is largely controlled by suffusion. This erosive dynamic represents a threat for the agricultural lands. The erosive phenomena related to suffusion, causes gullying, banks undermining and enlargement of the section of wadis. A morphodynamic mapping based on field-observations, the exploitation of aerial photos multi-date data, and the study of some examples put moreover in evidence the sensibility of the area to erosion phenomena in relation with suffusion. The forms of gullying and a comparative study of orthorectified air photographs pose the problem of the factors of this accelerated evolution: rainfall aggressivity, soil erodibility, inclination of the slopes, weakness of the vegetal cover and inappropriate human activities.
Due to its key position within the Africa–Europe convergence zone, Tunisia is marked by thrusting, folding, and faulting and has a major rupture zones associated with active faults. Consequently, most of Tunisian land is seismically active with significant active deformations, showing recent seismic events and their relative surface effects. This paper reports on several aspects of the seismotectonics, historical, and present-day seismicity and places them in the general tectonic and geodynamic framework of Tunisia. Field investigations, based on an integrated multidisciplinary approach, included (1) the identification of active faults, their motion and displacement, geomorphic aspects, and scarps and their relation with the general structural map of Tunisia and (2) an extensive analysis of brittle tectonic deformation affecting Quaternary deposits in several sites throughout Tunisia. The integration of field data within the existing data related to the seismic events that took place during the last decades allowed the establishment of an earthquake distribution map, as well as major seismic zones for better understanding of the seismicity database of Tunisia. To establish microzonation maps in seismic regions such as Gafsa and its surroundings, we have analyzed surface effects and secondary structures associated with active faults and correlated them with deformation rates, reconstructed for significant seismic events. Most faults exhibited typical left-stepping en-echelon with strike-slip component pattern suggesting that Tunisia is presently subjected to NNW–SSE compression. The focal mechanism of most Tunisia earthquakes combined with the existing tectonic and structural information and reconstruction of the Quaternary stress tensor allowed (a) better understanding of seismic zoning, (b) provided better assessment of the seismic hazard, and (c) facilitated the interpretation of the relationship between seismic zones and the geodynamic African–Eurasian plate boundary.
The climatic and anthropogenic control on Holocene sediment dynamics was not well constrained for the Western Mediterranean basin. The paucity of high resolution palaeoenvironmental records long hampered a detailed understanding of the human impact on erosion rates. This paper analyses Holocene sediment dynamics in the context of regional climatic conditions, land cover and human occupation based on an extended compilation of recently published high-resolution paleoenvironmental proxy data from both terrestrial and marine environments. The palaeoenvironmental reconstruction identified four main aridification episodes (A) at 5600-4700 (A4), 4100-3400 (A3), 2800-2500 (A2), and 1900-1300/1200 (A1) cal. BP. Most of the severe aridification phases were climatically induced, not human-driven and well correlated with a large dataset of paleoenvironmental records from the Western Mediterranean Basin and North Atlantic Ocean. The phases of enhanced aridity are generally associated with enhanced sediment dynamics, independent of the intensity and type of human occupation. In contrast, wet climatic conditions are found to be associated with both high and low sediment dynamics dependent on the human impact on the environment. The mid-late Phoenician, Phoenician II/Republican Rome civilizations and the Christian Reconquest are all associated with high human impact on the environment, and high erosion rates are reported for the Vera basin and NE Spain despite the improved hydrological conditions. Human occupation is not necessarily associated with geomorphic instability, as shown by the Post Argaric, Omeya and Nazarene periods that are characterized by low erosion rates and geomorphic stability.
In the course of the Holocene, sedimentation cycles and soil formation phases alternate several times in Northern Tunisia. From the examination of key profiles in the central course of the Oued Medjerda results the following standard profile.
The late Pleistocene closes with a strong soil formation. The turn between late Pleistocene and Holocene is marked by the rhythmic deposition of relatively coarse sediments and gravel accumulation in the river bed. In the Middle Rharbian (8,000 - 4,800 y BP) we assume a first strong middle Holocene pedogenesis. From 4,800 on clayey layers are deposited within the high flood area due to an aridification of the climate (comp. GEYH & JÄCKEL, 1974); at the same time, the stream sole is filled with gravel. The Punic-Roman phase (ca. 2,600 - 1,600 y BP) is marked by pedogenesis and an incision of the river bed. The following morphodynamically active phase is induced by man, which is recognizable from the clearly risen water level amplitude. In the time following we assume a short time of morphodynamic calmness that is marked less by soils than by a distinct incision of the river sole. The youngest sediment is deposited from 440 y BP on under extreme high flood events. Thus, for the Holocene 4 sediment and 3 soil formation cycles are recorded, out of which the oldest pedogensis was the strongest and clearest.
The lower Prehistoric Holocene terrace is present from the humid part of the Mediterranean climate zone to the lower Saharan zone. This terrace formed during a climatic period of greater humidity which lasted from the beginning of the lower Holocene to the end of the Climatic Optimum. In the Maghreb, the Pleniglacial period was generally arid and was followed by an increase in humidity during the Late glacial. The lower Prehistoric Holocene terrace developed during more humid conditions following the Late glacial period. The very low Historical Holocene terrace sediments began to accumulate from the 2nd century AD and commonly ceased formation in about the 6th century. Sedimentological characteristics of these terraced sediments indicate deposition under similar conditions to the modern fluvial environment. A second very low terrace developed locally after the High Islamic era (600 BP). -from Author
In Central Tunisia, the distribution of basins was tightly guided by Cretaceous extensional tectonic movements which induced important variations of thickness and facies. During the Miocene an extensional tectonic regime generated the breakdown of the Kasserine Graben. The heterogeneities resulting from the early tectonic movements are responsible for pre-existing anisotropies during the Miocene and Quaternary foldings. The faults bordering the Kasserine Graben and the basin limits have strongly controlled the distribution and geometry of structural features. -from English summary
The Kasserine Survey is a cooperative project designed to reconstruct the society and economy of the region around the Roman towns of Cillium (mod. Kasserine) and Thelepte through recording and analysis of surface remnants of ancient settlement. Eighty-nine sites have been recorded over four seasons of fieldwork. The majority date to between the first and seventh centuries A.D. and belong to a Romano-African settlement hierarchy of urban agglomeration, village, large farm, farm-house, and small structure. The survey has also identified the remnants of extensive field-irrigation systems associated with these settlements.
In general the survey results suggest that the incorporation of the region into the Roman Empire resulted in an increase in agriculturally-based settlement between the first and fourth centuries. The precise causes for this change are not yet evident in the archaeological record but may be linked in part to the foundation of substantial urban settlements at Cillium and Thelepte in the first century A.D. and the introduction of the olive as a cash crop. At the same time, it appears that settlement in the Roman period followed pre-existing habitational patterns and was heavily dependent for its agricultural production on indigenous dry-farming technology. The survey has also yielded evidence suggesting that some settlements were being abandoned in the late fifth through seventh centuries. Again, archaeological explanations for this development cannot yet be offered. It is suggested, however, that the drop in settlement may be the result of the reemergence of pastoralism in the region during the late fifth and early sixth centuries and the reintroduction of the earlier Roman tax structure on a declining economic base by the Byzantine authorities after 533.
First studies have established that one holocene terrace and one historic terrace have been accumulated. Fills of natural or anthropic dams also exist. Confirmation has been brought about the existence of pre-Capsian blown sands, lower to middle Holocene gypcretes and two post-Versilian marine transgressions.
Tunisian saharian and presaharian Holocene period can be divided into four subperiods. Lower Holocene (10 000 B.P. to about 7 000 B.P.) is caracterized by increasing humidity (stabilization of dunes, reappearance of lakes, accumulation of lower terrace and genesis of Holocène glacis). A short dry phase probably took place between 7 500 and 7 000 B.P. Middle Holocene (7 000 - 3 500 B.P. ?) is probably the climatic optimum subperiod (end of lower terrace building up, pedogenesis developping and evidences of good hydrologie conditions). A progressive climatic aridification began during prehistoric upper Holocene (cutting-down of lower terrace and deflation). A probable short humid phase about 2 400 B.P. marked the beginning of historic upper Holocene that is caracterized by building up then cutting-down of very low terrace and, last, by mobilization of aeolian sands due to desertification.
In 1987 fieldwork was continued in Sector 1, approximately 17 kms south of Kasserine (ancient Cillium). A total of eighty-nine sites dating primarily to the first through sixt c. was recorded. These included settlements, tombs and cemeteries, and field and irrigation systems. Particularly noteworthy among the finds were the large agricultural production centers KS 223 and 225. These appear to have formed the center(s) of a large domain, subdivided into a series of smaller, probably tenant-run, parcels specializing in olive cultivation. As such, the organization of land and agricultural production in and around these sites bears strong similarities to the domain of Flavius Geminius Catullinus recorded in the Albertini Tablets. Analysis of the presses at both sites suggests that oil production in bumper years was in the range of 40-80,000 liters, a figure which, if accurate, indicates that oil production at large estates in the African hinterland may have exceeded both local market and imperial tax demands.
The study of the evolution of the wadi Chéria-Mezeraa valley confirms the reality of a Late Glacial morphogenesis characterized by the accumulation of alluvial fans. During Holocene period, the lack of datings does not allow to recognize the stages of the palaeoclimatological models of the eastern Maghreb. Middle and Upper Holocene are well represented and allow to show the existence of a morphogenic crisis contemporary with that of the northern side of the Mediterranean during Bronze and Early Iron Ages. Evidence of a more favorable hydric balance exists about 2 400-2 200 B.P. Holocene is characterized too by three phases of downcutting in the wadis : one, poorly dated, before the Climatic Optimum, a second due to the Bronze and Early Iron Ages crisis, and the third from Medieval period up to now. Nevertheless, only two alluvial terraces were formed : the lower terrace whose very complex genesis began before 5 830 B.P. and ended after 1 350 B.P., and the very low terrace.
Dans les Aurès, les terrasses commencent à se former lors d'une phase humide. Puis, alors que leur accumulation continue, des glacis, des cônes fluvio-nivaux ou alluviaux et des coulées boueuses se mettent en place. Lors de l'aridification, se forment des croûtes calcaires, puis se déposent des sables éoliens et des croûtes gypseuses.
Distinct phases of stream aggradation, soil erosion and landscape stability in the basin of Drama
(Eastern Macedonia, Greece) over the past 7000 years can be tied directly to long-term land use
changes. During the Middle and Late Holocene, 1–4 m of alluvial fill accumulated in the centre of
the basin and along the Angithis valley. Low levels of alluvial aggradation were recorded during the
Late Neolithic and the Early Bronze Age (7400–4000 cal. BP). In the centre of the basin, along the
lower course of the River Xeropotamos, the rate of aggradation has doubled since the Late Bronze
Age (0.5–0.6 mm year� 1) compared to the Holocene as a whole (0.25 mm year� 1). Moderate rates
of alluvial fill were experienced during the Late Bronze Age (3600–3000 cal. BP), but the most
significant destabilisation of the soils occurred later than in many regions of Greece. Two historical
phases of alluvial aggradation and soil erosion are identified, in the Antique and the Early Byzantine
Era (3rd century BC–7th century AD) and more significantly in the Ottoman period (beginning of
the 15th to the 20th century AD). In the latter period, the rate of accumulation was three to five
times greater than in the Late Holocene. Almost three millennia intervened between the arrival of the
first farmers and the onset of erosion. This is mainly explained by the settlement pattern during the
Neolithic and the Early Bronze Age. It seems that the early farmers preferred to cultivate the more
stable soils on the gentle slopes at the centre of the basin. During the Late Bronze Age, the land use
pattern changed. The soils then under cultivation on the foothills were less stable and the steeper
slopes were more susceptible to erosion. This limited the potential for forest restoration after the first
noticeable land clearance, and probably explains the extent of alluvial aggradation. Since the
Antique Era, the intensity of land use has increased. The two phases of accelerated alluviation in
historical times are clearly linked to land use changes, particularly with the upstream progression of
cropping and grazing onto more sensitive lands in foothills and mountainous areas, though this was
also influenced by climatic fluctuations. The major period of aggradation in the Ottoman period is
clearly associated with both climatic and anthropogenic factors. It seems that the early historic deforestation and agricultural activities rendered river systems more sensitive to relatively modest
changes in climate
Holocene environmental changes have been investigated in numerous regions of Greece. Recent research has studied indicators of geomorphological
and palaeoecological change. Results, however, are difficult to compare because they adopt different scales of analysis
that includ localized archaeological sites, small river basin, alluvial coastal plains, large deltas. To understand the evolution of the
Holocene fluvial system we propose a new geomorphological approach for northern Greece that is both comparative and multiscalar.
Each small river basin turns out to have experienced a unique geomorphological history mainly in relation to human practices (land
use pattern, industry…) and exceptional hydrological and climatic events. The larger river basins record specific histories linked to
complex interactions between climatic and human factors. This makes the entire fluvial system difficult to understand and highlights
the need to take into account changes in land use as well as the evolution of river networks.
In Northern Tunisia the late Holocene alluvial record of Medjerda floodplain sediments indicates geomorphic changes due to fluctuations of past climate, superimposed by the effects of human activity. Geomorphic activity occurred several times, interrupting stable conditions. Enhanced fluvial dynamics occurred around 4.7, 3.0, 1.7, 1.0 and 0.7 ka cal BP. A peak of activity took place about 0.4 ka cal BP. Some periods of fluvial activity show event-like phenomena, in particular when an anthropogenic impact intensifies climatic aridification. This has been the case around 1.7, 1.0, 0.7 and 0.4 ka cal BP with severe floods in the Medjerda valley. During Antiquity as well as around 1.3, 0.8 and 0.5 ka cal BP immature alluvial soils have developed, the first one being the most distinct. Late Holocene Medjerda alluvial history shows that fluvial dynamics in Northern Tunisia were predominantly climate-driven. Anthropogenic impact only intensified or weakened these processes.
High resolution AMS dating of Holocene raised bog deposits (Engbertsdijksvenen, The Netherlands) shows natural 14C variations (wiggles) which can be matched with the dendrochronological calibration curve. Comparison of our results with other, conventionally dated peat cores and the Δ14C record shows an unexpected and as yet unreported reservoir effect, and a marked and sudden wetting of the bog surfaces coinciding with the advent of a Spörer-type solar minimum (the Homeric minimum). The potential of AMS dating to vastly improve the accuracy of Holocene chronologies is demonstrated.
Holocene environmental changes have been investigated in numerous regions of Greece. Recent research has studied indicators of geomorphological and palaeoecological change. Results, however, are difficult to compare because they adopt different scales of analysis that include localized archaeological sites, small river basin, alluvial coastal plains, large deltas. To understand the evolution of the Holocene fluvial system we propose a new geomorphological approach for northern Greece that is both comparative and multiscalar. Each small river basin turns out to have experienced a unique geomorphological history mainly in relation to human practices (land use pattern, industry…) and exceptional hydrological and climatic events. The larger river basins record specific histories linked to complex interactions between climatic and human factors. This makes the entire fluvial system difficult to understand and highlights the need to take into account changes in land use as well as the evolution of river networks.
Pollen analyses, supported by 14C AMS datations, reflect the successive set in of new environmental conditions at the Late Glacial/Holocene transition ca. 10,500-10,000, within the paleosabkha sediments of Kasserine, southern Tunisia. In the pollen sequence, an herbaceous floristic unusual phase with no clear indications of a possible drastic Younger Dryas event driven changes, reflects the delayed transition from Late Pleniglacial steppic assemblages to Holocene arboreal pollen associations. The record of a mediterranean arboreal pollen assemblage before the arid-humid transition in this site and a poorly defined Younger Dryas biozone, introduce the double folded question, either about the validity of our understanding of the Western Mediterranean vegetation of the Late Pleniglacial, or about the actual consequences of the Younger Dryas climatic event on the Late-Glacial vegetation of these regions.
The bottom of the Kébir - Miliane's valley is full of recent deposits in particular from those of historic age. This work is proposed to establish a stratigraphy of these deposits and to bring preciseness as for the age of the different historic deposits. The emergence of the factors of the genesis of these will be tempted.
In Tunisia, lunettes are characteristic in the area of Tunis and in the Central-Eastern steppes, but we notice they disappeared quickly in the Sahara margin. All of them were built during Holocene times, but during different periods according with bioclimatic requirements and hydrologie regimes of the desert play as. The particularities of their distribution, the peculiarity of their genetic processes and observation about similar active phenomena are proofs that these inherited landforms are related to moderately-arid environments. So, they point out the ability for the wind to have a main rôle in the shaping of their relief.
The Age Calibration Program, CALIB, published in 1986 and amended in 1987 is here amended anew. The program is available on a floppy disk in this publication. The new calibration data set covers nearly 22 000 Cal yr (approx 18 400 14C yr) and represents a 6 yr timescale calibration effort by several laboratories. The data are described and the program outlined. -K.Clayton
Accurate 14C dating of peat samples is crucial if peat stratigraphies are to be used as historical archives. To analyse the variation in 14C age within small peat samples, the 14C age of different mire plant remains and peat fractions (n = 39) from 2 cm thick peat slices was determined using accelerator mass spectrometry. The 14C ages of mosses were assumed to be the most accurate. To verify this we also tested the possibility that uncertainties could be introduced by mosses at the mire surface reassimilating CO2 produced during the decomposition of old peat. The average 14C content of living mosses (110.5–110.9 absolute modern% (pM)) did not differ between threeSphagnum species, representing hummock-, carpet-and lawn-growing species. Their 14C contents were also identical, within experimental limits, to the current 14C content of the atmosphere. Depending on sampled depth and peat type, the differences in calibrated 14C age between different fragments or fractions, within specific 2 cm thick peat samples, varied between 365 and ~1000 years, with one exceptional deviation of 2125 years in a sample from a mesotrophic sedge peat. Alkali-treated peat samples always gave greater ages than the corresponding untreated peat samples and small-size fractions (
La filiation génétique de ces basses terrasses sablo-limoneuses avec les loess in situ du plateau et les loess remaniés de versant est montrée par des critères sédimentologiques convergents (disparition progressive de la fraction argile/limon fin du matériel loessique initial; forte concentration relative de l'attapulgite détritique dans le matériel fluviatile). La mise en place de ces basses terrasses s'insère bien dans l'évolution du paléoenvironnement holocène du Sud-Tunisien.
The focus of this paper is the conversion of radiocarbon ages to calibrated (cal) ages for the interval 24,000–0 cal BP (Before Present, 0 cal BP = AD 1950), based upon a sample set of dendrochronologically dated tree rings, uranium-thorium dated corals, and varve-counted marine sediment. The 14 C age–cal age information, produced by many laboratories, is converted to Δ 14 C profiles and calibration curves, for the atmosphere as well as the oceans. We discuss offsets in measured l4 C ages and the errors therein, regional 14 C age differences, tree–coral 14 C age comparisons and the time dependence of marine reservoir ages, and evaluate decadal vs . single-year 14 C results. Changes in oceanic deepwater circulation, especially for the 16,000–11,000 cal BP interval, are reflected in the Δ 14 C values of INTCAL98.
Samples from three different sites are dated and the results give additional evidence that radiocarbon dates of sediments containing little carbon are very often in error. It is recommended that the fraction which is soluble in NaOH be dated. The results imply that the radiocarbon ages of this fraction are very often more reliable than the insoluble fraction - at least in many Scandinavian gyttja samples.
Thesis (doctoral)--Université de Paris, 1971.
SUMMARY The description of the reliefs of the Kasserine plain and its margins displays a lot of tectonic f eatures : pleats, faults and sliding f aults. The quaternary geomorphological evolution is conditioned at one and the same time by climatic and continuous tectonic phenomenons. A distinction is made in the meantime between the above and the lower parts of the basin.
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