Article

A Treatise on Bovine Mastitis: Disease and Disease Economics, Etiological Basis, Risk Factors, Impact on Human Health, Therapeutic Management, Prevention and Control Strategy

January 2015
Advances in Dairy Research 04(01)

Authors:

Mastitis is a disease complex that assumes highest clinical and economic significance in milch animals particularly medium to high yielding dairy cattle, usually in and around periparturient period. The disease is the infection of milk synthesizing alveolar tissue and is clinically manifested by gross abnormality of milk associated with pathological changes of udder in the form of pain, udder edema, fibrosis, and indurations, the extent depending on the severity of infection. Sub-clinical mastitis remains to be an obscure and latent form of this disease that poses more serious economic concern to the dairy livestock sector, as the incidence is much higher in a dairy herd than the clinical one. Sub-clinical mastitis accounts 40 times more than the clinical mastitis in dairy herds. Even though great technological advances have been made, mastitis continues to be a major economic issue for dairy producers, necessitating researchers and dairy advisors continue to refine the recommended mastitis control programme.

Desenvolvimento de um plano de APPCC para o diagnóstico de mastite subclínica em uma granja leiteira com base na análise de Staphylococcus aureus

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Dec 2024

A produção de leite bovino enfrenta desafios significativos devido a várias doenças. A mastite é uma das principais causas de perdas produtivas na cadeia leiteira, afetando aproximadamente 20% a 38% do rebanho bovino brasileiro. O controle efetivo da mastite é essencial para melhorar os sistemas de produção, sendo a identificação do agente causador uma etapa crucial para a implementação de um programa de controle adequado. Essa identificação permite decisões baseadas em dados, permitindo a identificação precisa dos estágios de produção ou manejo que predispõem os animais à doença. Com base na análise de Staphylococcus aureus, o presente estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver um plano de Análise de Perigos e Pontos Críticos de Controle (APPCC) para diagnóstico de mastite subclínica em uma granja leiteira. Testes clínicos, bioquímicos e microbiológicos foram conduzidos no leite de 20 vacas submetidas à ordenha mecânica diária na fazenda. Esses testes se mostraram rápidos e fáceis de aplicar, sem interferir na rotina do laticínio. Os resultados das análises identificaram alterações no leite compatíveis com mastite subclínica causada por Staphylococcus aureus. O plano APPCC, desenvolvido com base nessas descobertas, está em conformidade com a legislação vigente, que determina seu uso como ferramenta preventiva e estratégica de gestão da qualidade do leite. O plano foi entregue à granja leiteira, permitindo a identificação de Pontos Críticos de Controle (PCC) biológico, químico e físico durante as etapas de produção e facilitando a implementação de medidas corretivas em cada ponto crítico identificado.

Bovine Mastitis: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Control Strategies in Dairy Sectors of Bangladesh

Article

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Jan 2025

Mastitis is a common and highly costly disease of various animals, which poses substantial challenges and serious implications to dairy sectors of different countries including Bangladesh. This review describes the effects of bovine mastitis among both clinical and subclinical forms, which leading to udder illness, decrease in milk quantity and quality, and severe economic losses. Subclinical mastitis is frequently overlooked due to the absence of visible clinical symptoms but poses significant challenges as it lead to considerable economic and productivity losses. In Bangladesh, the disease is intensified by elements like insufficient farmer awareness, poor hygiene practices, and the population of high-yielding crossbred cows, which exhibit greater vulnerability to infections. Investigations indicate a notable occurrence of subclinical mastitis in different areas of the country, with infection rates differing according to factors like lactation stage, parity, and breed. The economic impact encompasses diminished milk output, heightened veterinary expenses, early culling of livestock and public health issues associated with antibiotic residues and the transmission of pathogens via milk. Effective control strategies include enhanced management practices, routine screening through methods such as the California Mastitis Test, implementation of biosecurity measures, and focused treatments. Furthermore, the implementation of vaccination initiatives and the education of farmers are essential for the effective management of disease sustainability. This reviewhighlights the critical necessity for a unified strategy in addressing mastitis control, merging scientificprogress with effective on-farm practices to protect Bangladesh’s dairy sector from this ongoing challenge

SNP Çipler, Mitokondriyal DNA Markırları ve Genom Çapında Yapılan Analizlerle Hayvan Islahında Yaşanan Değişim ve Gelişim

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Dec 2023

Mehmet Yardımcı

A Cross-Sectional Study of Risk Factors Affecting Milk Quality in Dairy Cows

Article

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Nov 2023

Simple Summary Modern dairy cattle farms have intensified greatly in recent years to meet the increased global demand for fresh milk. For this reason, health and welfare risks are a great concern to the dairy industry, with mastitis still being among the most significant, as it decreases milk quality and farmer profit. In the present study, 1004 dairy cows from one farm in Greece were included in the study. Data regarding the animals were collected from the farm’s database, while for each cow, health and welfare traits were recorded before collecting milk samples. Each milk sample was tested for somatic cell counts and gross milk composition, and the traits recorded were assessed as potential risk factors affecting milk quality. Higher lactation periods and teat hyperkeratosis seemed to significantly lower milk quality traits and increase somatic cell counts. Udder cleanliness and teat size also had a negative effect on protein content. These results indicate the importance of proper milking routine and hygiene and culling older cows, in improving milk quality. The relevant literature and enhanced milking and management procedures are discussed. Abstract Despite years of research devoted to bovine mastitis, the disease remains a serious problem in dairy cattle, causing economic losses to the dairy industry worldwide due to reduced milk yield, lower milk quality, drug costs and early culling of cows. The aim of this study is to determine the importance of several risk factors affecting milk quality in dairy cows, as well as to highlight proper milking techniques. A cross-sectional study was performed in one Greek dairy farm with the inclusion of a total of 1004 Holstein Friesian cows in the study. The udder and teat traits were recorded for each cow, while individual milk samples were used to estimate the somatic cell count (SCC) and gross milk composition. The traits recorded were examined as potential risk factors affecting milk quality using the Akaike information criterion (AIC) and the algorithm stepAIC to select the best linear regression model which explains the data. Overall, the prevalence of mastitis was ca. 9%. With an increase in the lactation period, the SCC increased (p ≤ 0.05) while fat (p ≤ 0.05), protein (p ≤ 0.001) and lactose (p ≤ 0.001) content decreased. Teat hyperkeratosis increased the SCC (p ≤ 0.05) and decreased P content (p ≤ 0.05). Proper husbandry management and milking procedures are considered essential to maintain milk quality of high standards.

Seasonal Prevalence and Antibiogram Studies of Bovine Mastitis in Southern Haryana

Article

Jan 2020

Mastitis in bovines causes huge economical loss to the dairy industry. It affects the public health due to the transmission of pathogenic bacteria and the toxins produced by them through the food chain. The timely diagnosis of subclinical mastitis (SCM) and its proper treatment based on antibiogram have significant impact on reducing the economical loss to the dairy farmers. Therefore the present study was conducted to find out the prevalence and antibiogram pattern of the mastitis causing bacteria in Southern Haryana. A total prevalence rate of 65.79% was observed for subclinical mastitis in Southern Haryana by the screening test. The highest prevalence was observed in winter (59.49%), followed by rainy season (69.61%) and cattle were found as more susceptible to SCM when compared to buffaloes. The major Gram negative pathogens isolated were belonged to E. coli, followed by Klebsiella species and Pseudomonas species, the common organisms responsible for environmental mastitis. The antibiogram patterns of the isolates were also studied and the maximum sensitive antibiotic against mastitis was found as Chloramphenicol, followed by Enrofloxacin, Amikacin and Ampicillin. The most resistant antibiotics in the study area was found as Ceftizoxime followed by Amoxicillin as these antibiotics were frequently and indiscriminately used for the treatment of mastitis in the study area without subjecting to in vitro antibiotic sensitive test. This emphasis the need of awareness among dairy farmers regarding the hygienic managemental practices to be followed at farm level as well as necessity of conducting antibiotic sensitivity test for the treatment. HIGHLIGHTS m A total prevalence of mastitis observed was 65.79%. m The most resistant antibiotics were Ceftizoxime and Amoxicillin. m The most sensitive antibiotics were Chloramphenicol and Enrofloxacin.

Seasonal Prevalence and Antibiogram Studies of Bovine Mastitis in Southern Haryana

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Dec 2020

Jinu Manoj

Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from clinical mastitis cases on large dairy farms in north China: phenotype, genotype of antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes

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Sep 2024

Streptococcus agalactiae (Strep. agalactiae) is bovine mastitis pathogen and has thus became a matter of concern to dairy farms worldwide in terms of economic loss. The aims of this study were to (a) determine virulence genes, and (b) characterize the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles and AMR genes and (c) figure out the relationship between AMR phenotypes and genotypes of Strep. agalactiae isolated from dairy cows in north China. A total of 20 virulence genes and 23 AMR genes of 140 isolates collected from 12 farms in six provinces were studied. The antimicrobial susceptibility of 10 veterinary commonly used antimicrobials were tested using the broth microdilution method. Results showed that all the isolates harbored the virulence genes lacIV, gapC, and dltA. The isolates that harbored the genes lacIII, fbsA, hylB, and cfb exhibited the high prevalence (99.29%), followed by isolates that harbored lacI (98.57%), bibA (97.86%), cylE (97.14%), lacII (92.14%), cspA (52.14%), pavA (25%), bca (2.14%), and scpB (0.71%). The fbsB, lmb, spbI, bac, and rib genes were not detected. The virulence patterns of B (fbsA_cfb_cylE_ hylB_bibA_cspA_ gapC_dltA_lacIII/IV) and C (fbsA_cfb_ bibA _ gapC_ dltA_lacIV) were dominant, accounting for 97.86% of the isolates. The following AMR genes were prevalent: pbp1A (97.14%), tet(M) (95.00%), lnu (A) (80.71%), erm (B) (75.00%), tet(O) (72.14%), blaZ (49.29%), tet(S) (29.29%), blaTEM (25.71%), erm (A) (17.14%), erm (C) (13.57%), tet (L) (10.71%), linB (2.86%), and erm (TR) (2.86%). The pbp2b, mecA1, mecC, lnu (D), erm (F/G/Q), and mef (A) genes were not detected. Eighty percent of the isolates harbored AMR genes and were highly resistant to tetracycline, followed by macrolides (10.71%), lincosamides (9.29%) and β-lactams (4.29%). In conclusion, isolates only exhibited well correlation between tetracyclines resistance phenotype and genotype, and almost all isolates harbored intact combination of virulence genes.

Association Between Dairy Cow Mastitis Causative Agent and Some Production Parameters using RT-PCR

Article

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May 2024

Mohammed Farah

Mastitis is the term used to describe inflammation in one or more udder parts in dairy cows, which are mostly brought on by bacterial infections that travel within the teat canal; the advancement of microscopes made it possible to identify the microorganisms that cause the majority of mastitis cases, and the process continues until the PCR. The aim of this work is to use RT-PCR to illustrate the association between the mastitis causative agent and some production parameters. In the first few months of 2019, 83 milk samples were aseptically obtained from the herd of 9,000 Holstein milking cows from cows that had been clinically confirmed to have mastitis. To perform the RT-PCR and DNA extraction for each sample, the King Fisher™ Duo Prime Purification System, the Mag MAX™ CORE Nucleic Acid Purification Kit, and the VetMAX™ Masti Type Kit were used. All data were analyzed using the Chi-square test to highlight the association between the causative agent of mastitis and some production parameters. The results indicated a significant association between mastitis and the infected quarter (χ2= 5.06, P=0.024) and between mastitis frequency of previous mastitis infections (χ2= 6.58, P=0.01), lactation number (χ2= 12.55, P=0.01), gestation period (χ2= 32.97, P=0.01), and cow age (χ2= 15.88, P=0.01). Since there are many possible infections and its complicated etiology makes controlling mastitis difficult, more work needs to be put into managing the milking and milking parlor.

The prevalence and factors associated with mastitis in dairy cows kept by small-scale farmers in Dodoma, Tanzania

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Jul 2024

Bovine mastitis is among the major diseases of economic importance in the dairy industry worldwide. Hygienic conditions during milking and housing are important determinants of mastitis infections. However, arid and semi-arid areas have a scarcity of water, which is an essential component of cleanliness. Thus, the study determined the prevalence of mastitis and associated factors in Dodoma, a semi-arid region in Tanzania. Three hundred and sixty-eight lactating cows were selected randomly from 114 farms in the Dodoma urban district for mastitis determination based on clinical signs and the California Mastitis Test. About 59.8 % of the cows had mastitis, and the subclinical type dominated. Factors associated with mastitis prevalence were cleanliness (hand and udder washing before milking), farmers' awareness of mastitis, the cow's parity and lactation stage, and herd size. Milk yield was not associated with the mastitis status of the cow but was related to the breed of the cow, whether warm or cold water was used to wash the cow's udder, parity, and lactation stage. Improvement in education on the importance of hygiene is necessary, as 38.6 % of the farmers were unaware of mastitis. Further detailed studies on microbiology, such as bacteriologic culture and polymerase chain reaction, are recommended to formulate interventions.

Occurrence and characterization of multidrug-resistant extended spectrum β-lactamase producing Escherichia coli from bovine mastitis of Haryana

Article

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Jun 2024

A study was carried out to analyze 500 bovine milk samples collected from Haryana, India and 37% samples were found to be associated with E. coli as a causative agent for mastitis. Out of it, 53 (10.6%) isolates were found to be positive for ESBL production by Double-Disk Synergy test and Epsilon test. However, the ESBL-encoding gene blaCTX-M was detected in the 51 (10.2%) isolates. The antibiotic susceptibility test revealed 13.72% of the isolates were multidrug resistant, with MAR index varying from 0.06 to 0.46. The maximum sensitivity was observed towards gentamicin (90.19%) followed by chloramphenicol (78.4%). Fluoroquinolones antibiotics were found to be resistant between 84.31% to 76.47%. The resistance profile underscores the importance of antibiotic stewardship and the need for ongoing surveillance using one health approach to guide therapy and manage the spread of resistant bacteria.

Molecular Detection of Some Most Important Pathogenic Bacteria by Multiplex PCR for Diagnosis of Subclinical Mastitis in Bovine

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Apr 2024

Background: The dairy sector faces formidable obstacles in the early detection of the bacteria causing subclinical mastitis and in the proactive treatment of those cases. The objective of the study was to access multiplex PCR assays (MPCR) and conventional methods for the concurrent identification of significant bacteria that cause sub-clinical mastitis and to compare these methods. 200 samples of pooled milk from cows and buffaloes in Rajasthan were gathered between 2020 and 2021. Methods: The primary bacterial pathogens in milk samples were identified using conventional methods such multiplex PCR, biochemical testing and culture. Result: From 200 combined samples of cow and buffalo milk, the traditional approach was able to extract 97 different strains. Staphylococcus aureus 54 (27%), Streptococcus spp. 30 (15%) and E. coli 13 (6.5%) were shown to be prevalent as single or mixed infections, respectively. Staphylococcus was the main pathogen that was discovered. concurrently, S. aureus, Streptococcus and E. coli. Direct detection of Staphylococcus 65 (32.5%), Streptococcus 37 (18.5%), E. coli and 16 (8%) by multiplex PCR was found in milk samples. The analysis revealed that because multiplex PCR assays have higher specificity and sensitivity than conventional procedures, they are more reliable. The multiplex PCR method employed in the current study was a simple and quick technique to identify the major pathogens and it has the potential to be a very helpful tool for determining the pathogens that cause environmental mastitis and evaluating the health of the herd.

Punch-excised explants of bovine mammary gland to model early immune response to infection

Article

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Jul 2023

Background: Mammary gland (MG) infections (mastitis) are frequent diseases of dairy cows that affect milk quality, animal welfare and farming profitability. These infections are commonly associated with the bacteria Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Different in vitro models have been used to investigate the early response of the MG to bacteria, but the role of the teat in mastitis pathogenesis has received less attention. In this study, we used punch-excised teat tissue as an ex vivo model to study the immune mechanisms that arise early during infection when bacteria have entered the MG. Results: Cytotoxicity and microscopic analyses showed that bovine teat sinus explants have their morphology and viability preserved after 24 h of culture and respond to ex vivo stimulation with TLR-agonists and bacteria. LPS and E. coli trigger stronger inflammatory response in teat when compared to LTA and S. aureus, leading to a higher production of IL-6 and IL-8, as well as to an up-regulation of proinflammatory genes. We also demonstrated that our ex vivo model can be applied to frozen-stored explants. Conclusions: In compliance with the 3Rs principle (replacement, reduction and refinement) in animal experimentation, ex vivo explant analyses proved to be a simple and affordable approach to study MG immune response to infection. This model, which better reproduces organ complexity than epithelial cell cultures or tissue slices, lends itself particularly well to studying the early phases of the MG immune response to infection.

Clinical Mastits Incidence In Small-Scale Dairy Cow Farms

Article

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Jan 2023

The incidence of clinical mastitis (CM) in small and large-scale dairy cow farms can be highly variable and can be affected by age, parity, post-calving status, and atmospheric conditions. The current study aimed to assess the CM-incidence and its association with the post-calving days, number of lactations, season, and number of affected udder quarters in dairy cows in small-scale dairy farms. The study was conducted within one calendar year in 177 small-scale farms with 864 dairy cows. Clinically confirmed CM cows (n=72) were sampled from each udder quarter and processed for bacteriology examination. The CM-positive samples were grouped according to the season (spring, summer, autumn, and winter), the number of days after calving (<90, 90-180, and >180), the number of lactations (1-st, 2-5-th, and >6-th), and the number of affected udder quarters (one, two, three, and four). The CM-positive samples (n=72, 8.3%) were confirmed on bacteriology examination in significantly lower count (n=56, 6.5%). The 2-5-th lactations cows (n=35, 68.6%) were significantly more compared to the first lactation (n=6, 11.8%), and >6-th lactation cows (n=10, 19.6%). CM cows with infection of one udder quarter (n=40, 78.4%) were significantly more than the cows with two (n=6, 11.8%), and four infected quarters (n=5, 9.8%). The CM-incidence in small-scale dairy cow farms in North Macedonia was 8.3% and 6.5% by clinical and bacteriology examination, respectively. The highest CM susceptibility was observed in the cows between the second and fifth lactations. One udder quarter was most frequently affected in CM-positive cases.

In vitro antimicrobial effect of essential tea tree oil( Melaleuca alternifolia ), thymol, and carvacrol on microorganisms isolated from cases of bovine clinical mastitis

Article

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Sep 2022

Both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria have recently developed antibiotic resistance to treatments for bovine mastitis, creating a serious concern for public and animal health. The objective of this study was to analyse in vitro microbicidal activity of tea tree oil, thymol and carvacrol (composed of oregano and thyme essential oils) on bacteria isolated from clinical mastitis. Field isolates and ATCC strains of the Staphylococcus spp, Streptococcus spp, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Candida albicans genera were analysed. The agar diffusion technique was used to test bactericidal susceptibility and plate microdilution was utilized to determine the minimum inhibitory, bactericidal, and fractional inhibitory concentrations. Thymol alone and the combinations of thymol-carvacrol and thymol-TTO obtained the highest inhibition diameters for Gram-negative bacteria, while for Gram-positive bacteria and C. albicans, thymol and the combination thymol-carvacrol obtained the highest indices. TTO, thymol, and carvacrol had MIC values of 1.56–25 mg/ml, 0.05–0.4 mg/ml, and 0.02–0.2 mg/ml, respectively. CMB results for the Gram-negative and gram-positive groups were 0.39–0.78 mg/ml, and for C. albicans, 0.78–1.56 mg/ml. Results for the fractional inhibitory concentrations show that the TTO+thymol and thymol+carvacrol combinations had additive activity against groups of Gram-negative bacteria and C. albicans. These natural components, evaluated individually and in combinations, have an effectiveness above 70%.

Isolation and identification of some most important bacterial pathogens from sub clinical mastitis of bovine in Sirohi, Rajasthan

Article

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Oct 2021

The major Objective of this study was focused on using of rapid & efficient methods for detection of Subclinical Mastitis and prevalence of Some Most Important Bacterial Pathogens in Sirohi District of Rajasthan. A total of 200 milk samples from Bovine i.e., Cow and Buffaloes were collected from period of July 2020 to December 2020 to detect and determine pathogens responsible for subclinical mastitis in Bovine. Screening Subclinical Mastitis (SCM) were done using modified California mastitis Test (MCMT) & and Somatic Cell Count (SCC). The prevalence percentage of SCM in California mastitis and Somatic Cell Count in age group of 5 to 8 years Bovines was (74% and 70%) respectively. Identification of the isolates was achieved using Gram’s staining, hemolytic pattern, colony morphology, Catalase, Coagulase test, IMVIC test and confirmation of bacteria species was done by growth on specific agar medium. Bacteriological examination of all milk samples found the presence of (48.00%) isolates where Staphylococcus was predominant species (27.00%) followed by Streptococcus agalactia (10.5%), other streptococci species (4.5%), while environmental pathogen represented E. coli third common pathogen was found in least presence (6.5%). Subclinical mastitis seems to be, as deduced from the high prevalence observed in this study, an important health problem for milking dairy cows and buffaloes in Sirohi. The Identification and biochemical identification is still the important aspect and could be practiced at selected samples from time to time to confirm identification of causative organisms.

Antibiotics Resistance Trends of Clinical Bovine Mastitis in Cross Breed Cattles of Morang District, Nepal

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2021

Mastitis is the inflammation of the mammary gland, the most frequent bacterial infection seen in dairy cattle causing reduced milk production, changes in milk composition and huge economic loss (almost 70%). Great technological advances and modernization have been made in veterinary field for improvement of disease treatment and prevention till today. However, mastitis continues to be a major economic issue to dairy producers for its handling, treatment and prevention. Nepal is one of the major contributors to the leading to Antibiotics Microbial Resistance(AMR) due to widespread irrational use of antibiotics along with poor health care systems, poor infection control and prevention measures. The antimicrobial resistance is also a growing concern for human health as the ani�mal products are used by humans directly as food products and in via direct or indirect contact. Thus, this research was done to study antibiotic resistance trends of clinical bovine mastitis in cross breed cattle’s i.e. Jersey cross and Holstein Friesian cross of Biratnagar, Morang, Nepal. A total of 106 milk samples were collected from cattle’s. Of which, 80 samples were of Jersey cross and 26 samples were of Holstein Friesian cross cattle’s. Five antibiotics i.e. Penicillin, Gentamycin, Ciprofloxacin, Amoxicillin and Tetracycline which are commonly used to treat mastitis were used for antibiotic sensitivity test. The samples were monitored for antibiotic resistance following disk diffusion method. The result revealed that the antimicrobial resistance is very high in case of Gentamycin, Oxytetracy�cline, Amoxicillin and Penicillin i.e. greater than 50%. The sensitivity of Ciprofloxacin (23.6%) was highest among five drugs however it is very low to be claimed as a proper drug to be used for treating mastitis for further years. It showed that the drugs which were frequently and indiscriminately used to treat mastitis are now on verge of complete resistance and ineffective against bacteria caus�ing mastitis Ciprofloxacin had least resistivity as it was least frequent use in the study area in treatment of clinical mastitis. Thus, it is the most effective drugs that can be used to treat mastitis in Biratnagar area. The results of the present investigation demonstrated the development of very high level of resistance of drugs that are commonly used to treat mastitis in Biratnagar area. This research gave an alarming message to human, veterinary expects regarding misuse of antibiotics in field level, lack of implementation of laws about drug use by the government and less concern towards animal-human-health relationship caused by misuse of drugs in animal products

Characterization and therapeutic potential of newly isolated bacteriophages against Staphylococcus species in bovine mastitis

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2025
J VIROL

Bovine mastitis, primarily caused by Staphylococcus aureus, significantly affects the dairy industry by reducing milk production and quality. The rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has prompted the need for alternative treatments. The three newly isolated bacteriophages, OPT-SA02, OPT-SC01, and OPT-SX11, were isolated from chicken fecal and sewage samples in South Korea. These bacteriophages were characterized via physiological and genomic analyses, identifying their therapeutic potential against S. aureus-induced mastitis. The bacteriophages were identified as members of the Herelleviridae family, exhibiting stability across broad pH (2–12) and temperature (37–70°C) ranges, as well as strong antibacterial activity at low multiplicity of infection (MOI) levels. Genomic analysis revealed that the conservation of lysis-related genes (holin and endolysin) is responsible for their lytic capabilities. Additionally, protein structural predictions revealed multi-domain structures in their endolysins, enhancing their lytic potential. These findings suggest that OPT-SA02, OPT-SC01, and OPT-SX11 show significant promise as alternative treatments for bovine mastitis. IMPORTANCE Bovine mastitis, caused by pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus xylosus, remains a major challenge in dairy farming, leading to significant economic losses and reduced milk quality. The increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant strains further complicates treatment, emphasizing the need for alternative strategies. This study identifies three newly isolated bacteriophages with effective antibacterial activity against these pathogens and provides comprehensive genomic and structural insights into their mechanisms. Genomic characterization revealed conserved lytic cassettes and genetic diversity within related bacteriophages, offering a deeper understanding of their evolutionary relationships and potential applications. Furthermore, protein structure analysis of the endolysin derived from these bacteriophages identified multi-domain architectures with preserved catalytic cores, underscoring their lytic efficacy against bacterial cell walls. These findings advance the understanding of the genetic and structural mechanisms of bacteriophage-mediated lysis and highlight their potential as sustainable tools for managing bovine mastitis and improving milk quality in dairy farming.

Effect of Subclinical Mastitis Detected in the First Month of Lactation on the Reproductive Performance of Dairy Cows in Western Algeria

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2024

Background: The current study aimed to detect in the first month of lactation the prevalence and risk factors of subclinical mastitis (SCM) and its effects on reproductive performance in dairy cows in western Algeria. Methods: 530 cows from 18 herds were examined in the study. California Mastitis Test (CMT) was used to screen subclinical mastitis for individual cows and a score of two or more for any quarter without any clinical symptoms and abnormalities in milk was considered as positive for SCM. Milk samples positive for subclinical mastitis were subjected to bacteriological analysis. Result: The present study revealed a prevalence of subclinical mastitis of 34.90%, (185 of 530). The most common pathogen identified from CMT-positive milk samples was Staphylococcus aureus with 35.62%. Logistic regression analysis showed that parity, farming system and milking method affect significantly the prevalence of SCM. Subclinical mastitis during the first month of lactation affected significantly the reproductive performance by increasing calving to first service interval (CFSI), calving-to-conception interval (CCI)and number of services per conception (NSPC). The results of this study highlight the importance of mastitis control programs in dairy farms by showing that a high frequency of subclinical mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus may have a negative impact on the reproductive performance of dairy cows.

Application of Nanotechnology in Combating Bovine Mastitis

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Sep 2024

Mastitis

Chapter

Aug 2024

A review of the stability of antibiotic residues in animal products during food processing

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2024

Omar A. Al-Mahmood

Residues of antimicrobials in food have received much attention in recent years because of growing food safety and public health concerns. The ingestion of veterinary drug residues in edible animal parts and contaminated dairy products constitutes a potential health hazard for its consumers, including, specifically, the possibility of developing multidrug resistance, carcinogenicity, and disruption of intestinal normal microflora. Therefore, the aim of the study was to review the stability of food processing on the antibiotic residues in animal products. We have seen that different cooking procedures, heating temperatures, storage times (cooling and freezing), fermentation, and pH have the significant reduction of drug residues in animal products. Several studies have reported the use of thermal treatments and sterilization to decrease the quantity of antibiotics such as tetracycline, oxytetracycline, macrolides, sulfonamides, azithromycin, chlortetracycline, and doxycycline in animal products. The presence of antibiotic residues in raw milk samples is more than prescribed limits by international regulations, leading to inhibition of growth of starter microorganisms during manufacturing processes of dairy products. Time and temperature of heating, freezing degree, medium pH, and antibiotic type were the most important factors the effect on the stability of the antibiotic residue in food products.

Nanoparticles in Managing Bovine Mastitis Pathogens—Isolation, Identification, and Therapeutic Strategies

Article

Full-text available

May 2024

Nowadays, mastitis is one of the most common diseases in breeding dairy cattle. Treatment with conventional antibiotics is ineffective because many pathogens are resistant. This study aims to investigate the presence of mastitis in milk samples from cows exhibiting clinical symptoms, along with assessing the sensitivity of the bacteria isolated from these samples to various antibiotics. The research involved analysing 70 milk samples obtained from cows with clinical mastitis at the Veterinary Department, Banas Dairy, Palanpur. From these samples, a total of 12 different bacterial strains were identified. Identification methods included conventional biochemical techniques and MALDI-TOF analysis. Furthermore, the study evaluated the antibacterial properties of Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs), Triphala nanoparticles, and Chitosan nanoparticles, the nanoparticles were characterized by SEM and FTIR. The mean size of chitosan, Copper and Triphala were 380 nm, 400 nm and 400 nm with zeta potential + 44.3 mv, -42.2 mv and -27.5 mv respectively. These nanoparticles were explored as potential alternatives for mastitis treatment in cows. The research also aimed to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of CuO-NPs, Triphala NPs, and Chitosan NPs against the bacterial strains isolated from the milk samples. By examining the efficacy of these nanoparticles and their MIC against mastitis-causing bacteria, this study contributes to the ongoing efforts to find effective treatments for mastitis in dairy cows.

ELISA based Monitoring and Quantification of Tetracycline Residues in Fresh and Powdered Cow Milk Commercialized in Constantine Region (Northeast Algeria)

Article

May 2024

Background: This study aimed to identify tetracycline residues in milk consumed in the region of Constantine (northeast Algeria) using ELISA based tetracyclin kit. Methods: A total of 180 samples were analyzed (fresh cow milk and imported powdered milk). To compare ELISA and HPLC detection values, 22 fresh milk ELISA positive samples were confirmed by HPLC analysis. Result: 92.5% of fresh milk samples contained tetracycline residues at values between 5 and 74 µg/L and 33.3% of the samples showed concentrations between 49 and 74 µg/L, that exceed the MRLs recommended by the FDA. No significant differences (p greater than 0.01) were found between the values obtained by the two methods.

A Temporal Study on Incidence of Bovine Mastitis in Haryana, India

Article

Apr 2024

Mastitis affects dairy animal’s productivity and causes financial losses for dairy farmers in India and across the world. In this study, a total of 52,494 quarter milk samples from 14,381 bovines were screened for the primary microorganisms causing mastitis in Hisar and adjoining districts of Haryana and their antibiotic sensitivity patterns were analyzed. The cultural positivity from subclinical form of mastitis was observed as 86.32% and 87.73% from cows and buffaloes, respectively while that from clinical mastitis was 87.36% and 87.57%. The major Gram positive bacterial pathogens associated with mastitis in the entire study period were found as Staphylococcus species with an average incidence rate of 45.53% and 44.1% from cows and buffaloes, respectively. The Streptococcus species were found to be 33.76% and 29.94% of total isolates. Escherichia coli were the most predominant Gram negative bacteria isolated (17.37% and 13.85%), thereafter Klebsiella spp. (5.54% and 5.19%) from both cows and buffaloes. A significant proportion of clinical cases of mastitis were chronic in nature from both the species of bovines. The incidence of mastitis with respect to different lactation number and lactation months was found as significant. The highest incidences of mastitis was observed in the first lactation among buffaloes (20.69%), while the maximum incidences were observed in second and third lactation in cows with 16.59% and 16.99%, respectively. However, in both the species maximum occurrence of mastitis was observed during the first lactational month. The antibiotic sensitivity patterns of most of the isolates had shown higher sensitivity towards enrofloxacin and gentamicin, while the penicillin had shown least sensitivity. The knowledge regarding the mastitis causing pathogens and their sensitivity pattern in Hisar and adjoining districts of Haryana enables the veterinarians to adopt for the proper treatment protocols and dairy farmers to assure optimal health, welfare and productivity of bovines in the State, in turn reducing antimicrobial resistance.

Associations of Swiss national reporting system's antimicrobial use data and management practices in dairy cows on tie stall farms

Article

Feb 2024
J DAIRY SCI

Assessment of Mastitis Patterns in Serbian Dairy Cows: Blood Serum Metabolic Profile and Milk Composition Parameters

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2023

Mastitis is one of the most important diseases in dairy cows, leading to substantial economic losses associated with decreased milk production and quality. Early detection of changes in metabolic and milk parameters is crucial for maintaining animal welfare and milk quality. This study aimed to detect patterns in metabolic and milk composition parameters in Serbian dairy cows affected by mastitis. It also examined the relationship between these factors in cows with clinical and subclinical mastitis, as well as in healthy cows. This study included 60 Holstein-Friesian cows with the same body score condition that were in the same lactation phase. They were divided into three groups of 20: clinical and subclinical mastitis and a control group of healthy cows. The categorization was based on clinical udder health and the California mastitis test. Blood serum metabolic profiles were measured using a Rayto spectrophotometer (Shenzhen, China), and milk composition was determined using MilcoScanTM (Foss, Hilleroed, Denmark) and FossomaticTM (Foss, Hilleroed, Denmark) instruments. Significant increases in non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs), beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), total protein, globulin, urea, total bilirubin, magnesium, and enzyme activity were noted in mastitis-affected cows compared to healthy ones. Additionally, mastitis-affected cows had higher total protein and globulin levels and increased somatic cell counts (SCCs), while albumin concentrations were decreased. Furthermore, a negative correlation between total protein and lactose suggested inflammation leading to reduced lactose levels due to cell damage, infection, and lactose use by mastitis pathogens. Hence, indicators of the energy and protein status of the metabolic profile, together with the chemical composition of milk, may be significant diagnostic tools for detecting, monitoring, and predicting the outcome of mastitis in cows.

Analysis of Mastitis Cases on Modern Dairy Farms in Blitar Regency, Indonesia

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2023

This study aims to determine: i) the relationship between lactation level and clinical mastitis, ii) bacteria that cause clinical mastitis and iii) the incidence rate of the disease based on Days in Milk (DIM). The research location was carried out at a modern dairy farm in Blitar Regency, Indonesia. Clinical mastitis dairy divided into nine lactation periods including: lactation period (LP) 1 (168 heads); LP 2 (224 heads); LP 3 (153 heads); LP 4 (102 heads); LP 5 (51 heads); LP 6 (14 heads); LP 7 (7 heads); LP 8 (1 head); LP 9 (3 heads). Data were analyzed using simple regression and descriptive analysis. There was a linear increase in the percentage of mastitis incidence at the lactation period in modern dairy farm, y = 1.9483x + 14.938 following R² = 0.2315. The worst incidence occurred during the sixth lactation (43.75 %). Streptococcus uberis was identified as the most common bacteria causing mastitis (55.19 %). The highest incidence of mastitis occurred in Days in Milk (DIM) > 150 d (48.55 %), followed by DIM < 75 d (21.44 %). Furthermore, the second lactation with DIM > 150 d (15.63 %) had the greatest mastitis incidence.

Identification of Streptococcus spp. isolated from bovine milk and characterization of their antimicrobial susceptibility profiles in Taiwan

Article

Mar 2019

Immunological and Oxidative Biomarkers in Bovine Serum from Healthy, Clinical, and Sub-Clinical Mastitis Caused by Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus Infection

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2023

The study aimed to investigate the mastitis’ emerging causative agents and their antimicrobial sensitivity, in addition to the hematological, biochemical indicators, oxidative biomarkers, acute phase protein (APP), and inflammatory cytokine changes in dairy farms in Gamasa, Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt. One hundred Holstein Friesian dairy cattle with clinical and subclinical mastitis were investigated and were allocated into three groups based on a thorough clinical examination. Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were found responsible for the clinical and subclinical mastitis in dairy farms, respectively. Multiple drug resistance (MDR) was detected in 100%, and 94.74% of E. coli and S. aureus isolates, respectively. Significantly low RBCs count, Hb, and PCV values were detected in mastitic cows compared with both subclinical mastitic and control groups; moreover, WBCs, lymphocytes, and neutrophil counts were significantly diminished in mastitic cows compared to the controls. Significantly higher levels of AST, LDH, total protein, and globulin were noticed in both mastitic and subclinical mastitic cows. The haptoglobin, fibrinogen, amyloid A, ceruloplasmin, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels were statistically increased in mastitic cows compared to the controls. Higher MDA levels and reduction of TAC and catalase were identified in all the mastitic cases compared to the controls. Overall, the findings suggested potential public health hazards due to antimicrobial resistance emergence. Meanwhile, the APP and cytokines, along with antioxidant markers can be used as early indicators of mastitis.

Immunological and Oxidative Biomarkers in Bovine Serum from Healthy, Clinical, and Sub-Clinical Mastitis Caused by E. coli and S. aureus Infection

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2023

The study aimed to investigate the mastitis’ emerging causative agents and their antimicrobial sensitivity, in addition to the hematological, biochemical indicators, oxidative biomarkers, acute phase protein (APP), and inflammatory cytokine changes in dairy farms in Gamasa, Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt. One hundred Holstein Friesian dairy cattle with clinical and subclinical mastitis were investigated and were allocated into three groups based on a thorough clinical examination. E. coli and S. aureus were found responsible for the clinical and subclinical mastitis in dairy farms, respectively. Multiple drug resistance (MDR) was detected in 100%, and 94.74% of E. coli and S. aureus isolates, respectively. Significantly low RBCs count, Hb, and PCV values were detected in mastitic cows compared with both subclinical mastitic and control groups; moreover, WBCs, lymphocytes, and neutrophil counts were significantly diminished in mastitic cows compared to the controls. Significantly higher levels of AST, LDH, total protein, and globulin were noticed in both mastitic and subclinical mastitic cows. The haptoglobin, fibrinogen, amyloid A, ceruloplasmin, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels were statistically increased in mastitic cows compared to the controls. Higher MDA levels and reduction of TAC and catalase were identified in all the mastitic cases compared to the controls. Overall, the findings suggested potential public health hazards due to antimicrobial resistance emergence. Meanwhile, the APP and cytokines, along with antioxidant markers can be used as early indicators of mastitis.

Role of nanotechnology in mastitis treatment for dairy cows: a mini review

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2023

Mastitis is among the most popular ailments in dairy cow that results in the greatest financial losses for dairy farms. Different strains of bacteria, fungus, and algae are responsible for causing mastitis. Mostly this disease is typically caused by bacteria that grow in the udder and lymph nodes, causing damage to the udder parenchyma. Antibiotics are the primary method of treatment for mastitis. However, long-term use of antibiotics has caused pathogens that cause mastitis to become more resistant to antibiotics. As a result, various strategies for eliminating pathogenic bacteria that cause mastitis are being researched. Researchers have looked for alternative therapeutic modalities to antibiotics for the treatment of mastitis. These efforts are helped by the innovative invention of nanotechnology for mastitis therapy and management. As a result, nanotechnology may become the primary type of mastitis treatment in the near future. In vitro-In vivo research of alternative remedy for mastitis have indicated that many microorganisms responsible for this disease can be successfully inhibited and destroyed. The current review article discusses different nanoparticles for mastitis treatment in dairy cow herds.

Peptidome Profiling of Bubalus Bubalis Urine and Assessment of its Antimicrobial Activity against Mastitis-Causing Pathogens

Preprint

Full-text available

Dec 2022

Urinary peptides are the products of systemic protein turn over which are excreted out of the body and hence can serve as an important biomarker for various pathophysiology. These peptides in other species of bovine have been reported to possess several bioactive properties. To investigate the potential of urinary peptides we generated a peptidome profile from the urine of Murrah Buffaloes (n=10). Urine samples were processed using <10 kDa MWCO filter, filtrate obtained was used for peptide extraction using Solid Phase Extraction (SPE). Eluate, obtained after SPE was extracted using ethyl acetate and the peptide-containing aqueous phase was collected. We extensively assessed the antimicrobial properties of the urinary aqueous phase. The nLC-MS/MS of the aqueous phase from 10 animals resulted in the identification of 8165 peptides originating from 6041 parent proteins. 76 Proteases responsible for the release of these sequences from precursor proteins were also identified. We further analyzed these peptide sequences to identify bioactive peptides and classify them into anti-cancerous, anti-hypertensive, anti-microbial, and anti-inflammatory groups with a special emphasis on antimicrobial properties. With this in mind, we simultaneously conducted experiments to evaluate antimicrobial properties of urinary aqueous extract on three pathogenic bacterial strains S. aureus, E. coli, & S. agalactiae.

The Window of Diagnostic Techniques for Bovine Mastitis

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2022

Bovine mastitis is the most prevalent illness in dairy cows all over the world. Furthermore, the dairy sector is one of the most important industries in many countries of the world. Globalization and liberalization are adding additional positive forces to the modern economy today, which is fast-moving forward in industrial production, and the dairy business is no exemption. Milk is a necessary social meal, but as the quality and quantity of milk decline, it has an impact on dairy farmers’ livelihoods and family nutrition, resulting in significant losses. Because the quantity and quality of milk are so important in the dairy sector, there have been significant financial losses. As a result, adequate maintenance and preventative measures must be maintained in order to ensure any dairy business is viable and sustainable. Various strategies for detecting mastitis have evolved, including proteomic approaches, particular immunoassays, and infrared thermography, all of which provide quick findings. This article efforts primarily on the complex methods of mastitis detection, as identification of the etiological agents are vital to preventing mastitis in dairy cows.

The Prevalence of Klebsiella spp. Associated With Bovine Mastitis in China and Its Antimicrobial Resistance Rate: A Meta-Analysis

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2022

Understanding distribution of bovine mastitis pathogen Klebsiella spp. can contribute to the treatment decision and the control within programs of bovine mastitis, we conducted a meta-analysis to investigate the epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance rates of Klebsiella spp. associated with bovine mastitis in China. Three databases, namely, PubMed, Google scholar, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure database, were utilized to obtain relevant publications. According to PRISMA reporting standards, a total of 38 publications were included in the research, among them, 7 papers included an AMR test. The pooled prevalence of Klebsiella spp. was 5.41% (95% CI: 3.87–7.50%). Subgroup analysis revealed that the prevalence was higher in South China (8.55%, 95% CI: 3.57–19.09%) than in North China (4.22%, 95% CI: 2.46–7.14%), in 2010–2020 (7.45%, 95% CI: 5.29–110.40%) than in 2000–2010 (3.14%, 95% CI: 1.90–15.14%), and in the clinical bovine mastitis cases (7.49%, 95% CI: 3.71–14.54%) than in the subclinical cases (4.03%, 95% CI: 1.55–10.08%). The pooled AMR rate revealed that Klebsiella spp. were most resistant to sulfonamides (45.07%, 95% CI: 27.72–63.71%), followed by tetracyclines (36.18%, 95% CI: 23.36–51.34%), aminoglycosides (27.47%, 95% CI: 17.16–40.92%), β-lactams (27.35%, 95% CI: 16.90–41.05%), amphenicol (26.82%, 95% CI: 14.17–44.87%), lincosamides (21.24%, 95% CI: 7.65–46.75%), macrolides (20.98%, 95% CI: 7.20–47.58%), polypeptides (15.51%, 95% CI: 6.46–32.78%), and quinolones (7.8%, 95% CI: 3.25–17.56%). The climate difference between South and North China and the natural pathogenicity of Klebsiella spp. may be the primary reasons for its distribution, and the prevalence of Klebsiella spp. indicated that the genus is an increasing hazard to the dairy industry. The prevalence of AMR in China is commonly higher than in the European countries and Canada, this is a very important concern for strategy programs to control bovine mastitis caused by Klebsiella spp. in China.

Multidrug-resistant Bacterial Isolates in Bovine Subclinical Mastitis from Southern Rajasthan

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2022

Background: In the present study two hundred milk samples were collected from cows and buffaloes with no history of clinical mastitis in the ongoing lactation, from the Sirohi district of Southern Rajasthan. Methods: The pooled sample (collected from each quarter) and examined for the status of subclinical mastitis by Modified California mastitis test and Somatic cell count respectively. Positive samples were further investigated for isolation and identification of the major mastitis-causing pathogens: S. aureus, predominant Streptococcal species and E. coli for assessing antimicrobial resistance models in southern Rajasthan. Result: The results of the current study indicate high levels of multi-drug antibiotic resistance among bacteria that commonly cause mastitis, particularly ampicillin, penicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin and methicillin. However, the highest sensitivity was conferred to ceftriaxone, gentamicin, and co-trimoxazole, suggestive of judicious use of these antibiotics in the treatment of bovine mastitis. Concurrent implementation of gradient PCR indicated the presence of mecA and blaZ genes in 51.9% and 81.4% of S. aureus isolates, respectively. Meanwhile, 56.6% of the streptococcal isolate contained the tetracycline-conferring tetM gene and none of the streptococci contained the ermB gene. The 92.3% E. coli isolates contained the tetA gene and the tetB gene for tetracycline resistance.

Biological Characteristics and Pathogenicity of Helcococcus ovis Isolated From Clinical Bovine Mastitis in a Chinese Dairy Herd

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2022

Helcococcus ovis (H. ovis) was first reported in ovine subclinical mastitis milk and post-mortem examination organs in Spain and the United Kingdom in 1999; subsequently, it appeared in cattle, horse, goat, and human. However, isolation and characterization of the pathogen from clinical bovine mastitis is unknown. The objective of this study was to identify the pathogen in clinical bovine mastitis. A total of four strains were isolated from bovine mastitis milk samples from a Chinese dairy farm, and they were identified as H. ovis by microscopic examination and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Phylogenetic tree was constructed using 16S rRNA gene, and the isolates were closely related to other China strains and strains from Japan. The growth speed of the H. ovis isolated was relatively slower than Streptococcus agalactiae, and the phenotypic characteristics were similar to H. ovis CCUG37441 and CCUG39041 except to lactose. The isolates were sensitive to most of the common used antimicrobials. The H. ovis isolates could lead to mild murine mastitis alone and induce severe mastitis when co-infected with Trueperella pyogenes in the murine mammary infection model constructed.

Modern view on the etiology, pathogenesis and diagnosis of mastitis in cows

Article

Dec 2021

Mastitis in cows is currently a pathology that causes great economic damage to livestock farms around the world. The quantitative and qualitative indicators of milk are decreasing. Prevention and treatment of breast inflammation in cows is one of the main tasks of veterinarians. For successful treatment, it is necessary to understand the etiology, especially in infectious mastitis. The degree of inflammatory reaction depends on the invading pathogen and the state of the animal's body, including such indicators as the stage of lactation, age, immune status, genetics and feeding diet. Almost 200 microorganisms that cause bovine mastitis have been identified, including bacteria, yeast, fungi and viruses. More than 150 species of bacteria that cause mastitis in cows have been identified, with bacterial mastitis being the most common. Mastitis can be caused by gram-positive bacteria, the most common of which are staphylococci and streptococci, and gram-negative bacteria, more often Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Laboratory diagnostics is necessary to isolate and identify the relevant pathogen, which is necessary for the successful prevention and treatment of mastitis. The most commonly used method of diagnosing mastitis in cows is to measure the number of somatic cells. Express diagnostics are often used, which do not give a numerical result, but indicate only low or high indicators, while the causative agent of mastitis is not identified. The cultivation method is still the main criterion for detecting microorganisms, but it is a very time-consuming and expensive method. With the development of molecular methods, rapid and accurate diagnosis of diseases in animals has become possible. Recently developed diagnostic tests have shown high specificity and sensitivity.

A Review on Mastitis in Dairy Cows Research: Current Status and Future Perspectives

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2024

One of the most serious diseases affecting dairy cattle, causing significant losses both in breeding and economy, is mastitis, an inflammation of the mammary gland. Due to the economic importance of this issue, many research teams are striving to develop an easy-to-apply and, most importantly, effective method to prevent mastitis. The use of traditional methods for mastitis detecting and treating, as well as improvement in hygienic conditions, have not yielded the expected results in combating this disease combating. Currently, the main task is to find the tools that would allow for the rapid detection of mastitis and the improvement of udder health in cows while maintaining high milk production, which is essential for the profitability of dairy cattle farming. Accurate and rapid diagnostic tools, with the simultaneous capability of identifying pathogens, may help to reduce losses. Sufficient sensitivity and specificity for tests are required to minimize the number of false-positive and false-negative cases. Efforts are also being made to determine the optimal threshold value for detecting the disease at its earliest possible stage. The estimation of somatic cell count (SCC) as a phenotypic indicator of mastitis is widely used. A more precise parameter for accurately describing udder health is the differential somatic cell count (DSCC). The well-known California Mastitis Test (CMT) is an inexpensive, easy, and rapid method for mastitis detection useful on farms. The latest diagnostic methods for mastitis utilize tests based on the activity of N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAGase) or lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as well as the determination of acute phase proteins (APPs) in blood serum and milk (such as haptoglobin, serum amyloid A, fibrinogen, and ceruloplasmin). Research also focuses on the genomic improvement of mastitis resistance in successive generations, and for this purpose, many quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been identified. In recent years, immunotherapy has become an increasingly common area of research, including vaccinations, T/B cell immunotherapy, RNA immunotherapy, epigenetic immunotherapy, stem cell therapy, and native secretory factors. An important aspect of the control of mastitis is the implementation of strategies that focus primarily on preventing the disease through appropriate breeding and farm management practices. In the forthcoming years, a significant challenge will be the development of universal diagnostic and therapeutic strategies that can be effectively implemented as alternatives to antibiotic therapy. Future research should prioritize the advancement of preventive and therapeutic techniques, such as immunotherapies, bacteriocins, herbal therapy, and nanoparticle technology.

Peptidome Profiling of Bubalus bubalis Urine and Assessment of Its Antimicrobial Activity against Mastitis-Causing Pathogens

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2024

Urinary proteins have been studied quite exhaustively in the past, however, the small sized peptides have remained neglected for a long time in dairy cattle. These peptides are the products of systemic protein turnover, which are excreted out of the body and hence can serve as an important biomarker for various pathophysiologies. These peptides in other species of bovine have been reported to possess several bioactive properties. To investigate the urinary peptides in buffalo and simultaneously their bioactivities, we generated a peptidome profile from the urine of Murrah Buffaloes (n = 10). Urine samples were processed using <10 kDa MWCO filter and filtrate obtained was used for peptide extraction using Solid Phase Extraction (SPE). The nLC-MS/MS of the aqueous phase from ten animals resulted in the identification of 8165 peptides originating from 6041 parent proteins. We further analyzed these peptide sequences to identify bioactive peptides and classify them into anti-cancerous, anti-hypertensive, anti-microbial, and anti-inflammatory groups with a special emphasis on antimicrobial properties. With this in mind, we simultaneously conducted experiments to evaluate the antimicrobial properties of urinary aqueous extract on three pathogenic bacterial strains: S. aureus, E. coli, and S. agalactiae. The urinary peptides observed in the study are the result of the activity of possibly 76 proteases. The GO of these proteases showed the significant enrichment of the antibacterial peptide production. The total urinary peptide showed antimicrobial activity against the aforementioned pathogenic bacterial strains with no significant inhibitory effects against a buffalo mammary epithelial cell line. Just like our previous study in cows, the present study suggests the prime role of the antimicrobial peptides in the maintenance of the sterility of the urinary tract in buffalo by virtue of their amino acid composition.

Impact of temporal variations and risk factors associated with udder inflammation in Hardhenu cattle ( Bos taurus × Bos indicus )

Article

Oct 2023

This study aimed to explore the occurrence and risk factors associated with clinical mastitis within the Hardhenu cattle herd over a span of 14 years (2008–2021). A comprehensive analysis of 1515 lactation records was conducted to ascertain the incidence of clinical mastitis. The investigation determined an overall incidence rate of 26.80% in the studied population. A significant relationship between the year and clinical mastitis incidence was established through Chi‐square analysis ( p < .05). Temporal variations in clinical mastitis odds were apparent, with the highest odds (ranging from 0.91 to 1.00) observed during the initial years of 2008–2009 and 2009–2010. Logistic regression revealed that odds values for clinical mastitis incidence were highest in 2008–2009 (1.00), succeeded by 2009–2010 (0.91), 2012–2013 (0.88), 2018–2019 (0.67) and reaching the lowest in 2021–2022 (0.35). Subsequent rankings included 2010–2011 (0.39), 2014–2015 (0.43) and 2019–2020 (0.45). Parity was found to be significantly associated with clinical mastitis occurrence. When compared to Parity 3, both Parity 1 (odds ratio: 1.516, 95% confidence interval: 0.881–2.612) and Parity 2 (odds ratio: 2.626, 95% confidence interval: 1.568–4.398) exhibited higher odds values for clinical mastitis incidence. While the period of calving did not exert a significant influence on clinical mastitis incidence, a heightened occurrence was observed during the rainy season within the targeted population. These findings offer valuable insights into the patterns of incidence, temporal fluctuations, and non‐genetic determinants impacting clinical mastitis within the Hardhenu cattle. The implications of this study can facilitate the development of targeted strategies and management protocols aimed at enhancing udder health and overall productivity in dairy cattle.

Bovine Mastitis: Examining Factors Contributing to Treatment Failure and Prospects of Nano-enabled Antibacterial Combination Therapy

Article

Jul 2023

Bovine mastitis, primarily caused by microbial infections of cow mammary glands leading to inflammation, is the costliest disease in the dairy industry. The severity and the responsiveness of mastitis to treatment depend on the dynamic interplay between the host, pathogen, and environmental factors. Evidently, the prospects of managing mastitis with conventional antibiotic treatment and disease management strategies are grim with the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and the prevalence of virulence characteristics such as biofilm formation and intracellular survival among the persistent pathogens. Thus, there is a need for safe and economically viable alternate therapies capable of targeting broad-spectrum pathogens displaying AMR and virulence characteristics. Recent progress in the application of nanotechnology in drug delivery and infection control provides unprecedented opportunities for resolving recalcitrant infections. While the advantages of nanotechnology have been exploited for therapeutic delivery in humans, the potential of nanotechnology is yet to be realized in animal agriculture, especially for treating bovine mastitis. This review provides an overview of risk factors and pathogenesis associated with bovine mastitis that challenge the success of current treatment strategies and highlights how those unique challenges could be exploited for designing effective nano-enabled antibacterial combination therapy for bovine mastitis treatment.

Retrospective study on bovine clinical mastitis and associated milk loss during the month of its peak occurrence at the National Dairy Farm in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2022

Background Commercial dairy establishments are relatively young in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), and as a result, there is lack of epidemiological data on mastitis in dairy farms. Methods A retrospective data of seven years (2015–2021) were used to estimate the cumulative average monthly incidence rate of bovine clinical mastitis and evaluate associated milk loss at the National Dairy Farm. Data were extracted from the records of lactating dairy cows (n = 1300–1450) and analyzed using repeated measure and one-way ANOVA, non-parametric Spearman correlation, paired and unpaired t tests. Results The highest average cumulative monthly incidence rate was 49 cases per 1000 cows-year that was recorded in 2019 while the lowest was 19 cases per 1000 cows-year in 2021. The cumulative average monthly incidence rate of clinical mastitis significantly (p < 0.001) varied among the seven years. The cumulative average monthly incidence rate was associated with average monthly humidity (p < 0.01) and average monthly rainfall (p < 0.05); however, it was not associated with the average monthly temperature (p > 0.05). The average daily milk yield of cows with clinical mastitis (Mean ± SEM; 18.6 ± 0.54 kg) was significantly (p < 0.001) lower than the average daily milk yield of clinical mastitis free cows (40.5 ± 0.29 kg). The largest average monthly milk loss due to clinical mastitis was 5% of the average total monthly milk production in 2019 while the lowest was 2% of the average total monthly milk production in 2021. Conclusion The result of the study indicated the direct influence of weather conditions such as increased rainfall and humidity, which caused an upsurge in the incidence rate of clinical mastitis, leading to an increased loss in milk and hence the economy of the dairy farm. Proactive preventive measures along with good dairy farm practices that help mitigate the impacts of harsh weather conditions are recommended.

Natural therapy: an alternative strategy to treat bovine mastitis

Chapter

Jan 2023

Genetics and Therapies of Mastitis in Common Milch Animals: A Review

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2022

Domesticated cattle represent not only a large source of sustenance but also a source of income for billions of people. The dairy sector has a very significant role in the Indian economy, but many tasks need to be addressed in order to preserve governmental agencies, in order to maintain the competitiveness and long-term viability of the industry, we have been attempting to identify healthy dairy cows with enhanced or decreased potential. For many years, several diseases in cattle, including the development of mastitis, were reducing the milk industry. Furthermore, the disease has a significant detrimental influence on dairy industry production as a result of poor milk quality and decreased industrial yield. The present review aimed to provide complete information on mastitis in one place and to be helpful for researchers.

A Review of The Subclinical Mastitis in Cattle with Special Reference to The New Approaches of Its Diagnosis and Control

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2022

Probiotics and Postbiotics as Substitutes of Antibiotics in Farm Animals: A Review

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2021

Since 2006, the use of growth-promoting antibiotics has been banned throughout the European Union. To meet the expectations of livestock farmers, various studies have been carried out with the use of lactic acid bacteria. Scientists are trying to obtain the antimicrobial effect against the most common pathogens in large-scale farms. Supplementing the diet of broilers with probiotics (live, nonpathogenic microorganisms) stabilized the intestinal microbiota, which improved the results of body weight gain (BWG) and feed intake (FI). The positive effect of probiotics based on lactic acid bacteria has been shown to prevent the occurrence of diarrhea during piglet weaning. The antagonistic activity of postbiotics (inanimate bacteria, cell components, or post-fermentation by-products) from post-culture media after lactobacilli cultures has been proven on Staphylococcus aureus—the pathogen most often responsible for causing mastitis among dairy cows. The article aims to present the latest research examining the antagonistic effect of lactic acid bacteria on the most common pathogens in broilers, piglets, pigs, and cow farms

Medical Prevention of Mastitis in Cows Two Months Before Calving in a Sustainable Agriculture

Chapter

Jan 2022

The high efficiency of drug prevention of mastitis with ciprofloxacin in the starting period two months before calving was established in the conditions of sustainable agriculture, which allowed to sharply reduce the incidence of mastitis in cows not only in the starting period, but also in the period after calving. The effect of preventive administration of ciprofloxacin on the milk productivity of cows after calving was determined. It was found that during the milking period after calving, milk productivity increased by 5% compared to the control. The introduction of prolonged-acting ciprofloxacin two months before calving for mastitis caused by Staph. aureus, St. Agalactiae and streptococci of other groups after treatment provides 94% of all treated animals with a complete absence of mastitis pathogens, which contributes to the production of environmentally friendly products in precision farming. In cows that have not undergone drug prophylaxis two months before calving, it is clinically established that the udder lobes swell and the temperature rises, the milk changes its properties and looks like a secret with mastitis, but without flakes and clots with limited agriculture. At the same time, the udder's resistance to mastitis decreased, the risk of pathogenic microorganisms penetration and the occurrence of clinical mastitis increased.

Evaluation of Humoral Immunological Response of Newly Prepared Bovine Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Mastitis Vaccines in Rabbit Model

Article

Jan 2021

Multi-drugs resistant (MDR) Staphylococcus aureus is creating challenges to cure cow mastitis, resulting in massive economic loss globally. It necessitates the adoption of prevention and control systems such as vaccination. Plain (PMRSAV), Montanide oil adjuvanted (MMRSAV) and Aluminum hydroxide adjuvanted (AMRSAV) vaccines were prepared using a molecularly characterized isolate of MDR S. aureus from bovine origin. Immunogenicity of the selected isolate was evaluated in five groups of rabbits (A-E) at different concentrations by measuring GMT via IHA from serum samples after booster shot. The group E provoked significantly higher (P<0.05) antibody titer with peak at day 28 (64±0.5) and cumulative mean antibody titer (CMT) of rabbits was highest (45.6) followed by groups C (35.9), D (32.7), B (30.3) and A (24.5). The concentration yielding maximum antibody titer was used for vaccines preparation. Vaccines were evaluated in different rabbits groups by inoculating PMRSAV, MMRSAV, AMRSAV and Placebo. Serum samples evaluated through IHA revealed that rabbits injected with MMRSAV produced highest antibody titer reaching its peak at day 45 (90.51±0.23) with a slight decrease until day 60 (80.63±0.17) followed by AMRSAV and PMRSAV. Challenge protection assay revealed the survival rates of rabbits in groups PMRSAV, MMRSAV, AMRSAV and Placebo as 83.3%, 100%, 100% and 16.7%, respectively. The study concluded that MMSAV and AMSAV were safe, efficacious and immunogenic in experimental rabbits.

The effectiveness of ozone therapy in goats with mastitis

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2021

One of the key issues in solving the problem of mastitis is the therapy efficacy. It is important to find such treatments for animals that, along with pronounced antibacterial and other therapeutic properties, have no negative effects. Therefore, the aim of the work was to develop a method for treating goats with mastitis using ozonized materials – highly effective, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective drugs that have a positive effect on animal’s body and have no side effects. The treatment was carried out with a targeted program motivated by the principle of drug action. The item of the program «Antibiotic therapy» has been replaced by the use of ozone-containing preparations «OKO» (ozonated corn oil) and «Prozon» (ozonated corn oil + alcohol solution of propolis). It was found that for the treatment of goats using «Мastilex», the effectiveness of the therapy was 86.7%, its duration was 5.2 days, and the cost per animal was 55.38 UAH. When using «OKO» treatment efficacy was at the same level – 86.7%, its duration - longer by 0.4 days, and the cost of treating one animal was lower by 31.88 UAH. The use of «Prozon» made it possible to obtain a higher efficiency of treatment – 93.3%, to reduce its duration by 0.6 days and the cost per animal – by 31.3 UAH. The use of «Prozon» with ultraphonophoresis, provided a high therapeutic effect – at the level of 93.3%, a decrease in the duration of treatment – up to 3.7 days and the cost of treating one animal – up to 25.18 UAH. Thus, ozone therapy is becoming increasingly common in veterinary practice, including reproductive pathologies and, in particular, for the treatment of animals with mastitis. Ozone does not affect the quality of livestock products and therefore is safe for humans. Hence, the use of ozone makes it possible to replace antibiotics in the treatment plan of goats with mastitis without reducing the therapeutic and cost-effectiveness and can be recommended for practice.

Bacterial bovine mastitis in Iraq: a review

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2020

Bacterial mastitis is one of the most important diseases in high-production dairy cows which causing high economic losses however it effect on the dairy industry, resulting in the decline Dairy industry and quality, furthermore the cost of treatment. The annual losses due to mastitis are approximately 184 U.S $ for each animal. Usually during milking, infectious microorganisms are the major source of infection between healthy and infected udder quarters. Environmental pathogens are found in the enclosing area of the cow, such as the bedding of housing cows, soil and the waste product of the animals which contain Streptococcal strains other than S. agalactiae, Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium and coliforms. Bacteria which involved in the udder inflammation process show high resistance to antibiotics. The aim of this review article was to establish the bacterial causes of clinical and subclinical mastitis in Iraq, and recognize its sensitivity to antibiotics, then find proper solutions for the treatment and control of mastitis.

Prevalence of subclinical mastitis in dairy cows reared in Sylhet district of Bangladesh

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2010

The study was carried out to estimate the prevalence of sub clinical mastitis (SCM) in dairy cows kept by Sylhet Govt. Dairy Farm (SGDF) and different local dairy farms at Sylhet (LFS) of Bangladesh. Sub clinical mastitis was assessed using the modified white side test (MWST) and revealed negative, trace (+), distinct (++), strong (+++), and doubtful (±) etc. reactions according to the severity of mastitis. Bacteriological examination of milk samples of 158 milch cows (632 quarters) revealed that 81 cows (51.3%) had suffering from SCM with different bacterial infection, of which 27 (17.1%) cows had mono-bacterial infection and 17 (10.8%) cows had mixed bacterial infections. Statistical analysis of the result of single and mixed bacterial infection in the milk of apparently healthy milch cows revealed that the single infection was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than mixed bacterial infection. The 17 (10.8%) cows had mixed infection, of which 4 (3.13% had Staphylococcus spp. + Streptococcus spp., 7 (7.5%) had E. coli + Staphylococcus spp. 6 (3.8%) had Staphylococcus spp. + Bacillus spp. and no one had Corynebacterium spp. + Staphylococcal infection of the 158 milch cows examined, 33 (20.9%) had Staphylococcal infection was recorded in cows of SGDF (30.0%) than LFS (18.8%), Sylhet. The overall prevalence of SCM was found to be 51.3%, of which 43.3% at the SGDF, Sylhet and 53.1% at the LFS of the 81 bacterial isolates, 27 (17.1%) had mono bacterial infection and 17 (10.8%) had mixed bacterial infection.

An unusual gangrenous goat mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens and Escherichia coli co-infection

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2007
ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO

Relata-se, pela primeira vez no Brasil, a ocorrência de mastite gangrenosa caprina atípica causada pela co-infecção por Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens e Escherichia coli em uma cabra da raça Boer, na segunda semana de lactação. Descrevem-se os achados clínicos, os procedimentos de diagnóstico microbiológico e a conduta terapêutica.

Prevalence of bovine tuberculosis and its effects on milk production in Red Chittagong cattle

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2009

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is one of the most prevalent economically important zoonotic diseases and tuberculin test has been widely used to detect its prevalence worldwide. This study used a commercial immunochromatographic assay (ICGA) to detect the prevalence of bTB and to evaluate the differences in milk production between lactating cows with positive and negative results in Bangladesh. Thirty Red Chittagong (indigenous) cattle (RCC) were randomly selected from a herd of 87 RCC maintained at the Bangladesh Agricultural University Dairy Farm (BAUDF), Mymensingh during the period from March to July 2008, of which 30% cattle showed positive reaction to bTB. Of the 30 tested cattle, 35.29% (6/17) lactating cows, 20.0% (1/5) non-lactating pregnant cows, 33.33% (1/3) weaned calves and 20.0% (1/5) unweaned calves showed positive reaction to bTB. The detection of bTB in two calves and their respective mother cows indicates the possible transmission of TB organism through their colostrums / milk. Of the 17 lactating cows, 6 cows had positive and 11 had negative results to bTB. Cows with positive results produced less milk (mean 1.29 litre / day / cow) in comparison to cows with negative test (mean 1.57 litre / day/ cow) results which appeared as 17.83% reduction of milk production. Further study on the mastitis with or without bTB and its effect on milk production require data of more herds for conclusion of these results.

CROSS-SECTIONAL EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON MASTITIS IN CATTLE AND BUFFALOES OF TEHSIL BUREWALA, PAKISTAN

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2009

The present study was contemplated to find out the epidemiology of mastitis in lactating cattle and buffaloes in tehsil Burewala, Pakistan. For this purpose, a total of 673 animals (n=291 cattle, n=382 buffaloes) from 300 livestock farmers were tested using Surf Filed Mastitis Test (SFMT) for the presence of mastitis. A higher prevalence (24.60%) of clinical mastitis was found in buffaloes than cattle (18.21%). The prevalence of sub-clinical mastitis was 36.38% and 33.67% in buffaloes and cattle, respectively. Quarter based prevalence of clinical mastitis in buffaloes and cattle was 8.04% and 5.75%, respectively. Quarter based prevalence of sub-clinical mastitis was 16.04% in buffaloes and 14.47% in cattle. Risk factors of mastitis found were: age, lactation number, stage of pregnancy, stage of lactation, dry period length, hard milking, calf suckling, folded thumb milking technique, teat injury, backyard housing, bricks floor, uneven floor, poor drainage system and low frequency of dung removal.

High Prevalence of Candida Yeast in Milk Samples from Cows Suffering from Mastitis in Poland

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2012
TSWJ

Mastitis is an economically important disease in which fungi belonging to the genus Candida may participate as etiological agents. This study focused on determining the frequency of fungal isolation and differentiation of fungal species isolated from milk of mastitic cows. Sixty-six milk samples from mastitic cows were studied, and 55 strains of fungi were isolated. Seven different species classified as Candida were identified basing on phenotypic properties, and the dominating species was C. parapsilosis. Genomic DNA was isolated and amplified in PCR with ITS1 and NL2 primers. Amplification products were digested with restriction enzymes HpaII and EcoRI. Amplification of DNA with ITS1 and NL2 primers resulted in products of different sizes. Comparison of product sizes in restriction fragment PCR REA confirmed differences among species. Strains grouped together on the basis of phenotype characteristics differed in restriction fragment profiles. None of the investigated species showed similar genetic profiles.

Bovine-associated MRSA ST398 in the Netherlands

Article

Full-text available

May 2012
ACTA VET SCAND

During routinely screening (50.000 milk samples on an annual basis) 14 MRSA ST398 strains were identified in the period of January 2008 to September 2008 in 14 different dairy herds located in the provinces Overijssel and Gelderland, The Netherlands. Molecular analysis was performed by Cfr9I PFGE, ST398-specific diagnostic PCR, spa typing, SCCmec typing and Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL) gene PCR. The molecular analyses of 14 MRSA (one MRSA strain per herd) strains revealed that all strains belong to ST398 with 3 closely related spa types (t011, t108 and t889, all commonly found in pigs) and carry 2 different SCCmec types, IVa and V. All MRSA strains were resistant to two or more classes of antibiotics and also PVL negative. The majority of farms (n = 9, 64%) harboured combined livestock with both cows and pigs present. Our study contributes to the growing evidence that MRSA ST398 is transmitted among various animal species and can be considered as an etiological agent of mastitis in dairy cows.

Epidemiological Studies on Subclinical Mastitis in Dairy cows in Assiut Governorate

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2009

In this investigation, some epidemiological studies were run on subclinical mastitis for totally 350 dairy cows of different breeds, ages and distributed in different villages in Assiut governorate, Assiut, Egypt, along a whole year (during the period from June 2006 till July 2007) through field screening surveys by using of the California mastitis test (CMT) for each quarter milk sample followed by bacteriological examination to identify the major causative agents of intramammary infection (IMI). The dairy cows were differed from the breed point of view as 230 Holstein Friesian breed and 120 native breed. Also, they were differed from the age point of view as a group of 95 cows aged from 2 to 4 years old and another group of 255 cow aged from 5 to 8 years old. All dairy cows were apparently healthy with clinically sound udder secreting apparently normal milk. All the cows lived nearly under the same conditions of breeding from the habitat, hygiene and feeding systems. The obtained results revealed that 67 cows (19.14%) had 80 infected quarters (5.71%). It was found that the most frequently major causative agents isolated were Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli from the positive CMT samples with prevalence 52.5, 31.25 and 16.25%, respectively. With studying the breed factor, it was found Friesian breed was sensitive towards infection (20.43% at the cow level and 6.09% at the quarter level) than of native breed (16.67% at the cow level and 5% at the quarter level). It was also noticed that the prevalence of subclinical mastitis in hot weather as during summer (9.14% at the cow level and 2.64% at the quarter level) and during spring (4.86% at the cow level and 1.36% at the quarter level) was higher than in cold weather as during winter (2% at the cow level and 0.64% at the quarter level) and during autumn (3.14% at the cow level and 1.07% at the quarter level). In relation to age susceptibility, 5-8 years old cows (15.43% at the cow level and 4.36% at the quarter level) were susceptible than those of 2-4 years (3.71% at the cow level and 1.36% at the quarter level). The degree of quarter attack according to positive CMT was varied from 35 quarters (2.50%) showed degree (+++), to 45 ones (3.22%) showed degree (++), to 120 ones (8.57%) showed degree (+) and the rest (85.71%) showed degree (-). The obtained results threw the light on the epidemiology of subclinical mastitis in Assiut villages and provided an importance of the CMT for diagnosis of subclinical mastitis due to it is a reliable, easy, rapid and cheap tool helping in diagnosis and controlling the disease because it directs attention to individual mammary quarter that is secreting milk of high somatic cell content (SCC). Programs for control of subclinical mastitis may be planned around the routine examination of all lactating cows, and consequently early treatment can be applied towards positive cases rapidly for preventing their conversion towards clinical form among dairy cows and for protecting the herd health, milk hygiene and consequently the consumer health.

Isolation of Mycobacterium bovis and M. Tuberculosis from cattle of some farms in North India - Possible relevance in human health

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2008
INDIAN J MED RES

Infection due to Mycobacterium bovis typically occurs in cattle and animals transmit infection to each other. The choice of appropriate clinical specimen is very important for isolation of M. bovis and M. tuberculosis from cattle. The present study reports the isolation of M. tuberculosis and M. bovis from different types of specimens from cattle suspected to be suffering from tuberculosis in certain organized cattle farms in north India. A total of 768 specimens (heparinized or EDTA containing blood (162), fine needle aspirates from prescapular lymph gland (PSLG,160), milk (154), pharyngeal swab (PhS, 98), rectal pinch (RP, 97) and faecal sample (97) from 161 cattle of organized cattle farms in north India suspected to be suffering from tuberculosis were analyzed. After decontamination by modified Petroff's method isolation of M.tuberculosis complex was done on Lowenstein-Jensen medium (with and without pyruvate). The culture isolates were identified as M. tuberculosis and M. bovis on the basis of biochemical tests. A total of 54 M. tuberculosis complex isolates were obtained, of them 40 were identified as M.bovis and 14 as M. tuberculosis. M.bovis were isolated from 12 of 38 animals in group A (Tuberculin +ve with signs of tuberculosis), 7 of 37 animals in group B (Tuberculin +ve and apparently healthy), 9 of 21 group C animals in (Tuberculin -ve with clinical signs of tuberculosis), 4 of 26 animals in group D (Tuberculin -ve and apparently healthy), 4 of 27 group E animals (having non-mycobacterial infection) and 4 of 12 animals in group F (having clinical signs such as debilitated condition, cough, decreasing milk production, etc). Maximum number of M. bovis (19/40, 47.5%) and M. tuberculosis (5/14, 35.7%) isolates were grown from prescapular lymph gland biopsy (PSLG) followed by blood from which 9/40 (22.5%) M. bovis and 4/14 (28.5%) M. tuberculosis were isolated. M. bovis [6/40(15%)] and M. tuberculosis [4/14(28.5%)] were also isolated from milk. Only 3/40 (7.5%) isolates of M.bovis could be isolated from 97 rectal pinch followed by 98 pharyngeal swab 2/40 (5%) and 97 fecal samples 1/40 (2.5%) while 1/14 (7.1%) M.tuberculosis isolates were obtained from pharyngeal swab. Among the samples analyzed, PSLG was found to be most suitable specimen for isolation of M. tuberculosis complex from cattle and is thus of diagnostic importance. M. bovis in milk indicates the need to investigate the transmission to human in such settings. Isolation of M. bovis and/or M. tuberculosis from apparently healthy cattle indicates sub-clinical infection in the herd. Further, isolation of a significant number of M. tuberculosis from cattle suggests possible human-to-cattle transmission which need to be confirmed by prospective studies including tools like DNA fingerprinting.

Bacterial growth, inflammatory cytokine production, and neutrophil recruitment during coliform mastitis in cows within ten days after calving, compared with cows at midlactation

Article

Full-text available

Dec 1996

To define causes of increased susceptibility to coliform mastitis after parturition. 12 healthy Holstein cows assigned to 2 groups. Group-1 cows (n = 6) had calved between 6 and 10 days earlier. Group-2 cows (n = 6) were in midlactation. Cows from each group were paired and challenge exposed with Escherichia coli in 1 mammary gland. Mastitis severity was determined by bacterial concentration in milk, pyrexia, and milk production. Measures of host defense were neutrophil chemotaxis, adhesion molecule expression, leukocyte recruitment, and cytokine production. After challenge exposure, group-1 cows had more rapid E coli growth, higher peak bacterial concentration, and higher fever. Leukocyte recruitment was poor in 1 group-1 cow that had peracute mastitis. In contrast, leukocyte recruitment in 5 other group-1 cows began sooner than that in group-2 cows. In these group-1 cows, prechallenge-exposure milk somatic cell counts (SCC) were significantly lower than those in group-2 cows. Prechallenge-exposure SCC were correlated to stimulated CD18 expression (R2 = 0.79), and both measures correlated inversely with bacterial growth rate (R2 = -0.75). Values for tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1, and interleukin 8 in group-1 cows after challenge exposure were greater than or equal to those in group-2 cows. Weak leukocyte recruitment to the mammary gland is associated with increased severity of coliform mastitis. Impaired production of cytokines measured is not a cause of increased susceptibility to coliform mastitis in early lactation. Low milk SCC after calving may increase susceptibility to severe coliform mastitis.

Reduction of Acyloxyacyl Hydrolase Activity in Circulating Neutrophils from Cows After Parturition

Article

Full-text available

Apr 1998

Bovine neutrophils contain the enzyme acyloxyacyl hydrolase, which hydrolyzes the acyloxyacyl linkage of the two nonhydroxylated fatty acyl chains to two 3-hydroxy fatty acids in the highly conserved lipid A part of endotoxins with high specificity. This hydrolysis decreases the toxicity of lipid A, but the immunostimulatory capacity of endotoxins is largely maintained. In two trials, we studied the activity of acyloxyacyl hydrolase in neutrophils that had been isolated from the blood of 18 dairy cows around parturition. Between 10 and 26 d after parturition, the activity of acyloxyacyl hydrolase in neutrophils decreased approximately 20% below prepartum activity. At about 2 mo after parturition, acyloxyacyl hydrolase activity returned to prepartum values. Changes in acyloxyacyl hydrolase activity could not be attributed to changes in binding of lipopolysaccharides by the CD14 molecules on neutrophils or monocytes. We hypothesize that decreased acyloxyacyl hydrolase activity in neutrophils shortly after parturition is a factor that increases the susceptibility of dairy cows to coliform mastitis during early lactation.

Genetic Correlations Among Somatic Cell Scores, Productive Life, and Type Traits from the United States and Udder Health Measures from Denmark and Sweden

Article

Full-text available

Jun 1998

Sire genetic evaluations for protein yield, somatic cell score (SCS), productive life, and udder type traits from the US were correlated with sire evaluations for udder health from Denmark and Sweden and then the correlations were adjusted for accuracies to approximate genetic correlations. Traits from Denmark and Sweden included somatic cell count (SCC) and clinical mastitis from single-trait analyses. In addition, evaluations for clinical mastitis from Denmark and Sweden were regressed on US traits to test for quadratic relationships. Information from 85 bulls with US and Danish evaluations (77 with US type) and from 80 bulls with US and Swedish evaluations (79 with US type) was used to calculate correlations. Genetic correlations of US protein yield with Danish and Swedish SCC and clinical mastitis were all unfavorable (-0.09 to -0.32). Genetic correlations of US productive life with Danish and Swedish SCC and clinical mastitis were all favorable (0.06 to 0.59). Genetic correlations between US SCS and Danish SCC and between US SCS and Swedish SCC were -0.87 and -0.99, respectively (favorable). Genetic correlations between US SCS and Danish clinical mastitis and between US SCS and Swedish clinical mastitis were -0.66 and -0.49, respectively (favorable). The US type traits that had the largest correlations with clinical mastitis from Denmark and Sweden, respectively, were udder composite (0.26, 0.47), udder depth (0.45, 0.52), and fore udder attachment (0.31, 0.34). In general, quadratic regressions indicated little nonlinearity between clinical mastitis and the US traits. Specifically, the US bulls with the lowest predicted transmitting abilities for SCS had the most favorable rates of daughter clinical mastitis in Denmark and Sweden. Selection for increased productive life, lower SCS, and more shallow udders should improve mastitis resistance.

Comparison of Seven Antibiotic Treatments with No Treatment for Bacteriological Efficacy Against Bovine Mastitis Pathogens

Article

Full-text available

Sep 1999

Milk culture results were retrospectively reviewed from 9007 cases of subclinical mastitis affecting cows housed in dairy herds located in New York and northern Pennsylvania. Cases included in this analysis had at least one mastitis pathogen isolated from the initial milk sample, were recultured within 1 mo, had permanent cow identification, and had records of whether mastitis was treated with an antibiotic or no treatment at all. Overall bacteriological cure rate for 21 mastitis pathogens was 68% (6097 of 9007). Antibiotic treated cases had a higher cure rate (75%) than did untreated cases (65%). Antibiotic treatments that significantly differed from the untreated cure rate of 65% were amoxicillin (82%), erythromycin (76%), cloxacillin (73%), and pirlimycin (44%). Cure rates for antibiotic treatments with cephapirin, hetacillin, or penicillin did not differ from the untreated cure rate. Agents for which some antibiotics were associated with increased cure rates compared with no treatment were Streptococcus agalactiae, streptococci other than Strep. agalactiae, and coagulase-negative staphylococci. The antibiotic most commonly associated with higher cure rates was amoxicillin. Most of the 21 mastitis agents showed no difference in bacteriologic cure rates between any of the 7 antibiotic treatments and no treatment.

Reproduction, Mastitis, and Body Condition of Seasonally Calved Holstein and Jersey Cows in Confinement or Pasture Systems

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2002

Dairy cows in confinement and pasture-based feeding systems were compared across four spring-calving and three fall-calving replicates for differences in reproduction, mastitis, body weights, and body condition scores. Feeding systems and replicates included both Jersey and Holstein cows. Cows in confinement were fed a total mixed ration, and cows on pasture were supplemented with concentrates and provided baled hay or haylage when pasture supply was limiting. Breeding periods were for 75 d in spring or fall. Reproductive performance did not differ significantly due to feeding system or season. Jerseys had higher conception rates (59.6 vs. 49.5 +/- 3.3%) and higher percentages of cows pregnant in 75 d (78.1 vs. 57.9 +/- 3.9%) than Holsteins. Cows in confinement had 1.8 times more clinical mastitis and eight times the rate of culling for mastitis than did cows on pasture. Jerseys had half as many clinical cases of mastitis per cow as Holsteins. Only 41 +/- 5% of confinement Holsteins remained for a subsequent lactation, starting within the defined calving season compared with 51 +/- 5% of pastured Holsteins and 71 and 72 +/- 5% of Jerseys, respectively. Body weights and condition scores were generally higher for confinement cows than pastured cows, and Jerseys had higher condition scores and lower body weights than Holsteins. In summary, pastured cows had fewer clinical cases of mastitis, lower body condition scores, and lower body weights than confinement cows. Holsteins were less likely to rebreed, had more mastitis, higher culling rates, and lower body condition scores than Jerseys.

Risk factors for toxic mastitis in cows

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2003

A case-control study of the management and disease risk factors associated with toxic mastitis in cows was carried out. Seventy-one cases satisfied all the selection criteria, and a subset of 41 cases in which pure growths of Escherichia coil were cultured from milk samples was also investigated. Conditional multiple logistic regression analysis of the 71 cases and matched controls revealed no statistically significant associations. However, among the subset of 41 cases and matched controls, the administration of calcium parenterally at calving (P < 0.01) and assistance at calving (P < 0.01) were both associated with toxic mastitis. Controlling for assistance at calving, the odds of a cow developing E coli toxic mastitis if it had received calcium parenterally at calving were 23 times higher than for a cow that had not received calcium. Similarly, controlling for the administration of calcium at calving, the odds of a cow developing E coli toxic mastitis if it had received assistance at calving were 11 times higher than for a cow that did not receive assistance.

Genetics of resistance to mastitis in dairy cattle

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2003

Genetic variability of mastitis resistance is well established in dairy cattle. Many studies focused on polygenic variation of the trait, by estimating heritabilities and genetic correlation among phenotypic traits related to mastitis such as somatic cell counts and clinical cases. The role of Major Histocompatibility Complex in the susceptibility or resistance to intrammamary infection is also well documented. Finally, development from molecular genome mapping led to accumulating information of quantitative trait loci (QTL) related to mastitis resistance and better understanding of the genetic determinism of the trait. From economic and genetic analyses, and according to welfare and food safety considerations and to breeders and consumer's concern, there is more and more evidence that mastitis should be included in breeding objective of dairy cattle breeds. Many countries have implemented selection for mastitis resistance based on linear decrease of somatic cell counts. Given biological questioning, potential unfavourable consequences for very low cell counts cows are regularly investigated. Improvement of selection accuracy for mastitis resistance is ongoing and includes: advances in modelling, optimal combination of mastitis related traits and associated predictors, such as udder morphology, definition of global breeding objective including production and functional traits, and inclusion of molecular information that is now available from QTL experiments.

Diagnosis of Clinical Bovine Mastitis by Fine Needle Aspiration Followed by Staining and Scanning Electron Microscopy in a Prototheca zopfii Outbreak

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2004

Biopsy by fine needle aspiration together with microbiological examination and scanning electron microscopy were evaluated in diagnosis of clinical bovine mastitis in a Prototheca zopfii outbreak. Fine needle aspiration was performed in 21 mammary quarters from ten Holstein cows presenting clinical mastitis caused by P. zopfii. The algae were previously identified in the microbiological examination of milk collected from these cows. Material aspirated from these 21 mammary glands was submitted to cytological staining (Gram, Giemsa and/or Shor staining). Fine needle aspiration enabled cytological identification of the algae in these 21 mammary glands, from which P. zopfii was isolated in the milk. Simultaneously, five mammary fragments collected by fine needle aspiration from these 21 mammary glands presenting clinical mastitis were also submitted to microbiological examination. P. zopfii was also isolated from these five fragments. Scanning electron microscopy technique also identified three of these five P zopfii strains isolated from mammary fragments collected by cytological aspiration. These results suggest that fine needle aspiration may be an alternative method for the diagnosis of clinical mastitis.

Efficacy and Pharmacokinetics of Bacteriophage Therapy in Treatment of Subclinical Staphylococcus aureus Mastitis in Lactating Dairy Cattle

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2006
ANTIMICROB AGENTS CH

Bovine mastitis is an inflammation of the udder caused by microbial infection. Mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus is a major concern to the dairy industry due to its resistance to antibiotic treatment and its propensity to recur chronically. Growing concerns surrounding antibiotic resistance have spurred research into alternative treatment methods. The ability of lytic S. aureus bacteriophage K to eliminate bovine S. aureus intramammary infection during lactation was evaluated in a placebo-controlled, multisite trial. Twenty-four lactating Holstein cows with preexisting subclinical S. aureus mastitis were treated. Treatment consisted of 10-ml intramammary infusions of either 1.25 × 1011 PFU of phage K or saline, administered once per day for 5 days. The cure rate was established by the assessment of four serial samples collected following treatment. The cure rate was 3 of 18 quarters (16.7%) in the phage-treated group, while none of the 20 saline-treated quarters were cured. This difference was not statistically significant. The effects of phage intramammary infusion on the bovine mammary gland were also studied. In healthy lactating cows, a single infusion of either filter-sterilized broth lysate or a CsCl gradient-purified phage preparation elicited a large increase in the milk somatic cell count. This response was not observed when phage was infused into quarters which were already infected with S. aureus. Phage-infused healthy quarters continued to shed viable bacteriophage into the milk for up to 36 h postinfusion. The phage concentration in the milk suggested that there was significant degradation or inactivation of the infused phage within the gland.

Phenotypic and Genetic Antibiogram of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococci Isolated from Bovine Mastitis in Korea

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2007
J DAIRY SCI

Staphylococcus aureus belongs to the group of major contagious mastitis pathogens, whereas the coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) are also capable of causing opportunistic bovine mastitis. Many of these strains are resistant to penicillin or ampicillin because of the long-term use of beta-lactam antibiotics in agricultural and healthcare settings. Based on the simple and highly specific coagulase genotyping by PCR-RFLP used for discriminating among Staph. aureus strains, the relationship between phenotypic antibiogram and the polymorphism of coagulase gene was determined in this study. The staphylococci strains (835 Staph. aureus and 763 CNS) were isolated from 3,047 bovine mastitic milk samples from 153 dairy farms in 8 provinces from 1997 to 2004 in the Republic of Korea. Twenty-one (2.5%) Staph. aureus and 19 (2.4%) CNS strains were resistant to methicillin [oxacillin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) > or = 4 microg/mL]. The mecA gene was also found in 13 methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus (MRSA) and 12 methicillin-resistant CNS (MRCNS) isolates with a significantly higher detection rate of the mecA gene in MRSA with high MIC (> or = 16 microg/mL) compared with those with MIC < or = 8 microg/mL. Methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and MRCNS were also more resistant to other antibiotics (ampicillin, cephalothin, kanamycin, and gentamicin) than methicillin-susceptible staphylococci. Among 10 different coa PCR-RFLP patterns (A to J) in 706 Staph. aureus strains, the main types were A (26.9%), B (17.0%), G (10.5%), and H (15.4%), with the frequent observation of the A and H types (6 and 10 isolates) in MRSA. This study indicates that major epidemic Staph. aureus clones may be spread between different dairy farms, and the profile of coa genotype can be applied for epidemiological investigations and control of bovine mastitis, particularly one caused by MRSA with specific prevalent coa types.

Bovine Mastitis Associated with Prototheca blaschkeae

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2008
J CLIN MICROBIOL

Bovine mastitis is an important and complex disease responsible for economic losses in the dairy industry. Biotype II strains of the green alga Prototheca zopfii can be involved, most often resulting in chronic mastitis of difficult treatment associated with reduced milk production. This type of infection is rare, but the number of reported cases is increasing worldwide. In order to determine the kind of species involved in mastitis by Prototheca in northwest Portugal, 41 Prototheca isolates were genetically characterized. The algae are part of Prototheca isolates that were collected during a 6-year period, isolated from the milk of 41 dairy cows in a total of 22 herds with a history of increasing somatic cell counts, mild clinical signs of udder infection, and unsuccessful response to the usual therapy. PCR amplification of the 18S ribosomal DNA (rDNA), amplified rDNA restriction analysis, and phylogenetic analyses of the 18S rDNA sequences were performed. Thirty-seven isolates were identified as P. zopfii var. hydrocarbonea and four as Prototheca blaschkeae. These data suggest a high incidence of P. zopfii var. hydrocarbonea mastitis in the region and demonstrate for the first time the involvement of P. blaschkeae with bovine mammary gland infections.

The Role of Metals in the Production of Toxic Oxygen Metabolites by Mononuclear Phagocytes

Chapter

Jul 2020

Coryneform bacteria in infectious diseases: clinical and laboratory aspects.

Article

Jan 1990

Veterinary Medicine. A textbook of the diseases of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs and goats.

Book

Jan 2007

Incidence of mastitis, bacteriology and antibiogram in dairy cattle in Aizawl, Mizoram

Article

Sep 2003
Indian Vet J

Veterinary Medicine: A textbook of the diseases of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs and goats

Article

Jan 1994

Clinical efficacy of amoxicillin and tazobactum combination for the management of bovine mastitis

Article

HOST DETERMINANTS BASED COMPARATIVE PREVALENCE OF SUBCLINICAL MASTITIS IN LACTATING HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN CROSS COWS AND RED CHITTAGONG COWS IN BANGLADESH

Article

Aug 2011

A comparative prevalence of sub-clinical mastitis (SCM) based on host risk factors was studied by using California Mastitis Test (CMT) in 96 Holstein-Friesian cross cows (HFCC) of Abu Baker Dairy Farm at Pansha Upazilla in Rajbari district and 20 Red Chittagong cows (RCC) of Bangladesh Agricultural University Dairy Farm (BAUDF), Mymensingh during the period from January to June 2008. Out of the 116 lactating cows examined, 51 (43.97%) showed positive reactivity to CMT. Similar prevalence rate of SCM was recorded in both the HFCC (43.75%) and RCC (45.0%). The overall prevalence of SCM on the basis of lactation stages showed that all the three lactation stages had SCM but there was a tendency to increase its prevalence rates from early (30.43%), mid (32.26%) to late (69.23%) stages. The highest prevalence of SCM was recorded at late lactation stage in both the HFCC (68.75%) and RCC (71.43%) in comparison to their respective mid and early lactation stages. The parity-wise prevalence of SCM was recorded as 18.42%, 55.0%, 66.67%, 75.0% and 75.0% in HFCC whereas, it was 20.0%, 20.0%, 66.67%, 75.0% and 66.67% in RCC at their 1 st , 2 nd , 3 rd , 4 th and 5 th parity, respectively. This study recorded a relationship between the increased prevalence of SCM with decreased of milk production in both the groups of lactating cows. The respective prevalence of SCM at high, medium and low level of milk production in HFC (14.29%, 33.33% and 70.59%) and RCC (14.29%, 50.00% and 71.42%) were found significantly (p < 0.01) correlated with milk production. An overall 19.18% quarters was affected with SCM, of which 4.31%, 7.33% and 7.38% showed mild, moderate and severe reaction to CMT. However, comparatively, higher percentage of quarter infection was recorded in HFCC (20.31%) than RCC (13.75%). It may be concluded from these observations that both the HFCC and RCC should be monitored by using CMT for the detection of SCM in order to provide rational treatment and control it to make the dairy farming profitable.

Effects of Dry Period Length on, Milk production and Composition, Blood Metabolites and Complete Blood Count in subsequent Lactation of Holstein Dairy Cows

Article

Jan 2010

Twenty -nine Holstein cows were used to evaluate the effects of different dry period (DP) lengths on milk yield and composition, some blood metabolites, and complete blood count (CBC). Cows were assigned to one of 2 treatments: 1) 60-d dry period, 2) 35-d DP. Milk yield, from calving to 60 days, was not different for cows on the treatments (p =0.130). Cows in the 35-d DP produced more milk protein and SNF compare with cows in treatment 1 (p ≤ 0.05). Serum glucose, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), beta hydroxyl butyrate acid (BHBA), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), urea, and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) were all similar among the treatments. Body condition score (BCS), body weight (BW), complete blood count (CBC) and health problems were similar between the treatments. The results of this study demonstrated we can reduce the dry period length to 35 days with no problems.

Worldwide Opportunities in Genetically Engineered Vaccines

Article

Nov 1987
Bio Tech

Manny Ratafia

Multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Towards a therapeutic dead end?

Article

Nov 2010

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a major hospital-associated pathogen that can cause severe infections, most notably in patients with cystic fibrosis or those hospitalized in intensive care units. In this context, the current increase in incidence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) isolates of P. aeruginosa (MDRPA) raises serious concerns. MDR in P. aeruginosa is defined as the resistance to 3 or 4 of the following antibiotic classes: penicillins/cephalosporins/monobactams, carbapenems, aminoglycosides, and fluoroquinolones. These strains constantly cumulate several resistance mechanisms as a consequence of multiple genetic events, i.e., chromosomal mutations or horizontal transfers of resistance genes. Involved mechanisms may include active efflux, impermeability resulting from porins loss, plasmid-encoded b-lactamases/carbapenemases or aminoglycosides-modifying enzymes, and enzymatic or mutation-associated changes in antibiotics targets. Antibiotic selection pressure represents the leading risk factor for MDRPA acquisition. Colistin (polymyxin E) remains active on virtually all MDRPA isolates, and increasingly appears as the last available option to treat infections caused by these strains. However, the emergence of colistin resistance has been reported in P. aeruginosa, which may announce the spread of pan-resistant strains in a close future.

Preparation and Evaluation of Staphylococcus Aureus Vaccines for the Control of Mastitis in Dairy Buffaloes (Bubalis Bubalis).

Article

Abdul Shakoor

Experimentally induced intramammary infection with multiple strains of Streptococcus uberis

Article

Nov 2009
J DAIRY SCI

The effect of infusing a mixture of 5 Streptococcus uberis strains into mammary quarters of 10 lactating cows was investigated. All 5 strains, which included 2 originally isolated from the dairy environment and 3 from clinical cases of mastitis, were capable of establishing an intramammary infection when infused individually. However, when the 5 strains were infused together, a single strain predominated in 7 out of 10 quarters. One strain in particular prevailed in 4 mammary quarters and was also found to inhibit the growth of the other 4 strains with deferred antagonism on esculin blood agar. The genes required for the production of bacteriocins nisin U and uberolysin were identified in this strain, whereas the other 4 strains contained only uberolysin genes. Direct competition may have occurred between strains within the mammary gland but competition was not apparent when cultured together in UHT milk, where no strain predominated. Although the mechanism is unknown, these results imply that a selection process can occur within the mammary gland, leading to a single strain that is detected upon diagnosis of mastitis.

Prevalence, genetic diversity, and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitis in Zhejiang Province, China

Article

Oct 2009
J ZHEJIANG UNIV-SC B

This study was conducted to determine genetic diversity and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Staphylococcus aureus recovered from bovine mastitis in Zhejiang Province, China. Out of 3178 quarter milk samples from 846 lactating cows, among which 459 cows (54.3%) were found HMT positive, 890 quarters (28%) were found having subclinical mastitis. From 75 representative S. aureus isolates, 16 distinct types were identified by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Four major PFGE types (A, B, C, and D) accounted for 82.7% of all isolates, and type A (41.3%) was observed in multiple herds across the studied areas. Each region was found to have a predominant type: Hangzhou type A (64.1%), Ningbo type C (34.5%) and type B (23.1%), Jinhua type D (53.3%), and Taizhou type C (62.5%). Results of antimicrobial susceptibility tests showed that 90.7% of the isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial. Resistance to penicillin and ampicillin (77.3%), tetracycline (60.0%), or erythromycin (48.0%) was observed. The bacteria resistant to multiple antibiotics such as penicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline, and erythromycin were commonly found. The information obtained from this study is useful for designing specific control programs for bovine S. aureus mastitis in this region.

Coryneform bacteria in infectious diseases: Clinical and laboratory aspects

Article

Aug 1990

Coryneform isolates from clinical specimens frequently cannot be identified by either reference laboratories or research laboratories. Many of these organisms are skin flora that belong to a large number of taxonomic groups, only 40% of which are in the genus Corynebacterium. This review provides an update on clinical presentations, microbiological features, and pathogenic mechanisms of infections with nondiphtheria Corynebacterium species and other pleomorphic gram-positive rods. The early literature is also reviewed for a few coryneforms, especially those whose roles as pathogens are controversial. Recognition of newly emerging opportunistic coryneforms is dependent on sound identification schemes which cannot be developed until cell wall analyses and nucleic acid studies have defined the taxonomic groups and all of the reference strains within each taxon have been shown by molecular methods to be authentic members. Only then can reliable batteries of biochemical tests be selected for distinguishing each taxon.

Bovine mastitis-why does antibiotic therapy not always work? An overview

Article

Oct 1990

Mammary Leukocyte Response to Drug Therapy

Article

Jul 1986

The possibility exists that antibiotics and anti-inflammatory agents will be used indiscriminately in attempts to reduce leukocyte or somatic cell counts in mammary secretions to conform with Interstate Milk Shippers quality standards for raw milk to be implemented July 1, 1986. Recent in vivo studies evaluating the effect of intramammary drug injection on milk leukocytes confirmed previous in vitro investigations demonstrating that certain drugs have a significant effect on leukocyte antimicrobial activity. Antibiotics commonly included in commercial infusion products used in this country such as penicillin G, semisynthetic penicillins, the mycins, cephalosporins, and sulfonamides did not affect leukocyte function. However, some drugs were detrimental, notably chloramphenicol, tiamulin, tetracycline, gentamicin, rifampicin, amikacin, and nitrofurantoin. In vitro investigations on the use of anti-inflammatory agents demonstrated that methylprednisolone had a stabilizing effect on leukocytes by maintaining viability and reducing degranulation, whereas flumethasone was detrimental to cell viability. The nonsteroid agent, ibuprofen, decreased viability and increased degranulation but also increased phagocytosis and bacterial killing. Intramammary infusion of anti-inflammatory agents was generally ineffective in lowering somatic cell counts of endotoxin-infused quarters, but certain drugs may be advantageous in limiting milk production losses during udder inflammation.

Association of the M blood group system with bovine mastitis

Article

Feb 1985

Associations of the 11 bovine blood group systems with mastitis were examined in Red Danish dairy cattle. The mastitis status was followed during three lactational periods. A significant effect of the M blood group system on mastitis incidence was observed in the first and second lactation periods and a lower frequency of mastitis is found among animals lacking the M' factor as compared to those having the M' blood group factor. The significance of these results are discussed in view of the close relation between the M blood group system and the bovine lymphocyte antigens (BoLA), and the expected effect of eliminating the M' gene from the breed is estimated. Among the remaining 10 blood group systems, the T' system was the only system showing an overall effect on mastitis, and only in first and third lactation. However, the T' system was inconsistent with regard to the effect of the T' gene on the various mastitis diagnoses.

Campylobacter jejuni mastitis in a cow: A zoonosis-related incident

Article

Feb 1985

Economics of Mastitis Control

Article

Aug 1984

W. Nelson Philpot

Mastitis control is a continuing process that should be applied to all herds without relaxation. Programs likely to achieve widespread adoption must emphasize control of all pathogens rather than eradication of specific pathogens. Although none of the methods available at this time provide complete protection, the devastating losses from mastitis can be minimized with current technology in the vast majority of dairy herds. A control method similar to the Five-Point Program of Mastitis Control just discussed has the greatest utility. The program is not dependent upon examination by specialists, can be applied to any herd, is effective against common pathogens, results in a profit of

3 to

5 for each dollar invested, reduces clinical mastitis, and is flexible to permit refinement as additional knowledge becomes available. Failure of the Five-Point Plan of Mastitis Control in a small number of herds that seemingly are well managed is often due to failure of the farmer to apply the methods properly. In some instances, the farmer may perceive that he is following the full control program when, in reality, he is following only a part of the program. Overlapping and complementary components are of greatest value. Control methods that aim at a particular organism are highly dependent upon advisory personnel and supporting laboratories and have little chance of reaching a majority of dairy herds. Not only will the conscientious application of the Five-Point Program of Mastitis Control return 300 to 500 per cent on investment, but the quality of milk ultimately reaching the consuming public will be improved and the dairy farmer will, in effect, be helping to protect his present and future market. Herds with a high level of infection obviously stand to realize greater increase in profits from initiating a mastitis control program. This is because herds with a low level are already reaping the benefits. Nevertheless, implementing or continuing an effective mastitis control program is a wise and prudent decision for all dairy farmers.

Practical pharmacokinetic aspects of mastitis therapy--3: intramammary treatment

Article

May 1980
Vet Med Small Anim Clinician

G Ziv

Selection on Somatic Cell Score to Improve Resistance to Mastitis in the United States

Article

Mar 1994

Increased genetic susceptibility to mastitis has accompanied the rapid genetic increase in milk yield, and genetic selection for mastitis resistance should be considered. Somatic cell score is recommended as an indicator trait to achieve genetic improvement for mastitis resistance. Heritability of somatic cell score is around 10%, and genetic correlation between somatic cell score and clinical mastitis is around .6 to .8. Selection for lower somatic cell score is consistent with the goal of maximizing genetic improvement for total economic merit and should be included in breeding programs. National genetic evaluations for somatic cells scores will use the same animal models and methods as are currently used for milk yield traits. Reliabilities of PTA for somatic cell scores will be smaller than for yield traits because of lower heritability and availability of records from fewer cows. Several forms are proposed for reporting genetic evaluations of somatic cells to producers, and advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Using somatic cell scores for breeding decisions would marginally decrease genetic gain for milk yield and increase total economic merit. Optimal selection indexes would slow the rate of increase in mastitis, rather than decrease its incidence.

Mycobacterium bovis infection in human beings

Article

Feb 2001
TUBERCULOSIS

J M Grange

The causative agent of bovine tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis, is also responsible for some cases of tuberculosis in human beings. Although recognized for over a century, this form of human tuberculosis has been a source of considerable misunderstanding and controversy. Questions still remain concerning the relative virulence of M. tuberculosis and M. bovis in human beings, the risk of human disease after infection, the immunological consequences of infection that does not proceed to disease, the occurrence of human-to-human transmission of M. bovis and the health risk of diseased human beings to cattle. The advent of the HIV/AIDS pandemic raises new questions of the epidemiological impact of immunosuppression on the transmission of M. bovis to and between human beings. Although largely eradicated in the developed nations, bovine tuberculosis still occurs in many developing nations and epidemiological data on the impact of this on human health is scanty but, in the light of the increasing incidence of tuberculosis worldwide, it is urgently needed.

Efficacy of Intramammary Tilmicosin and Risk Factors for Cure of Staphylococcus aureus Infection in the Dry Period

Article

Feb 2003

The objective ofthis study was to evaluate the efficacy of intramammary tilmicosin, administered at drying-off, for eliminating Staphylococcus aureus infection, and to identify risk factors for S. aureus cure during the dry period. A total of 219 naturally infected cows, representing 308 quarters, were randomized to receive either one of two treatments at drying-off. Cows received either an intramammary infusion of 500 mg of benzathine cloxacillin, or a sterile solution containing 1,500 mg of tilmicosin. All cows had quarter milk samples taken aseptically three times before dry-off, and at wk 1, 2, and 4 of the subsequent lactation. Overall, 62% of cows and 67.5% of quarters infected with S. aureus cured during the dry period. The cure following administraton of tilmicosin was 67.3 and 72.5% for cows and quarters, respectively. By comparison, the cure achieved with cloxacillin was 56.9 and 62.9% of cows and quarters. Cows receiving tilmicosin were 2.1 times more likely to cure. The cure rate for cows decreased as the linear score on the last DHI test increased, and as the amount of S. aureus being shed increased. Quarters that cultured positive multiple times before drying-off were less likely to cure. Staphylococcus aureus infections located in front quarters of the udder were 2 times more likely to cure than those in hind quarters. Results of this study demonstrate that intramammary tilmicosin at drying-off is efficacious in curing existing S. aureus during the dry period. Risk factors associated with the cure of S. aureus were identified.

Mammary expression of new genes to combat mastitis

Article

Feb 2003

Continual advances in the ability to produce transgenic animals make it likely that such animals will become important components of animal agriculture. The full benefit of the technology, and justification of its initial cost outlay, will be dependent on the establishment within these animals of new traits not easily achievable by other means. Potential applications include enhanced nutrient digestibility with reduced fecal losses, significantly altered milk composition with superior nutritional properties, and enhanced disease resistance. Our goal is to enhance mastitis resistance of dairy cows by enabling the cells of the mammary gland to secrete additional antibacterial proteins. Proof of concept has been obtained through experimentation with a transgenic mouse model. Three lines of mice were developed that produce varying levels of lysostaphin in their milk. This protein has potent anti-staphylococcal activity and its secretion into milk confers substantial resistance to infection caused by intramammary challenge with Staphylococcus aureus, a major mastitis pathogen. Additional antibacterial proteins are being sought that will complement lysostaphin. A potential benefit of transgenic application of antibacterial proteins is the concomitant sparing in the agricultural use of antibiotics currently used as human therapeutics. Antibacterial proteins, such as lysostaphin, are not typically used as injectable or oral therapeutics because of immune-mediated or digestive destruction of their activity. In contrast, the immune system of transgenic animals will not consider the transgenic protein as being foreign. In addition we are exploring the potential of involution or mastitis responsive promoter elements for use in subsequent transgenic experiments designed to restrict lysostaphin production to these important time points. It is anticipated that genomics will play a role in unveiling candidate genes whose promoter elements will enable desired temporal expression patterns. The transgenic approach to insertion of new genetic material into agriculturally important animals is feasible but requires extensive prior evaluation of the transgene and transgene product in model systems.

Short Communication: Influence of Staphylococcus aureus Intramammary Infection on Serum Copper, Zinc, and Iron Concentrations

Article

May 2004

The goal of the present study was to characterize changes in serum trace mineral concentrations in cattle with experimentally induced Staphylococcus aureus mastitis. Nine primiparous Holstein-Friesian cattle were challenged with approximately 150 cfu of Staph. aureus ATCC29740 by intramammary infusion on d 6, 7, and 8 of lactation. Serum Cu, Zn, and Fe concentrations were determined immediately before and at 24, 48, and 72 h after the final intramammary infusion of Staph. aureus. Infection status (cfu/mL of Staph. aureus), milk somatic cell count, and mastitis score were also determined at these times. Infection resulted in a decrease in mean serum Cu, Zn, and Fe concentrations to 89, 83, and 81% of preinfection concentrations at 24 h postchallenge. One-way analysis of variance for repeated measures demonstrated a significant change in serum zinc concentration. The reductions in trace mineral concentrations were of less magnitude than observed following experimental E. coli mastitis.

Immunotherapeutic potential of Ocimum sanctum (L) in bovine subdinical mastitis

Article

Sep 2005
RES VET SCI

Immunotherapeutic potential of aqueous extract of Ocimum sanctum (O. sanctum) leaf in bovine sub-clinical mastitis (SCM) was investigated. Somatic cell count (SCC), total bacterial count (TBC), milk differential leukocyte count (DLC), phagocytic activity and Phagocytic index and leukocyte lysosomal enzymes like myeloperoxidase and acid phosphatase content were evaluated after intramammary infusion of aqueous leaf extract of O. sanctum. The results revealed that the aqueous extract of O. sanctum treatment reduced the TBC and increased neutrophil and lymphocyte counts with enhanced phagocytic activity and phagocytic index. Similarly, the lysosomal enzymes contents of the milk polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) were also enhanced significantly in animals treated with the extract. The results suggest that the crude aqueous extract of O. sanctum (leaf) possesses some biologically active principles that are antibacterial and immunomodulatory in nature. As such, the present wok substantiates the therapeutic use of medicinal herb and also emphasizes on the potential of the commonly available non-toxic substances to enhance the mammary immunity.

Genetic Analysis of Clinical Mastitis Data from On-Farm Management Software Using Threshold Models

Article

Feb 2006
J DAIRY SCI

Producer-recorded clinical mastitis data from 77,791 cows in 418 herds were used to determine the potential for genetic improvement of mastitis resistance using data from on-farm management software programs. The following threshold sire models were applied: 1) a single-trait lactation model, where mastitis was recorded as 0 or 1 in first lactation only; 2) a 3-trait lactation model, where mastitis was recorded as 0 or 1 in each of the first 3 lactations, and 3) a 12-trait, lactation-segment model, where mastitis was recorded as 0 or 1 in each of 4 segments (0 to 50, 51 to 155, 156 to 260, and 261 to 365 d postpartum) in each of the first 3 lactations. Lactation incidence rates were 0.16, 0.20, and 0.24 in first, second, and third lactation, respectively, and incidence rates within various segments of these lactations ranged from 0.036 in late first lactation to 0.093 in early third lactation. Estimated heritability of liability to clinical mastitis ranged from 0.07 to 0.15, depending on the model and stage of lactation. Heritability estimates were higher in first lactation than in subsequent lactations, but estimates were generally similar for different segments of the same lactation. Genetic correlations between lactations from the 3-trait model ranged from 0.42 to 0.49, while correlations between segments within lactation from the 12-trait model ranged from 0.26 to 0.64. Based on the results presented herein, it appears that at least 2 segments are needed per lactation, because mastitis in early lactation is lowly correlated with mastitis in mid or late lactation. Predicted transmitting abilities of sires ranged from 0.77 to 0.89 for probability of no mastitis during the first lactation and from 0.36 to 0.59 for probability of no mastitis during the first 3 lactations. Overall, this study shows that farmer-recorded clinical mastitis data can make a valuable contribution to genetic selection programs, but additional systems for gathering and storing this information must be developed, and more extensive data recording in progeny test herds should be encouraged.

Role of Dietary Copper in Enhancing Resistance to Escherichia coli Mastitis

Article

May 2003

The role of dietary copper in enhancing resistance to Escherichia coli mastitis was investigated in first-lactation heifers. Twenty-three primigravid Holstein heifers were maintained on a basal (6.5 ppm copper; -Cu) diet or a diet supplemented (20 ppm) with copper sulfate (+Cu) beginning 60 d prepartum through 42 d of lactation. Liver biopsies and blood samples were taken for liver and blood minerals and plasma ceruloplasmin. Milk samples were taken weekly postpartum for bacteriology. The overall mean liver Cu concentration was about threefold higher, and the overall mean plasma Cu concentration was greater in the +Cu group than the -Cu group. At 34 d of lactation, one pathogen-free quarter per animal was infused with 22 cfu of Escherichia coli strain 727. Plasma Cu was greater at -24, 0, 18, 24, 36, 96, 192, and 240 h relative to infusion for +Cu animals. Plasma Zn concentration was higher at 24 h for the +Cu group. Milk bacterial count (log10 cfu/ml) was lower at 12, 18, and 48 h for the +Cu group. Somatic cell count (log10/ml) was lower at 18 h in +Cu animals. Clinical score at 24 h was lower for +Cu cows, while at 144 h, clinical score was lower for -Cu cows. Rectal temperature was lower at 18 h for the +Cu group. Plasma ceruloplasmin and Fe, dry matter intake and milk production did not differ. Copper supplementation reduced the clinical response during experimental E. coli mastitis, but duration was unchanged.

Efficacy of Nisin in Treatment of Clinical Mastitis in Lactating Dairy Cows

Article

Sep 2007
J DAIRY SCI

Nisin is an antimicrobial polypeptide produced by Lactococcus lactis and is believed nontoxic to humans. The objective of this study was to evaluate a nisin-based formulation for the treatment of bovine clinical mastitis in lactating dairy cattle. A total of 92 cows with 107 clinically mastitic quarters were randomly assigned to nisin- (48 cows with 51 quarters) and gentamicin (GM)-treated (44 cows with 56 quarters) groups. In the nisin-treated group, cows received an intramammary infusion of nisin at a dose of 2,500,000 IU; in the GM-treated group, intramammary infusion of GM was administered at a dose of 0.8 g. Results indicated that nisin offered a clinical cure rate similar to GM (90.2 vs. 91.1%) and no difference in bacteriological cure rate than GM-treated group (60.8 vs. 44.6%, respectively). Proportion of the quarters with milk somatic cell counts <500,000 cells/mL was not different in the nisin-treated group (50.0 and 47.8%) compared with the GM-treated group (33.3 and 37.3%) 1 and 2 wk after treatment. Of 17 Staphylococcus aureus isolates, 82.5% were resistant to penicillin, and 35.3% to GM, but none of them to nisin. Nisin therapy eliminated 54.5% (6 of 11) of S. aureus IMI, whereas GM eliminated 33.3% (2 of 6). Nisin in milk (4.5 +/- 0.8 IU/mL) was detected only at 12 h following intramammary infusion, which was much lower than the upper limit (500 mg/mL) allowed as preservative in milk by the China authority. Because of its efficacy in the treatment of bovine clinical mastitis, especially resistant Staph. aureus-caused IMI, as well as its safety in humans, nisin deserves further study to clarify its effects on mastitis caused by different mastitis pathogens on a larger scale.

Antioxidant nutrients, cow health, and milk quality

Jan 2005

W P Weiss

Weiss WP (2005) Antioxidant nutrients, cow health, and milk quality.

Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 8th edition.Iowa state university press

Jan 2001
819-820

Hr Adams

Adams HR (2001) Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 8th edition.Iowa state university press, Ames, IA Pp 819-820.

A Treatise on Bovine Mastitis: Disease and Disease Economics, Etiological Basis, Risk Factors, Impact on Human Health, Therapeutic Management, Prevention and Control Strategy

Abstract

No full-text available

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