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*Corresponding Author:
Dr. Satish A Bhalerao,
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory,
Department of Botany, Wilson College,
Mumbai-400 007, India
1443
Eclipta alba (L.): AN OVERVIEW
Satish A Bhalerao
1*
, Deepa R Verma
2
, Nikhil C Teli
2
and Vaibhav R Murukate
2
1
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, Wilson College, Mumbai-400 007, University of Mumbai,
India
2
Department of Biological Sciences, VIVA College, Virar (w)-401 303, University of Mumbai, India
Received for publication: August 21, 2013; Accepted: September 17, 2013
INTRODUCTION
Conventional medicines play an important role in
health services around the world. About three quarters
of the world’s population is dependent on different
parts of medicinal plants and its extracts for wellbeing.
In India, one of such well known and valuable medicinal
plant is Eclipta alba (L.)
[1]
. It popularly known as “King
of hairs” used in indigenous system of medicine as a
hepatoprotective drug
[2]
.
Trailing Eclipta plants can grow either prostrate
(flat) or erect (upright) up to 36 inches tall. Seedling
leaves are ovate to egg-shaped with short, toothed
margins. Stems are reddish-purple with short, flat, up-
turned hairs. Root are well developed cylindrical,
grayish. Floral heads 6-8 mm in diameter, solitary,
white, achene compressed and narrowly winged.
Eclipta has round flowers that are green early then
white with short rays
[3-5]
.
Trailing Eclipta flower is seen in two colors white and
blue. White flower tailing Eclipta is used in toxicology.
The juice of the plant is used is used for nausea. There
are three kinds of Eclipta alba, the white-flowering, the
yellow-flowering, and the black-fruiting, but all three
grow throughout India by marshes, rivers, and lakes or
on the foothills of the Himalayas
[6]
.
In ayurvedic medicine, the leaf extract is considered
a powerful liver tonic, rejuvenative, and especially good
for the hair
[7-8 ]
. In Ayurveda, the plant is considered as
a rasayana for longevity and rejuvenation. Studies have
shown that it has a profound antihepatotoxic activity.
A complete symptomatic relief in epigastria pain,
nausea and vomiting in ulcer patients has also been
observed
[9]
. In China, as a cooling and restorative herb,
this supports the mind, nerves, liver and eyes. Eclipta
alba also has traditional external uses, like athlete foot,
eczema and dermatitis, on the scalp to address hair
loss and the leaves have been used in the treatment of
scorpion strings. It is used as anti-venom against
snakebite in China and Brazil
[11].
This plant is known to have various pharmacological
properties and is traditionally used in treatment of
epilepsy
[12]
. Phytochemical studies on Eclipta alba
discovered the presence of alkaloids like nicotine and
ecliptine and bio-active steroidal alkaloids like verazine,
dehydroverazine, ecliptalbine. Many hydrocarbons like
ecliptal, α-formylterthienyl. Whole plant is said to have
many Triterpenene like saponin, eclalbatin, along with
α –amyrin and β-amyrin, ursolin acid, oleanolic acid and
six new oleanane triterpene glycosides, eclalba
saponins I-VI were also reported to be present in the
whole plant
[13-14]
.
Phytochemistry:
Eclipta alba (L.) contains wide range of active
principles which includes coumestans, alkaloids,
flavonoids, glycosides, triterpenoids. The leaves
contain stigmasterol, β terthienylmethanol,
wedelolactone, demethylwedelolactone and
demethylwedelolactone-7-glucoside. The roots give
hentriacontanol and heptacosanol
[15]
. The roots contain
polyacetylene substituted thiophene. The aerial part
contains phytosterol, β-amyrin in the n-hexane extract
and luteolin-7-glucoside, β- glucoside of phytosterol, a
glucoside of a triterpenic acid and wedelolactone. The
polypeptides isolated from the plant yield cystine,
glutamic acid, phenyl alanine, tyrosine and methionine
Abstract: Eclipta alba (L.) commonly known as bhringraj as well as false daisy, is a species of plant in the family
Asteraceae. It is a weed which grows in tropical and subtropical regions all over the world. It is widely dispersed
throughout India, Brazil, Thailand, and China. Vernacular names of the plant include bhangaara (Hindi), maakaa
(Marathi), bhangaro (Guajarati), kesuriya (Bengali), galagara (Telugu). Eclipta alba has been traditionally used in folk
remedy, both Ayurveda and Siddha. The herb Eclipta alba contains many bioactive components such as coumestans
i.e. wedelolactone and demethylwedelolactone, triterpenes, flavonoids, steroids, polypeptides, polyacetylenes and
thiophene-derivatives. The plant is known to have some important pharmacological activities such as antimicrobial,
antinociceptive, analgesic, antiinflammatory, antiviral, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory activity, etc.
Keywords: Asteraceae, Eclipta alba (L.), Coumestans, Pharmacological.
Satish Bhalerao et al.,: Int. J. Bioassays, 2013, 02 (11), 1443-1447
www.ijbio.com 1444
on hydrolysis. Nicotine and nicotinic acid occur in this
plant
[16]
.
Alkaloids:
The major alkaloid was identified as (20S)(25S)-
22,26-imino-cholesta-5,22(N)-dien-3β-ol (verazine, 3),
while the new alkaloids were identified as 20-epi-3-
dehydroxy-3-oxo-5,6-dihydro- 4,5 dehydroverazine (1),
ecliptalbine [(20R)-20-pyridyl-cholesta-5-ene-3β,23-diol]
(4), (20R)-4β-hydroxyverazine (5), 4β-hydroxyverazine
(6), (20R)-25β-hydroxyverazine (7), and 25β-
hydroxyverazine (8). Ecliptalbine (4), in which the
22,26-imino ring of verazine was replaced by a 3-
hydroxypyridine moiety, had comparable bioactivity to
verazine. Bio-active steroidal alkaloids, verazine, 20-epi-
3-dehydroxy-3-oxo-5, 6-dihydro-4, 5- dehydroverazine
ecliptalbine, (20R)-4s-hydroxyverazine, 4s-
hydroxyverazine, (20R) 25s-hydroxyverazine and 25s-
hydroxyverazine have been identified from the
methanolic extract
[29]
. Phytochemical studies on Eclipta
alba revealed the presence of alkaloids like ecliptine
and nicotine, and bio-active steroidal alkaloids verazine,
dehydroverazine ecliptalbine
[17]
.
Coumestan:
It is an organic compound which is a derivative of
coumarin. Demethylwedelolactone, isodemethyl
wedelol actone, and strychnolactone can be obtained
by percolation and hot extraction of E. alba whole plant
[18]
. Dried leaves of E. alba are source of coumarins like
wedelolactone and its derivative, demethylwedelol
actone, isodemethylewedelol actone and
strycholactone
[19]
.
Volatile oils:
The different types of volatile components can be
isolated from the aerial parts of the plant by hydro
distillation and can be analyzed by GC–MS technique.
The main components include heptadecane, 6,10,14-
trimethyl-2-pentadecanone, n-hexadecanoic acid,
pentadecane, eudesma-4(14), 11-diene, phytol, octadec-
9-enoic acid, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid diisooctyl
ester, (Z,Z)-9,12- octadecadienoic acid, (Z)-7,11-dimethyl-
3- methylene-1,6,10-dodecatriene and (Z,Z,Z)-1,5,9,9-
tetramethyl-1,4,7-cycloundecatriene. D-dithienyl
acetylene ester
[20]
, ecliptal or α-terthienyl aldehyde
[21]
,
α-terthienyl-methanol
[22]
and α-formylterthienyl
[23]
.
Saponins:
A new triterpene saponin, named eclalbatin,
together with alpha-amyrin, ursolic acid and oleanolic
are isolated from the whole plant of Eclipta alba
[24-25]
.
Terpenoids and their glycosides:
Taraxastane triterpene glycosides, named
eclalbasaponins VII-X are found, along with four
oleanane glycosides eclalbasaponins I-VI. Two
oleanane-type glycosides eclalbasaponin I and
eclalbasaponin II along with the ubiquitous steroid,
stigmasterol were studied from an n-hexane extract of
the stem bark of Eclipta alba. Ecliptasaponin C and D
[23]
,
new triterpenoid glucosides, have been isolated from
the whole plant of E. alba. A new triterpenes such as α-
amyrin, β- amyrin, ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, and
wedelic acid has been isolated
[25-26]
.
Sterols and Flavonoids
Sterols seen in E. alba are phytosterol, β-glucoside
of phytosterol, daucosterol and stigmasterol-3-o-
glucoside in the entire plant body
[22]
. Flavonoids like
apigenin, luteolin and luteolin-7-glucoside
[18]
.
Pharmacological Evaluation:
Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory activity:
The ethanol extract and the total alkaloids produce
significant analgesic activity in all the different models
of analgesia used. However, the total alkaloidal
fraction was the most efficacious in all experimental
models tested
[27]
. The methanolic extract administered
by the oral route at a concentration of 100 and 200
mgkg
-1
showed the significant dose dependent anti-
inflammatory activity in carrageenan and egg white
induced hind paw oedema in rats
[28]
.
Antimicrobial effect:
Antibacterial: It has been observed that the
compounds obtained from E alba showed good activity
against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Salmonella
typhimurium
[29]
.
Antifungal: The active compound 25-beta-
hydroxyverazine showed good activity against Candida
albicans
[29]
. The in vitro antifungal activity of E.alba
extract was investigated against Candida tropicalis,
Rhodotorula glutinis and Candida albicans
[30]
.
Antimalarial: The anti-malarial activity of Eclipta
alba leaves extract was evaluated against Plasmodium
berghei ANKA strain in mice
[31]
.
Antihyperglycemic effect: The oral administration
of leaf suspension of E. alba for 2 months resulted in
significant decrease in blood glucose, glycosylated
hemoglobin HbA
1
c, a decrease in the activities of
glucose-6 phosphatase and fructose1,6-
bisphosphatase, and an increase in the activity of liver
hexokinase was demonstrated
[32]
. Eclipta alba as an
ingredient in polyherbal formulation Pan-five were
scientifically and clinically proved to possess
antidiabetic and diuretic activity by acting upon
pancreas by restoration and regeneration of pancreatic
β-cell activity
[34]
.
Antioxidant properties:
Antioxidant activity of Eclipta alba was determined
by FRAP, radical scavenging activity, reducing activity,
Satish Bhalerao et al.,: Int. J. Bioassays, 2013, 02 (11), 1443-1447
www.ijbio.com 1445
and DPPH assay. The antioxidant capacity was
increased by increasing the concentration of the
extracts. The antioxidant activity of the hexane, ethyl
acetate, ethanol and water extracts of E. alba was
determined by ferric thiocynate
[33]
.
Hepatoprotective effect:
Eclipta alba significantly counteracted CCl
4
-induced
inhibition of the hepatic microsomal drug metabolizing
enzymes. The loss of hepatic lysosomal acid
phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase by CCl
4
was
significantly restored by Eclipta alba. The study shows
that hepatoprotective activity of Eclipta alba is by
regulating the levels of hepatic microsomal drug
metabolizing enzymes. The methanolic extract of
leaves and the chloroform extract of roots of Eclipta
alba showed significant activities in reduction of
lysosomal enzyme
[35-36]
.
Hypolipdimeic effect:
The activity of alcoholic extract of E. alba was
assessed by studying the lipid profiles of serum, liver
and heart of the control and drug-treated
animals
[37]
.Serum triacylglyceride and total cholesterol
levels were significantly lower in the E50 and E100
groups and low-density lipoprotein–cholesterol levels
were significantly reduced in the same groups when
compared with the untreated control group
[38]
.
Neuropharmacological effects:
The aqueous extract and the hydrolyzed fraction
exhibited gastro protective effect and normalized the
white blood cell count in the milk induced leukocytosis
challenge model
[39]
. The different concentration of E.
alba suspension was administered to rats to evaluate
transfer Latency on an elevated plus maze. Mice were
placed at the center of open field apparatus to assess
spatial habitual learning, observed for 20 minutes for
rearing and time spent during rearing using varied
doses for 30 minutes, 24 hours and 96 hours and 144
hrs. The results revealed significant improvement of
retrieval memory
[40]
.
Hair growth & Alopecia:
Eclipta alba is used in hair oil preparations since it
promotes hair growth and maintains hair black.
Alopecia is a dermatological disorder with psychosocial
implications on patients with hair loss. Eclipta alba is a
well-known Ayurvedic herb for hair growth
[41]
.
Effect on proteolytic and hemorrhagic activities:
Wedelolactone and demethylwedelolactone,
isolated from E. alba demonstrated significant trypsin
inhibitory effects
[42]
. The partially purified ethyl acetate
extract of E. prostrate (containing 47% of
wedelolactone) and wedelolactone demonstrated
strong antiproteolytic and antihemorrhagic activity
against Malayan Pit Viper venom in a dose dependent
manner
[43]
.
Effect on osteoblast differentiation:
Diosmetin, flavonoid and isoflavonoids, 3’O-
methylorobol and 3’hydroxybiochanin A, isolated from
the methanol extract of E. alba significantly increased
osteoblast differentiation as assessed by the alkaline
phosphatase activity
[44]
.
Immunomodulatory activities:
It has been reported that protection of neuronal
tissues may be possibly due to the immunomodulatory
action of Eclipta alba. Therefore, Eclipta alba can serve
as a potential memory modulator
[40]
. The aqueous leaf
extract Eclipta alba was fed into a fish (tilapia,
Oreochromis mossambicus) at different concentration
as a diet for 3 weeks. After each week, non-specific
humoral (lysozyme, antiprotease and complement) and
cellular (myeloperoxidase content, production of
reactive oxygen and nitrogen species) responses and
disease resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila were
noted which resulted in increased activity of non-
specific immune parameters. The results indicate that
dietary intake of E. alba aqueous leaf extract enhances
the non-specific immune responses and disease
resistance of O. mossambicus against A. hydrophila
[45]
.
Anticancer activity:
Methanolic extract of Eclipta alba was estimated
for its anticancer activity against Ehrlich Ascites
Carcinoma (EAC) in swiss albino mice. The anticancer
activity was examined by determining the tumor
volume, tumor cell count, viable tumor cell count,
nonviable tumor cell count, mean survival time and
increase in life span in experimental animal models. The
extract increased the life span of EAC treated mice and
restored the hematological parameters as compared
with the EAC bearing mice
[46]
. Coumestans are also
known to act as phytoestrogens. In many countries it is
used as diet which acts as chemo preventive agent in
breast and prostate cancer. Dasyscyphin-C (saponins) a
new isolated compound from Eclipta alba reported to
have anticancer-cytotoxic activity
[47]
.
Combination therapy:
Eclipta alba (whole plant), Vitex negundo (whole
plant), Mimosa pudica (whole plant) and Solanum
nigrum (aerial parts) possessed styptic and anti-
inflammatory characteristics and help in rejuvenation
of the vascular endothelium
[48]
. Combination of herbs
like Anethum sowa (Shatapushpa), Valeriana wallichii
(Tagar), Piper longum (Pippali mool), Withania
somnifera (Ashwagandha), Cassia fistula (Aragvadh)
and Triphala (A herbal combination of three fruits) with
Eclipta alba (Bhringaraj) pacify the aggravated Vata
dosha and combination with Elaeocarpus ganitrus
(Rudraksha), Herpestris monniera (Brahmi) showed a
Satish Bhalerao et al.,: Int. J. Bioassays, 2013, 02 (11), 1443-1447
www.ijbio.com 1446
tranquilizer effect
[49]
. Herbal mixture containing
Phyllanthus nigrum, Picrorrhiza kurroa, Zingiber
officinale, Boerhaavia diffusa, Cichorium intybus,
Emblica officinalis, Andrographis paniculata, Embelia
ribes, Terminalia chebula, Terminalia arjuna, Piper
longum with Eclipta alba is used as a good digestive
tonic
[50]
. Eclipta alba with Acacia catechu leaves reduced
severe hepatotoxicity
[52]
.
CONCLUSION
Eclipta alba (L.) is a small branched herbaceous
medicinal plant which offers a significant properties for
treatment of various diseases. It is widely used as a
drug for treatment of gastritis, jaundice, night
blindness, spleen and liver enlargement, etc. The
diverse range of bioactive compounds such as
alkaloids, triterpenoids, coumestans, flavonoids,
glycosides, etc. can be found in different parts of the
plant. The pharmacological profile exhibits it to be for
its good anti-microbial activity, anti-oxidant activity,
anti-inflammatory activity, antitumor activity,
immunostimulatory activities, hepatoprotective
activity, hypolipdimeic activity, etc. In future the
standardization and stabilization studies on Eclipta alba
extract can be carried out which can help in proving it
to be a promising source in neutraceutical as well as
pharmaceutical industry.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like to express their sincere
gratitude to: Dr. V.J. Sirwaiya, Principal, Wilson College;
Management, VIVA Trust, Virar (W) Maharashtra.
K.P.N. Kutty, Co-Ordinator, VIVA Trust, Virar (W)
Maharashtra; Dr. R.D. Bhagat, Principal, VIVA College,
Virar (W) Maharashtra; Non-Teaching Staff, Dept.
Biological sciences, VIVA College Virar (W)
Maharashtra.
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Source of support: Nil
Conflict of interest: None Declared
