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1072015
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10925
1961
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11246
1965
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Affirmative Action
Reverse Discrimination
Positive Discrimination
StandardizationSons of Soil
Moari
rWaitangi 1840
Thomas Sowell, Affirmative action around the world: an empirical study,Yale University Press,
London,2004, pp.1-2. See also Rodney E. Hero and Robert R. Preuhs, “Multiculturalism and
welfare policies in the USA a state level comparative analysis”, in, Keith Banting and Will
Kymlicka, Multiculturalism and the welfare state, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2006, p.123.
3
CEEO
Executive Order (10925), March-6-1961,
from: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=58863, on 4-3-2014, pp.2-4.
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equal
opportunity
4
formal equality
5
group prefernecesQuotas
1971
less privileged
6
(4)For more details see Executive Order (11246), September-24-1965,
from: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=59153, on 4-3-2014, pp.1-2,4.
(5) See Thomas E. Weisskopf, "Affirmative action", in, William A. Darity Jr.(ed.), International
encyclopedia of the social science, Vol.1, Macmillan Reference USA,Detroit, 2d. Ed., 2008,p.30.
(6) See Thomas Sowell, Affirmative action around the world, op.cit., pp. 4-5, 124-125.
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beneficiaries
7
8
Private Sphere
Public Sphere
(7) See Thomas E. Weisskopf, Affirmative action,op.cit., pp.30-31. (8)institutional discrimination
apartheidRichard
T. Schaefer, Racial ethnic groups, Pearson Education Inc., New Jersey, 9th. Ed.,2004, pp.76-
78,91.
2013334
5
seniority
last hired first fired
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1
Outreach Affirmative Action
80
10
Encouragement
11
(9) For more details see Richard T. Schaefer, Racial ethnic groups,op.cit., pp.91-92.
(10)See James P. Sterba, "Defending affirmative action defending preference", in, Carl Cohen
and James P.Sterba, Affirmative action and racial preference: a debate, Oxford University Press,
Oxford, 2003, p.201.
(11) See John Hoffman Paul Graham, Introduction to political theory, Pearson Education
Limited, England, 2006,p.77.
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OES
90
12
2Remedial Affirmative Action
13
2000
156
14
15
3Diversity Affirmative Action
student body
(12) See Thomas Sowell, Affirmative action around the world, op.cit., pp. 130-131. (13) See James P. Sterba, Defending affirmative action, op.cit., pp.206-209.
(14) For more details see Ibid., pp.207-208. (15) 336337
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Tie-breaking
17
Handicapping
18
Active Non-discrimination
19
20
(16) See James P. Sterba, Defending affirmative action, op.cit., pp.241-242, 247.
(17) See Hoffman Graham, Introduction to political theory, op.cit.,p.78.
(18)See Ibid., p.78. For more details see also Alvin J. Schmidt, The Menace of multiculturalism:
Trojan horse in America, Paeger Publishers, Connecticut, 1997, pp.70-72.
(19) See James P. Sterba, Defending affirmative action, op.cit., p.247.
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336337
8
21
22
equal outcome
23
treatment preferential
24
21
Hoffman Graham,Introduction to political theory,op.cit.,pp.64,75-76.
(22) See W.J. Stankiewicz, In Search of political philosophy: ideologies at the close of twentieth
century, Routledge, London, 1993, p.111.
23
Michael Blim, "Distributive justice", in, William A. Darity Jr. (ed.), International encyclopedia
of the social science, Vol.4, op.cit., pp.239-240.
(24) See Carol Lee Bacchi, “Affirmative action”,in, Paul Barry Clarke and Joe Foweraker (eds.)
Encyclopedia of democratic thought, Rutledge, London, 2001, pp.4-5.
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Empowerment
1
2
3
4
(25) Ronald Dworkin, Affirmative action is it fair?, The Journal of Blacks In Higher Education,
The JBHE Foundation, No.28, Summer 2000, p.87.
10
5
26
27
Amartya Sen
28
29
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128
2008127
CEDAW
www.un.org/womenatch/daw/text/0360793A.pdf
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1213
28
303
2004209،210211
210218
12014208211213214
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Femenism
3940
11
30
Anne Philips
31
unrepresentative
32
1
30
301،303304
31
307
(32)Will Kymlicka, Politics in the vernacular: nationalism multiculturalism and citizenship,
Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2001, pp.31-32.
12
33
1979
41
34
197920
170
33
23200949
34
49
13
1999
35
30
20100
36
37
35
10201388
5960
(36)See Will Kymlicka, Politics in the vernacular, op.cit., p.32.
http://www.alqudscenter.org28420143
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http://aafaqcenter.com65201416
14
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-
30
-
39
47
16200911
-
5027
20004932000
38
34
39
1516
181920063
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25
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97
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3015
48.8
3645
2008
1203201230
40
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20004926
201415
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42013148149
42
5657
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1236
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201230
145462
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751525
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271128
2006
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20125.5
10150
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121
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2012
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8689
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2006
2444
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3،11
2324
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43320159394
47
4119120
17
48
2005
1994
2009
49
2004
2008
50
2
48
19531956
4012012
1718
44647
492005
2012408410
50
2003
175176
2004
2931
18
State’s Project
51
Femenist Buerucracy
52
53
51
7879
52
40120122628
53
146147
19
2014
54
WEF
90
15
55
1995
25.7201448.5
27.548
8.613.8
5.921.8
56
54
4647
2100
300
2013243246
55
237239
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15
20
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230
10
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239241243244
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237239244246
59
64
21
60
61
62
63
60
3334،3638
95 (61) See James P. Sterba, Defending affirmative action, op.cit., p.202.
(62) Richard T. Schaefer, Racial and ethnic groups, op.cit., pp.17-18.
(63) Will Kymlicka, Politics in the vernacular, op.cit., p.185.
22
64
5038
65
1
moral stupidity
(64) See Carol Lee Bacchi, Affirmative action, op.cit., pp.4-5.
(65) For more details seeColin Crouch, “Social change”, in, Colin Hay& Anand Menon(ed.),
European politics, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2007, pp.224-227.
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66
Alvin J. Schmidt
sins
self-
pity
67
2
(66)Carl Cohen, "Why race preference is wrong and bad?", in, Carl Cohen and James P. Sterba,
Affirmative action and racial preference,op.cit.,pp.26-27.See also Karen O’Conner and Larry J.
Sabato, American government: continuity and change, Pearson Education Inc.,NY, 2007,p.229.
(67) Alvin J. Schmidt, The Menace of multiculturalism, op.cit., p.189.
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68
diasporas
trans– state
69
(68) Carl Cohen, Why race preference is wrong and bad?, op.cit., pp.164-165. See also Bernard R.
Boxill, "Affirmative action", in, Donald M. Borchert (ed.), Encyclopedia of philosophy, Vol.1,
Thomson Gale, Detroit, 2d. ed., 2006, pp.81-82.
(69) See Samuel P. Huntington, The Erosion of American national interests, Foreign Affairs
Journal, NY, Vol.76, No.5, September-October 1997, p.38.
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