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Knowledge, attitudes, and perception towards human papillomavirus
among university students in Pakistan
Tahir Mehmood Khan
a,
n
, Malik Allah Buksh
b
, Inayat Ur Rehman
a
, Ahsan Saleem
c
a
School of Pharmacy, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 46700 Selangor, Malaysia
b
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
c
Department of Pharmacy, Islamia University, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
article info
Article history:
Received 12 April 2016
Received in revised form
14 June 2016
Accepted 20 June 2016
Available online 21 June 2016
Keywords:
Human papillomavirus
Vaccine
Knowledge
Attitude
University students
Pakistan
abstract
This cross-sectional study comprises a questionnaire-based survey regarding knowledge about human
papillomavirus and its vaccine among students in different educational fields at public and private
universities in the city of Lahore in Pakistan. A 26-item questionnaire was used to attain the objective of
this study. The reliability of this tool was assessed using Cronbach's alpha (0.79) and the Kaiser-Meyer-
Olkin value was 0.827. The response rate to the survey was 78.0%, of whom the majority (74.9%) were
females and 308 (79%) were single (median age¼23 years). While assessing the respondents' knowledge
about HPV, 223(57%) students reported that they had already heard of HPV (human papillomavirus) and
nearly 215 (55%) reported that HPV causes cervical cancer and can infect both men and women. Gender
and field of study were two main factors found influencing the respondents' knowledge about HPV.
Moreover, students' understanding about the mode of transmission of HPV was cursory: 40.51% said they
did not know how HPV is transmitted, 133 (34.10%) stated that HPV spreads through the exchange of
bodily fluids, and 22 (5.64%) selected cough/sneezing. In terms of prevention, 175 (44.87%) students
stated that HPV can be prevented by vaccination, 30.0% reported sexual abstinence, 21.54% using con-
doms, and nearly 5.38% disclosed use of antibiotics. Addressing the knowledge of students regarding HPV
vaccine, nearly 53% stated there is no vaccine against HPV and almost 64% rejected the statement that
HPV vaccine prevents cervical cancer. In addition, students reported that they will be more than willing
to get vaccinated for HPV if their physician recommend them (RII¼0.74) followed by parents (RII¼0.69).
The results of this study revealed a poor understanding among respondents about the health problems
associated with HPV, its prevention, modes of transmission and arability of HPV vaccine in Pakistan.
&2016 Published by Elsevier B.V.
1. Introduction
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common viral infec-
tion of the reproductive tract [1]. Human papillomavirus is a re-
nowned cause of cervical cancer but also other cancers including
the vulva, anus, vagina, penis, head and neck [2–4]. Most sexually
active women and men will be infected at some point in their lives
and some may be repeatedly infected. The peak time for acquiring
infection for both women and men is shortly after becoming
sexually active. Skin-to-skin genital contact is a well-recognized
mode of transmission for HPV [1].
In 2006, the human papillomavirus vaccine got its first ap-
proval from the US Food and Drug Administration [5]. Worldwide,
two vaccines for HPV are available, and a few new vaccines are in
the developmental stage [6]. The WHO has endorsed the HPV
vaccine as the prime approach for the prevention of cervical
cancer, to be administered prior to first sexual contact. Certain
countries have also initiated vaccination against HPV in males, as
the vaccines available are found to be effective for the prevention
of anal pre-cancers and genital warts in both sexes [7]. In 2008, the
HPV-associated infection incidence was very high, with about 14
million cases globally [4]. According to a WHO report from 2013,
globally about 0.27 million deaths occur due to cervical cancer
every year, which the leading cause of deaths and 85% of the
deaths are in middle or low income countries due to poor and
inadequate access to screening and treatment [7]. In 2008, nearly
27,000 new cases of vulva cancer and 13,200 cases of vaginal
cancer were reported worldwide. It has been estimated that al-
most 60% of vulva cancer cases and 68% of vaginal cancer cases
occur in developed countries [3].
Most developed countries like Australia, Hungary and the
United Kingdom have incorporated the HPV vaccination into
their national vaccination program [6]. As the HPV epidemic
spread in 2014, the HPV vaccination became part of the national
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/pvr
Papillomavirus Research
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pvr.2016.06.001
2405-8521/&2016 Published by Elsevier B.V.
n
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: tahir.mehmood@monash.edu (T.M. Khan).
Papillomavirus Research 2 (2016) 122–127
vaccination and immunization program of 84 countries [8].Ac-
cording to the Human Papillomavirus and Related Diseases Re-
port in Pakistan (2015), there is no HPV vaccination and im-
munization program in Pakistan, as a result of which a major
epidemic of HPV has been reported, and many people have fallen
victim to this deadly virus [9].
As Pakistan is a developing country, the human papillomavirus
is a major threat to public health. To date, HPV screening is gen-
erally not implemented in Pakistan. A major hurdle to exact sta-
tistical assessment and evaluation of HPV epidemic are social re-
strictions [10]. In Pakistan, to date it is a taboo to discuss about
sexually transmitted diseases and sexual education, due to which,
a majority of young female population, mainly from the rural areas
have poor understanding about the sexually transmitted disease
(STDs) and gender-specific cancers. Perhaps due to which the
cervical cancer caused by HPV is ranked the 3rd major contribut-
ing source of deaths among women in Pakistan. In Pakistan more
than 60 million female population aged 15 or over are at risk of
cervical cancer, with a crude incidence rate of 5.9 [11]. Back in
2013, nearly 5233 cervical cancer cases were reported, and nearly
2876 deaths occurred in the country [11].
However, to date there is little research that explores public
knowledge and understanding of HPV in Pakistan. Various
screening studies have reported high risk HPV 16 and 18 strains
among the samples collected from Punjab province [10,12].
Moreover, there are a lack of public health initiatives to improve
education among the young adults about HPV symptoms, causes
and prevention. Internet and some online blogs might have served
as the main source of information about HPV among young Pa-
kistani women. However, to date there is a lack of provincial or
nationwide campaigns to raise awareness among Pakistani women
about STDs and HPV. Therefore this study explores university
students' knowledge, attitudes, and perception towards HPV. The
results from the present study are expected to provide the baseline
knowledge and understanding of young adults, who might be at
risk of HPV, and will assist the public health department to in-
tervene accordingly.
2. Methodology
A cross-sectional study was conducted among students en-
rolled at public and private universities in the city of Lahore in
Pakistan. The study lasted from 1st Dec 2015 till 28th Feb 2016. A
convenience sample method was adapted and self-administered
(paper-and-pencil) twenty-six-item questionnaire was used to
assess the university students' knowledge about human papillo-
mavirus and its vaccine.
2.1. Study tool
A questionnaire for the survey was first designed with 32
questions, which were believed to be important on the basis of the
literature review. A panel of four academic experts was ap-
proached to validate the contents of the study tool. Upon com-
pletion of content validity, a 26-item questionnaire was finalized
and piloted among 20 respondents to meet the requirements of
face validity. The reliability scale was applied for these 20 re-
spondents and the alpha value was found at 0.878, confirming that
the tool is adequate to meet the objectives of this study. Internal
consistencies of individual items for 390 university students are
given in Appendix A. Furthermore, to address any concerns about
the tool's content, its adequacy was measured using the Bartlett
test of sphericity. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling
adequacy is an effective technique for judging content adequacy.
In this study, the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin value was 0.827, and the
interclass correlation coefficient was found to be significant. As the
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin value was more than 0.6, it demonstrates that
the contents of the instrument are satisfactory to meet the study's
needs.
2.2. Contents of the questionnaire
The questionnaire was comprised of five sections. Section one
had six items aiming to gather the demographic information of the
respondents. The primary focus of section two was to assess
general knowledge about human papillomavirus. A nominal scale
[yes/no] was provided for the respondents' convenience to dis-
close their responses (Table 2). Section three was comprised of
three main items, aiming to explore respondents' knowledge
about symptoms, prevention and spread of human papillomavirus
(Table 3). Section four was comprised of five items that were
aiming to gather respondents' knowledge and understanding
about HPV vaccines using a nominal scale [yes/no] (Table 4). The
last section of the study tool consisted of three main items aiming
to record respondents’opinion about the HPV vaccination using
five items likert scale.
3. Data collection
The respondents who participated in this survey attended dif-
ferent private and public universities of Lahore, with different
ages, genders, marital status and educational backgrounds. No
specific criteria for inclusion and exclusion were made for this
survey and the questionnaire was given to all these respondents.
However, respondents who were not willing to participate were
excluded for this study. Verbal consent was taken from all the
respondents to participate in this study as an ethical requirement.
4. Data analysis
For data analysis, Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS)
version 20 was used. Binary and linear regression was applied to
see the association among demographic and binary/ordinal re-
sponses. a relative importance index (RII) was applied (Eq. (1))[13]
to identify the main factors that may hinder respondents' opinion
about the HPV vaccination. Items were ranked base on the RII
values, with the item having an RII value closest to one being
ranked as the main factor affecting the HPV reporting process [14].
=Σ
*(≤ ≤) ()
RII W
AN
0RII1 1
where: W –is the weight given to each factor by the respondents
and ranges from 1 to 5, (where “1”is “strongly disagree”and “5”is
“strongly agree”); A –is the highest weight (i.e. 5 in this case) and;
N–is the total number of respondents. Furthermore to identify the
factors affecting the knowledge towards HPV vaccination regres-
sion analysis was applied using gender (ref male) and field of
education (ref non-health science) as covariates. A significant va-
lue 0.05 was assigned for analysis of respondents' replies.
5. Results
A total of N¼500 respondents were approached, of whom 390
responded to the survey with a response rate of 78.0%. The ma-
jority of respondents (74.9%) were females and N¼308 (79%) were
single. The median age of the students was 23 (range 16–65).
The majority (55.1%) were undergraduates, and N¼175 (44.9%)
were graduate students. N¼180 (46.2%) were enrolled in
T.M. Khan et al. / Papillomavirus Research 2 (2016) 122–127 123
Pharmacy, N¼61 (15.6%) in Education, and N¼38 (9.7%) in Bio-
logical Sciences, with lower participation observed from other
disciplines (see Table 1).
5.1. Knowledge of students about HPV
While exploring the general knowledge of students regarding
HPV, N¼223 (57%) students reported that they had already heard
of HPV (human papillomavirus). N¼215 (55%) students reported
that HPV causes cervical cancer and almost the same number of
students stated that HPV infects both men and women. The ma-
jority (71%) of students stated that HPV is not a rare disease in
Pakistan. However, nearly 68% of students did not believe that HPV
occurs without any symptoms. About 68% of students stated that
the incidence of HPV is not high among women aged 20–30 years,
nearly N¼201 (52%) stated that HPV causes external genital warts,
and about 47% stated that HPV causes penile and anal cancers. The
regression analysis showed that gender of students was strongly
associated with the majority of answers from this section except
Q9 (OR 0.629 CI 0.369–1.074), Q10 (OR 0.609 CI 0.385–0.966), and
Q12 (OR 0.885 CI 0.538–1.457). Moreover, the field of study was
also found strongly associated with the majority of answers except
Q12 (OR 0.723 CI 0.459–1.140), Q13 (OR 0.723 CI 0.459–1.140) and
Q8 (OR 0.664 CI 0.438–1.007). For more details, see Table 2.
5.2. Knowledge about transmission of HPV
When students were asked about the mode of transmission,
40.51% said they did not know, N¼133 (34.10%) students HPV
spreads through exchange of bodily fluids, N¼175 (44.87%) chose
genital skin-to-skin contact, and only N¼22 (5.64%) selected
coughing/sneezing. When students were asked about the diseases
associated with HPV, the majority, 211 (54.10%), reported cervical
cancer, N¼156 (40.00%) said genital warts, N¼99 (25.38%) re-
ported penile cancer, and a few (9.49%) students said HIV. N ¼145
(37.18%) responded that they didn’t know anything about it. Fur-
thermore, when asked about preventive measures, 175 (44.87%)
students stated that HPV can be prevented by vaccination, 117
(30.00%) students reported sexual abstinence, 21.54% chose 'using
condoms', and 5.38% students reported antibiotics. A significant
portion of students, N¼161 (41.28%), stated they did not have
knowledge regarding HPV prevention. For more details, see
Table 3.
5.3. Attitudes toward HPV
Addressing the knowledge of students regarding the HPV vac-
cine, it was observed that nearly 53% stated there is no vaccine
against HPV and nearly 64% rejected the statement that HPV
vaccine prevents the risk of cervical cancer. About 86% of students
reported that women no longer needed to be screened for cervical
cancer after getting vaccinated against HPV. Nearly 35% stated that
the HPV vaccine should be given before first sexual intercourse
and nearly 17% reported that HPV vaccine is only for sexually ac-
tive people. The regression analysis revealed that in the vaccine-
related knowledge section, gender was associated with only Q19
(OR 0.017 CI 0.353–0.904), and the field of study was associated
with Q19 (OR 0.397 CI 0.258–0.612) and Q23 (OR 0.511 CI 0.324–
0.805). For more details, see Table 4. In addition, students reported
that they will be more than willing to get vaccinated for HPV if
their physician recommend them (RII¼0.74) followed by parents
(RII¼0.69) (Table 5).
Table 1
Demographics of respondents participated in survey N¼390.
Demographics N (%)
Gender
Male 98 (25.1%)
Female 292 (74.9%)
Marital status
Married 82 (21.0%)
Single 308 (79.0%)
Age [Mean SD2578.1 years]
Median 23 years [Range18–65 years]
18–30 years 339 (86.9%)
31–40 years 27 (6.9%)
41–50 years 15 (3.8%)
51 and over 9 (2.3%)
Education level
Undergraduate 215 (55.1%)
Graduate 175 (44.9%)
Field of study
Health sciences 250 (64.1%)
Non-health sciences 140 (35.9%)
Course registered
Pharmacy 180 (46.2%)
Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery 18 (4.6%)
Biological Sciences 38 (9.7%)
Education 61 (15.6%)
Business and Management Sciences 30 (7.7%)
Arts Humanities 9 (2.3%)
Social Sciences 24 (6.2%)
Physical Sciences 16 (4.1%)
Doctor of Veterinary Medicine 4 (1.0%)
Bachelor of Dental Studies 6 (1.5%)
Physiotherapy 4 (1.0%)
Table 2
General knowledge about human papillomavirus.
Item no. Statement Yes No Gender Field
7 Before taking this survey, had you ever heard of HPV (human papillomavirus)? 223 (57%) 167 (43%) 0.366
n
[0.229–0.587] 0.364
n
[0.238–0.558]
8 Is HPV sexually transmitted? 197 (51%) 193 (49%) 0.472
n
[0.295–0.757] 0.647
n
[0.427–0.982]
9 Are HPV infections rare in Pakistan? 114 (29%) 276 (71%) 0.629 [0.369–1.074] 0.507
n
[0.312–0.824]
10 Does HPV cause cervical cancer? 215 (55%) 175 (45%) 0.609 [0.385–0.966] 0.481
n
[0.316–0.733]
11 Can HPV infect both men and women? 216 (55%) 174 (45%) 0.509
n
[0.320–0.808] 0.431
n
[0.283–0.658]
12 Is the incidence of HPV highest among women in their 20s and 30s? 123 (32%) 267 (68%) 0.885 [0.538–1.457] 0.723 [0.459–1.140]
13 Can a HPV infection occur without symptoms? 123 (32%) 267 (68%) 0.547
n
[0.321–0.932] 0.723 [0.459–1.140]
14 Does HPV cause genital (external organs of reproduction e.g. testes) warts? 201 (52%) 189 (48%) 0.627
n
[0.395–0.995] 0.664 [0.438–1.007]
15 Can HPV cause other genital cancers (penis, anus)? 183 (47%) 207 (53%) 0.607
n
[0.380–0.969] 0.537
n
[0.352–0.820]
Binary logistic regression.
n
Significant (po0.05); gender (ref male) and field (ref non-health science).
T.M. Khan et al. / Papillomavirus Research 2 (2016) 122–127124
6. Discussion
This present study was conducted to assess the knowledge of
multidisciplinary students regarding HPV in Lahore city, which is a
hub of business and education, and a provincial headquarters of
Punjab province, Pakistan. To the best of our knowledge, this is the
first study of its kind conducted in Lahore. Overall, the study
showed that students had borderline or poor knowledge regarding
HPV, with the exception of a few questions. Nevertheless, despite
being multidisciplinary students, nearly 57% had already heard
about HPV, nearly 55% knew HPV causes cervical cancer and in-
fects both genders equally, and nearly 71% knew that HPV is not a
rare disease in Pakistan. A similar study conducted in Nigeria re-
ported that only 17.7% of female students were aware of HPV [15],
which shows that Pakistani students have better knowledge than
Nigerian students. This comparatively good knowledge could be
due to a higher participation from health science students in Pa-
kistan. In contrast, a study conducted at Keele University, England,
reported that nearly 75% of female participants had heard of HPV.
However, despite being aware of HPV, only 27% reported that HPV
causes cervical cancer [16]. Similarly, a Malaysian study reported
that around 80% of healthcare students knew that HPV causes
cervical disease, and nearly 54.6% reported HPV infects both man
and women equally. However, only 37% of them considered HPV as
a frequently occurring illness [17]. These findings show that HPV
knowledge gaps exists everywhere and inadequacy of HPV
knowledge is a global issue.
The primary literature suggests that HPV does not show any
symptoms at an earlier stage, and mainly affects a sexually active
and younger population [17–19]. However, in the present study
the majority of students (68%) rejected the statement that HPV
does not show any symptoms. Moreover, approximately the same
number of students stated that incidence of HPV is not high
among women aged 20–30 years, and only 47% of Pakistani stu-
dents identified HPV as a cause of penile and anal cancers. In
addition, when students were asked questions regarding the mode
of transmission, diseases caused by HPV, and methods to prevent
HPV infection, a severe lack of knowledge was observed. For in-
stance, 34.10% students reported that HPV spreads through ex-
change of bodily fluids, and 44.87% reported genital skin-to-skin
contact. These findings are much poorer than in studies performed
in developed countries [5,20].
Furthermore, 54% reported that HPV causes cervical cancer, 40%
reported genital warts, and 25.38% reported penile cancer. These
findings are in contrast with a previous study performed else-
where [21]. The level of knowledge in Pakistan is so poor that
some students even reported that HPV causes HIV, and others said
that HPV can be prevented by taking antibiotics. This aspect was
comparatively new and has not been studied before. Moreover,
nearly 40.51%, 37.18%, 41.28% did not know anything about the
mode of transmission, diseases caused by HPV, and methods to
prevent the occurrence of HPV infection respectively. These find-
ings reflect poor disease-related knowledge among Pakistani stu-
dents. This lack of knowledge is concerning as the majority of
study participants were students from health science or biological
science disciplines. This knowledge gap should be filled by taking
adequate steps such as adding syllabus content related to HPV,
especially in the health sciences disciplines, and by organizing
symposiums and conferences to raise awareness in these future
professionals.
Another important aspect of the present study is the lack of
knowledge in students regarding HPV vaccination. Prevention of
HPV infections is essential in prevention of cervical cancer. The
advent of the HPV vaccine has been a major breakthrough, so there
should be an emphasis on raising awareness regarding HPV pre-
vention and HPV vaccination, as the majority of students (53%)
participating in the study stated that there is no vaccine against
HPV, and nearly 64% reported that the HPV vaccination does not
prevent cervical cancer. These false perceptions regarding HPV
vaccination could be due to a lack of knowledge, fear of adverse
outcomes and unacceptability of vaccinations by the healthcare
professionals in Pakistan [22], which ultimately affects the per-
ception and acceptability of the vaccination by the general popu-
lation and students. Keeping in mind these issues, students were
further asked whether their parents, doctors, and friends would
allow them to get vaccinated if they knew about the HPV vaccine.
Overall, recommendation from the health care provider and par-
ents were the two main factors found influencing the respondent's
willingness to get vaccinated for HPV. These findings report a
strong influence of friends, parents and healthcare professionals
on the acceptability of the HPV vaccination, which reaffirms the
findings of previous studies [23,24].
To date, many studies have been done to assess the knowledge,
attitude, and practices about HPV vaccine worldwide. They have
Table 3
Knowledge about human papillomavirus N¼390.
Item no. Statement Frequency %
16 Health problems associated with Human
papillomavirus
Cervical Cancer 211 54.10
Penile Cancer 99 25.38
Genital Warts 156 40.00
HIV 37 9.49
Don’t know 145 37.18
17 Prevention of Human papillomavirus
Practicing abstinence (avoiding sex) 117 30.00
Vaccination 175 44.87
By using Condoms 84 21.54
Antibiotics 21 5.38
Don’t know 161 41.28
18 Spread/transmission of Human papillomavirus
Cough or sneezing 22 5.64
Genital skin-to-skin contact 175 44.87
Contact with bodily fluids (blood) 133 34.10
Don’t Know 158 40.51
Multiple responses were selected by the respondents; therefore the sum of re-
sponse may not be always 100%.
Table 4
Respondents knowledge and understanding about HPV vaccines.
Item no. Statement Yes No Gender Field
19 Is there is a vaccine that protects against HPV? 184 (47%) 206 (53%) 0.017
n
[0.353–0.904] 0.397
n
[0.258–0.612]
20 The HPV vaccine prevents the chances of cervical cancers 139 (36%) 251 (64%) 0.0788 [0.484–0.284] 0.676 [0.434–1.052]
21 Once vaccinated, women no longer have to be screened for cervical cancer 55 (14%) 335 (86%) 0.910 [0.466–1.777] 0.771 [0.417–1.424]
22 The HPV vaccine is only for people who are sexually active 68 (17%) 322 (83%) 1.089 [0.601–1.975] 1.129 [0.658–1.938]
23 Should the HPV vaccine be given before commencing sexual intercourse? 137 (35%) 253 (65%) 0.629 [0.381–1.040] 0.511
n
[0.324–0.805]
Linear logistic regression.
n
Significant (po0.05); gender (ref male) and field (ref non-health science).
T.M. Khan et al. / Papillomavirus Research 2 (2016) 122–127 125
shown that people from developed countries such as the USA,
Australia, and Turkey [25,26] have better knowledge than those
living in developing countries in Asia [6,27]. Therefore, attention
should be paid to the general population and students in devel-
oping countries. Overall, the present study clearly reflects our
expected outcomes. The majority of students had poor awareness
regarding HPV, as there are no such HPV immunization and
awareness programs. If the Ministry of Health and non-govern-
ment organizations would have taken adequate step, the situation
might have been quite different.
Lastly, the regression analysis revealed an association among
the gender and field of study (disciplines) of students and level of
knowledge. Previously conducted studies have reported that HPV
knowledge was significantly associated with gender [17,18], age
[28], level of education [21], and living conditions of study popu-
lation [17]. However, in the present study, HPV knowledge was
found associated with gender and field of study (disciplines) of
students (Tables 2 and 4). Further research should be done to in-
vestigate the association of more demographic variables with HPV
knowledge. There is also a need to assess the perception of stu-
dents regarding the HPV vaccination and the barriers to im-
plementation of HPV immunization in Pakistan.
7. Conclusion
The results of this study revealed a poor understanding among
respondents about the health problems associated with HPV, its
prevention and modes of transmission. Nearly half of the re-
spondents were unaware of the availability of the HPV vaccine,
and understanding about preventing HPV and chances of re-
occurrence after vaccination were poor in the majority. However,
50–60% of the respondents were willing to get vaccinated for HPV
if their physician or parents recommended it to them.
8. Strengths and limitation
This is perhaps the first study aiming to address the health
literacy toward HPV among Pakistani students, and providing the
some basic understanding of students towards HPV which can be
utilized to design an effective educational campaign to create
awareness. However, the result of this study cannot be generalized
for the students/ young adult's population from rural area. The
data presented in the current study is more applicable to urban
population and educated adults. Moreover, the current study has
not explored the relation of age, and marital status with the re-
sponses. Future studies comprising of bigger sample should ad-
dress this issue in detail, such efforts will also assist in designing
educational programs for different age groups.
Conflicts of interest
All authors have no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgements
We are thankful to Richard from English Editing Netherlands
for providing assisting in correcting the grammar and sentence
structure.
Appendix A. Supplementary data for internal consistency of the questionnaire
Scale mean if
item deleted
Scale variance if
item deleted
Corrected item-
total correlation
Cronbach's alpha
if item deleted
7. Before taking this survey, had you ever heard of HPV
(human papillomavirus)?
19.02 53.866 0.649 0.870
8. Is HPV sexually transmitted? 19.08 53.479 0.696 0.868
9. Are HPV infections rare in Pakistan? 19.29 56.100 0.370 0.876
10. Does HPV cause cervical cancer? 19.04 53.212 0.739 0.867
11. Can HPV infect both, men and women? 19.03 53.837 0.650 0.869
12. Is the incidence of HPV is highest among women in
their 20's and 30's?
19.27 54.918 0.536 0.872
13. Can a HPV occur without symptoms? 19.27 54.826 0.550 0.872
14. Does HPV causes genital (external organs of reproduc-
tion e.g, testis) warts?
19.07 53.023 0.762 0.867
15. Can HPV may cause other genital cancers (penis, anus)? 19.12 53.708 0.665 0.869
Table 5
Recommendation of human papillomavirus vaccine.
Item no. Statement SA A N D SD RI Rank
24 If my friends knew about the HPV vaccine, they would approve of me getting
vaccinated against HPV.
64 (16.4%) 123 (31.5%) 106 (27.2%) 86 (22.1%) 11 (2.8%) 0.47 3
25 If my parents knew about the HPV vaccine, they would approve of me getting
vaccinated against HPV.
81 (20.8%) 135 (34.6%) 73 (18.6%) 90 (23.1%) 11 (2.8%) 0.69 2
26 If my doctor knew about the HPV vaccine, he/she would approve of me getting
vaccinated against HPV
105 (26.9%) 153 (39.2%) 47 (12.9%) 77 (19.7%) 8 (2.1%) 0.74 1
SA¼Strongly Approve, A¼Approve, N¼Neutral, D ¼Disapprove, SD¼Strongly Disapprove
RI¼relative index.
T.M. Khan et al. / Papillomavirus Research 2 (2016) 122–127126
16. Health problems associated with Human
papillomavirus
Cervical cancer 19.05 53.391 0.712 0.868
Penile cancer 19.33 55.611 0.466 0.874
Genital warts 19.19 54.132 0.617 0.870
HIV 19.49 57.886 0.192 0.878
Don’t Know 19.22 64.905 0.809 0.898
17. Prevention of Human papillomavirus
Practicing abstinence (avoiding sex) 19.29 55.419 0.468 0.874
Vaccination 19.14 54.017 0.624 0.870
By using Condoms 19.37 55.627 0.494 0.873
Antibiotics 19.53 58.322 0.132 0.879
Don’t Know 19.17 64.905 0.796 0.898
18. Spread/transmission of Human papillomavirus
Cough or sneezing 19.19 54.132 0.617 0.870
Genital skin-to-skin contact 19.49 57.886 0.192 0.878
Contact with bodily fluids (blood) 19.37 55.627 0.494 0.873
Don’t Know 19.53 58.322 0.132 0.879
19. Is there is a vaccine that protects against HPV? 19.21 54.562 0.562 0.871
20. The HPV vaccine prevents the chances of cervical
cancers
19.24 54.793 0.538 0.872
21. The HPV vaccine is only for people who are sexually
active
19.41 56.942 0.304 0.877
22. Should the HPV vaccine be given before commencing
sexual intercourse?
19.12 53.706 0.665 0.869
23. Once vaccinated, women no longer have to be screened
for cervical cancer
19.45 57.219 0.282 0.877
24. Friends knew about the HPV vaccine, they would ap-
prove of me getting vaccinated against HPV.
16.22 49.406 0.542 0.874
25. If my parents knew about the HPV vaccine, they would
approve of me getting vaccinated against HPV.
16.11 48.959 0.537 0.875
26. If my doctor knew about the HPV vaccine, he/she would
approve of me getting vaccinated against HPV
15.89 47.637 0.637 0.870
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