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Workaholísm: Addiction to Work
Abstract
Addiction, from the perspective of Individual Psychology, can be conceptualized as goal-oriented, creative, and chosen behavior. Shifron (1999) indicated that addictions are creative choices to deal with the hardships of life. In this article, workaholism is introduced as an addiction through an Adierian framework. Workaholism is important because it negatively affects not only the individual, but also the family system.
... Substance dependence means that an addicted individual cannot quit using that substance, although it leads to critical problems. 'Substance dependence' and 'work addiction' can be used interchangeably as substance dependence is a multi-factorial term constituting social, psychological and biological factors (Andreassen et al., 2010;Savarese et al., 2019;Shifron & Reysen, 2011). Morris and Charney (1983) noted that workaholics suffer from observable symptoms like anxiety and depression which are also among the symptoms of classical addiction (Seybold & Salomone, 1994). ...
... Likewise, Oates (1971) associated alcoholism with workaholism, and remarked that workaholics, like addicts, continue to engage in this lifestyle although they neglect other areas of their lives. These behaviours also negatively influence individual's entire family system and society (Shifron & Reysen, 2011). ...
... Cherrington (1980) regards workaholism as an irrational dependence on excessive working (as cited in Harpaz & Snir, 2003). Workaholics can also be exposed to the reactions of family members and colleagues (Shifron & Reysen, 2011). At the same time, workaholics were found to be reluctant and incapable of building intimate relationships with others, indicating the presence of social pessimism. ...
Este estudio examinó el papel mediador del componente de uso de la emoción (UoE), de la Escala de inteligencia emocional, en la relación entre extraversión (EX) y conciencia dentro de los Cinco Grandes factores de personalidad, y las dimensiones de trabajar en exceso (WE) y trabajar compulsivamente de la Escala holandesa de adicción al trabajo. Junto con este objetivo, se recopilaron datos del personal sanitario, en su mayoría enfermeras, que trabajaba en hospitales privados que prestan servicios en Estambul. Los hallazgos indicaron que WE tuvo un efecto directo no significativo sobre EX (β = −0.358; p > .05), mientras que el efecto indirecto de WE sobre EX a través de UoE fue significativo (β = 0.147; p < .05). Este estudio revela que UoE actúa como un mediador completo en el efecto de WE sobre EX.
This study examined the mediator role of Use of Emotion (UoE) component of Emotional Intelligence (EI) Scale in the relationship between Extraversion (EX) and Conscientiousness (CO) within the Big Five (BF) personality factors, and the dimensions of Working Excessively (WE) and Working Compulsively (WC) of Dutch Work Addiction Scale (DUWAS). Along with this aim, data were collected from healthcare staff, most of who were nurses, working at private hospitals serving in İstanbul. The findings indicated that Working Excessively (WE) had a non-significant direct effect on Extraversion (EX) (β = -.358; p > .05) while the indirect effect of Working Excessively (WE) on Extraversion (EX) through Use of Emotion (UoE) was significant (β = .147; p < .05). This study revealed that Use of Emotion (UoE) acted as a full mediator in the effect of Working Excessively (WE) on Extraversion (EX).
... Viena vertus, nemažoje dalyje mokslinių tyrimų patvirtinta darboholizmo sąsaja su neigiamomis psichologinėmis, fizinėmis ir socialinėmis pasekmėmis [8][9][10]. Nustatyta, jog darboholikai nuolat patiria stiprų stresą, nerimą, fizinių negalavimų, praranda socialinius gebėjimus, tinkamai neatlieka darbo užduočių, tampa neproduktyviais organizacijos nariais [10,11]. Fizinis darboholizmu pasižyminčio asmens išsekimas pačioje tokio elgesio formavimosi pradžioje neretai baigiasi rimtais sveikatos sutrikimais, išsivysto į lėtines ligas, tokias kaip metabolinis sindromas [5], padidėjęs kraujospūdis [12], širdies ir kraujagyslių ligos [9]. ...
... Taigi galima teigti, jog visos šiame darbe aptartos vienareikšmiškai autorių vertintos darboholizmo pasekmės yra neigiamo pobūdžio. Šie rezultatai sutampa su daugelio ankstesnių autorių pastebėjimais "Visuomenės sVeik ata" Liter atūros apž vaLgos ir išvadomis, kuriose pabrėžiama, kad darboholizmas paprastai sukelia asmens gerovei visapusiškai žalingų padarinių [8][9][10][11][12]. Kita vertus, lieka neaiškumų dėl kartais autorių nurodomų teigiamų darboholizmo pasekmių (pavyzdžiui, geresnės psichologinės savijautos, mažėjančios fizinių negalavimų tikimybės). ...
Tikslas – išanalizuoti ir susisteminti mokslinėje literatūroje aprašomas psichosocialines darboholizmo pasekmes.
Tyrimo medžiaga ir metodai. Mokslinių straipsnių paieška vykdyta trijose internetinėse mokslinių duomenų bazėse.
Sisteminei analizei ieškota nuo 2013 m. paskelbtų mokslinių straipsnių. Jų tinkamumas analizei vertintas peržiūrint pavadinimus, santraukas ir visus tekstus. Sisteminei analizei tinkamomis laikytos publikacijos, kuriose pristatomi empiriniai
kiekybiniai tyrimai ir pateikiami rezultatai, atskleidžiantys darboholizmo ir jo pasekmių ryšį.
Rezultatai ir išvados. Paieškos metu rastos 1 679 publikacijos. Į sisteminę analizę įtraukta 13 straipsnių. Apibendrinus
darboholizmo pasekmės gali būti skirstomos į keturias pagrindines grupes: 1) pasekmės asmeniui, 2) jo darbinei veiklai,
3) šeiminiam gyvenimui, 4) organizacijai. Dažniausiai nagrinėjamos darboholizmo pasekmės pačiam darbuotojui arba
jo atliekamai darbinei veiklai. Nustatyta, jog darboholizmas didina darbo ir šeimos konflikto, ketinimo palikti darbą, su
darbu susijusio streso, profesinio pervargimo tikimybę. Taip pat nustatyta, jog dėl darboholizmo eikvojami asmens psichologiniai ištekliai, mažėja darbuotojo našumas darbe ir pasitenkinimas gyvenimu. Gauti rezultatai ir išskirtų pasekmių
pobūdis patvirtina, jog darboholizmas yra neigiamas konstruktas, ir kartu teikia argumentų, leidžiančių pagrįstai abejoti
dėl darboholizmo kaip teigiamo reiškinio interpretavimo.
Reikšminiai žodžiai: darboholizmas, priklausomybė nuo darbo, psichosocialinės pasekmės.
... Dans le même ordre d'idée des séances de supervision (pour toutes les professions qui sont amenées à être dans des relations d'aide ou de soins aux autres) peuvent aussi être un moyen de prévention du burn out par le fait d'aborder le sujet et d'accompagner les collègues [14,134] ou de la mise en place d'une processus d'épuisement compassionnel [37]. Dans le workaholism les séances de groupe avec les collègues semblent utiles [135]. ...
... Les thérapies familiales pour les sujets dépendant au travail peuvent avoir de l'intérêt dans la mesure ou l'impact familial du processus de workaholism est fort [135]. ...
Il y a une cinquantaine d’année, au Japon, a été décrit le phénomène de karoshi : la mort par infarctus ou par accident vasculaire cérébral en lien avec les conditions de travail. Différents troubles sont progressivement apparus dans le monde du travail en Occident comme le workaholism, l’épuisement compassionnel, le burn out ou encore le bore out. Ces troubles correspondent à des processus psychologiques qui se mettent en place en réponse à des facteurs de risque psychosociaux comme la surcharge de travail, la perte de sens au travail, la surexposition à l’empathie… et aboutissent au final à un épuisement physique et/ou psychique et/ou émotionnel et/ou compassionnel. Tous ces processus peuvent aboutir à des épuisements pouvant se compliquer sur le plan médical de pathologies qu’elles soient somatiques ou psychiatriques, et sur un plan plus général d’accidents ou d’erreurs professionnelles. Le terme de burn out est devenu le principal terme pour parler d’épuisement professionnel alors que d’autres processus d’épuisement existent n’incluant pas les mêmes types de facteurs de risques psychosociaux ni les mêmes profils psychologiques. Nous proposons une modélisation des différents processus d’épuisement professionnel avec leurs particularités et leurs proximités. Nous présentons les modalités de prises en charge psychothérapeutiques de ces processus d’épuisement.
... Strategies that serve the patient well within the family may be of no use, or even destructive, in a work situation, and vice versa. At times, strategies may have served a patient perfectly but became destructive when used excessively (i.e., overdosed), for example, in cases of addiction (Shifron, 1999(Shifron, , 2009(Shifron, , 2010(Shifron, , 2011 or in neurosis characterized by a "pampered style of life" (Adler, 1956, p. 241). ...
... Garson (2005) considered work engagement to be a coping strategy that allows workaholics to escape into another realm for the purpose of stress management. Other researchers, including Shifron and Reysen (2011), conceptualized workaholism as a diagnosable addiction that should be listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. In that vein, some view workaholism as addiction oriented or a process that includes "salience, mood modification, tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, conflict, and relapse" (Griffiths, 2005). ...
The purpose of this study is to explore workaholism tendencies and their relationship to the Big Five personality traits and life satisfaction within a school counselor population. Results indicate that school counselors employed in high school settings experience significantly higher levels of workaholism tendencies than those at the elementary or middle school level, and school counselors with neurotic tendencies are most likely to be workaholics. Data also showed that school counselors with higher levels of workaholism have lower life satisfaction. We discuss implications for school counselor training and practice.
... According to Ng et al. (2007), workaholics are characterized by a high need for achievement and perfectionism. Numerous studies have found positive correlations between perfectionism and stress (Shifron & Reysen, 2011). This increases the risk for the development of occupational burnout (Aziz & Tronzo, 2011;Kristensen et al., 2005). ...
حتى وقت قريب كان الباحثون والأخصائيون الإكلينيكيون مهتمين بشكل رئيسي باضطرابات استخدام المواد "Substance use disorders". ومع ذلك، ففي السنوات الأخيرة ظهر اهتمام متزايد ديناميكيًا في المجتمع العلمي وبين المهنيين الذين كرسوا أبحاثهم لفهم مشكلة الاعتمادية "Dependence" غير المرتبطة بالمواد "Substance" أو المخدرات "Drugs". الآن، هناك اتجاهات متنامية تنظر إلى عدد من السلوكات على أنها يمكن أن تسبب الإدمان بما في ذلك العديد من السلوكات التي لا تنطوي على تناول أي عقار (مثل القمار، وألعاب الفيديو، واستخدام الإنترنت). وهو ما انبثق عنه ما يسمى بالإدمانات السلوكية "Behavioural Addictions". واحد من هذه الإدمانات السلوكية هو ما عُرِف بإدمان العمل "Workaholism"، وهو من المفاهيم الجديدة نسبيًا التي لاقت اهتماما مطردا من قبل الباحثين والدارسين عبر مختلف الميادين والثقافات. في هذه الورقة البحثية سنحاول تسليط الضوء على مفهوم إدمان العمل، من خلال الأطر النظرية والتناولات التي اعتمدها الباحثون لدراسة إدمان العمل، وتحديده، وتصنيفه. وتوضيح مختلف التصورات المفاهيمية التي فسرت طبيعة بنيته، كما سنعرض بعض الأدوات المستعملة لقياس مفهوم إدمان العمل. وفي الأخير عرض للعواقب النفسية والاجتماعية التي يمكن أن يخلفها إدمان العمل على الفرد، فضلًا عن العواقب التنظيمية والاجتماعية.
Recently, researchers and clinical psychologists have focused primarily on substance use disorders. However, in recent years there has been a growing dynamic interest in the scientific community and among professionals who focused their research to understand the problem of dependence unrelated to substances or drugs. Now, there is a growing movement that considers a number of behaviors as potentially addictive, including those that do not involve the use of drugs (such as gambling, video games, and Internet use…). This has resulted behavioral addictions. One of these behavioral addictions is Workaholism. Workaholism is a relatively new concept that has received constant attention from researchers in various fields and cultures. This research paper will shed light on the concept of Workaholism, through theoretical frameworks and approaches adopted by researchers to study Workaholism. And show some common Workaholism measurement tools. Finally, a presentation of the psychological and social results that Workaholism may causes to the individual; As well as the organizational and social consequences.
The work experiences of faculty in higher education often entail being overworked and stressed, and this is particularly true for women faculty and faculty of color. This essay is situated at the intersection of gender, race, axiological, epistemological, and occupational identities. In this metatheoretical argument, we propose a new concept communicative labor by exploring how existing scholarly frameworks regarding workplace emotion, compassionate communication, and gendered work intersect to inform the experiences of critical women scholars and the ways their labor is communicatively manifested across research, teaching, and service. More specifically, we argue that communication itself (i.e., literally listening, speaking, and writing) becomes emotionally-laden work amid the research, teaching, and service performed by critical women scholars. We aim, through our articulation of communication labor, to disrupt dominant narratives of what faculty work lives should be, and we call for a paradigm shift in the way faculty labor is socially constructed so that we can improve critical women faculty’s success and well-being.
There are many personality and contextual variables that can contribute to negative home-domain functioning. The current study examined the effect of two specific variables, workaholism and telecommuting, on work-life issues. A moderated mediation model was tested, in which boundary flexibility mediated the relationship between workaholism and telecommuting and work-to-family conflict and family disengagement. Additionally, telecommuting was tested as a moderator of the indirect effect of workaholism on work-life issues through boundary flexibility willingness. I recruited 494 full-time, salaried, working adults through Amazon’s Mechanical Turk. Though there were many significant direct effects, the data only suggested partial support for the indirect relationship of workaholism on family disengagement through boundary flexibility willingness. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
According to Adler's (1932) Individual Psychology the inability to belong or to
connect with others results in pathology. In this essay the author presents several
case studies that highlight the need to belong as a primary issue in therapy. The case
descriptions include therapy with an individual, a couple, a client with addiction
issues, a cross-cultural couple, and a mother and daughter-in-law. The case materials presented in this article reveal that individuals with psychological disorders can
lessen their psychopathology by learning more effective methods to promote belonging. Adlerian methods and interventions to promote belonging are discussed.
Presents a developmental theory of occupational aspirations by providing definitions of key constructs, by reviewing evidence showing that all social groups share the same images of occupations, and by formulating a hypothetical cognitive map of occupations that summarizes those images and the dimensions of people's occupational preferences. Also described is the progressive and usually permanent circumscription of occupational preferences according to one's developing self-concepts. Four stages of development of self-concept and preferences are proposed: orientation to size and power (ages 3–5 yrs), orientation to sex roles (ages 6–8 yrs), orientation to social valuation (ages 9–23 yrs), and orientation to the internal, unique self (age 14 yrs). This development is considered to be highly conditioned by both cognitive development and one's social environment (e.g., social class). People's perceptions of their opportunities for implementing their choices and the priorities they use in reaching a compromise among conflicting goals are examined. (90 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
This study examined the relationships between workaholism, perceived parental workaholism, self‐acceptance, psychological well‐being, and physical symptoms among 347 college students. Statistically significant relationships were found between college students' perceived parental workaholism and their own workaholism. Also, relationships between workaholism, self‐acceptance, psychological well‐being, and physical symptoms were discovered. Students with higher perceptions of parental workaholism reported lower levels of psychological well‐being, lower levels of self‐acceptance, and more physical health complaints. Implications and limitations are discussed.
This article examines the clinical and empirical literature on the impact of parental workaholism on adult children. A case study is presented along with recommendations for family therapists on how to address the needs of adult children of workaholics in therapy.
Editor’s Note: This is our first guest issue of the International Journal of Stress Management. In this issue, Ronald J. Burke has brought together a number of outstanding articles representing the international community in the area of “Workaholism in Organizations.” The authors provide an overview of the field, a variety of theoretical perspectives, several assessment instruments, and related data. Their hope is to inspire further research and theoretical development on the topic of workaholism. I would like to invite our readers to comment on this special issue of the journal and also to consider developing collections of articles around other topics of interest in the area of stress and stress management for consideration for future issues.
Previous research suggests that wives of workaholics experience greater marital estrangement and less positive feelings than do wives of nonworkaholics. This study examined husbands' perception of marital disaffection and the relationship to their wives' workaholic tendencies. A random sample of 272 male members of the American Counseling Association were mailed a survey that examined their spouses' workaholic behavior, marital disaffection, locus of control, and positive and negative affects. The results suggest that workaholism is positively related to martial disaffection (p < .01). The most important workaholism domains for predicting martial disaffection were overcontrolling behavior (r = .36) and impaired communication (r = .38). The results underscore the need for greater clinical awareness of marital problems associated with workaholic tendency.
This research considered potential antecedents and consequences of workaholism in a sample of 324 female Australian psychologists. Three workaholism types were compared based on measures developed by Spence and Robbins. Data were collected using self-report questionnaires completed anonymously. Antecedents included personal and work situation characteristics, a measure of personal beliefs and fears and a measure of organizational values supporting work-personal life imbalance. Consequences included measures of validating job behaviors, work outcomes, psychological health and extra-work satisfactions. The three workaholism types differed in personal beliefs and fears, work addicts (WAs) scoring higher than work enthusiasts (WEs). WAs indicated less job and career satisfaction than both WEs and enthusiastic addicts (EAs) and lower future career prospects than did EAs. WAs also reported lower emotional health than did WEs. The workaholism types were similar on extra work satisfactions. Each workaholism type also worked similar hours per week as well. These findings validate previous conclusions indicating similar findings for both men and women.
This study compared a sample of spouses of workaholics and spouses of nonworkaholics on ratings of marital estrangement, positive feelings toward husband, and locus of control. A random national sample of 326 participants drawn from the membership list of the American Counseling Association was surveyed. Spouses of workaholics reported greater marital estrangement and less positive affect towards husbands and higher external locus of control than spouses of nonworkaholics. These findings were the first empirical results to corroborate clinical and case study reports. Clinical implications of these findings are also presented.