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Biological activities of curcuminoids, other biomolecules from turmeric and their derivatives – A review
Abstract
In recent years, several drugs have been developed deriving from traditional products and current drug research is actively investigating the possible therapeutic roles of many Ayruvedic and Traditional Indian medicinal therapies. Among those being investigated is Turmeric. Its most important active ingredient is curcuminoids. Curcuminoids are phenolic compounds commonly used as a spice, pigment and additive also utilized as a therapeutic agent used in several foods. Comprehensive research over the last century has revealed several important functions of curcuminoids. Various preclinical cell culture and animals studies suggest that curcuminoids have extensive biological activity as an antioxidant, neuroprotective, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-acidogenic, radioprotective and arthritis. Different clinical trials also suggest a potential therapeutic role for curcuminoids in numerous chronic diseases such as colon cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, inflammatory bowel diseases. The aim of this review is to summarize the chemistry, analog, metal complex, formulations of curcuminoids and their biological activities.
... Curcumin, a bioactive compound derived from plants of the Curcuma genus in the Zingiberaceae family, has been extensively utilized as a natural active ingredient in herbal cosmetics, including as a photoprotective agent [57][58][59]. Recent studies demonstrate that curcumin protects skin cells from UV radiation and prevents sunburn through its potent Cosmetics 2025, 12, 10 3 of 24 antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties [60][61][62]. Moreover, curcumin enhances cellular antioxidant defenses by activating the Nrf2 pathway, which plays a pivotal role in mitigating oxidative stress [63,64]. ...
... Several studies have demonstrated that curcumin improves SPF values, as outlined in Table 4. Its ability to enhance the skin's defense against ultraviolet (UV) radiation is attributed to its antioxidant and UV-absorbing properties [60][61][62]. By neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress caused by UV exposure, curcumin enhances the photoprotective capacity of sunscreen formulations [48,49]. ...
... Curcumin enhances the effectiveness of sunscreen formulations by complementing other SPF-active ingredients, as evidenced by its multifunctional properties [152]. Acting as a skin protector, curcumin's antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities provide substantial benefits [60][61][62]. Specifically, its anti-inflammatory effects include the ability to reduce redness and tissue damage caused by inflammation following sunlight exposure [133,134]. Curcumin achieves this by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-β, IL-6, and TNF-α, while reducing arachidonic acid release through the suppression of phospholipase A2 and phospholipase C g1 activity [37,156]. ...
Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun significantly damages the skin, leading to premature aging, hyperpigmentation, and oxidative stress that disrupts skin homeostasis. UV radiation increases the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), accelerating skin deterioration. Although sunscreens remain the primary method for UV protection, chemical-based formulations are often associated with side effects, such as allergic reactions and acne. To address these concerns, the inclusion of natural ingredients in sunscreen formulations has gained attention. Curcumin, an active compound found in turmeric (Curcuma longa) and Java turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza), is well-known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This review explores the potential of curcumin as a natural ingredient for enhancing the Sun Protection Factor (SPF) of sunscreen products. A systematic literature review was conducted, analyzing 200 articles sourced from Google Scholar and PubMed using keywords such as “Curcumin”, “Curcuma”, “Antioxidant”, “Anti-Inflammatory”, and “Sun Protection Factor”. Studies unrelated to UV protection were excluded. The findings, presented in tabular form, indicate that curcumin and Curcuma exhibit significant potential to enhance SPF values due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and UV-absorbing properties. Additionally, curcumin may aid in skin repair following UV-induced damage. However, the specific concentration of curcumin in various Curcuma species remains unknown, and further research is necessary to determine its optimal use. Consideration of additional excipients in sunscreen formulations is also required to maximize efficacy. In conclusion, curcumin demonstrates considerable promise as a sustainable and effective natural ingredient for protecting the skin from UV radiation, offering a safer alternative to conventional chemical-based sunscreens.
... Curcumin possesses antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties, which are attributed to the actions of enzymes like catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase. Notably, its antioxidant activity surpasses that of vitamin E by tenfold, owing to the presence of the 1,3-diketone system and the phenyl ring with the methoxy group, which impedes the generation of free radicals [31]. The phenolic composition of curcumin primarily accounts for its antioxidant efficacy, facilitating the elimination of hydroxyl and superoxide radicals. ...
... Curcumin, a compound found in turmeric, has garnered significant interest in the context of muscle injuries induced by sports due to its potential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties [30,31]. These characteristics make it a promising candidate for alleviating muscle damage and pain that often result from intense physical activities. ...
Background:
Sports practice, particularly eccentric exercises, induces significant muscular changes, including muscle fiber injuries, strength loss, pain, and increased permeability of the muscle membrane. The duration of muscle recovery depends on factors such as exercise intensity and the specific muscle groups engaged. The inflammatory response plays a crucial role in muscle regeneration, involving various cell types. Curcumin, especially when its stability is enhanced through encapsulation, exhibits potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Supplementing with curcumin can reduce muscle damage and inflammation caused by eccentric exercise, making it a potential remedy for athletes.
Objective:
The objective of this systematic review is to assess the scientific evidence supporting the efficacy of curcumin in reducing muscle damage caused by sports.
Methods:
A structured search in SCOPUS, Medline, and Web of Science databases was conducted in March 2023, including all available articles. The strategy involved selecting English articles without time constraints, using the search terms "curcumin" AND "Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage" (ALL(curcumin AND "Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage")). Titles and abstracts were screened to assess eligibility. Studies were chosen based on PICOS criteria, and quality was evaluated using the reliable PEDro scale. The eligibility criteria included adults without any diagnosed diseases who regularly exercise (at least three times per week) and follow a consistent pattern of curcumin intake before, during, or after exercise.
Results:
The comprehensive search identified 11 relevant studies investigating the effects of curcumin supplementation in sport-simulated interventions. These studies suggest that curcumin intake may help reduce muscle symptoms associated with eccentric exercises, thereby improving pain perception. Effective use of curcumin depends on factors such as dosage, bioavailability, and timing, with post-exercise ingestion appearing to be more beneficial.
Conclusions:
Curcumin demonstrates a significant potential to relieve muscle-related symptoms, especially delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) that arises from eccentric exercises, thus potentially improving the well-being of those who are trained. It also appears to have the capability to lower biomarkers associated with inflammation and boost antioxidant levels. Nevertheless, for future studies, the bioavailability of curcumin must be considered, as it is a key factor in its efficacy.
... Diabetes mellitus often leads to diabetic cardiomyopathy, which is dysfunction in the left ventricle of the heart during diastole or systole (Amalraj et al., 2017). Factors such as apoptosis, inflammation, hypertrophy, and oxidative damage contribute to negative effects on the heart in individuals with Type 2 diabetes. ...
A group of metabolic disorders, known as diabetes mellitus, has reached pandemic levels worldwide. Managing patients with this complex illness, who require continuous medication and lifestyle Corresponding Author's Email: sainiakki16041991@gmail.com. Aakriti Saini, Diksha Gulati, Deepshi Arora et al. 276 adjustments, poses a significant challenge. It is widely known that diabetes mellitus can be prevented, and reducing the number of new cases could help lessen its burden on the world. Current research supports the effectiveness of herbal supplements in preventing and controlling diabetes mellitus. One increasingly studied medicinal plant is curcumin, found in the rhizome of the turmeric plant, Curcuma longa. Turmeric, a natural product with extensive medicinal properties, has been predominantly linked to the therapeutic effects of curcuminoids on various diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative, hepatic, and renal damage. Curcumin has been shown to improve the metabolic profile and related issues of diabetes mellitus, functioning as a hypoglycemic drug or as an adjuvant. It is important to investigate any potential interactions between curcumin and conventional antidiabetic medications for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.
... These observations confirmed the beneficial and the wide array of the pharmacological effects of turmeric extract due essentially to the presence of curcuminoids (a mixture of curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin) which were reported to have several biological effects including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-Alzheimer, antimicrobial effects, etc [28]. Curcumin alone can exert a more potent than curcuminoids (mixture) but some studies time, while C Loaded represents the concentration of the TE retained in the microcapsules. ...
The present work investigated the possibility of encapsulating turmeric extract (TE) by complex coacervation using gelatin and carrageenan as the encapsulating wall to act as a delivery system in the production of TE-enriched kefir. Curcuminoids were the major compounds in TE, as shown by TLC and HPLC analysis. The free extract exhibited interesting biological effects, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic effects, making it an interesting bioactive ingredient for functional foods. The extract was successfully incorporated into gelatin/carrageenan coacervates as indicated by a high encapsulation yield of 82.11 and an encapsulation efficiency of 92.2% for the ratio wall/core2:1.FTIR analysis showed that electrostatic interactions are the principal driving forces involved in the encapsulation process. The micro-particles presented a round shape with different sizes by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) observation. The antibacterial effect of the encapsulated TE was lower compared to the free extract due to its entrapment by the biopolymers. Simulated digestion of TE-loaded microcapsules showed a burst release during the gastrointestinal phase (32.97% after the first 30 min and reach 39.56% after 2 h) and a gradual release during the intestinal digestion (48.01% at the end of the phase). The encapsulation of TE improved its stability during kefir storage compared to free extract. Thus, the encapsulation of TE gelatin/carrageenan microcapsules improved the stability of curcuminoids and can be serve as a carrier in food systems.
Background
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one of the most prevalent autoimmune, chronic, inflammatory disease characterized by joint inflammation, synovial swelling, loss of articular structures, swelling, and pain. RA is a major cause of discomfort and disability worldwide, associated with infectious agents, genetic determinants, epigenetic factors, advancing age, obesity, and smoking. Although conventional therapies for RA alleviate the symptoms, but their long-term use is associated with significant side effects. This necessitates the urge to discover complementary and alternative medicine from natural products with minimum side effects.
Purpose
In this review, natural product’s potential mechanism of action against RA has been documented in the setting of in-vivo, in-vitro and pre-clinical trials, which provides new treatment opportunities for RA patients. The bioefficacy of these natural product’s bioactive compounds must be further studied to discover novel natural medications for RA with high selectivity, improved effectiveness, and economic replacement with minimum side effects.
Study design and methods
The current review article was designed systematically in chronological order. Plants and their phytochemicals are discussed in an order concerning their mode of action. All the mechanisms of action are depicted in diagrams which are thoroughly generated by the Chembiodraw to maintain the integrity of the work. Moreover, by incorporating the recent data with simple language which is not incorporated previously, we tried to provide a molecular insight to the readers of every level and ethnicity. Moreover, Google Scholar, PubMed, ResearchGate, and Science Direct databases were used to collect the data.
Solution
Traditionally, various plant extracts and bioactive compounds are effectively used against RA, but their comprehensive pharmacological mechanistic actions are rarely discussed. Therefore, the objective of this study is to systematically review the efficacy and proposed mechanisms of action of different plants and their bioactive compounds including Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F (celastrol and triptolide), Nigella sativa (thymoquinone), Zingiber officinale (shogaols, zingerone), Boswellia serrata (boswellic acids), Curcuma longa (curcumin), and Syzygium aromaticum (eugenol) against rheumatoid arthritis.
Conclusion
These plants have strong anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-arthritic effects in different study designs of rheumatoid arthritis with negligible side effects. Phytomedicines could revolutionize pharmacology as they act through alternative pathways hence seeming biocompatible.
Graphical abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) accounts for approximately 10% of all cancers worldwide with an incidence of approximately 60% in patients older than 70 years. In the elderly, the definition of a better therapeutic strategy depends on several factors including the patient’s frailty and comorbidity status, life expectancy, and chemotherapy tolerance. In older patients, adverse drug reactions require a reduction in the dose of treatment, resulting in worse oncologic outcomes. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have focused on the potential effects of polyphenols on human health and their use in cancer therapy. In this comprehensive review, we searched the major databases and summarized experimental data of the most important polyphenols in the CRC chemoprevention, with a focus on the molecular mechanisms involved and the antitumor effects in the elderly population. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that polyphenols exert chemopreventive activity by modulating cell signaling, resulting in the inhibition of cancer development or progression. However, the efficacy seen in experimental studies has not been confirmed in clinical trials, mainly due to their low bioavailability and non-toxic doses. Further research is needed to increase polyphenol bioavailability and reduce side effects in order to suggest their possible use to increase the efficacy of chemotherapeutic treatment.
Many new active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) demonstrate high hydrophobicity and low water‐solubility issues. In this regard, polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) have been extensively used as drug delivery carriers for the encapsulation of such APIs. One commonly used polymer is polyethylene glycol (PEG), owing to its biocompatibility, high water solubility, and capacity to prolong the drug residence time. However, concerns have arisen regarding PEG's immunogenicity and limited biodegradability. In addition, inherent limitations, including limited chemical handles can restrict PEG's effectiveness in physiological conditions. For this reason, in the present study, we combine the advantages offered by PEG with the use of an enzymatic synthetic route to produce novel PEGylated polyesters. Furthermore, it has been proven that incorporation of hydrophobic diols into the PEGylated backbone influences NPs formation, stability, and drug encapsulation, despite high chemical similarity. As a preliminary result, samples containing PEG and 1,6‐hexanediol in a 50 : 50 ratio (PEGA‐Hex 50 %) and PEG and 2‐hydroxyethyl disulfide in a 50 : 50 ratio (PEGA‐SS 50 %) have proved to be the most promising candidates in this small library analysed. Both samples exhibited sufficient NPs stability, biocompatibility, and superior encapsulation efficiency compared to the other variants.
The considerable health risks associated with fungal infections are continuously rising, thereby requiring proper and efficient antifungal treatment options [...]
Curcumin (CCM) is a natural polyphenol with promising pharmacological potential. This potential is severely restricted, however, due to its limited bioavailability, poor solubility and stability. To address this, several systems of curcumin and polyethylene glycol, PEG (PEG4000 or PEG6000), were synthetized, with or without whey protein concentrate (WPC), trans-resveratrol (RES) or silymarin (SIL) using solid dispersion technique. Firstly, CCM-PEG composites were synthesized using PEG4000 or PEG6000 for 1:8 mol ratio by polymer melting method. Further, the CCM-WPC-PEG4000 composite for 1:0.4:8 mol ratio and CCM-WPC-PEG6000 composite for 1:0.5:10 mol ratio were synthesized. Furthermore, CCM-RES-WPC-PEG and CCM-SIL-WPC-PEG composites were prepared for 1:2.5:0.4:10 mol ratio for PEG4000 or PEG6000. The composite formation was investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The thermal stability of synthesized composites was analyzed through thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) revealing a high stability up to 200 °C. Thus, each composite formulation was optimized to carry CCM, RES and WPC or CCM, SIL and WPC within PEG matrix primarily by hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions. This study demonstrated that all synthesized composites may have potential advantages for applications such as nutraceuticals, functional foods, supplements and pharmaceuticals.
Curcuminoids, chief polyphenols in Curcuma longa L. rhizome have extensive culinary and medicinal applications. In medicine, curcuminoids exhibit potential health benefits including anticancer, antimicrobial, antitumor, antidiabetic, neuroprotective, antioxidant, and cardioprotective properties. Additionally, curcuminoids are commonly used in culinary as a spice, flavoring agent, pigment, and food additive. Considering the potential value of curcuminoids and their difficulty to be synthesized, the development of effective extraction and purification techniques for their recovery from natural sources seems warranted. To meet the demands of food and nutraceutical industries, an effective curcuminoids’ extraction process should adhere to green chemistry principles in order to ensure efficiency, safety, environmental sustainability, minimal contaminants, and cost-effectiveness. This review focuses on several curcuminoids’ separation methods including traditional techniques, such as Soxhlet, maceration, and solvent extraction, as well as green advanced technologies including ultrasound-assisted extraction, enzyme-assisted extraction, extractions via pressurized liquid, supercritical fluid, pulsed electric field, three-phase partition, and deep eutectic solvents. A comparison is presented among the different extraction methods highlighting their advantages and limitations to aid future users in deciding on the best method that suit their needs. Lastly, approaches reported on improving curcuminoids’ solubility are also presented as part of this study to enhance their bioavailability and ultimate efficacy.
Objective: This study aimed to formulate black turmeric into nanoparticle preparations with various concentrations of chitosan and determine its cytotoxic effect on T47D breast cancer cells. Methods: Extraction was carried out by the maceration method. Black turmeric condensed extract was formulated into nanoparticles using the ionic gelation method, which was a method that relies on the cross-linking agent sodium tripolyphosphate (Na-TPP). The cytotoxic activity of black turmeric extract was tested using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay method. Results: The results showed that black turmeric extract nanoparticles have a size range of 266-558 nm and were positively charged with zeta potential values ranging from 3.3 to 9.7 mV. The encapsulation efficiency of black turmeric extract nanoparticles was 63.42%. The results of the cytotoxic test showed that both black turmeric extract and black turmeric extract nanoparticles showed moderate cytotoxic activity, with the IC50 values of the two preparations were 78.60 µg/ml and 162.95 µg/ml, respectively. Conclusion: The results obtained in this research indicate a promising potential of nanoparticles of black turmeric extract as a cytotoxic agent for the treatment of breast cancer.
The utilization of spices has become one of the special features of Indonesian cuisine. The combination of spices used in the cuisine in the diverse community makes the complexity of Indonesian cuisine heritage. Turmeric rice or yellow rice is an Indonesian rice cuisine often consumed daily or in special festivities. The process and abundant material used for making this cuisine are quite complicated and time-consuming. Therefore, many food industries try to create ready-to-use yellow rice instant seasonings in form of paste or powder. From a commercial perspective, the shelf life of the product is very important. The shelf life of the product could be influenced by the number of ingredients used. In this research, the shelf life of instant turmeric rice seasoning with different turmeric concentrations was determined using Accelerated Shelf Life Testing (ASLT) method. ASLT was conducted at temperatures of 25 °C, 35 °C, and 45 °C. The quality parameters (water content and organoleptic) were regularly checked for 28 days. The results showed that the shortest shelf life was observed in the sample with 6% turmeric (29.33 days) and the longest shelf life was the sample with 12% turmeric (34.72 days) at a temperature of 25 °C.
In this study, it was aimed to improve couscous chemical and functional properties by replacing wheat flour used in traditional couscous production with pea and mung bean flours as different protein sources at the rate of 20% and with ginger and turmeric powders as antioxidant sources at the rate of 1%, 2%, and 3%. Sixteen different couscous formulations were produced. In those couscous samples, some chemical contents (moisture, ash, protein, fat, and phytic acid), bioactive contents (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical, ferric reducing antioxidant power assay and ion reducing antioxidant capacity antioxidant activities and total phenolic content), color (L*, a*, and b*), firmness and cooking properties were determined. The use of pea and mung bean flour decreased the L* value of the samples, while turmeric increased the yellowness values. In addition, the weight increase and firmness values of couscous decreased with the use of leguminous flours and antioxidant sources. The use of peas and mung beans significantly increased the amount of ash, protein, and phytic acid values compared to the control. The antioxidant activity value of ion-reducing antioxidant activity capacity increased by 7 and 5 times, and the total phenolic contents increased approximately 2 times, respectively, in the samples with the substitution of 3% turmeric and pea and mung bean flour. Pea flour and mung bean flour provided a significant increase in the amounts of Ca, Mg, K, and Zn. The combination of pea flour with 3% turmeric powder resulted in couscous with superior nutritional and functional properties.
Purpose of the Review
This literature review provides examples of the influence of certain genetic variants on health outcomes after dietary polyphenol consumption or supplementation. Available evidence is organized according to the major classes of polyphenols (flavonoids, phenolic acids, stilbenes, lignans, and tannins) and their derived subgroups.
Recent Findings
Nutrigenetic studies have identified mainly single nucleotide polymorphisms located within genes involved in the biotransformation of phenolic acids, stilbenes, lignans and several flavonoid molecules. These genetic variants may affect polyphenol metabolism rates and related predisposition to chronic non-communicable diseases. Moreover, differential cardiometabolic outcomes upon polyphenol supplementation as dietary sources or nutraceuticals have been modulated by specific genotypes.
Summary
Although current evidence is still limited, growing gene-polyphenol interactions are contributing to systematically elucidate the biological functions of polyphenols; determine individual risk phenotypes to specific diseases or particular responses upon polyphenol exposure; and facilitate the prescription of personalized genotype-based doses of dietary polyphenols to optimize related health benefits. Additionally, the integration of genetics with other omics insights (epigenomics, transcriptomics, metagenomics, and metabolomics) trough biological systems and high-dimensional data analyses and interpretation may provide a more comprehensive understanding of polyphenol metabolism for precision nutrition applications in health and disease.
lactoglobulins (βLGs) have a wide range of applications in food because of their ability to emulsify, foam, and gel. This makes them good functional additives. However, their performance depends on temperature, pH, and mineral levels, so their functional qualities are limited in particular applications. How polyphenols (PPs) interact with βLG is crucial for the functional characteristics and quality of dietary compounds. In most food systems, a spontaneous interaction between proteins and PPs results in a "protein-PP conjugate," which is known to affect the sensory, functional, and nutraceutical qualities of food products. The βLG-PP conjugates can be used to enhance the quality of food. This article emphasizes analytical techniques for describing the characteristics of βLG-PP complexes/conjugates. It also goes over the functions of βLG-PP conjugates, including their solubility, thermal stability, emulsifying, and antioxidant qualities. The majority of βLG-PPs interactions is due to non-covalent (H-bonding, electrostatic interactions) or covalent bonds that are mostly caused by βLG or PP oxidation through enzymatic or non-enzymatic mechanisms. Furthermore, the conformation or type of proteins and PPs, as well as environmental factors like pH and temperature, have a significant impact on proteins-PPs interactions. Higher thermal stability, antioxidant activities, and superior emulsifying capabilities of the βLG-PP conjugates make them useful as innovative additives to enhance the quality and functions of food products.
Lipid metabolism plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis and overall health, as lipids are essential molecules involved in bioenergetic processes. An increasing body of research indicates that disorders of lipid metabolism can contribute to the development and progression of various diseases, including hyperlipidemia, obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, and cancer, potentially leading to poor prognoses. The activation of the oxidative stress pathway disrupts lipid metabolism and induces cellular stress, significantly contributing to metabolic disorders. A well-documented crosstalk and interconnection between these metabolic disorders exists. Consequently, researchers have sought to identify antioxidant-rich substances in readily accessible everyday foods for potential use as complementary therapies. Curcumin, known for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, has been shown to enhance cellular antioxidant activity, mitigate oxidative stress, and alleviate lipid metabolism disorders by reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. These effects include decreasing fat deposition, increasing fatty acid uptake, and improving insulin sensitivity. A review of the existing literature reveals numerous studies emphasizing the role of curcumin in the prevention and management of metabolic diseases. Curcumin influences metabolic disorders through multiple mechanisms of action, with the oxidative stress pathway playing a central role in various lipid metabolism disorders. Thus, we aimed to elucidate the role of curcumin in various metabolic disorders through a unified mechanism of action, offering new insights into the prevention and treatment of metabolic diseases. Firstly, this article provides a brief overview of the basic pathophysiological processes of oxidative stress and lipid metabolism, as well as the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of lipid metabolism disorders. Notably, the article reviews the role of curcumin in mitigating oxidative stress and in preventing and treating diseases associated with lipid metabolism disorders, including hyperlipidemia, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), atherosclerosis, obesity, and diabetes, thereby highlighting the therapeutic potential of curcumin in lipid metabolism-related diseases.
Curcuminoids, found in turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), include curcumin (CUR), demethoxycurcumin (DMC), and bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC). Although CUR and DMC are well-studied, the anti-inflammatory effects of BDMC remain less explored. Recent studies highlight BDMC’s stronger NF-κB inhibition compared to CUR and DMC in cell models, along with its ability to target pathways associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in DSS-induced colitis mice, reflected by lower disease activity scores and reduced inflammation. This study assessed CUR and BDMC in a DSS-induced colitis mouse model. Dietary administration of CUR or BDMC strengthened tight junction (TJ) proteins, reduced inflammatory cytokine secretion, and attenuated intestinal inflammatory protein expression, thereby alleviating DSS-induced IBD in mice. Furthermore, gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acid analyses revealed that CUR and BDMC effectively regulated gut microbial imbalance and promoted the relative abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria. Furthermore, CUR showed low absorption and was primarily excreted in feces, while BDMC had higher absorption levels. In conclusion, while both BDMC and CUR have potential as adjunct therapies for IBD, BDMC at a concentration of 0.1% showed strong anti-inflammatory effects and enhanced TJ proteins, suggesting that BDMC, even at lower concentrations than CUR, holds promising therapeutic potential and prospects.
As a kind of bioactive component in the rhizome of natural plant Curcuma longa L. (turmeric), curcumin is almost insoluble in water at neutral and acidic pH, which limits its further utilization and development. At the same time, traditional extraction and separation processes typically require the use of a large number of organic solvents. Ionic liquids (ILs) are organic molten salts with melting points below 100 °C. When an ionic liquid exists in a liquid state at or near room temperature, it is referred to as a room-temperature ionic liquid (RTIL). They have a temperature range, good physical and chemical stability, and good structural designability. They have a strong solubilization enhancement effect for many organic compounds. This study first explored the molecular forms of curcumin in ionic liquid aqueous solutions and the intermolecular interactions between curcumin and ionic liquids using spectral analysis and computational chemistry methods; furthermore, using an ionic liquid aqueous solution as an extraction agent, curcumin-like substances (curcuminoids) were extracted from turmeric powders under ultrasound assisted conditions, revealing the relationship between the structure of the ionic liquid and the extraction efficiency. After that, a kinetic study was conducted for the extraction of curcuminoids from turmeric powders, using second-order kinetics fitting to obtain the rate constant and initial extraction rate during the extraction process. Finally, the comparison with a ComplexGAPI tool and antioxidant experiment was performed on the extraction by using ionic liquids and traditional solvent. The full results can provide reference for the design of IL extractants and their application for natural products.
Aging and age-related disease are among the most common and challenging issues worldwide. During the aging process, the accumulation of oxidative stress, DNA damage, telomere dysfunction, and other related changes lead to cellular dysfunction and the development of diseases such as neurodegenerative and cardiovascular conditions. Curcumin is a widely-used dietary supplement against various diseases such as cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and aging. This agent mediates its effects through several mechanisms, including the reduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress-induced damage, as well as the modulation of subcellular signaling pathways such as AMPK, AKT/mTOR, and NF-κB. These pathways are involved in cellular senescence and inflammation, and their modulation can improve cell function and help prevent disease. In cancer, Curcumin can induce apoptosis in a variety of different tumor cell lines. Curcumin also activates redox reactions within cells inducing ROS production that leads to the upregulation of apoptosis receptors on the tumor cell membrane. Curcumin can also upregulate the expression and activity of p53 that inhibits tumor cell proliferation and increases apoptosis. Furthermore, curcumin has a potent inhibitory effect on the activity of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) , which are involved in the overexpression of antiapoptosis genes such as Bcl-2 . It can also attenuate the regulation of antiapoptosis phosphoinositide 3-kinases ( PI3K ) signaling and increase the expression of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) to induce endogenous production of ROS. Therefore, herein, we aim to summarize how curcumin affect different epigenetic processes (such as apoptosis and oxidative stress) in order to change aging-related mechanisms. Furthermore, we discuss its roles in age-related diseases, such as Alzheimer, Parkinson, osteoporosis, and cardiovascular diseases.
Curcumin, a compound from Curcuma longa L., has significant anti‐inflammatory properties. However, the mechanisms underlying its anti‐inflammatory activity in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)‐induced ulcerative colitis (UC) remain inadequately understood. This study aimed to further elucidate the molecular mechanisms of curcumin DSS‐induced UC mice. Our data showed that curcumin alleviated DSS‐induced colitis by reducing intestinal damage and inflammation, increasing goblet cells in colon tissues. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay revealed that curcumin reduced the expression of inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor‐alpha, interleukin‐1β, and interleukin‐8) in serum and myeloperoxidase in colon tissues. A comprehensive analysis integrating network pharmacology and RNA sequencing (RNA‐seq) revealed significant enrichment of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) signaling pathways. Notably, RNA‐seq analysis demonstrated that curcumin significantly downregulated the mRNA expression of sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1). Furthermore, molecular docking analysis showed that curcumin can bind to SphK1 and NF‐κB. Additionally, curcumin was found to inhibit the activation of the SphK1/NF‐κB signaling pathway in DSS‐induced UC colon tissue. This study addresses pharmacologic and mechanistic perspectives of curcumin that ameliorates DSS‐induced UC and inflammatory response.
Translating the conventional methods to produce novel materials with intriguing properties is much needed in the current scenario. It was well established that particles in the nanoscale exhibit superior activity than their bulk counterpart. Recently, biogenic synthesis has gained extensive attention for synthesizing a wide range of nanomaterials including metal/metal oxides, hybrid, and bioinspired nano-materials, respectively. In this context, we have summarized and reviewed the fundamental and mechanisms of biogenic synthesis strategies, especially for non-metal, metal, and metal oxide nanoparticles using four different natural sources of Curcuma viz. Curcuma amada, Curcuma caesia, Curcuma longa, and Curcuma zedoaria, respectively. In conclusion, the content reviewed and presented in current article will provide ready-to-use information for future improvements and value addition related to nanoparticle production through a green synthesis approach using Curcuma species as discussed. Finally, these methods were also found to be more reliable, sustainable, and eco-friendly as per protocols.
Objective. Curcumin is an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory molecule that may provide neuroprotection following central nervous system injury. However, curcumin is hydrophobic, limiting its ability to be loaded and then released from biomaterials for neural applications. We previously developed polymers containing curcumin, and these polymers may be applied to neuronal devices or to neural injury to promote neuroprotection. Thus, our objective was to evaluate two curcumin polymers as potential neuroprotective materials for neural applications. Approach. For each curcumin polymer, we created three polymer solutions by varying the weight percentage of curcumin polymer in solvent. These solutions were subsequently coated onto glass coverslips, and the thickness of the polymer was assessed using profilometry. Polymer degradation and dissolution was assessed using brightfield microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and gel permeation chromatography. The ability of the polymers to protect cortical neurons from free radical insult was assessed using an in vitro cortical culture model. Main results. The P50 curcumin polymer (containing greater poly(ethylene glycol) content than the P75 polymer), eroded readily in solution, with erosion dependent on the weight percentage of polymer in solvent. Unlike the P50 polymer, the P75 polymer did not undergo erosion. Since the P50 polymer underwent erosion, we expected that the P50 polymer would more readily protect cortical neurons from free radical insult. Unexpectedly, even though P75 films did not erode, P75 polymers protected neurons from free radical insult, suggesting that erosion is not necessary for these polymers to enable neuroprotection. Significance. This study is significant as it provides a framework to evaluate polymers for future neural applications. Additionally, we observed that some curcumin polymers do not require dissolution to enable neuroprotection. Future work will assess the ability of these materials to enable neuroprotection within in vivo models of neural injury.
Zingiberaceae family is highly significant, particularly in the food and medicinal sectors. Some of them are characterized by yellow-orange to pale yellow color due to their curcuminoid (curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin) content leading to misidentification. Such misidentifications can result in reduced efficacy, compromised safety, and inaccuracies in quality control, highlighting the need for precise differentiation methods. This research aimed to differentiate eight Zingiberaceae rhizomes—Curcuma longa, Curcuma xanthorrhiza, Curcuma mangga, Curcuma heyneana, Curcuma zedoaria, Curcuma aeruginosa, Zingiber montanum, and Zingiber aromaticum—using curcuminoid profiles and curcumin content through TLC-densitometry and ATR-FTIR fingerprints combined with chemometrics. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) employed silica gel 60 F254 and chloroform:methanol (40:1, v/v) solvent system, confirming method specificity with identical UV–Vis spectra for standards and samples (λmax = 422 nm). The method demonstrated high linearity (r² = 0.9655) for curcumin in the range of 200–1400 ng/band, with detection and quantification limits of 199.35 and 604.08 ng/band, respectively, alongside excellent precision and accuracy. Curcuminoids were undetected in C. zedoaria and C. aeruginosa, while the others exhibited varying curcumin concentrations, the highest in C. longa. ATR-FTIR combined with principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) successfully differentiated all eight Zingiberaceae rhizomes as distinct entities. Each rhizome was clearly identified without forming any overlapping clusters. In conclusion, the ATR-FTIR method proved more sensitive than TLC, highlighting the need for multiple analytical approaches to accurately distinguish these rhizomes. These findings provide a critical foundation for improving quality control, ensuring the authenticity of raw materials, and supporting their safe and effective use in both traditional and modern applications.
Turmeric (Curcuma longa) are known to contain curcumin, a lipophilic polyphenol from the curcuminoid group. Curcumin has been used for generations in traditional medicine, due to antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, cardio-protective, antimicrobial, nephroprotective, immunomodulatory, hypoglycemic, anti-rheumatic, anti-cancer, and anti-fibrotic properties. Therefore, this study aimed to determine pharmacological activity potential of curcumin using selected test parameters. Several journals were collected from PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct for this review, limiting the time frame to the last 8 years. The findings are then presented in the form of figures and tables, followed by a full discussion based on the appropriate reference. The results showed that curcumin had antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. These effects contributed to various mechanisms of action in numerous diseases, including cardiovascular, anti-cancer, arthritis, brain injury, Alzheimer's, digestive disorders, anti-aging, and hepatoprotection. Several external factors that influenced test results included curcumin dosage, duration of administration, and pain- or disease-inducing ingredients. In long-term therapy with certain drugs, the administration of curcumin could be considered at the right dose to avoid dangerous side effects.
Medicinal plants are well-known for their bioactive compounds, with various parts possessing distinct medicinal properties. One such medicinal plant is Curcuma caesia Roxb., commonly known as Black turmeric, and is popular among ethnic groups in Nepal and India because of its diverse medicinal values. Researchers are exploring this hidden talent and have identified components such as camphor, 1, 8 Cineole, ar-curcumene, β-elemene, borneol, bornyl acetate, and α-terpineol as major phytochemicals. The rhizomes and leaves of this plant have demonstrated antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties attributed to their bioactive phytochemicals. C. caesia, with its unique properties, can emerge as a potential alternative to various synthetic drugs used in wound treatment, cancer therapy, bacterial infections, and immune system enhancement. This study aims to shed light on the recognition of this valuable plant, which is still hidden in the soils of Nepal and India. This article compiles various research findings on the medicinal properties of the phytochemicals found in C. caesia. It explores the potential applications of this plant using advanced technologies leading to economic growth within the field of medicine.
Chronic pruritus, or persistent itching, is a debilitating condition that severely impacts quality of life, especially in palliative care settings. Traditional treatments often fail to provide adequate relief or are associated with significant side effects, prompting interest in alternative therapies. This review investigates the antipruritic potential of eight medicinal plants: chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla), aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis), calendula (Calendula officinalis), curcumin (Curcuma longa), lavender (Lavandula angustifolia), licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), peppermint (Mentha piperita), and evening primrose (Oenothera biennis). These plants are analyzed for their traditional applications, active bioactive compounds, mechanisms of action, clinical evidence, usage, dosage, and safety profiles. Comprehensive searches were conducted in databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and b-on, focusing on in vitro, animal, and clinical studies using keywords like “plant”, “extract”, and “pruritus”. Studies were included regardless of publication date and limited to English-language articles. Findings indicate that active compounds such as polysaccharides in aloe vera, curcuminoids in turmeric, and menthol in peppermint exhibit significant anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immune-modulating properties. Chamomile and calendula alleviate itching through anti-inflammatory and skin-soothing effects, while lavender and licorice offer antimicrobial benefits alongside antipruritic relief. Evening primrose, rich in gamma-linolenic acid, is effective in atopic dermatitis-related itching. Despite promising preclinical and clinical results, challenges remain in standardizing dosages and formulations. The review highlights the necessity of further clinical trials to ensure efficacy and safety, advocating for integrating these botanical therapies into complementary palliative care practices. Such approaches emphasize holistic treatment, addressing chronic pruritus’s physical and emotional burden, thereby enhancing patient well-being.
Turmeric, or Curcuma longa L., has been used since time immemorial for its medicinal properties. This vivid yellow coloured spice is rich in bioactive ingredients, as curcumin and curcuminoids that contribute to its many health advantages. The present chapter investigates the diverse medicinal characteristics of Curcuma longa, encompassing its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, anticancer, hepatoprotective, anti-diarrhoeal, immunomodulatory and various other beneficial effects. The mechanisms underlying these effects are also explored, with emphasis on the molecular pathways that the phytoconstituents affect. The chapter seeks to provide an exhaustive understanding of the health advantages of Curcuma longa by integrating the results of recent research alongside its incorporation into contemporary medical practices.
The manuscript examines the significance of turmeric’s broad pharmacological activity and its application in the pharmaceutical sector to the development of innovative medications for the treatment of many illnesses.
An Analgesic and Antimicrobial formulation was formulated into transdermal patch by using herbal drugs so as to give higher onset of action and quick relief over small cuts, minor wound injury with pain as well as to provide better patient compliance. Herbal drugs were identified, Collected and extracted by using appropriate pharmaceutical methods and Processes. Different trials were taken to optimize the ratio of diluents and to select appropriate Polymers, Plasticizers/Binders, solvents and their concentrations. The formulations were evaluated for Physical parameters as per official pharmacopeia. The Preformulation and Formulation results of optimized Formulation exhibited best results in all evaluation tests.
Management of the time involves the process of decreasing the time devoted for a particular work, without sacrificing the quality of life. Time management involves balancing various demands upon a person relating to work, social life, family, hobbies, personal interests and commitments with the finiteness of time. During lockdown due to covid-19 pandemic situation, mostly student’s teaching –learning process is done online. Students have to manage their study time at their own premises along with their household work, hobbies and other work. But, to make effective use of time, students should have to use different strategies of time management. Therefore, to know the different time management skills used by the undergraduate students during online studies, the present study was conducted. For that purpose, descriptive research design was adopted and the data was collected through purposive sampling technique. A questionnaire was developed as a Google form to collect the data from 365 undergraduate students of The Maharaja Sayajirao
University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat. The study showed that, majority of the respondents had followed different time management strategies to make their work planned, better and effective during their online studies. It was also seen that the respondent’s academic performance was moderate but there was lack in managing their time, because of which, they were not able to give time for their extra classes apart from their regular online classes in a day.
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, which often co-exists with other metabolic impairments. This condition can damage various tissues and organs, resulting in the development of severe complications, both microvascular, such as retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy, and macrovascular, responsible for an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. Curcumin is the main bioactive molecule found in the rhizomes of turmeric. Many studies have reported curcumin to exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-infectious, and anti-cancer properties; thus, there is an increasing interest in exploiting these properties in order to prevent the rise or the progression of T2DM, as well as its possible associated conditions. In this review, we have presented the current state-ofart regarding the clinical trials that have involved curcumin administration and analyzed the possible mechanisms by which curcumin might exert the beneficial effects observed in literature.
Ferroptosis, a regulated form of cell death, is characterized by iron accumulation that results in the production of reactive oxygen species. This further causes lipid peroxidation and damage to the cellular components, eventually culminating into oxidative stress. Recent studies have highlighted the pivotal role of ferroptosis in the pathophysiological development and progression of various diseases such as β-thalassemia, hemochromatosis, and neurodegenerative disorders like AD and PD. Extensive efforts are in progress to understand the molecular mechanisms governing the role of ferroptosis in these conditions, and chelation therapy stands out as a potential approach to mitigate ferroptosis and its related implications in their development. There are currently both synthetic and natural iron chelators that are being researched for their potential as ferroptosis inhibitors. While synthetic chelators are relatively well-established and studied, their short plasma half-life and toxic side effects necessitate the exploration and identification of natural products that can act as efficient and safe iron chelators. In this review, we comprehensively discuss both synthetic and natural iron chelators as potential therapeutic strategies against ferroptosis-induced pathologies.
Graphical Abstract
The second most prevalent cancer in the world and the fifth most common malignant tumour is gastric carcinoma. It is thought that several factors, including genetics, epigenetics, and environmental impacts, contribute to the development of gastric cancer. One of the main pathogenic variables associated with stomach cancer risk has been identified as inflammation. There are currently few methods to treat the gastric carcinoma. Therefore, an alternative plan is urgently needed. Explaining the importance of curcumin derived from Curcuma longa Linn. in stomach cancer is the goal of this review. According to recent research, Curcumin (CUR) has a great effect against stomach mucosal injury brought on by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicines, gastric mucosal injury in rats, stress haemorrhage, and Helicobacter pylori infection. In this review article, we have discussed the chemistry of CUR, the role of CUR in immunomodulation, and gastric cancer. We have also highlighted the various signalling pathway of gastric cancer where CUR work. By controlling miRNAs on gastric cancer and other relevant signal pathways, CUR exhibits notable anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. In future there are more research work will be done on CUR.
Changing climate imposes abiotic stress factors, including salinity, flood, drought, high and low temperature, and light as well as heavy metals on medicinal plants. Plants respond to stress in terms of growth and biosynthesis of metabolites. The rhizomatous genus Curcuma has been extensively used in traditional or folk medicine worldwide and its therapeutic potential relies on its phyto-constituents. A discrete array of literature depicts negative effects on growth and alterations in yield of secondary metabolites under abiotic stress. However, one complete and precise document on the response of Curcuma spp. towards abiotic stress and their molecular mechanism is lacking. Hence, this review has been prepared by pulling together the published information on the abiotic stress response as well as the future research prospects on the Curcuma spp. along with other related rhizomatous plants of the family Zingiberaceae, to obtain prospective clues on possible responses of these medicinally potential species in the verge of changing climate. We have also highlighted the stress mitigation strategies employed by these plants in the light of available literature and by comparing with information on related species of Zingiberaceae family. We have focused on the urgency of multiomics approaches to find out the genetic and biochemical strategies of Curcuma spp. to cope with stress as well as emphasized for conservation of rare and endangered species of Curcuma . This review will be helpful for plant physiologists, farmers, pharmaceutical industries, and policy makers, to implement better plans and policies regarding uninterrupted commercial yield of Curcuma secondary metabolites in changing climate.
The cost‐effective synthesis of supercapacitors is a significant challenge in energy storage research. This study introduces a sustainable and cost‐effective method for synthesizing biomass‐derived carbon for solid‐state supercapacitor fabrication. Turmeric (Curcuma longa) plant waste is carbonized at three distinct temperatures (500, 600, and 700 °C for 3 hours), and the resulting carbon is characterized to determine the optimal carbonization conditions. Physicochemical characterization revealed the presence of multiple heteroatoms, which may contribute to enhanced capacitance. Electrochemical studies showed that the carbonized material at 600 °C achieved the highest specific capacitance of 110.04 F/g at 0.1 A/g current density. After activation, the specific capacitance increased to 188 F/g at 0.1 A/g current density. A solid‐state supercapacitor was assembled using the synthesized activated carbon and PVA/H2SO4 gel‐type electrolyte. The resulting device exhibited an impressive specific capacitance of 92.33 F/g at 0.1 A/g, a power density of 4295.28 W/kg, and a cycling stability of 97.42%. This supercapacitor shows promising potential as an economical and sustainable energy storage solution for portable electronics.
Curcumin, a naturally occurring compound found in the rhizome of Curcuma plants, particularly in turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), exhibits a broad range of biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. Curcumin has demonstrated effectiveness in inhibiting tumor growth, arousing interest for its potential in treating various cancers, such as breast, lung, prostate, and brain cancers. However, the clinical application of curcumin is limited due to its low chemical stability, poor water solubility, and low bioavailability. In response to these challenges, structural modifications of curcumin have been explored to improve its pharmacological properties, including enhanced anticancer selectivity index and bioavailability. This review highlights promising chemical modifications of curcumin that could lead to the development of more effective anticancer therapies. By functionalizing the parent curcumin molecule, researchers aim to create more stable and bioavailable compounds with enhanced therapeutic potential, making curcumin derivatives promising candidates for medical applications.
Background
Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) is a widely recognized spice and medicinal plant that has gained significant attention for its potential health benefits. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the beneficial applications of turmeric in improving health and egg production in layers.
Objective
The objective of this review is to assess the current scientific literature on the effects of turmeric supplementation in layer diets and evaluate its impact on layer health and egg production.
Methods
A systematic search was conducted in Google Scholar database to identify relevant studies published in peer‐reviewed journals. Studies investigating the effects of turmeric or its bioactive compound curcumin on layer health and egg production were included. Data on various parameters, including immune function, reproductive performance, egg quality and production parameters, were extracted and analysed.
Results
Turmeric contains a bioactive compound called curcumin, which possesses antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, antimicrobial and immunomodulatory effects. These properties have been extensively studied and have shown promising results in enhancing layer health and performance. Turmeric supplementation has been reported to improve the overall immune response in layers, reducing the incidence and severity of infectious diseases. It has also been shown to have positive effects on gut health by modulating the gut microbiota composition, improving nutrient absorption and reducing digestive disorders. Furthermore, studies have demonstrated that turmeric supplementation in layer diets can improve egg weight, shell quality, yolk colour and egg production rates. The mechanisms underlying these effects involve the antioxidant properties of turmeric, which protect the reproductive organs, enhance ovarian function and improve reproductive performance.
Conclusion
The findings underscore the potential of turmeric as a natural, cost‐effective and sustainable intervention for improving layer well‐being, egg quality and productivity. However, further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms of action, optimize dosage regimens and evaluate the long‐term effects of turmeric supplementation in layer diets.
Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), the plant from which curcumin is derived, is renowned for its wide range of therapeutic and agricultural benefits. Curcumin, the key bioactive compound, is highly valued for its potent anti-provocative, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties, which contribute to its effectiveness in treating various human diseases and improving plant resilience to environmental stresses. The therapeutics potential of curcumin is notable owing its abilities to combat microbes act as an oxidant and reduce inflammation. Its effectiveness in treating a range of human disease such as tumor, cardiac problems, and brain degenerative ailments stems from its ability to modulate various cellular process and signaling pathways. Despite its low bioavailability, innovations in delivery system such as nanoparticles and liposomal formulations, have enhanced its therapeutic efficacy by improving solubility and systemic absorption. In agriculture, curcumin's antimicrobial properties provide a natural alternative to chemical pesticides, offering protection against pathogens and enhancing plant resilience to specific environmental stresses such as drought, salinity, and oxidative stress. Nanotechnology applications have furthered these benefits by facilitating the efficient uptake and distribution of curcumin within plant tissues, promoting growth and stress tolerance. This review also highlights curcumin's nutritional benefits, including its impact on gut health and metabolic syndrome. Synergistic interactions with dietary nutrients can amplify its health benefits, making it a valuable dietary supplement. However, ongoing research is needed to fully understand curcumin's mechanisms of action and long-term safety. Overall, curcumin holds promise as a versatile agent in both medical and agricultural fields, supporting sustainable practices and advancing health outcomes. Future research should focus on optimizing curcumin formulations and translating preclinical findings into clinical successes. Graphical abstract Extended author information available on the last page of the article Journal of Umm Al-Qura University for Applied Sciences
Turmeric is a medicinal herb that can be used in a wide range of applications, such as food ingredients, cosmetics, and traditional medicine. The active ingredients found in turmeric are curcumin (CUR), desmethoxycurcumin (DMC), and bisdesmethoxycurcumin (BMDC). The aim of this research was to precipitate the active ingredients from a turmeric extract using the gas anti‐solvent process with carbon dioxide as the anti‐solvent. The effects of solvent type (ethanol, methanol, and acetonitrile), precipitation temperature (25°C–45°C), and CO2 flow rate (4–12 mL/min) on the amount of precipitates were investigated using the Box–Behnken design of experiments. The precipitates were analyzed for curcuminoids and CUR content using HPLC and were tested for antioxidant activity. It was found that solvent type and temperature were significant variables at a 5% significance level on the amount of precipitates. Using a mixture of ethanol and methanol (77.5% v/v ethanol) with a polarity index of 4.48 as the solvent, a precipitation temperature of 25.40°C, and a CO2 flow rate of 7.56 mL/min was found to be the optimal conditions for achieving the highest amount of precipitates. At the optimal conditions, the amounts of curcuminoids and CUR precipitates were found to be 27.33 ± 0.23 and 13.30 ± 0.12 mg/5 mL of extracted solution, respectively. In the antioxidant studies, the Trolox equivalents found in the products at the optimal conditions using DPPH and ABTS assays were 38.19 ± 0.17 and 65.96 ± 2.36 mg/5 mL of extracted solution, respectively. The total phenolic content was found to be 30.84 ± 1.80 mg/5 mL of extracted solution.
Curcumin, a curcuminoid from Curcuma longa, presents antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions and, among pathological changes of cerebral ischemic injury, inflammation is an important one. The objectives were to study the neuroprotective action of curcumin, in a model of global ischemia. Male Wistar rats (sham-operated, ischemic untreated and ischemic treated with curcumin, 25 or 50 mg/kg, p.o.) were anesthesized and their carotid arteries occluded, for 30 min. The SO group had the same procedure, except for carotid occlusion. In the 1st protocol, animals were treated 1 h before ischemia and 24 h later; and in the 2nd protocol, treatments began 1 h before ischemia, continuing for 7 days. Twenty four hours after the last administration, animals were euthanized and measurements for striatal monoamines were performed, at the 1st and 7th days after ischemia, as well as histological and immunohistochemical assays in hippocampi. We showed in both protocols, depletions of DA and its metabolites (DOPAC and HVA), in the ischemic group, but these effects were reversed by curcumin. Additionally, a decrease seen in 5-HT contents, 1 day after ischemia, was also reversed by curcumin. This reversion was not seen 7 days later. On the other hand, a decrease observed in NE levels, at the 7th day, was totally reversed by curcumin. Furthermore, curcumin treatments increased neuronal viability and attenuated the immunoreactivity for COX-2 and TNF-alpha, in the hippocampus in both protocols. We showed that curcumin exerts neuroprotective actions, in a model of brain ischemia that are probably related to its anti-inflammatory activity.
Objective: To investigated beneficial effect of Curcumin (a phenolic curcuminoid derivative from Curcuma longa) in Letrozole induced PCOS in female Wistar rats.
Methods: Letrozole (1 mg/kg) was administered per orally (p.o) for a period of 21 days for the induction of PCOS, followed by dose of Curcumin (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg, p.o) for 15 days using 0.5% w/v CMC as vehicle.
Results: The administration of Letrozole led to abnormalcy in serum sex steroid profile, lipid profile, glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels and depletion in antioxidant activity. Curcumin was able to successfully exert its protective effect by restoring all the parameters to normal and disappearance of cysts in ovaries.
Conclusion: Curcumin showed beneficial effects in Letrozole induced PCOS in female Wistar rats. Its effect was comparable to that of Clomiphene citrate, most widely used treatment for ovulation induction in PCOS condition.
Synthesis and preclinical safety evaluation in mice and rats of Curcumin (1) and curcumin analogs (2, 3) were done. Besides, the chemopreventive effects in DMH-induced colon cancer in albino rats model were performed. Sections of mammary gland, heart, kidney, liver, spleen, and colon were done. Administration of the prophylactic treatment for four weeks before the induction of cancer by DMH, showed that compound 3 is the most active one. Chemopreventive treatment with different forms of curcumin extracts for 2 and 4 weeks caused a reduction in the number of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) especially compound 3. Chemopreventive treatment with different forms of curcumin extracts for 2 and 4 weeks caused a reduction in the number of tumor cells.
Introduction: Intestinal mucositis is a frequent limiting factor in anticancer therapy and there is currently no broadly effective treatment targeted to cure this side effect.
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a mucoadhesive formulation containing curcuminoids (MFC) from Curcuma longa L. on the pathogenesis of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-induced intestinal mucositis.
Methods: Three intraperitoneal 5-FU injections (200 mg/kg) were used to induce intestinal mucositis in adult Swiss male mice. Treatment was provided orally (MFC 3.75, 7.5 and 15 mg/kg), thirty minutes before 5-FU injections, daily until euthanasia. Duodenal samples were collected to perform morphometric and histopathological analysis, to investigate the expression of Ki-67, p53, Bax and Bcl-2 by immunohistochemistry, to evaluate neutrophil activity myeloperoxidase (MPO)-mediated and oxidative stress by malondialdehyde (MDA) determination. Mice body weight was assessed as well.
Results: As expected, 5-FU induced a significant weight loss (∼17%, P
Ginger [Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Zingiberaceae)] and turmeric [Curcuma longa Linn (Zingiberaceae)] rhizomes have been reportedly used in folk medicine for the treatment of hypertension. However, the prevention of its complication such as male infertility remains unexplored. Hence, the aim of the present study was to investigate the preventive effects of ginger and turmeric rhizomes on some biomarkers of male reproductive function in L-NAME-induced hypertensive rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into seven groups (. n=. 10): normotensive control rats; induced (L-NAME hypertensive) rats; hypertensive rats treated with atenolol (10. mg/kg/day); normotensive and hypertensive rats treated with 4% supplementation of turmeric or ginger, respectively. After 14 days of pre-treatment, the animals were induced with hypertension by oral administration of L-NAME (40. mg/kg/day). The results revealed significant decrease in serum total testosterone and epididymal sperm progressive motility without affecting sperm viability in hypertensive rats. Moreover, increased oxidative stress in the testes and epididymides of hypertensive rats was evidenced by significant decrease in total and non-protein thiol levels, glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity with concomitant increase in 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein (DFCH) oxidation and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) production. Similarly, decreased testicular and epididymal NO level with concomitant elevation in arginase activity was observed in hypertensive rats. However, dietary supplementation with turmeric or ginger efficiently prevented these alterations in biomarkers of reproductive function in hypertensive rats. The inhibition of arginase activity and increase in NO and testosterone levels by both rhizomes could suggest possible mechanism of action for the prevention of male infertility in hypertension. Therefore, both rhizomes could be harnessed as functional foods to prevent hypertension-mediated male reproductive dysfunction.
Food Chemistry 194(2016): 695-704, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.07.150
To investigate the effects of bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC) on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell line, A549, and the highly metastatic lung cancer 95D cells.
CCK-8 assay was used to assess the effect of BDMC on cytotoxicity. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate apoptosis. Western blot analysis, electron microscopy, and quantification of GFP-LC3 punctuates were used to test the effect of BDMC on autophagy and apoptosis of lung cancer cells.
BDMC inhibited the viability of NSCLC cells, but had no cytotoxic effects on lung small airway epithelial cells (SAECs). The apoptotic cell death induced by BDMC was accompanied with the induction of autophagy in NSCLC cells. Blockage of autophagy by the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) repressed the growth inhibitory effects and induction of apoptosis by BDMC. In addition, BDMC treatment significantly decreased smoothened (SMO) and the transcription factor glioma-associated oncogene 1 (Gli1) expression. Furthermore, depletion of Gli1 by siRNA and cyclopamine (a specific SMO inhibitor) induced autophagy.
Aberrant activation of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling has been implicated in several human cancers, including lung cancers. The present findings provide direct evidence that BDMC-induced autophagy plays a pro-death role in NSCLC, in part, by inhibiting Hedgehog signaling.
Copyright © 2015 The Editorial Board of Biomedical and Environmental Sciences. Published by China CDC. All rights reserved.
Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health concern worldwide with over 2 billion people currently infected. The rise of strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) that are resistant to some or all first and second line antibiotics, including multidrug-resistant (MDR), extensively drug resistant (XDR) and totally drug resistant (TDR) strains, is of particular concern and new anti-TB drugs are urgently needed. Curcumin, a natural product used in traditional medicine in India, exhibits anti-microbial activity that includes Mtb, however it is relatively unstable and suffers from poor bioavailability. To improve activity and bioavailability, mono-carbonyl analogs of curcumin were synthesized and screened for their capacity to inhibit the growth of Mtb and the related Mycobacterium marinum (Mm). Using disk diffusion and liquid culture assays, we found several analogs that inhibit in vitro growth of Mm and Mtb, including rifampicin-resistant strains. Structure activity analysis of the analogs indicated that Michael acceptor properties are critical for inhibitory activity. However, no synergistic effects were evident between the monocarbonyl analogs and rifampicin on inhibiting growth. Together, these data provide a structural basis for the development of analogs of curcumin with pronounced anti-mycobacterial activity and provide a roadmap to develop additional structural analogs that exhibit more favorable interactions with other anti-TB drugs.
Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.
New fourteen 3,4-dihydropyrimidine derivatives/analogues of curcumin (2a–2n) were designed, synthesized and biologically evaluated for their cytotoxicity and antioxidant activity. Cytotoxicity effect has been evaluated against three cell lines HeLa, HCT-116 and QG-56 by MTT assay method. From SAR study, it has been revealed that particularly, compound 2e and 2j (IC50 value 12.5 μM) have shown better cytotoxicity effect against three cell lines. According to results of SAR study, it was found that 3,4-dihydropyrimidines of curcumin, 2c, 2d, 2j and 2n exhibited better antioxidant activity than curcumin. A correlation of structure and activities relationship of these compounds with respect to drug score profiles and other physico-chemical properties of drugs are described and verified experimentally. Therefore, we conclude that physico-chemical analyses may prove structural features of curcumin analogues with their promising combined cytotoxicity/antioxidant activity and it is also concluded from virtual and practical screening that the compounds were varied to possess a broad range of lipophilic character, revealed by Log P values.
In the present study, three series of dimethylamino curcuminoids viz. 4-phenylaminomethyl curcumin (3a-d), arylidene curcumin (3e) and pyrazole curcumin (3f-i) derivatives have been synthesized and studied for their in vitro anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Synthesized dimethylamino curcuminoid derivatives namely 3d, 3e, 3h and 3i have shown potent anti-inflammatory properties than parent curcumin. Molecular docking interactions of dimethylamino curcuminoids derivatives against cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX-1 and COX-2) were studied.
The active ingredient curcuminoid (including curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin) from the Asian medicinal and culinary herb turmeric possesses anti-tumour effects, but poor oral absorption in the intestine impedes its widespread clinical application. Our previous study showed that turmerones increased the accumulation of curcumin inside colonic cells. The present study demonstrates the enhanced anti-proliferative and anti-angiogenic activities of curcumin in the presence of turmerones in human colon cancer cells and endothelial cells, respectively. Furthermore, in HT29 tumour xenograft-bearing mice fed with curcumin alone or turmeric ethanolic extract (in which the concentration of curcumin was kept the same), the tumour burden of turmeric extract-fed mice was the lowest, suggesting turmeric extract provided better anti-tumour activities than the same amount of curcumin alone did. The superior anti-tumour effects of turmeric extract, which contains curcumin, turmerones and other constituents, were verified in tumour-bearing mice, indicating the potential use of turmeric for colorectal cancer adjuvant therapy.
Radiotherapy effectively treats cancers of the head and neck. We investigated the possible protective effects of lycopene and curcumin on the parotid glands of 40 female Sprague Dawley rats during irradiation. The study followed European Union regulations 86/609/EEC, 2010/63/EU for animal experimentation. The animals were divided into 4 groups: those treated with curcumin and radiation, those treated with lycopene and radiation, those treated with dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) and radiation, and those treated with radiation alone. All compounds were given intraperitoneally the day before irradiation. The total dose of radiation was 20 Gy. Morphological and histopathological analyses showed less cell necrosis in the group treated with curcumin than in the other groups, but the difference was not significant. Analysis of structural damage to the parotid ducts and vacuolisation showed significant differences among all groups (p=0.023, p<0.01). Lycopene and curcumin given 24 hours before irradiation reduced the structural damage to the salivary glands. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Cancer is a hyper proliferative disorder that metastasize into the vital organs in the body through invasion followed by angiogenesis and distant metastasis. Curcumin suppresses the proliferation of a wide variety of tumor cells, including breast carcinoma, colon carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma etc. The poor bio availability is the main drawback of the regular curcumin, which was addressed by Aurea biolabs and made a unique bio available formulation known as “cureit”. The cytotoxic effect of cureit was established by a spectrophotometrical study using MTT on the effects of cureit on cell proliferation. It is inferred that the test sample – “cureit” could serve as an anti cancer medication. © 2014, Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research. All rigthts reserved.
Curcumin (Cur) has been demonstrated to have wide pharmacological window including anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, phototoxicity under sunlight exposure and poor biological availability limits its applicability. We have synthesized biodegradable and non-toxic polymer-poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) encapsulated formulation of curcumin (PLGA-Cur-NPs) of 150 nm size range. Photochemically free curcumin generates ROS, lipid peroxidation and induces significant UVA and UVB mediated impaired mitochondrial functions leading to apoptosis/necrosis and cell injury in two different origin cell lines viz., mouse fibroblasts-NIH-3T3 and human keratinocytes-HaCaT as compared to PLGA-Cur-NPs. Molecular docking studies suggested that intact curcumin from nanoparticles, bind with BAX in BIM SAHB site and attenuate it to undergo apoptosis while upregulating anti-apoptotic genes like BCL2. Real time studies and western blot analysis with specific phosphorylation inhibitor of ERK1 and AKT1/2/3 confirm the involvement of ERK/AKT signaling molecules to trigger the survival cascade in case of PLGA-Cur-NPs. Our finding demonstrates that low level sustained release of curcumin from PLGA-Cur-NPs could be a promising way to protect the adverse biological interactions of photo-degradation products of curcumin upon the exposure of UVA and UVB. Hence, the applicability of PLGA-Cur-NPs could be suggested as prolonged radical scavenging ingredient in curcumin containing products.
A test rig for double-sided labyrinth seals, which simulated the rim seal of a gas turbine rotor disk, was set up and aerodynamic performances of two different configurations (straight and stepped) were tested. Influences of pressure ratio and various combinations of tip clearances of the two sides on the seal performance were investigated. In addition to the overall seal performance, leakage behaviors of the individual seals (upstream and downstream) were separately analyzed and compared. The leakage reduction effect of step decreases with decreasing clearance. If the difference in the clearances of the two sides is sufficiently large, the smaller clearance side fully dominates the overall seal leakage behavior. Predictions by an analytic model and CFD were also carried out, and CFD gives better agreements with the test n general.
Curcuminoids possess powerful antioxidant activity as demonstrated in many chemical in vitro tests and in several in vivo trials. Nevertheless, the mechanism of this activity is not completely elucidated and studies on the in vivo antioxidant effects are still needed. Metabolomics may be used as an attractive approach for such studies and in this paper, we describe the effects of oral administration of a Curcuma longa L. extract (150mg/kg of total curcuminoids) to 12 healthy rats with particular attention to urinary markers of oxidative stress. The experiment was carried out over 33days and changes in the 24-h urine samples metabolome were evaluated by (1)H-NMR and HPLC-MS. Both techniques produced similar representations for the collected samples confirming our previous study. Modifications of the urinary metabolome lead to the observation of different variables proving the complementarity of (1)H-NMR and HPLC-MS for metabolomic purposes. The urinary levels of allantoin, m-tyrosine, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, and nitrotyrosine were decreased in the treated group thus supporting an in vivo antioxidant effect of the oral administration of Curcuma extract to healthy rats. On the other hand, urinary TMAO levels were higher in the treated compared to the control group suggesting a role of curcumin supplementation on microbiota or on TMAO urinary excretion. Furthermore, the urinary levels of the sulfur containing compounds taurine and cystine were also changed suggesting a role for such constituents in the biochemical pathways involved in Curcuma extract bioactivity and indicating the need for further investigation on the complex role of antioxidant curcumin effects.
Series of curcumin derivatives/analogues were designed and efficient method for synthesis thereof is described. All the synthesized compounds have been screened for their cytotoxicity and evaluated their antioxidant activity. Cytotoxicity effect has been evaluated against three cell lines Hep-G2, HCT-116 and QG-56 by MTT assay method. Structure activity relationship has revealed that particularly, compound 3c, (IC50 value 6.25 μM) has shown better cytotoxicity effect against three cell lines. According to results of SAR study, it was found that 4H-pyrimido[2,1-b]benzothiazole derivatives (2e and 2f), pyrazoles (3a, 3b, 3c and 3d) benzylidenes (4d) exhibited better antioxidant activity than curcumin. A correlation of structure and activities relationship of these compounds with respect to drug score profiles and other physico-chemical properties of drugs are described and verified experimentally.
Curcumin due to its various medicinal, biological, pharmacological activities is high on demand and has high market potential, high cost. Since curcumin has variety of uses, extracting it in a less expensive method other Super Critical Fluid Extraction is the main aim or objective of this work. Usage of food grade solvents is a main prerequisite of this work and optimization of the parameters in order to find an effective means of extraction sum ups the cause of this project work. Besides working on the extraction of curcumin, other properties such as curcumin's antioxidant, antimicrobial properties are to be envisaged upon. This project work mainly deals with the topic on 'extraction of curcumin' from its common source turmeric, using an effective low cost method of solvent extraction. Different solvents are used either in their pure form or being mixed in definite ratio's, while taking into consideration of other parameters such as particle size, time, temperature, solid: solvent ratio. The qualitative analysis of its antimicrobial property is also done along with the product development of Cake. Keywords - Antiflatulent, Antifibrotic, Antimutagenic, Carcinogenesis, Ulcerogenic 1.1 Chemical composition of turmeric Turmeric contains protein (6.3%), fat (5.1%), minerals (3.5%), carbohydrates (69.4%) and moisture (13.1%). The essential oil (5.8%) obtained by steam distillation of rhizomes has a-phellandrene (1%), sabinene (0.6%), cineol (1%), borneol (0.5%), zingiberene (25%) and sesquiterpines (53%)5. Curcumin
Photoactive metal complexes have emerged as potential candidates in the photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer. We present here the synthesis, characterization and visible light-triggered anticancer activity of two novel mixed-ligand oxo-bridged iron(III) complexes, viz., [{Fe(L)(acac)}2(μ-O)](ClO4)2 (1) and [{Fe(L)(cur)}2(μ-O)](ClO4)2 (2) where L is bis-(2-pyridylmethyl)-benzylamine, acac is acetylacetonate and cur is the monoanion of curcumin (bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,6-diene-3,5-dione). The crystal structure of complex 1 (as PF6- salt, 1a) shows distorted octahedral geometry of each iron(III) centre formed by the FeN3O3 core. The 1:2 electrolytic complexes are stable in solution and retain their oxo-bridged identity in aqueous medium. Complex 2 has a strong absorption band in the visible region and shows promising photocytotoxicity in HeLa and MCF-7 cancer cells in visible light giving respective IC50 values of 3.1 ± 0.4 μM and 4.9 ± 0.5 μM while remains non-toxic in the dark (IC50 > 50 μM). The control complex 1 is inactive both in the light and dark. Complex 2 accumulates in cytoplasm of HeLa and MCF-7 cells as evidenced from fluorescence microscopy and triggers apoptotic cell death via light-assisted generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Taken together, complex 2 with its promising photocytotoxicity but negligible dark toxicity in cancer cells has significant photochemotherapeutic potential for applications in PDT.
Background:
Curcumin has a wide range of pharmacological activities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antibacterial, wound healing, antiatherosclerotic, hepatoprotective and anti-carcinogenic. However, its clinical applications are limited owing to its poor aqueous solubility, multidrug pump P-gp efflux, extensive in vivo metabolism and rapid elimination due to glucuronidation/sulfation.
Purpose:
The objective of the current work was to prepare novel curcumin loaded mixed micelles (CUR-MM) of Pluronic F-127 (PF127) and Gelucire(®) 44/14 (GL44) in order to enhance its oral bioavailability and cytotoxicity in human lung cancer cell line A549.
Study design:
3(2) Factorial design was used to assess the effect of formulation variables for optimization of mixed micelle batch.
Methods:
CUR-MM was prepared by a solvent evaporation method. The optimized CUR-MM was evaluated for size, entrapment efficiency (EE), in vitro curcumin release, cytotoxicity and oral bioavailability in rats.
Results:
The average size of CUR-MM was found to be around 188 ± 3 nm with an EE of about 76.45 ± 1.18% w/w. In vitro dissolution profile of CUR-MM revealed controlled release of curcumin. Additionally, CUR-MM showed significant improvement in cytotoxic activity (3-folds) and oral bioavailability (around 55-folds) of curcumin as compared to curcumin alone. Such significant improvement in cytotoxic activity and oral bioavailability of curcumin when formulated into mixed micelles could be attributed to solubilization of hydrophobic curcumin into micelle core along with P-gp inhibition effect of both, PF127 and GL44.
Conclusion:
Thus the present work propose the formulation of mixed micelles of PF127 and GL44 which can act as promising carrier systems for hydrophobic drugs such as curcumin with significant improvement in their oral bioavailability.
The first total synthesis of a C5-curcumin-2-hexadecynoic acid (C5-Curc-2-HDA, 6) conjugate was successfully performed. Through a three-step synthetic route, conjugate 6 was obtained in 13% overall yield and tested for antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains. Our results revealed that 6 was active against eight MRSA strains at MICs that range between 31.3 and 62.5μg/mL. It was found that the presence of 2-hexadecynoic acid (2-HDA, 4) in conjugate 6 increased 4-8-fold its antibacterial activity against MRSA strains supporting our hypothesis that the chemical connection of 4 to C5-curcumin (2) increases the antibacterial activity of 2 against Gram-positive bacteria. Combinational index (CIn) values that range between 1.6 and 2.3 were obtained when eight MRSA strains were treated with an equimolar mixture of 2 and 4. These results demonstrated that an antagonistic effect is taking place. Finally, it was investigated whether conjugate 6 can affect the replication process of S. aureus, since this compound inhibited the supercoiling activity of the S. aureus DNA gyrase at minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 250μg/mL (IC50=100.2±13.9μg/mL). Moreover, it was observed that the presence of 4 in conjugate 6 improves the anti-topoisomerase activity of 2 towards S. aureus DNA gyrase, which is in agreement with results obtained from antibacterial susceptibility tests involving MRSA strains.
Curcumin is a natural antioxidant dye that has a wide spectrum of biological activities (e.g., anti-cancer, anti-hypertensive, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities), and there is a high interest within the food industry to increase its use as a natural additive. However, due to its high hydrophobicity, it is difficult to incorporate into aqueous formulations and its bioavailability can be severely decreased. Lipid-based encapsulation systems such as nanoemulsions can help to overcome both of these drawbacks. In this study, curcumin-loaded nanoemulsions were produced by the emulsification inversion point method, for which some of the operational parameters were optimized. The most stable formulations were composed of 20% soybean oil, 10% Tween 80 and 20% glycerol and were produced with an anchor blade impeller operating at 300 rpm; this combination of parameters resulted in 0.07% encapsulation of the curcumin. After 60 days, 70% of the initial amount of curcumin remained in the nanoemulsions, which is a promising result when compared with those of other lipid-based encapsulation systems. The data also indicated that the catastrophic phase inversion occurred due to the formation of multiple o/w/o emulsions.
Turmeric (Curcuma longa) is a popular Indian spice that has been used for centuries in herbal medicines for the treatment of a variety of ailments such as rheumatism, diabetic ulcers, anorexia, cough and sinusitis. Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) is the main curcuminoid present in turmeric and responsible for its yellow color. Curcumin has been shown to possess significant anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-carcinogenic, anti-mutagenic, anticoagulant and anti-infective effects. This review summarizes and discusses recently published papers on the key biomedical applications of curcumin based materials. The highlighted studies in the review provide evidence of the ability of curcumin to show the significant vitro antioxidant, diabetic complication, antimicrobial, neuroprotective, anti-cancer activities and detection of hypochlorous acid, wound healing, treatment of major depression, healing of paracentesis, and treatment of carcinoma and optical detection of pyrrole properties. Hydrophobic nature of this polyphenolic compound along with its rapid metabolism, physicochemical and biological instability contribute to its poor bioavailability. To redress these problems several approaches have been proposed like encapsulation of curcumin in liposomes and polymeric micelles, inclusion complex formation with cyclodextrin, formation of polymer-curcumin conjugates, etc.
We synthesized a library of curcumin mimics with diverse alkylsulfonyl and substituted benzenesulfonyl modifications through a simple addition reaction of important intermediate, 1-(3-Amino-phenyl)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-propenone (10), with various sulfonyl chloride reactants and then tested their vasodilatation effect on depolarization (50mM K(+))- and endothelin-1 (ET-1)-induced basilar artery contraction. Generally, curcumin mimics with aromatic sulfonyl groups showed stronger vasodilation effect than alkyl sulfonylated curcumin mimics. Among the tested compounds, six curcumin mimics (11g, 11h, 11i, 11j, 11l, and 11s) in a depolarization-induced vasoconstriction and seven compounds (11g, 11h, 11i, 11j, 11l, 11p, and 11s) in an ET-1-induced vasoconstriction showed strong vasodilation effect. Based on their biological properties, synthetic curcumin mimics can act as dual antagonist scaffold of L-type Ca(2+) channel and endothelin A/B2 receptor in vascular smooth muscle cells. In particular, compounds 11g and 11s are promising novel drug candidates to treat hypertension related to the overexpression of L-type Ca(2+) channels and ET peptides/receptors-mediated cardiovascular diseases.
Rhizoma Paridis saponins combined with turmeric (RT) showed well anti-hepatocarcinoma activities in our previous research. The aim of this study was to investigate the progression of the biochemical response to RT and capture metabolic variations during intragastric administration of their compatibility. In the experiment, histopathological examination and (1)H NMR method were developed and validated for the metabolic profiling of RT intervention in H22 tumor growth. Data were analyzed with principal components analysis (PCA) and partial least-squares discrimination analysis (PLS-DA). As a result, Rhizoma paridis saponins (RPS) or RT induced inflammatory cell infiltration in tumors. RT also mediated the tumor microenvironment to promote anti-tumor immunity of mice. RT significantly inhibited tumor growth rate through suppressing levels of amino acids containing alanine, asparagine, glutamine, putrescine, and sarcosine, lipid compounds, and carbohydrates like myo-inositol and arabinose in the tumor tissues. In conclusion, these results uncovered unexpectedly poor nutritional conditions in the RT-treated tumor tissues whose effect was stronger than RPS's. Therefore, RT could be a novel anticancer agent that targets on cancer metabolism through starving tumors reducing viability of cancer cells.
A series of novel curcumin bisacetamides aiming of enriching their biological activities have been synthesized. The synthesized compounds were screened for their in vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities. All the compounds exhibited potent to good anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and noteworthy cytotoxic activities.
Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Curcumin, a polyphenolic compound abundant in the rhizome of Curcuma longa, has been reported to have various beneficial biological and pharmacological activities. Recent research revealed that curcumin might be valuable in the prevention and therapy of numerous disorders including neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease. Due to its low absorption and quick elimination from the body, curcumin bioavailability is rather low which poses major problems for the use of curcumin as a therapeutic agent. There are several approaches to ameliorate curcumin bioavailability after oral administration, amongst them simultaneous administration with secondary plant compounds, micronization and micellation. We examined bioavailability in vivo in NMRI mice and the effects of native curcumin and a newly developed curcumin micelles formulation on mitochondrial function in vitro in PC12 cells and ex vivo in isolated mouse brain mitochondria. We found that curcumin micelles improved bioavailability of native curcumin around 10- to 40-fold in plasma and brain of mice. Incubation with native curcumin and curcumin micelles prevented isolated mouse brain mitochondria from swelling, indicating less mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening and prevention of injury. Curcumin micelles proved to be more efficient in preventing mitochondrial swelling in isolated mouse brain mitochondria and protecting PC12 cells from nitrosative stress than native curcumin. Due to their improved effectivity, curcumin micelles might be a suitable formulation for the prevention of mitochondrial dysfunction in brain aging and neurodegeneration.
Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Sexually transmitted infections and unplanned pregnancies present a great risk to the reproductive health of women. Therefore, female-controlled vaginal products directed toward disease prevention and contraception is needed urgently. The purpose of this investigation was to develop poloxamer based thermo sensitive contraceptive vaginal in situ hydrogel of curcumin, a plant-derived diferuloylmethane compound. Different formulations using different ratio of poloxamer 407/188 and mucoadhesive polymer - HPMC K4M were prepared and optimized by box behnken experimental design (BBD). Formulations were optimized on the basis of gelation temperature (0C), gel strength (gm/cm2), Mucoadhesive strength (dyne/cm2), viscosity (Pa) and % drug release. Optimized formulation was subjected to In Vitro sperm immobilization study on 5 fertile human volunteers’ ejaculate sample. The quantitative effect of independent variables on dependent variables at different levels could be predicted by polynomial equations. From BBD, that batch containing 19.96% Poloxamer 407, 3.83% Poloxamer 188, 0.91% HPMC K4M was optimized. Total 100 % Sperm immobilization was achieved within 15 min. by optimized formulation for 3.5 ml of dose. Stability study of optimized batch shows no change in physical and chemical characteristics. Curcumin would be successfully formulated as thermo sensitive In Situ gelling mucoadhesive system for contraception.
In this study, the isolation of curcuminoids from turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) was performed using different solvent extraction methods and solvents. Obtained extracts were analyzed for the contents of curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin by HPLC and the radical scavenging and antibacterial activities of extracts were determined. Extract with highest content of curcuminoids was mixed with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and formulated into powder using PGGS™ method. Obtained powder was pressed into tablets and a release study of the curcuminoids from the product was observed in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids.
Arsenic (As) is a well-known human carcinogen and a potent hepatotoxin. Environmental exposure to arsenic imposes a serious health hazard to humans and other animals worldwide. Tetrahydrocurcumin (THC), one of the major metabolites of curcumin, exhibits many of the same physiological and pharmacological activities as curcumin and in some systems may exert greater antioxidant activity than the curcumin. It has been reported that THC has antioxidant efficacy attributable to the presence of identical β-diketone of 3rd and 5th substitution in heptane moiety. In the present study, rats were orally treated with arsenic alone (5mgkg(-1)bw/day) with THC (80mgkg(-1)bw/day) for 28days. Hepatotoxicity was measured by the increased activities of serum hepatospecific enzymes, namely aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin along with increased elevation of lipid peroxidative markers, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. And also elevated levels of serum cholesterol, triglycerides, free fatty acids and phospholipids were observed in arsenic intoxicated rats. These effects of arsenic were coupled with enhanced mitochondrial swelling, inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase, Ca(2+)ATPase and a decrease in mitochondrial calcium content. The toxic effect of arsenic was also indicated by significantly decreased activities of enzymatic antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase along with non-enzymatic antioxidant such as reduced glutathione. Administration of THC exhibited significant reversal of arsenic induced toxicity in hepatic tissue. All these changes were supported by the reduction of arsenic concentration and histopathological observations of the liver. These results suggest that THC has a protective effect over arsenic induced toxicity in rat.
Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Angiogenesis is essential for tumor growth and there is a continuing need for exploring new anti-angiogenic agents from natural products including herbs. Aromatic (Ar)-turmerone isolated from the rhizome of Curcuma longa Linn. (Turmeric) exhibits anti-tumor and immunomodulatory activities. In this study, the anti-angiogenic effects of Ar-turmerone were evaluated in human microvascular endothelial cells, zebrafish and Matrigel plugs mouse models. The data obtained indicate that Ar-turmerone treatment significantly inhibits the proliferation, tube formation and motility of HMEC-1 cells at non-cytotoxic concentrations (4.6–9.2 µM, p < 0.05). The mRNA expressions of metalloproteinase-2 and -9 as well as adhesion molecules could be down-regulated by Ar-turmerone at 18.4 µM (p < 0.05). In zebrafish model, the new blood vessel growth in embryos was significantly blocked by Ar-turmerone treatment (12.5–25 µg/mL medium). The bFGF-induced blood vessel formation in Matrigel plugs in C57BL/6 mice was suppressed by Ar-turmerone (25–50 µg/mL Matrigel). Thus, the in vitro and in vivo anti-angiogenic activities of Ar-turmerone were demonstrated for the first time. The findings suggest that such a component of turmeric essential oil has the potential to be further developed as an anti-angiogenic agent.
Curcumin (CUR) has been proven to be clinically effective in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) therapy, but its low oral bioavailability eclipses existent evidence that attempts to explain the underlying mechanism. Small intestine, the only organ exposed to a relatively high concentration of CUR, is the main site that generates gut hormones which are involved in the pathogenesis of RA. This study aims at addressing the hypothesis that one or more gut hormones serve as an intermediary agent for the anti-arthritic action of CUR. The protein and mRNA levels of gut hormones in CUR-treated rats were analyzed by ELISA and RT-PCR. Somatostatin (SOM) depletor and receptor antagonist were used to verify the key role of SOM in CUR-mediated anti-arthritic effect. The mechanisms underlying CUR-induced upregulation of SOM levels were explored by cellular experiments and immunohistochemical staining. The data showed that oral administration of CUR (100 mg/kg) for consecutive two weeks in adjuvant-induced arthritis rats still exhibited an extremely low plasma exposure despite of a dramatic amelioration of arthritis symptoms. When injected intraperitoneally, CUR lost anti-arthritic effect in rats, suggesting that it functions in an intestine-dependent manner. CUR elevated SOM levels in intestines and sera, and SOM depletor and non-selective SOM receptor antagonist could abolish the inhibitory effect of CUR on arthritis. Immunohistochemical assay demonstrated that CUR markedly increased the number of SOM-positive cells in both duodenum and jejunum. In vitro experiments demonstrated that CUR could augment SOM secretion from intestinal endocrine cells, and this effect could be hampered by either MEK1/2 or Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CAMKII) inhibitor. In summary, oral administration of CUR exhibits anti-arthritic effect through augmenting SOM secretion from the endocrine cells in small intestines via cAMP/PKA and Ca2+/CaMKII signaling pathways.
Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) powder was used to substitute 0%, 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% of wheat flour for making
turmeric wheat breads. Proximate composition, physical quality, functional components (curcumin
and total phenols) and antioxidant properties of breads containing turmeric were analysed and compared
with those of wheat bread. Hardness, crumb colour a and b values, curcumin content and total phenolic
contents of breads significantly increased with the addition of turmeric powder. Water activity, specific
volume and crumb colour L value of breads decreased with the addition of turmeric powder. Breads containing
turmeric powder also showed good antioxidant activity as tested by the b-carotene-linoleate
bleaching assay. A 4% substitution of wheat flour with turmeric powder showed acceptable sensory
scores which were comparable to wheat bread. Breads containing turmeric powder can thus be developed
as a health-promoting functional food.
Two ruthenium-arene complexes containing curcuminoid ligands, (eta(6)-cymene)Ru(curc)Cl (1 and 2, curc = thiophene aromatic curcuminoids) have been synthesized and characterized by NMR, elemental analysis and HR-ESI-mass spectrometry. The molecular structures of the two complexes were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The complexes were further evaluated for their in vitro antiproliferative activities against Hela human cervical epithelioid cancer, as well as BEL-7404 and SMMC-7721 human liver cancer cell lines. Furthermore, the interactions of the complexes with DNA were followed by electrophoretic mobility spectrometry studies.
Curcumin (CCM) is a bioactive polyphenolic compound that suffers a low bioavailability because of its low water solubility. In this work β-lactoglobulin (β-Lg) and nanoemulsion were used as carriers to deliver curcumin. The pH stability of β-Lg-CCM was investigated. The digestion of β-Lg-CCM and the nanoemulsion was studied using an in vitro gastrointestinal model. The effect of different carriers on the permeability of curcumin was assessed using the Caco-2 cell monolayer model. The results revealed that the water solubility and the pH stability of curcumin significantly increased by binding with β-Lg. In SDS-PAGE experiments the β-Lg-CCM complex and nanoemulsion were found to be resistant to pepsin digestion but sensitive to trypsin. In the permeability experiment it was shown that the digested nanoemulsion and β-Lg-CCM improved significantly the permeation rate of curcumin.
Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
In vitro gastrointestinal digestion models were used to investigate bioaccessibility of curcuminoids delivered
with buttermilk. The percentage of solubilised curcuminoids that partitioned into the micelle in
aqueous phase was determined. In fasted states (0–2.5 mg bile extract/mL sample), the bioaccessibility
of curcuminoids (2% v/v ethanol) ranged from 16.3% to 26.7% in buttermilk, and from 11.4% to 18.7% with
neat curcuminoids. In fed states (10–40 mg bile extract/mL sample), the bioaccessibility of curcuminoids
in buttermilk was 21.3% (no ethanol) and ranged from 37.1% to 69.2% (2% v/v ethanol), while for neat
curcuminoids bioaccessibility was 14.1% (no ethanol), ranging from 45.6% to 79.6% (2% v/v ethanol).
The in vitro bioaccessibility of curcuminoids was influenced by the presence of the carrier (buttermilk)
and ethanol, and increased significantly with increasing amount of bile extract. Curcuminoids did not
markedly influence the digestibility of protein or lipids. These findings demonstrated that buttermilk
could be used as a carrier for curcuminoids especially if delivered with food.
The aim of the present study was to examine the protective effect of curcumin (CUR) on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced nephrotoxicity to evaluate the detailed mechanisms by which CUR exerts its protective action.
Thirty male Wistar-Albino rats weighing 250-300g were randomly divided into three groups: administrations of olive oil (control, po), CCl4 (0.5mg/kg in olive oil sc) every other day for 3 weeks, and CCl4 (0.5mg/kg in olive oil sc) plus CUR (200mg/kg) every day for 3 weeks.
Administration of CCl4 significantly (p<0.001) increased the levels of renal function test such as creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). Furthermore, treatment of CCl4 significantly elevated the oxidant status of renal tissues while decreasing its anti-oxidant status (p<0.001). CUR displayed a renal protective effect as evident by significant decrease in inflammation and apoptosis during histopathological examination. The administration of CCl4 resulted in an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) production due to an increase in membrane lipid peroxidation; however, the administration of CUR attenuated this, probably via its antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties.
The finding of our study indicates that CUR may have an important role to play in protecting the kidney from oxidative insult.
Copyright © 2014 Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier Urban & Partner Sp. z o.o. All rights reserved.