Impactos ambientales de la salmonicultura en la Región de Los Lagos
Abstract
Este libro desarrolla un diagnóstico exhaustivo de los impactos ambientales que genera la Industria Acuícola de salmonídeos en la Décima Región chilena, su particularidad es incorporar dos visiones totalmente contrapuestas, por un lado la de los empresarios acuícolas y del Estado Chileno y por otro lado la de las organizaciones no gubernamentales dedicadas a investigaciones con respecto a los impactos ambientales, económicos y sociales causados por la industria, lo que ha permitido generar información relevante a la hora de discutir la problemática ambiental.
... It is estimated that the quantity of nutrients produced by a ton of farmed fish includes 9.5 kg of nitrogen and 78 kg of phosphorus. The mean cost of eliminating 1 kg of nitrogen is estimated at 9.6 US dollars, and that of eliminating 1 kg of phosphorus, at 3.2 US dollars ( Folke et al., 1994;Ríos, 2004). Therefore, the elimination of 87.5 kg of phosphorus and ...
... It is estimated that the quantity of nutrients produced by a ton of farmed fish includes 9.5 kg of nitrogen and 78 kg of phosphorus. The mean cost of eliminating 1 kg of nitrogen is estimated at 9.6 US dollars, and that of eliminating 1 kg of phosphorus, at 3.2 US dollars (Folke et al., 1994; Ríos, 2004). Therefore, the elimination of 87.5 kg of phosphorus and 8 E C O L O G I C A L E C O N O M I C S X X ( 2 0 0 7 ) X X X – X X X ARTICLE IN PRESS nitrogen would cost, on average, 340.8 US dollars (approximately 263.10 euros). ...
The sustainability of the aquaculture industry has recently been the object of social and scientific debate, due to the contamination caused by the culture to the surrounding environment. As a contribution to the debate, this paper analyses the effect of adopting a Pigovian tax to internalise the environmental costs on the optimal management of farms. To do so, we make use of dynamic stochastic models of fish growth and contamination diffusion. Farms can also implement some measures to abate pollution, which are divided into two types: those applied continuously (“managerial” measures) and those once in a culture cycle (“structural” measures). The results reveal that the tax imposition lowers the optimum size in the farm. The type of abatement strategy plays a central role in the determination of the optimum harvest size. A need for caution in internalisation policies is emphasized, as negative consequences could arise in certain cases, putting the farms' survival at risk.
This research studies a conflict between the most important economic activities in the comuna of Quellón, artisan fishing and salmon farming. This conflict began for the competition in the use of the more productive coastal zones of the comuna. However, some failures in spatial planning and the administration of natural resources are discussed. Some of these failures reflects the preference for economic development rather than sustainable development although the latter is a premise in the national, regional, and local policies. In addition, and taking into account the findings of the conflict, some alternatives for the current coastal use planning in the Lake Region are proposed.
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is understood as the willingness of companies of contributing in an active and voluntary way to improve the environmental, social and economic conditions of the society where it is inserted becoming a fundamental tool to move towards sustainable development. Due to the importance of CSR and the salmon aquaculture industry in Chile in the economic growth and development of the Los Lagos Region and the Chilean Patagonia, we built a CSR index for this economic sector taking into account the labor, environmental and local community areas. We used 11 indicators for three areas of CSR and we applied this indicator to two of the most important salmon aquaculture companies. The results show intermediate levels of CSR in both companies with differences between them in the three areas of analysis. We conclude that using available information it is possible to measure CSR and use an index of CSR to help companies to focus on the aspects of CSR that might be more problematic for each of them, providing guidance in benefit of sustainable development. Keywords: Sustainable Development, Corporate Social Responsibility, index, salmon aquaculture. RESUMEN: La Responsabilidad Social Empresarial (RSE) se refiere al interés que tienen las empresas de contribuir de forma activa y voluntaria a mejorar la condición social, económica y ambiental de su entorno y constituye una herramienta fundamental a la hora de alcanzar el desarrollo sostenible. En base a esto y dada la relevancia de la industria salmonicultora chilena en el crecimiento y desarrollo económico de la región de Los Lagos y del país en general, el siguiente trabajo tuvo como objetivo la construcción de un índice de RSE para este sector en los ámbitos laborales, ambientales y en relación con la comunidad local. Para esto, se construyeron 11 indicadores para tres ámbitos de la RSE, y se aplicaron a dos empresas salmonicultoras. Los resultados muestran niveles intermedios de RSE para ambas empresas, con diferencias en sus niveles de RSE en las distintas áreas bajo análisis. De este estudio se concluye que es posible medir las prácticas de RSE en los ámbitos seleccionados y, a partir de esto, orientar a las empresas salmonicultoras hacia un comportamiento socialmente responsable que vaya en beneficio del desarrollo sostenible.
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