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InterViews: Learning the Craft of Qualitative Research Interviewing
... [19][20][21] To explore patients' experiences with telephone consultations and their relationships with healthcare professionals, we conducted in-depth interviews, a method suited for eliciting rich, detailed narratives. [22] Additionally, the study adhered to the Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ) to ensure methodological rigour and transparency. [23] ...
... The research approach includes comprehensive descriptions and in-depth analyses of the phenomena experienced by the patients in this study. [22] Interviews enable the informants to expand on their answers and express their experiences and feelings. [24] To gain a deeper understanding of patients' experiences of telephone consultation, open-ended questions were used, [22] such as "Please, tell me about your experiences with telephone consultations?". ...
... [22] Interviews enable the informants to expand on their answers and express their experiences and feelings. [24] To gain a deeper understanding of patients' experiences of telephone consultation, open-ended questions were used, [22] such as "Please, tell me about your experiences with telephone consultations?". ...
Introduction and objective: This study explores the experiences of chronically ill patients with telephone consultations, a digital communication form that has gained prominence in healthcare, especially during the Covid-19 pandemic. The objective of this study was to understand how telephone consultations impact the relationship between patients and healthcare professionals along with their impact on patients' everyday lives. Methods: The study employs a qualitative, hermeneutic-phenomenological approach inspired by Ricoeur’s theory of narrative and interpretation. In-depth interviews were conducted with 12 patients from various outpatient clinics in the Midwestern part of Jutland, Denmark. The interviews were analyzed using a three-level process: naïve reading, structural analysis, and comprehensive understanding. Results: Three main themes emerged: Feeling restrained while time is saved, Feeling the importance of relationships while consultations are result-oriented, and Feeling distanced while keeping up appearances. They appreciated the convenience and time-saving advantages but felt restrained by the need to be constantly available for calls. The lack of visual contact contributed to a sense of distance, and some patients felt consultations were overly focused on results rather than addressing holistic needs. The findings highlight the complex dynamics of telephone consultations. While they offer significant advantages, such as increased accessibility and convenience, they also present challenges, including the lack of visual cues and the potential for depersonalization. Conclusions: Telephone consultations are a valuable tool in healthcare. However, strategies are needed to address their challenges to ensure person-centered care. Implications: The study underscores the importance of clear communication, scheduling, and fostering strong patient-healthcare professional relationships to enhance the effectiveness of telephone consultations.
... Epistemologically, a subjective understanding of the FtFPI social phenomenon is collaboratively generated in the relations between participants and their social world (Brinkmann & Kvale, 2015). In this thesis, FtFPI is understood in the way that pupils and teachers have experienced it through cooperation drawn upon mediated interaction and social interdependence. ...
... Interviews are guided conversations that are usually one of the most important sources of case study evidence (Yin, 2014). Brinkmann and Kvale (2015) examined the research interview as a particular form of conversational practice in which the purpose is to produce knowledge. Hence, interviews are perceived as 'knowledge production' ...
... In addition, the researcher presented a detailed account of the methods, procedures, and decision points in carrying out the study and provided an audit trail (Creswell, 2014;Merriam, 2002) (see Table 9). Issues of reliability during interviewing, video recording, transcribing and analysis (Brinkmann & Kvale, 2015) have generated transparency on how the data have been collected and analysed and the theoretical pre-defined categories that guide the hybrid approach of deductive-inductive reasoning in analysis. This abductive process has led to ensuring the quality of the study. ...
... Qualitative descriptive design was applied using focus group interviews. 25 Setting, participants and recruitment Healthcare professionals working in the ICU at a hospital in northern Sweden, who had previously participated in a cross-sectional study and an intervention study, 23 24 were invited by purposive sampling to participate in this study. To ensure trustworthiness, variations in the participants' age, profession, gender and current employment experience were considered important and prioritised. ...
... Data were collected using semistructured focus group interviews. 25 The interviews took place near the ICU in the spring and autumn of 2018. Before the interviews, the participants were informed that the method involved audio recording the interviews. ...
Objectives
To explore interprofessional team members’ experiences of teamwork at an intensive care unit.
Design
Qualitative content analysis of focus group interviews with members from the intensive care teams.
Setting
University hospital in Sweden.
Participants
In total, 31 participants were interviewed. Enrolled nurses (n=7), critical care registered nurses (n=16), and intensive care physicians (n=8) employed at an intensive care unit were divided into nine focus groups organised according to the profession.
Results
The overall theme, Balancing behaviour and knowledge in teamwork, emerged from the two categories of creating a safe atmosphere when working in an unknown environment and counteracting and mitigating destructive team dynamics. The theme captures how well-functioning teamwork must take into account members not acting as team players while also building a secure environment when working in new surroundings outside the intensive care unit. The categories describe how mutual respect, effective teamwork and a safe atmosphere were fostered through support without taking over tasks and countering power structures.
Conclusions
Navigating teamwork during critical situations is inherently complex, making it essential to understand team interactions and factors influencing individual behaviour. To ensure patient safety, the interprofessional team must recognise, understand and manage diverse behaviours and knowledge in dynamic settings. This research contributes to existing knowledge on teamwork in the intensive care context by providing insights into how knowledge and behaviour in teamwork can be optimised to enhance patient safety.
... More importantly, because of limited existing knowledge regarding technology adoption in the e-waste urban mining context in Sri Lanka, employing a quantitative method is extremely challenging (Okyere et al. 2024); therefore, the interview method is fit to answer the research question by understanding the factors influencing technology adoption in the e-waste urban mining businesses. The interview method is one of the most widely used research methodologies in qualitative studies for exploring complex organizational phenomena (Kvale 2007;Kvale and Brinkmann 2014). Also, conducting standardized interviews with the research participants from formal, informal, and government sectors supports minimizing researcher bias and enhancing external validity (Qu and Dumay 2011;Limpamont et al. 2024). ...
... Further, the interview method extends its application across various disciplines. Kvale and Brinkmann (2014) said that the interview method includes various approaches to questioning research participants in order to understand the real-world scenario. In light of that, this study explores technology adoption determinants in the e-waste urban mining businesses employing semistructured interviews and focus group discussions (FGD). ...
E-waste generation is escalating in developing countries, yet collection and recycling remain minimal, leaving most e-waste unattended. Technology adoption in e-waste urban mining is increasingly seen as a key strategy to address this issue. However, the adoption of e-waste urban mining technology has been slow in developing countries, particularly in Sri Lanka. Despite numerous studies on e-waste urban mining, the existing literature lacks a comprehensive understanding of e-waste urban mining technology adoption in Sri Lanka. This study employs an interview method to explore the factors influencing the adoption of e-waste urban mining technology in Sri Lanka. The present study reveals 16 factors, which are broadly categorized into five thematic areas and further grouped into three analytical levels: Micro level (technological know-how, and psychological readiness), meso level (organizational readiness), and macro level (external pressure and collaborative effort) are interrelated and jointly influence e-waste urban mining technology adoption in Sri Lanka. Consequently, the findings help to illuminate the interplay between e-waste urban mining and technology adoption at the organizational level, which has implications for research, management, practice, and policymaking.
... After the conversation about surgery cancellation, patients were invited to participate in individual semistructured personal communication The interviews were planned to occur in the new waiting period at home before the new scheduled surgery date, and patients were therefore contacted at different time points (1-14 days). Inspired by (Brinkmann & Kvale, 2015), a semi-structured interview guide was used to support the interviews and capture patients' narratives (Brinkmann & Kvale, 2015). The guide consisted of open questions such as, "Please tell me about your experience of having the surgery cancelled?" ...
... After the conversation about surgery cancellation, patients were invited to participate in individual semistructured personal communication The interviews were planned to occur in the new waiting period at home before the new scheduled surgery date, and patients were therefore contacted at different time points (1-14 days). Inspired by (Brinkmann & Kvale, 2015), a semi-structured interview guide was used to support the interviews and capture patients' narratives (Brinkmann & Kvale, 2015). The guide consisted of open questions such as, "Please tell me about your experience of having the surgery cancelled?" ...
Objectives
To explore patients’ experiences of day-of-surgery cancellation and the initial days of the extended waiting period.
Methods
A qualitative explorative design inspired by Ricoeur’s phenomenological-hermeneutic approach was used. Participant observation of day-of-surgery cancellations and semi-structured follow-up interviews with patients were conducted. Transcribed data were analysed using a Ricoeur-inspired analysis.
Results
Five themes emerged from the analysis and interpretation, including “an unexpected and shocking message–triggering reactions ranging from crying to unclear thinking”, “shattered mental strength–an emotional rollercoaster marked by exhaustion and concerns”, “a fragile situation–the need for early, informative and caring management of surgery cancellation”, “prolonged waiting–feeling stuck and mentally distressed, caught in limbo with one’s disease” and “known and unknown consequences–a butterfly effect”.
Conclusions
Surgery cancellation could be explained as a “butterfly effect” causing known and unknown consequences triggered by the initial shock. Various emotional reactions followed the event and patients’ mental strength was shattered. Provision of empathic care and information during cancellation notification was essential. The prolonged waiting period subjected patients to a sense of being stuck in limbo, unable to move forward with their lives. Multiple new practical preparations had to be made, and trust in the healthcare sector might be compromised.
... Numerous books and articles on qualitative interviewing in general and writing interview questions (Brett & Wheeler, 2021;Brinkmann & Kvale, 2014;Staller, 2022;Given, 2021;Patton, 2018). The value of the data collected during qualitative interviews depends on the researcher's competence and the interview questions' strength (Patton, 2018). ...
... Preparing interview questions in qualitative research has been a challenging process, especially for researchers who do not have enough experience (Hà & Nguyễn, 2023). In particular, studies conducted to overcome the deficiency in interview question writing show this is an ongoing problem (Brett & Wheeler, 2021;Brinkmann & Kvale, 2014;Staller, 2022;Given, 2021;Patton, 2018). ...
The number of studies on using ChatGPT in scientific and qualitative research is increasing daily. This study investigates the usability of ChatGPT in the interview question preparation phase of qualitative research by taking into account its features such as text generation, ease of use, and being trained with a large data set. In the study, the researchers prepared interview questions for the research problem they identified and compared them with the questions prepared by ChatGPT. The study results show that ChatGPT can generate the variety and depth of questions that researchers need by using its large data set and various features. As a result, we determined that ChatGPT can provide valuable support to researchers in the interview question preparation stages. This support will allow researchers to use their time more effectively, develop their questions more comprehensively and in-depth, and improve the quality of the data obtained from the research.
... The study had no set boundaries for informants, allowing them to share detailed information through in-depth interviews freely. A flexible and emergent research design was chosen, aligning with practical studies' priorities (Robson, 2016;Kvale, 2015). The research was carried out in the Hyderabad district, the second-largest city in the Sindh province of Pakistan, known for hosting a variety of media houses. ...
Pakistani working women face problems in each field. However, the media profession offers more problems than any other field in the country. Plenty of studies support the statement that Pakistan is unsuitable for media women. In Hyderabad, many media-working women are facing problems silently. This study is a milestone in exploring their problems. Thus, the current research applied qualitative research and a purposive sampling method. Twenty women participants selected from print, electronic and digital media were recruited for in-depth interviews. The findings revealed that women experienced myriad problems in the industry. Nepotism and favoritism impeded many women's career development. Insecurity of jobs, unsafe workplaces, non-cooperative behavior of co-workers, and female-to-female jealousy were the striking problems in the media industry. It was found that more significant numbers of women were working in glass-ceiling positions. Besides, the results exhibited that gender inequality and sexual harassment were the two predominant problems in the industry. A concrete policy should be implemented to curb gender inequality and sexual harassment in the media industry. Media authorities should provide a fair platform without nepotism and favouritism for each woman.
... This was phenomenological-hermeneutic research (Kvale & Brinkmann, 2014) using narrative-based data collection procedures. Narrative-based data collection (Kirkpatrick, 2008) allows researchers to grasp human experience through listening and understanding and contributes to delivering care based on research results. ...
Background
This study explores nurses’ experiences amid the dual challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic and public mass shootings, highlighting the emotional and professional strains they faced while providing care in crisis situations.
Methods
This qualitative study used semi-structured, in-depth interviews with a sample of 16 nurses caring for patients who were either injured during a public mass shooting or were infected with COVID-19. The participants were selected through purposeful sampling. Thematic analysis was undertaken, and themes derived from structural understanding illuminated nurses’ perceptions of patient care during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Results
Qualitative data analysis revealed five main themes: stressful life events, flashbulb memories, service-oriented mindsets, team collaboration keys, and professional needs. The theoretical interpretation points to multidimensional perceptions of nurses and the need to confirm these perceptions and reconcile them with the psychological impact of stressful life events, making future adjustments and adaptations possible. These results build upon our previous work, first presented as a preprint, which highlighted initial themes and set the foundation for this expanded analysis.
Conclusions
The study underscores how crises impact nurses’ perceptions, highlighting the need for improved support, teamwork, and ongoing training to address their psychological needs during emergencies.
... Semi-structured interviewing is a flexible qualitative data collection method in which the researcher prepares a set of predetermined questions focused on a specific topic but may also pose additional questions based on the direction of the conversation. This method is particularly effective in exploring participants' experiences and perspectives in depth (Kvale, 2009). Creswell (2013) describes semi-structured interviews as a strategy that maintains a general structure while allowing the researcher to adapt or rearrange questions in response to participants' answers, thus ensuring both consistency and responsiveness in the data collection process. ...
... A purposive sampling technique was used, as it is particularly effective when the goal is to explore a specific context, and when the individuals within that context are considered the most knowledgeable or relevant informants for understanding the phenomena under investigation (Creswell, 2013;Kvale and Brinkmann, 2009;Patton, 2002). This approach was well-suited to the current study, which aimed to capture the experiences of individuals undergoing a self-awareness and self-leadership development course. ...
Purpose
The aim of this study is to explore the subjective personal experiences of individuals that have chosen to take a personal development course focused on increased self-awareness and self-leadership.
Design/methodology/approach
A phenomenological study was performed. The data included self-reported reflections collected during an educational course and a focus group interview two months after course completion. This included data from 14 individuals, 6 men and 8 women, working in various civilian contexts.
Findings
Self-awareness and self-leadership behaviors were identified with main and subsequent subthemes. Self-awareness included the following main theme: (1) Role of reflection, including the following subthemes: (a) tool for understanding one’s own needs, (b) creates awareness of change needed, (c) tool for problem solving and (d) creates awareness of avoidance behaviors. Self-leadership behaviors included the following main and subthemes: (1) changes in private life including: (a) changes for others, (b) conscious presence in private relationships, (c) increased compassion for oneself; and (2) changes in working life: (a) increased acceptance of others, (b) courage to speak up and (c) selectivity over work tasks.
Research limitations/implications
A qualitative approach was used; thus, limiting generalized findings.
Practical implications
The findings highlight individuals’ perceptions over their development process and what role the course had in the process.
Originality/value
The main contribution of the current study is outlining how and in what way individuals perceived a course on self-reflection and self-leadership influenced their self-development. The results outline specific areas of commonality that individuals believe the course contributed to change despite various work backgrounds. Opportunity for time to reflect oneself and in small groups with individuals unrelated to one’s usual background may be beneficial for offering a unique way to gain awareness of areas of meaningful change in individuals’ private and worklife.
... Given the high levels of social and economic uncertainty during periods of conflict and potential occupation, semi-structured interviews provide a methodologically robust approach to gathering contextually rich data, allowing for a balance between structure and flexibility (Bryman 2012;Kvale and Brinkmann 2009). This method is particularly valuable in extreme conditions, where respondents' perspectives are shaped by the need for rapid adaptation, as it allows them to articulate their experiences more freely (King 2004). ...
This article explores how ESG reporting practices evolve in high‐risk, low‐institutional contexts by examining Ukrainian agricultural enterprises operating under conditions of war, economic instability, and EU integration pressures. Drawing on semi‐structured interviews, we show that, unlike highly institutionalized ESG models in the Global West, Ukrainian agricultural companies adopt pragmatic, survival‐oriented approaches to sustainability. ESG engagement centers on business continuity and community support—balancing moral imperatives with operational needs. A low level of institutionalization fosters authenticity and reduces greenwashing risk, yet widespread skepticism persists regarding the feasibility of reporting without clear financial incentives. These findings challenge the assumptions of global ESG frameworks and highlight the need to reorient standards toward financial materiality in crisis economies. We propose an adaptive ESG reporting model that reduces compliance burdens for SMEs and outline policy measures—including advisory services, simplified procedures, financial incentives, and targeted education—to facilitate context‐sensitive ESG integration.
... High-quality interviews are richly detailed, and when they happen, the researcher has learned something beneath the surface of the person with whom you are talking (Kvale & Brinkmann, 2014). Getting to the core of people is not easy, and it is essential that the interviewers can hear data and provide good interview questions, capturing fine-grained levels of meaning. ...
Metaphors are often used by individuals facing illness and serve as expressions illuminating the profound nature of patients’ experiences. Metaphors are powerful expressions encapsulating emotional nuances, existential dilemmas, and transformative journeys through illness landscapes. As the French philosopher Ricoeur posits, metaphors are not mere linguistic devices but profound tools that enrich our understanding by bridging the gap between abstract concepts and lived realities. By examining and interpreting these metaphors, researchers can uncover layers of meaning that traditional analytical approaches might overlook, enriching our comprehension of the subjective dimensions of illness experiences. Therefore, this paper explores how metaphors function as interpretative tools in qualitative research and what meaning patients assign to their illness narratives through metaphors. An analytical approach consisting of three stages, Mimesis 1, Mimesis 2 and Mimesis 3, is introduced for interpreting narratives and metaphors and avoid premature closure of qualitative analysis. The final section presents practical guidance and suggestions for enhancing the quality of qualitative data analysis. The use of metaphors enables researchers to gain a deeper understanding of patients’ illness experiences while also compelling them to demonstrate to the reader how they arrived at the themes and arguments they present. Indeed, using metaphors in the analysis of qualitative research brings out the particular or singularity of a phenomenon or event. This uniqueness has deep connections to human experience, cognition, and existence. Metaphors can thus serve as a bridge between the unique and the universal, shedding light on the existential dimensions of human lived experiences. Therefore, researchers should actively use metaphors to interpret themes in qualitative data.
... Interview used For dig teacher experience, leader schools, and program developers in detail. Interviews allow researcher For understand How theories studied in training applied in teaching everyday ( Kvale & Brinkmann, 2009). In addition that, observation class done For see direct implementation theory in practice, while observation training help understand dynamics and approaches used in session development professional. ...
Importance development professional teacher in increase quality education No can viewed adjacent eyes. However, even though various training programs has applied, still there is gap significant between the theory taught in training and practice carried out in class. This is show the need approach newer one effective in development teacher professionalism. Research This aiming For explore ways For bridge gap between theory and practice in teacher training, as well as evaluate effectiveness approach collaborative and use technology in increase quality teaching. Methods used in study This is studies literature and analysis policy, with dig various study past and experience relevant field. Data is collected through study to various articles, books and reports study related development professional teacher. Research result show that teacher training that combines approach collaborative, such as lesson study and community learn, more effective in increase teacher understanding and skills. In addition that, integration technology in training can expand access and provide experience more learning flexible as well as adaptive. Support strong institutions, including time For collaboration and provision source power, also plays role important in success training. Research This recommend the need design more training holistic and based context local, as well as focus on reflection and evaluation sustainable For ensure success term long in development professional teacher.
... These interviews are semi-structured, where the researcher has a set of main questions but allows space for the development of answers based on the subjects' experiences. This semi-structured interview approach enables the researcher to gather richer and more meaningful data (Kvale & Brinkmann, 2009 Observation will be conducted to directly observe the implementation of educational supervision at SMK Karmel. The researcher will observe supervision activities in classrooms, meetings between supervisors and teachers, and interactions between teachers and students during the learning process. ...
This study aims to analyze the role of educational supervision in enhancing teacher professionalism at SMK Karmel Tangerang Banten. The approach used in this research is qualitative, with data collection techniques through interviews, observations, and documentation studies. The results of the study show that educational supervision at SMK Karmel has a significant impact on improving teachers' pedagogical, social, and personality competencies. Through supervision carried out by the principal and supervisors, teachers receive constructive feedback that allows them to develop teaching skills, improve communication and collaboration with colleagues, and foster professional attitudes in carrying out their duties. Additionally, supervision based on teacher development and empowerment also plays a crucial role in enhancing teachers' motivation and confidence. However, the study also identifies some challenges in the implementation of supervision, such as limited time and teachers' discomfort with evaluative approaches that focus too much on weaknesses. Overall, educational supervision conducted with a collaborative and supportive approach plays an important role in improving teacher professionalism at SMK Karmel. This study contributes to the development of supervision policies in vocational high schools to enhance the quality of education.
... A semistructured interview guide was used to provide comparable results across participants, allow for unique insights, and encourage freedom of response (Kvale and Brinkmann 2009). Questions centered around constraints and negotiation to visiting MSD and EVER, as well as participant perceptions of park efforts and recommendations for future management. ...
Everglades National Park (EVER) is located within fifty miles of Miami, Florida. Miami-Dade County is home to approximately 2.7 million people with 71.6 percent of the population identifying as Hispanic or Latino. Despite proximity to this diverse urban area, the demographics of EVER's visitors largely do not represent the surrounding community. Conceptual frameworks of constraints can facilitate understanding of low park visitation among traditionally underserved communities; however, they have been criticized for being relatively superficial due to their predominantly quantitative modeling approaches. Through semistructured interviews with underserved residents of South Florida, this research sought to understand constraints and constraint negotiation to visiting EVER. Participants identified several individual, interpersonal, contextual, and systemic constraints to recreating in EVER. Additionally, participants identified a variety of ways to negotiate these constraints through collective and individual strategies. Implications of this research further our understanding of the role of place, constraints, and negotiation in wilderness and U.S. national park visitation among traditionally underserved communities. This research informs EVER park managers on how to better serve the surrounding South Florida community through identification of detailed, place-based constraints and ways the park could engage in collective negotiation strategies to address them.
... The semi-structured interviews followed Brinkmann and Kvale's (2015) approach. The respondents were given substantial freedom to discuss their perspectives, which allowed for follow-up questions and cumulative knowledge. ...
This research examines the professionalisation of strategic communication as a teaching discipline by exploring perceived tensions within the subject. Higher education is a “battleground” for both professions and would-be professions, and the study offers a deeper understanding of the dynamic tensions shaping the professionalisation process of this discipline. However, there has been limited research in this area within strategic communication. This study is based on qualitative interviews with 25 programme directors of international master’s programmes and leading academics from various parts of the world. The empirical findings show that the interviewees perceive the tension between theory and practice as crucial. Some educational programmes prioritise theory to provide students with a profound understanding of fundamental principles, whereas others emphasise practice to enhance employability and practical skills. The study shows that the perceived dichotomy theory and practice in master’s programmes is oversimplified and involves several nuances and distinctions. The research provides greater insight into how tensions surrounding professionalism arise in emerging fields at the university level, particularly in disciplines that are still establishing their position and trajectory. Furthermore, it raises new questions about how university systems and traditions affect professionalisation processes.
... The data for this study were collected through face-to-face semi-structured interviews with the participants. Face-to-face interviews are a common method of data collection in qualitative research, as they allow for rapport-building and can help the researcher to better understand the participants' perspectives (Kvale, 2009;Wiarawan & Mahendra, 2024). During the interviews, the researcher asked the participants the open-ended questions included in the semi-structured interview guide. ...
Financial literacy refers to the knowledge and skills needed to comprehend financial concepts, assess risks, and effectively apply this understanding in financial situations. This literacy is very important in equipping oneself to make effective decisions in order to improve both individual and social financial well-being, and to be able to participate in society. The aim of this research is to analyse the integration of financial literacy learning in the Merdeka Curriculum at junior high school level. teachers to develop more innovative financial literacy learning. This research is classified as qualitative research with a case study method. Curriculum experts, teachers and junior high school students are subjects in this research. This research was conducted on junior high school students in Denpasar, Bali. The data in this research was collected by distributing questionnaires, interviews, observations, and documentation. The data were analysed using thematic analysis which facilitated the exploration of nuanced perspectives and the development of a comprehensive interpretation of the participants' experiences and viewpoints. The main ideas or concepts that capture something significant about the data in relation to the research question. The research results show that the integration of financial literacy learning is implicit, although the results of the Merdeka Curriculum analysis showed the existence of financial literacy learning in Economy subjects. Based on the results of observation, the method used for financial literacy learning is case study and simulation. Therefore, it is hoped that the results of this research will encourage.
... The first transcription of the interviews was part of the first-time coding in which the purpose was to identify similarities and differences in principals' histories of leadership practices within the complexity of educational reform, ethical values and beliefs, and students' wellbeing and learning. Data coding and analysis followed an iterative process of inductive and deductive coding by following the thematic order of the interview guide, being partially concept-driven but also data-driven, as codes were developed through reading of the material [24,25]. The next step was to analyze the interviews. ...
Over the past two decades, there has been extensive research into what constitutes successful school principal leadership under the assumption that leaders’ practices are significant and context-dependent on their school organization. By investigating how successful principals balance their personal ethical leadership dispositions and their intention of sharing leadership, this paper aims to contribute to the knowledge of how school principals need to balance the ethical, personal, and collective as the top leader of the school. Findings from the interviews suggested that a central aspect in the Norwegian school principals’ characteristics of their leadership practices is student wellbeing and collaborative effort for school quality and student learning. Norwegian successful school principals seem to be relatively unaware of aspects of power use in their leadership practices. Dilemmas arise in the complexity of ensuring individual and collective effort and responsibility for the school to function in accordance with the societal mandate.
... The qualitative approach and the reliance on interviews allow both to capture the complexity and broader social context of the analysed phenomena and to recognise the ambivalence and inconsistency in how people express their opinions and feelings (Holstein & Gubrium, 1995). Using qualitative interviews is a fruitful way to study people's perceptions, opinions, and attitudes (Kvale & Brinkmann, 2009), classifications, and the meanings they attach to different phenomena (Lamont & Swidler, 2014). ...
Extensive literature has focused on the effects of measurable processes of globalisation on various facets of everyday life, including the cultural sphere. However, relatively few studies examined how individuals perceive the impact of globalisation and migration on their cultural lifestyles, participation, and preferences. This chapter delves into this underexplored area by employing theories of cosmopolitanism, transnationalism, and cultural stratification to understand how people perceive the effects of cultural globalisation, including Europeanisation and increased migration flows. It examines how individuals perceive the impact of these changes on various aspects of everyday culture and whether they assess these changes as cultural enrichment or threat. The analysis draws on qualitative data from 84 in-depth interviews conducted in four European countries with both native-born citizens and migrants. The findings provide new insights into people’s perceptions of how globalisation and migration have changed cultural offerings and culture life more broadly, their openness to these developments, and how these perceptions and attitudes are associated – also by interviewees themselves – with various social backgrounds, transnational and migration experiences, and the degree of cultural diversity in people’s environments.
... Los datos se recogieron mediante una entrevista presencial semiestructurada según un guion temático (Kvale & Brinkmann, 2009), construida para el estudio marco (tabla 1). Las entrevistas fueron audiograbadas, se realizaron entre 10 y 19 meses después del alta hospitalaria, en el mismo centro asistencial, en un horario de#nido según la disponibilidad del adolescente y de sus padres. ...
The aim of this study to describe and analyse the subjective experience of adolescents who have attempted suicide in relation to their parents, peers and school. Ten adolescents between 15 and 18 years old who have made suicide attempts are interviewed. The information is analyzed according to Grounded Theory criteria. The results allow us to configure a central phenomenon in each of the three contexts explored: a) My parents did not perceive my suffering, until I could not take it anymore; b) I find it difficult to feel comfortable among my peers. I have no close friends; and, c) «School can be stressful for me, but it can also worry about me». The conclusions present a comprehensive relational model and reflect on the systemic possibilities of intervention in different contexts.
... This uneven integration is influenced by a combination of institutional forces operating across national, European and international contexts. Consequently, although these findings are derived from the analysis of a specific context, they highlight aspects that can be generalised to similarly recurring circumstances (Smaling, 2003;Kvale and Brinkmann, 2009), illustrating how institutional forces have influenced the institutionalisation of social and environmental aspects within universities' strategic plans and sustainability reports. ...
Purpose: This study aims to investigate the institutionalisation of sustainability in universities by examining the relationship between strategic planning and sustainability reporting practices.
Design/methodology/approach: Focusing on the Italian higher education system as a case study, the research used an institutional theory framework and conducted a qualitative content analysis of universities' strategic plans and sustainability reports. The analysis evaluated their alignment and identified the sustainability aspects prioritised by universities.
Findings: The Italian case demonstrates how the institutionalisation of sustainability in universities is shaped by a complex interplay of normative, coercive and mimetic forces operating at multiple levels. The findings also reveal that the alignment between strategic plans and sustainability reports is rarely achieved. Differences in governance, organisational commitment and academic staff engagement play a significant role in influencing the stages of sustainability institutionalisation.
Practical implications: The findings provide actionable insights for university governing bodies, emphasising the need to foster a culture of sustainability and ensure alignment between strategic planning and sustainability reporting practices. Social implications: The misalignment between strategic planning and sustainability reporting can hinder progress in sustainability initiatives and erode stakeholder confidence. This study underscores the role of universities as key agents of sustainable development, advocating for a holistic and integrated approach to sustainability.
Originality/value: This research fills a critical gap in the literature by exploring the alignment between strategic planning and sustainability reporting in universities. It introduces a novel perspective on the institutionalisation process in higher education, leveraging a newly developed standard specifically designed for universities.
... They are effective for gathering information about many individuals' attitudes, opinions, and behaviors and can be conducted in various forms, including online surveys, mail surveys, and telephone surveys (Creswell, 2014). Similarly, interviews allow the gathering of detailed quantitative and qualitative information about the target market, challenges and preferences of the individual participants and can be conducted in person, over the phone, or through video conferencing (Kvale and Brinkmann, 2015;Torchiano et al., 2017). ...
Modelling urban floods is essential for disaster prevention, yet it faces limitations in accuracy due to technical, operational, and functional constraints. The study employs a primary market research analysis to explore the perspectives of both academic and non-academic experts in urban flood modelling (UFM). Identified issues include inadequate spatial and temporal model resolution, high data requirements, and non-intuitive user interfaces. Opportunities are recognized in integrating flood risks, social dynamics, future land use, climate data, and real-time information while reducing computational costs and improving usability. To address these aspects, a holistic framework has been proposed that includes features like hybrid-physics AI modelling, real-time data integration, compound flood simulation, transfer learning, sociohydrology tools, future scenario forecasting, cloud-based pipelines, interoperability, compatibility, and AI-enhanced parallel computing and user interface. Finally, we presented an ecosystem map illustrating stakeholder roles in UFM. The findings offer valuable insights into refining UFM for enhanced urban flood resilience.
... It explores how the technology that was adopted and used among nurses in municipal home care changed during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as how it fit with their work. The data set was comprised of semistructured interviews and field observations in the form of shadowing [39][40]. These semi-structured interviews gave insight into the nurses' personal experiences and motivations to adopt and use technology. ...
Background
Home care underwent abrupt adaptations to handle the COVID-19 pandemic including an accelerated digitalization. While some research exists regarding the working conditions for home care personnel during the COVID-19 pandemic, few studies exist on the effect of everyday technology use in home care during the pandemic. The aim of this study was to investigate how digital technologies, introduced in Swedish municipal home care during the COVID-19 pandemic, were adopted and used by home care nurses and how well they fitted the context of use over time.
Methods
An ethnographic approach was employed where qualitative data were gathered via semi-structured interviews and field observations. The data were subjected to thematic analysis. The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and the Task-Technology Fit (TTF) model were used as theoretical frameworks to identify and discuss factors associated with technology acceptance, use, and fit with the work.
Results
Three new technologies were implemented: digital infection status lists, digital faxing, and digital meetings. Around these three technologies, two main themes related to the adoption and acceptance of technology were constructed: Ensuring safety and Striving for efficiency. Initially, the implementation of the technologies was solely driven by a need to ensure safety. However, benefits promoting efficiency were progressively discovered. After the pandemic, the perceived usefulness of the technologies was solely related to efficiency. Digital meetings continued to be in use also after the pandemic since they improved efficiency. Digital faxing continued to be in use despite being associated with usability problems, as the previous solution, the analogue fax, had been decommissioned. Thus, adoption was not only a matter of perceived usefulness but also a matter of other organizational factors and decisions.
Conclusions
Technology had a central role in home care during the pandemic as it was used to ensure safety. Contextual conditions changed over time, and with them motivations to use the new technologies. The dynamic nature that dictates technology use in practice is not captured well in the TAM and TTF theoretical frameworks. A more holistic discussion is needed where context, feedback, agency, and control at work are given greater consideration and space.
Trial registration
Not applicable.
... They focused primarily on participants' personal narratives, exploring their experiences within the healthcare system. The interviewer encouraged open storytelling while minimizing directional steering in the conversation [37]. ...
Background
Therapeutic relationships are vital for patients with complex and long-term psychosocial needs, yet such patients often face fragmented and unstable relationships within mental healthcare. These patients are more often than others moved between treatment settings and caregiving teams. Statutory obligations strain the relationships with frequent hospitalizations adding to the burden This study explores how these patients perceive and navigate therapeutic relationships, highlighting both positive and negative experiences across various treatment settings.
Methods
This is a qualitative study with a narrative approach utilizing in-depth interviews focusing on participants personal experiences and perceptions. We utilized purposive sampling to recruit patients with extensive hospitalization experience, operationalized as more than four admissions within one year or more than four successive weeks of hospitalization. Our sample consisted of 16 participants, twelve women and four men. The interviews were analyzed using a holistic-content approach.
Results
We found that therapeutic relationships were built on healthcare professionals recognizing and addressing patients’ needs and advocating for their interests within the service system. Participants described therapeutic relationships as sources of collaboration, stability, and support but found them challenging to sustain due to fear of rejection and institutional barriers. Successful relationships worked as a vital buffer, offering protection against malpractices and depersonalized care.
Conclusion
Therapeutic relationships play a crucial role in supporting patients with complex needs, but relational dilemmas and malignant group dynamics often impede their development. Mental healthcare services have an ethical responsibility to foster and maintain therapeutic environments and professional cultures that enable personalized care, while maintaining boundaries through reflective practices.
Education plays a crucial role in shaping the future of individuals and communities. However, the perception of education can vary significantly between urban and rural areas due to differences in access to resources, infrastructure, and cultural norms. This study aims to explore the perceptions of education in both urban and rural communities in Indonesia. Using a qualitative approach, data were collected through in-depth interviews with 30 respondents, including students, teachers, parents, and educational leaders. The findings indicate that urban communities generally have a more positive perception of education, often viewing it as a pathway to better career opportunities and economic stability. In contrast, rural communities tend to perceive education as valuable but face significant barriers, including limited access to quality educational facilities, inadequate teaching resources, and economic constraints. These challenges often lead to lower educational aspirations and higher dropout rates in rural areas. The study highlights the need for targeted educational interventions and policies that address these disparities, ensuring equal educational opportunities for all students, regardless of their geographical location.
My research aims relate to understanding how emotions can be translated in the audiovisual (AV) context so that subtitling and Voice-Over (VO) reflect more the oral quality of dialogues and testimonies. In order to fulfil one of my primary goals of the Ethical Translation project of working ethically, it was crucial to make sure all participants were treated with respect and that their voices were listened to throughout the project. Moreover, as the research is also concerned with understanding the impact of challenging material on subtitlers, different research methods were required. In this chapter, I present the different methods used to reach my research goals. I first consider the ethical component and then focus on the mixed methods approach chosen for the Ethical Translation project. These mixed methods include practice-based research and commissioning and co-creating a documentary, focus groups (FGs) organised at the start of the project to gather information and data on stakeholders’ expectations, e-questionnaires/surveys to inform our trajectory for ethical filming and translating and start drafting translation guidelines, and semi-structured interviews carried out with subtitlers working on the project to understand better subtitlers’ working conditions.
Left-behind children in rural China face significant challenges in autonomous literacy learning due to parental absence, limited educational resources, and socio-emotional difficulties, this study explores these challenges in the context of Hebei Province using a qualitative approach through semi-structured interviews, the findings indicate that left-behind children struggle with insufficient parental guidance, restricted access to learning materials, low self-motivation, language barriers, and emotional distress, all of which hinder their literacy development, the study further reveals that the lack of structured support systems exacerbates these difficulties, making it harder for these children to engage in independent literacy activities, to address these issues, the research proposes several recommendations, including strengthening school-based literacy programs, enhancing parental and guardian involvement, increasing access to educational resources, incorporating bilingual literacy strategies, and providing socio-emotional support, additionally, policy interventions and community-based initiatives are suggested to create a more inclusive learning environment for left-behind children. This study contributes to the understanding of the literacy development of left-behind children and highlights the urgent need for targeted educational interventions.
Design practitioners face multifaceted obstacles and dilemmas in complex real-world situations. Addressing these difficulties necessitates transcending the capacities of singular designers or specialised disciplines. Consequently, collaborative efforts have emerged as a crucial aspect of professional design activities, becoming essential for designers navigating demands from society and the job market. Design knowledge is needed to understand how designers engage in collaboration dynamics. This study presents an assessment of collaboration in professional design practices and an interview study with 18 designers across industrial, graphic, product, user experience, and service design. It investigates how designers experience collaboration, they deal with challenges during collaboration, and collaboration influences their design practices. The findings highlight the multidimensional nature of collaboration, encompassing communication, task management, and collective intelligence. This study emphasises the significance of emotional and social intelligence in collaborative dynamics, coupled with resilience in navigating critiques. It revealed that challenges arise from structural issues such as design value underestimation and siloed departments, more than interpersonal issues. It also suggests that designers work to understand collaborators while preparing them for the collaborative process, employing strategies such as learning others’ practices and clarifying design value.
This study focuses on the youngest children’s community participa-tion, and the research question is as follows: How do teachersfacilitate opportunities for community participation in early childhoodeducation and care (ECEC) for the youngest (1- to 3-year-old) children?The study is based on a qualitative hermeneutic analysis of semi-structured interviews with six ECEC teachers from three differentECEC institutions. Theoretically, the study is primarily based onHabermas’s perceptions that educational processes occur at theintersection between individuals and society, the lifeworld andthe system, as well as aspects from Yuval-Davis’s theory of politicsof belonging and the ways in which teachers and children createborders. The results of the analyses indicate that facilitating com-munity participation with the youngest children involves complexborderwork between possibilities and limitations. These caninclude institutional frames, awareness and knowledge of the chil-dren’s lifeworld and their subjective experiences and expressionsand ways to support and create opportunities for establishingcommunities.
Traditional ethnographic methods have long been employed to study craft practices, yet they often fall short of capturing the full depth of embodied knowledge, material interactions, and procedural workflows inherent in craftsmanship. This paper introduces a digitally enhanced ethnographic framework that integrates Motion Capture, 3D scanning, audiovisual documentation, and semantic knowledge representation to document both the tangible and dynamic aspects of craft processes. By distinguishing between endurant (tools, materials, objects) and perdurant (actions, events, transformations) entities, we propose a structured methodology for analyzing craft gestures, material behaviors, and production workflows. The study applies this proposed framework to eight European craft traditions—including glassblowing, tapestry weaving, woodcarving, porcelain pottery, marble carving, silversmithing, clay pottery, and textile weaving—demonstrating the adaptability of digital ethnographic tools across disciplines. Through a combination of multimodal data acquisition and expert-driven annotation, we present a comprehensive model for craft documentation that enhances the preservation, education, and analysis of artisanal knowledge. This research contributes to the ongoing evolution of ethnographic methods by bridging digital technology with Cultural Heritage studies, offering a robust framework for understanding the mechanics and meanings of craft practices.
Purpose
The aim of this article is to encourage phenomenological research that involves members of the public to inform the design of research to ensure outputs are relevant whilst maintaining methodological integrity.
Method
This article explores the relevance of public involvement in research design and application. In particular, consideration of human rights is examined in relation to phenomenological research with some reflection on a study which explored the lived experience of transition from adolescence to adulthood for young people living with cerebral palsy.
Results
Methodological issues relating to public involvement, human rights, and the potential challenges this may present for phenomenological researchers are explored. Consideration is provided as to what public involvement might mean in terms of generating and analysing data and how phenomenological researchers understand core principles such as phenomenological reduction, the epoché, and Dasein, with examples provided as to what might be possible to promote public involvement.
Conclusion
With well-designed public involvement, phenomenological research might be regarded with greater credibility by rehabilitation professionals.
This study explores the relationship between teacher autonomy and instructional innovation within the context of secondary education. It investigates how the degree of freedom given to teachers in making pedagogical decisions affects their willingness and ability to adopt innovative practices. Through a mixed-methods approach involving surveys and interviews with 50 teachers from various subject areas, the findings reveal that higher levels of autonomy correlate with increased motivation, experimentation, and creative lesson design. However, institutional support and collaborative environments also play a crucial role in enabling teachers to fully exercise their autonomy. The results highlight the importance of policy frameworks that empower teachers while ensuring accountability and shared professional learning.
This exploratory qualitative study investigates the challenges faced by young adults (aged 18–40) with severe mental illness (SMI), intellectual disabilities (IDs), and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in navigating body perception, affectivity, intimacy, gender identity, and sexuality. Through semi-structured interviews with 13 participants recruited from a community habilitation center, thematic analysis revealed systemic barriers rooted in societal stigma, familial overprotection, and institutional neglect. Key findings highlight tensions between bodily autonomy and familial control, with prolonged caregiver dependency in intimate hygiene reflecting patterns of infantilization. We found that participants’ self-image was shaped by gendered expectations and familial critiques, reinforcing internalized stigma. Romantic relationships were often idealized through cultural narratives, yet lacked practical guidance on consent or boundaries, exacerbating vulnerabilities. Fragmented sexual education left individuals reliant on pornography or peers, perpetuating misconceptions and anxiety. Despite these barriers, participants demonstrated resilience and agency in advocating for inclusive interventions. This study underscores the urgent need for trauma-informed, rights-based approaches that prioritize autonomy, dignity, and intersectionality. Recommendations include structured skill-building programs for independence, disability-adapted comprehensive sexuality education, and systemic reforms fostering interdisciplinary collaboration. By centering lived experiences, this work challenges structural inequities and advocates for community care models that honor the diverse needs of individuals navigating the intersection of disability, identity, and sexuality.
This study explores the challenges and dynamics faced by traditional leaders (Makaabon) in crime prevention within Asaita Woreda, Afar region, Ethiopia. The Makaabon, custodians of the Mada'a system, have historically played a central role in maintaining social order, resolving conflicts, and enforcing communal norms. However, their authority and effectiveness are increasingly undermined by socioeconomic changes, including urbanization, modernization, and the encroachment of formal legal systems. Rising crime rates, resource scarcity, and inter-communal tensions further complicate their role. Using a qualitative research approach, this study examines the evolving role of Makaabon, the integration of traditional and modern governance systems, and the adaptive strategies employed to address contemporary challenges. Key findings reveal that while the Mada'a system remains resilient, Makaabon face significant impediments such as diminishing authority, lack of resources, and generational shifts in values. The introduction of "weelo" (time condition) exemplifies the system's adaptability, allowing for the incorporation of modern tools and practices. The study highlights the importance of collaboration between traditional leaders, religious authorities, and formal institutions to enhance crime prevention efforts. Recommendations include capacity-building for Makaabon, formal recognition of the Mada'a system, community awareness campaigns, and economic development initiatives. By addressing these challenges and fostering integration between traditional and modern governance, the Mada'a system can continue to serve as a vital mechanism for social cohesion and crime prevention in the Afar region.
Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar las percepciones de los docentes jóvenes en Chile respecto a la implementación y desarrollo de la Educación Sexual Integral (ESI) en el sistema educativo. La investigación se anida en un paradigma interpretativo y enfoque cualitativo, en donde se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a 15 docentes recién empleados y estudiantes de último año de Pedagogía de distintas universidades en Santiago de Chile, con el propósito de explorar sus experiencias y perspectivas sobre la ESI. Los resultados revelan la urgente necesidad de establecer una política nacional clara que regule y promueva la enseñanza de la ESI, además de las barreras existentes, como la resistencia cultural y la falta de formación específica en las universidades. Asimismo, se resalta la relevancia de un enfoque holístico que aborde dimensiones emocionales, sociales y de autocuidado, fundamentales para el desarrollo integral de los estudiantes. Este estudio concluye que es esencial fortalecer la formación docente y las políticas educativas para garantizar una implementación inclusiva, efectiva y equitativa de la ESI en el contexto chileno.
This chapter investigates the intricacies of Pedagogical Love, positioning it as an essential competency within the realm of adult educator development, particularly for those engaged in language and basic education classes. It scrutinises the integration of Pedagogical Love into the training and educational pathways of educators, alongside fostering an understanding of its significance and assessing its influence on the structuring of adult learning environments with respect to didactics, methodologies, and overall framework development.
Employing qualitative methodology, this investigation draws on in-depth interviews with two key figures overseeing adult educator qualification programmes in Germany, providing nuanced insights into the operationalisation of Pedagogical Love within educational practices. This exploration aims to elevate the discourse surrounding pedagogical love, advocating for its recognition as a pivotal element in the professional growth and effectiveness of educators in the domains of German as second language and in basic education contexts.
This inquiry into the facets of Pedagogical Love in adult educator development, enriched by qualitative insights from the German context, endeavours to contribute substantially to the understanding and valorisation of this core competences in shaping transformative educational experiences.
This study aims to investigate the integration of a multisensory approach within a Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) framework to enhance intensive reading skills among English for Specific Purposes (ESP) students. The theory of multisensory learning, which emphasizes engaging multiple learning modalities, informs the study. Data were collected from 25 pharmacy students at Universitas Muhammadiyah Kuningan, Indonesia. A qualitative case study design employed classroom observations, student interviews, and feedback surveys to evaluate the effectiveness of CLIL-based multisensory techniques. Thematic analysis was utilized to identify patterns and recurring themes in the collected data, providing insights into students’ experiences and outcomes. Results indicate significant improvements in students’ reading comprehension and engagement levels post-intervention. Using multimedia applications and interactive activities allowed for a richer learning experience and supported diverse learning styles. However, challenges related to unfamiliar technology usage highlighted the necessity for additional training for both students and instructors. The finding underscores the potential of combining multisensory learning with CLIL in ESP contexts, while also emphasizing the importance of professional development for educators to optimize teaching strategies. Future studies are recommended to explore the long-term impact of multisensory approaches on other language skills and their applicability in various educational settings.
The current context underscores the growing importance of online formats, prompting managers to focus on creating positive online experiences. This qualitative study examines seven types of online Airbnb experiences using a grounded theory approach and data triangulation. Our findings extend the six-dimensional brand experience scale, including sensory, affective, behavioral, and intellectual, as well as the additions of interactive and social dimensions, by identifying three new dimensions in Airbnb’s online experiences: mystical, spatio-temporal, and physical. The results suggest that, while these dimensions are present across different types of positive online Airbnb experiences, there are variations depending on the type of experience. Certain experiences, such as entertainment-focused ones, may ensure higher satisfaction and engagement by incorporating a broader range of these dimensions.
Background
Occupational therapy programs require students to complete several clinical fieldwork experiences before graduation and registration. Fieldwork experiences are supervised by fieldwork educators (FWEs), who are practicing clinicians (often occupational therapy practitioners). Many areas, especially rural areas, now face a growing shortage of healthcare workers and higher rates of worker burnout, making it difficult to motivate clinicians to supervise occupational therapy fieldwork students.
Objective
This qualitative pilot study aimed to explore the essence of the unique dual role of rural occupational therapy practitioners who also serve as FWEs and uncover motivators to serve as an FWE.
Methods
Data was collected through an initial survey and semi-structured interviews. Data was analyzed through iterative coding until prominent themes emerged. Several measures were taken to ensure trustworthiness and rigor in this qualitative study, including a positionality statement, audit trail, thick description of the participants and work settings, external review of the interview protocol, reflective journaling throughout the transcription and coding processes, and member checking of results.
Results
Three participants were included in this pilot exploratory study. Five themes of the rural FWE experience emerged: subtle advocacy is a facilitator, relational leadership is important, role strain is prevalent, fieldwork as a tool to strengthen rural occupational therapy workforce, and connection is difficult but desired.
Conclusions
These findings provide takeaways that may improve the fieldwork experience across stakeholders, including educators, sites, and coordinators.
Since the introduction of positive psychology, investigating emotions has become a prevalent concern for researchers within foreign and second-language classroom research settings. Positive emotions in a second or foreign language learning and teaching have been commonly under investigation so far. However, there has been little discussion about negative emotions, which play pioneering roles in language classes. Although there is a growing body of research concentrating on anxiety as a negative emotion in foreign language learning, it can be put forward that there is still a scarcity of studies on foreign language learning boredom experienced by learners in online speaking courses. Considering this, this paper attempts to present the results of a study focusing on such a negative emotion- boredom- experienced by 59 university students majoring in English. To this end, it identifies sources of boredom experienced by EFL learners in an online speaking course. Also, it seeks to reveal learners’ proposed solutions for coping with it. Using qualitative inquiry modes, data were collected through reflective reports and structured and semi-structured interviews. As a result of content analysis, five themes concerning factors responsible for boredom emerged. These are disturbing experiences during the lesson, classroom context-dependent sources, teacher-related sources, task-related sources, and student-related sources. Additionally, learners’ proposed solutions for alleviating boredom in foreign language learning were presented in the study. They are lesson itself and teaching-related solutions, task-related solutions, classroom context-related solutions and teacher-related solutions. Finally, the study concludes with implications and recommendations for future research.
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