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Syllabus: Q Methodology in Assessment and Research

June 2016

Authors:

Steven R Brown

Kent State University

Syllabus for summer workshop, Kent State University, May 2016

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Summer Intersession Workshop (23-27 May 2016)

EVAL 5/70093 (CRN 14599/14600)

9:00 am-4:00 pm, 100 White Hall

Q Methodology in Assessment and Research

Steven R. Brown

Program in Evaluation and Measurement

School of Foundations, Leadership, and Administration

329 White Hall, mobile 330/524-6117, sbrown@kent.edu

The purpose of this workshop is to introduce statistical and methodological principles associated

with the use of Q method in the study of subjectivity and to locate Q methodology within the

framework of contemporary science. Q methodology evolved from factor-analytic theory in the

1930s, and since that time has been applied in the systematic study of a wide range of subject

matters in psychology, political science, communication, the health sciences, education, and the

behavioral and human sciences more generally. Attention will focus initially on historical and

methodological developments, with special emphasis on factor-analytic and epistemological

foundations, and on the fundamental importance of subjectivity in all human action. Subse-

quently, the seminar will move to applications in substantive areas of particular interest to partic-

ipants.

The course objectives include the following: To provide workshop members with [1] an un-

derstanding of the historical roots and conceptual principles of Q methodology, [2] an acquain-

tance with the mechanics of Q-sample design and the application of the Q-sort technique, [3] a

minimal mastery of the statistical methods (correlation, factor analysis, factor rotation, and cal-

culation of factor scores) essential for the analysis of data acquired through the application of Q

technique, [4] experience in using the PQMethod software package for Q data, and [5] opportu-

nities to interpret the results of Q studies. As a general learning outcome, students who complete

the workshop will be expected to be able, with minimal guidance, to apply Q methodology to

their research topics of interest and to defend the various methodological decisions that will be

required in the process.

Students with Disabilities

University policy 3342-3-01.3 requires that students with disabilities be provided reasonable accommodations

to ensure their equal access to course content. If you have a documented disability and require accommodations,

please contact the instructor at the beginning of the semester to make arrangements for necessary classroom adjust -

ments. Please note, you must first verify your eligibility for these through Student Accessibility Services (contact

330-672-3391 or visit www.kent.edu/sas for more information on registration procedures).

Texts

Brown, S.R. (1980). Political subjectivity. New Haven: Yale University Press. (Available in

pdf format at www.qmethod.org)

McKeown, B.F. & Thomas, D.B. (2013). Q methodology (Quantitative Applications in the So-

cial Sciences series, Vol. 66, 2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Bibliographies

Brown, S.R. (1968). Bibliography on Q technique and its methodology. Perceptual and Motor

Skills, 26, 587-613.

Brown, S.R. (1977). Q bibliographic update: A continuation of "Bibliography on Q Technique

and Its Methodology." Operant Subjectivity, 1, 17-26 (continued in subsequent issues).

http://www.qmethod.org (searchable bibliography).

Resources

Q methodology website: http://www.qmethod.org

Q methodology e-mail discussion list: Send the command “subscribe Q-Method <your name>”

(without quotations or brackets) to Listserv@listserv.kent.edu

QMethod (computer freeware): http://www.rz.unibw-muenchen.de/~p41bsmk/qmethod/

PCQ (computer software): http://www.pcqsoft.com/

Ken-Q Analysis (beta version software): http://shawnbanasick.github.io/ken-q-analysis

Journals:

Operant Subjectivity, quarterly journal of the International Society for the Scientific Study of

Subjectivity, accessible at www.qmethod.org; contact Mark Popovich <mpopovic@g-

w.bsu.edu>, ISSSS Treasurer: $50 ISSSS membership, journal included; $20 students.

Q-Methodology and Theory, annual Korean-language journal of the Korean Society for the

Scientific Study of Subjectivity.

Journal of Human Subjectivity, semi-annual English-language journal published by the Ko-

rean Society for the Scientific Study of Subjectivity; produced and distributed by Com-

munication Books. (no longer published)

Stephenson, W. (1988). Dr. William Stephenson interview [8 hours]. Videocassette: Kent State

University Audio-Visual Services (in four cassettes, numbered 50-3842, 50-3843, 50-3844,

50-3845).

Brown, S.R. (1996). Workshop on Q methodology [3 hours]. Available via streaming at Q

methodology website.

32nd annual meeting, International Society for the Scientific Study of Subjectivity, September 7-

10, 2016, New Orleans, LA. (33rd annual meeting, 2017, Glasgow, Scotland.)

Syllabus

Methodological Topics

History and Principles

Brown, Political Subjectivity, Part 1.

McKeown & Thomas, Q methodology.

Brown, S.R. (1972). A fundamental incommensurability between objectivity and subjectivity.

In S.R. Brown & D.J. Brenner (Eds.), Science, psychology, and communication (pp. 57-94) .

New York: Teachers College Press.

Brown, S.R. (1993). A primer on Q methodology. Operant Subjectivity, 16, 91-138. (Cf. Q

methodological tutorial.

Brown, S.R. (1994-1995). Q methodology as the foundation for a science of subjectivity. Oper-

ant Subjectivity, 18, 1-16.

Brown, S.R. (1997). The history and principles of Q methodology in psychology and the social

sciences. British Psychological Society symposium on “A Quest for a Science of Subjectiv-

ity: The Lifework of William Stephenson,” University of London; and conference on “A Cel-

ebration of the Life and Work of William Stephenson (1902-1989),” University of Durham,

England.

Brown, S.R. (1998). Subjective science: Normal and abnormal (continued). Operant Subjectiv-

ity, 21, 92-111.

Brown, S.R. (2002). Subjective behavior analysis. Operant Subjectivity, 25, 148-163.

Brown, S.R. (2005). The science of subjectivity: Methodology, identity, and deep structures. Q

Methodology and Theory, 11, 5-31.

Brown, S.R. (2006). Q methodology and naturalistic subjectivity. In B. Midgley & E. Morris

(Eds.), Modern perspectives on J.R. Kantor and interbehaviorism (pp. 251-268). Reno, NV:

Context Press.

Good, J.M.M. (2010). Introduction to William Stephenson’s quest for a science of subjectivity.

Psychoanalysis and History, 12, 211-243.

Hurd, R., & Brown, S.R. (2005). The future of the Q methodology movement. Operant Subjec-

tivity, 28, 58-75.

Stephenson, W.(1935). Technique of factor analysis. Nature, 136, 297. (Reprinted in Brown,

Political subjectivity, pp. 9-10.)

Stephenson, W. (1935). Correlating persons instead of tests. Character and Personality, 4,

17-24.

Stephenson, W. (1936). The foundations of psychometry: Four factor systems. Psychometrika,

1, 195-209.

Stephenson, W. (1936). A new application of correlation to averages. British Journal of Educa-

tional Psychology, 6, 43-57.

Stephenson, W. (1936). Introduction to inverted factor analysis, with some applications to stud-

ies in orexis. Journal of Educational Psychology, 27, 353-367.

Stephenson, W. (1953). The study of behavior: Q- technique and its methodology. Chicago:

University of Chicago Press. (Chaps 1, 3, 5)

Stephenson, W. (1967). The play theory of mass communication. Chicago: University of

Chicago Press. (Chap 2)

Thorsen, A.A. (2006). A pathway to understanding Q-methodology. Journal of Human Subjec-

tivity, 4(2), 33-53.

Consciring and Concourse Theory

Said, G., & Stricklin, M. (2014). Dialogism: A philosophical contribution to understanding con-

course and consciring. Operant Subjectivity, 37(3), 21-37.

Stephenson, W. (1978). Concourse theory of communication. Communication, 3, 21-40.

Stephenson, W. (1980). Consciring: A general theory for subjective communicability. In D.

Nimmo (Ed.), Communication yearbook 4 (pp. 7-36). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.

Stephenson, W. (1986). Protoconcursus: The concourse theory of communication. Operant

Subjectivity, 9, 37-58, 73-96.

Representativeness: Q-sample and P-set Structure

Brown, S.R. (1970). On the use of variance designs in Q methodology. Psychological Record,

20, 179-189.

Brown, S.R. & Ungs, T.D. (1970). Representativeness and the study of political behavior: An

application of Q technique to reactions to the Kent State incident. Social Science Quarterly,

51, 514-526.

Paige, J.B., & Morin, K.H. (2015). Q-sample construction: A critical step for a Q-method-

ological study. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 38, 96-110.

Kinsey, D. & Kelly, T.C. (1989). Mixing methodologies: An aid in developing Q samples. Op-

erant Subjectivity, 12, 98-102.

Stephenson, W. (1953). The study of behavior. Chap 4.

Stephenson, W. (1993-94). Introduction to Q-methodology. Operant Subjectivity, 17, 1-13.

Propositional Sets, Conditions of Instruction, and Q Sorting

Bolland, J.M. (1985). The search for structure: An alternative to the forced Q-sort technique.

Political Methodology, 11, 91-107. (Cf. Comment by S.R. Brown and response by Bolland.)

Brown, S.R. (1993-94). The structure and form of subjectivity in political theory and behavior.

Operant Subjectivity, 17, 30-48.

Stephenson, W. (1953). The study of behavior. Chap 2.

Stephenson, W. (1963). Independency and operationism in Q-sorting. Psychological Record,

13, 269-272.

Ten Klooster, P.M., Visser, M., & De Jong, M.D.T. (2008). Comparing two image research in-

struments: The Q-sort method versus the Likert attitude questionnaire. Food Quality and

Preference, 19, 511–518.

Van Tubergen, G.N. & Olins, R.A. (1979). Mail vs personal interview administration for Q

sorts: A comparative study. Operant Subjectivity, 2, 51-59.

Correlation

Brown, Political Subjectivity, Part 2

Cohen, J. (1957). An aid in the computation of correlations based on Q sorts. Psychological

Bulletin, 54, 138-139.

Factor Analysis

Brown, S.R. (2006). A match made in heaven: A marginalized methodology for studying the

marginalized. Quality & Quantity, 40, 361-382.

Expositor (1992). A note on measuring changes in Q factor loadings. Operant Subjectivity, 15,

56-61.

Stephenson, W. (1953). The study of behavior. Chap 2.

Stephenson, W. (1977). Factors as operant subjectivity. Operant Subjectivity, 1, 3-16.

Stephenson, W. (1980). Factor analysis. Operant Subjectivity, 3, 38-57.

Stephenson, W. (1990). Fifty years of exclusionary psychometrics: I. Q technique. Operant Sub-

jectivity, 13, 105-120.

Stephenson, W. (1990). Fifty years of exclusionary psychometrics: II. Developments. Operant

Subjectivity, 13, 141-162.

Factor Rotation

Brown, S.R., & Robyn, R. (2004). Reserving a key place for reality: Philosophical foundations

of theoretical rotation. Operant Subjectivity, 27, 104-124.

Creaser, J.W. (1978). The factor-wheel method of rotation for Q-technique research. Operant

Subjectivity, 1, 70-77.

D'Agostino, B. (1984). Replicability of results with theoretical rotation. Operant Subjectivity, 7,

81-87. (Cf. Stephenson's response.)

Kramer, B., & Gravina, V. (2004). Theoretical rotation as a tool for identifying points of lever-

age in people’s perspectives for program improvement. Operant Subjectivity, 27, 125-144.

Ramlo, S. (2016). Centroid and theoretical rotation: Justification for their use in Q methodology

research. Mid-Western Educational Researcher, 28(1), 72-91.

Stricklin, M. (2005). Eight quantum realities redux: Finding David Bohm. Operant Subjectivity,

28, 145-166.

Thompson, J.W. (1962). Meaningful and unmeaningful rotation of factors. Psychological Bul-

letin, 59, 211-223.

Factor Scores

Creaser, J.W. (1955). An aid in calculating Q-sort factor arrays. Journal of Clinical Psychol-

ogy, 11, 195-196.

Stephenson, W. (1978). A note on estimating standard errors of factor scores in Q method. Op-

erant Subjectivity, 1, 29-37.

Interpretation

Brown, S.R. (1999). On the taking of averages: Variance and factor analyses compared. Oper-

ant Subjectivity, 22, 31-37.

Goldman, I. (1999). Q methodology as process and context in interpretivism, communication,

and psychoanalytic psychotherapy research. Psychological Record, 49, 589-604.

McKeown, B.F. (1998). Circles: Q methodology and hermeneutical science. Operant Subjectiv-

ity, 21, 112-138.

Stephenson, W. (1962). A note on the methodology of clinical explanation. Psychological

Record, 12, 101-103.

Stephenson, W. (1983). Against interpretation. Operant Subjectivity, 6, 73-103, 109-125.

Wolf, A. (2014). The interview in Q methodology: Readiness to adopt sustainable responses to

climate change. SAGE Research Methods Cases [online]. London: Sage.

Critiques

Billard, S. (1999). How Q methodology can be democratized. Feminism & Psychology,

9, 357-366.

Cattell, R.B. (1951). On the disuse and misuse of P, Q, Qs and O techniques in clinical psychol-

ogy. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 7, 203-214.

Stephenson, W. (1952). A note on Professor R.B. Cattell’s methodological adumbrations.

Journal of Clinical Psychology, 8, 206-207.

Cronbach, L.J., & Gleser, G.C. (1954). Review of The Study of Behavior: Q- technique and Its

Methodology, by W. Stephenson. Psychometrika, 19, 327-330.

Stephenson, W. (1954). Comments on Cronbach and Gleser’s review of: The study of be-

havior: Q-technique and its methodology. Psychometrika, 19, 331-333.

Dziopa, F., & Ahern, K. (2011). A systematic literature review of the applications of Q-tech-

nique and its methodology. Methodology: European Journal of Research Methods for the

Behavioral and Social Sciences, 7(2), 39-55.

Kampen, J.K., & Tamás, P. (2014). Overly ambitious: Contributions and current status of Q

methodology. Quality & Quantity, 48, 3109-3126.

Brown, S.R., Danielson, S., & van Exel, J. (2015). Overly ambitious critics and the Medici

Effect: A reply to Kampen and Tamás. Quality & Quantity, 49, 523-537.

Tamás, P.A., & Kampen, J.K. (2015). Heresy and the church of Q: A reply. Quality &

Quantity, 49, 539-540.

Phillips, E.L., Raiford, A., & El–Batrawi, S. (1965). The Q sort reevaluated. Journal of Con-

sulting Psychology, 29, 422-425.

Sundland, D.M. (1962). The construction of Q-sorts: A criticism. Psychological Review, 69,62-

64.

Stephenson, W. (1963). Independency and operationism in Q-sorting. Psychological

Record, 13, 269-272.

Wittenborn, J.R. (1961). Contributions and current status of Q methodology. Psychological

Bulletin, 58, 132-142.

__________________________

Recent Applications

Articles

Akanbang, B.A.A., Darko-Osei, R., & Atengdem, P. (2013). Programme implementers’ experi-

ences of process use types in three evaluation contexts in Northern Ghana. Operant Subjec-

tivity, 36, 297-319.

Akhtar-Danesh, N., Baumann, A., Kolotylo, C., Lawlor, Y., Tompkins, C., & Lee, R. (2013).

Perceptions of professionalism among nursing faculty and nursing students. Western Jour-

nal of Nursing Research, 35, 248-271.

Akhtar-Danesh, N., Valaitis, R., O’Mara, L., Austin, P., & Munroe, V. (2013). Viewpoints

about collaboration between primary care and public health in Canada. BMC Health Service

Research, 13, 311.

Albizua, A., & Zografos, C. (2014). A values-based approach to vulnerability and adaptation to

climate change: Applying Q methodology in the Ebro Delta, Spain. Environmental Policy

and Governance, 24(6), 405-422. doi: 10.1002/eet.1658

Alderson, S.L., Foy, R., & House, A. (2015). Understanding depression associated with chronic

physical illness: A Q-methodology study in primary care. British Journal of General Prac-

tice, 65(635), e401-408.

Armadas, C.A., Venn, T.J., & Watson, A.E. (2014). Applying Q-methodology to select and de-

fine attributes for non-market valuation: A case study from Northwest Wyoming, United

States. Ecological Economics, 107, 447-456.

Baas, L.R., Rhoads, J.C., & Thomas, D.B. (2016). Are quests for a “culture of assessment”

mired in a “culture war” over assessment? A Q-methodological inquiry. SAGE Open, 6(1),

17 pp. doi: 10.1177/2158244015623591 (accessible:

http://sgo.sagepub.com/content/spsgo/6/1/2158244015623591.full.pdf)

Baker, R., Wildman, J., Mason, H., & Donaldson, C. (2014). Q-ing for health—A new approach

to eliciting the public's views on health care resource allocation. Health Economics, 23, 283-

297.

Baltrinic, E.C., Burkholder, D., Brown, S.R., Janson, C., & Waugh, J.A. (2013). Reflections on

parallel studies of doctoral student completion. Operant Subjectivity, 36, 288-296.

Baltrinic, E.C., Waugh, J.A., & Brown, S.R. (2013). Faculty and student perspectives on what

helps counselor education doctoral students towards program completion. Operant Subjec-

tivity, 36, 253-271.

Bang, H., & Kim, J. (2016,). Korean and American teachers’ praising styles and teaching prac-

tices. Mid-Western Educational Researcher, 28(1), 3-29.

Bang, H., & Montgomery, D. (2013). Understanding international graduate students’ accultura-

tion using Q methodology. Journal of College Student Development, 54, 343-360.

Barr, K., Ormrod, J., & Dudley, R. (2015). An exploration of what service users value

about early intervention in psychosis services. Psychology and Psychotherapy, 88, 468-480.

Bashatah, L. (2014). Saudi researchers’ perspectives on the ethics of children’s participation in

research: An exploration using Q-methodology. Journal of Research in Humanities and So-

cial Science [on-line], 2(7), 86-93. Open access at

http://www.questjournals.org/jrhss/papers/vol2-issue7/N278693.pdf

Berghout, M., van Exel, J., Leensvaart, L., & Gramm, J.M. (2015). Healthcare professionals'

views on patient-centered care in hospitals. BMC Health Services Research, 15(1), 385. doi:

10.1186/s12913-015-1049-z) (Accessible: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-

6963/15/385)

Black, C. (2013). Q methodology. Approach, April 10, 4-5. Available at http://www.ip-

sos-

mori.com/_emails/scotland/approach/spring2013/sri_scotland_newsletter_approach_spring20

13_q_methodology.pdf?utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=IpsosMORIScotlandAp-

proachSpring2013&utm_source=ScotlandApproachMarch2013

Bond, J.L. (2016). Extension agents and conflict narratives: A case of Laikipia County, Kenya.

Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension, 22(1), 81-96.

Botor, N.J.B. (2013). How do distance learners like to learn? Shared learning preferences in dis-

tance education. ASEAN Journal of Open Distance Learning, 5(1), 10-27.

Bredin, Y.K., Lindhjem, H., van Dijk, J., & Linnell, J.D.C. (2015). Mapping value plurality to-

wards ecosystem services in the case of Norwegian wildlife management: A Q analysis.

Ecological Economics, 118, 198-206. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2015.07.005

Bröer, C., & Heerings, M. (2013). Neurobiology in public and private discourse: The case of

adults with ADHD. Sociology of Health & Illness, 35, 49-65.

Brown, S.R., Danielson, S., & van Exel, J. (2015). Overly ambitious critics and the Medici Ef-

fect: A reply to Kampen and Tamás. Quality & Quantity, 49, 523-537. doi: 10.1007/s11135-

014-0007-x

Burke, L.E.C-A. (2014). Post-colonial science education: The challenge of negotiating re-

searcher positioning. International Journal of Research & Method in Education, 37, 242-

255. doi: 10.1080/1743727X.2013.824776

Burke, L.E.C-A. (2015). Exploiting the qualitative potential of Q methodology in a post-colonial

critical discourse analysis. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 14, 65-79.

Burkholder, D., & Janson, C. (2013). Supporting PhD completion: Student and faculty perspec-

tives. Operant Subjectivity, 36, 272-287.

Cairns, R., Sallu, S.M., & Goodman, S. (2014). Questioning calls to consensus in conservation:

A Q study of conservation discourses on Galápagos. Environmental Conservation, 41, 13-

26.

Cairns, R., & Stirling, A. (2014). ‘Maintaining planetary systems’ or ‘concentrating global

power?’ High stakes in contending framings of climate geoengineering. Global Environ-

mental Change, 28, 25-38.

Cerrone, K., Nicholas, J.B., & Ramlo, S. (2013). Perspectives contributing to early college high

school students’ persistence. Operant Subjectivity, 36, 342-352.

Chandran, R., Hoppe, R., De Vries, W.T., & Georgiadou, Y. (2015). Conflicting policy beliefs

and informational complexities in designing a transboundary enforcement monitoring sys-

tem. Journal of Cleaner Production, 105, 447-460.

Chen, S-Y., & Hsu, H-C. (2015). Nurses’ reflections on good nurse traits: Implications for im-

proving care quality. Nursing Ethics, 22, 790-802.

Ching, L., & Mukherjee, M. (2015). Managing the socio-ecology of very large rivers: Collective

choice rules in IWRM narratives. Global Environmental Change, 34, 172-184.

Collins, L., & Angelova, M. (2015). What helps TESOL methods students learn: Using Q

methodology to investigate students’ views of a graduate TESOL methods class. Interna-

tional Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, 27, 247-260.

Cotton, M.D., & Mahroos-Alsaiari, A.A. (2015). Key actor perspectives on stakeholder engage-

ment in Omani Environmental Impact Assessment: An application of Q-methodology. Jour-

nal of Environmental Planning and Management, 58, 91-112.

Churruca, K., Perz, J., & Ussher, J.M. (2014). Uncontrollable behavior or mental illness? Ex-

ploring constructions of bulimia using Q methodology. Journal of Eating Disorders, 2(22).

Open access, doi:10.1186/s40337-014-0022-2

(available: http://www.jeatdisord.com/content/pdf/s40337-014-0022-2.pdf)

Clare, S., Krogman, N., & Caine, K.J. (2013). The ‘‘balance discourse’’: A case study of power

and wetland management. Geoforum, 49, 40-49.

Clarke, D.J., & Holt, J. (2015). Understanding nursing practice in stroke units: A Q-method-

ological study. Disability and Rehabilitation, 37, 1870-1880.

Cotton, M.D., & Mahroos-Alsaiari, A.A. (2015). Key actor perspectives on stakeholder engage-

ment in Omani Environmental Impact Assessment: An application of Q-methodology. Jour-

nal of Environmental Planning and Management, 58, 91-112.

Courtois, C., Schrøder, K., & Kobbernagel, C. (2015). Exploring landscapes of news comsump-

tion cross-nationally – The use of Q methodology to fuse quantitative and qualitative ap-

proaches for increased explanatory power in comparative research. In F. Zeller, C. Ponte, &

B. O’Neill (Eds.), Revitalising audience research: Innovations in European audience re-

search (pp. 123-142). New York: Routledge.

Cuppen, E. (2013). Q methodology to support the design and evaluation of stakeholder dialogue.

Operant Subjectivity, 36, 135-161.

Curry, R., Barry, J., & McClenaghan, A. (2013). Northern visions? Applying Q methodology to

understand stakeholder views on the environmental and resource dimensions of sustainabil-

ity. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 56, 624-649.

Dafermos, G., & Van Eeten, M.J.G. (2014). Images of innovation in discourses of free and open

source software. First Monday, 19(12), online publication. (Accessible

http://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/4210/4176)

Dahlberg, U.E., & Aune, I. (2013). The woman’s birth experience—The effect of interpersonal

relationships and continuity of care. Midwifery, 29, 407-415.

Davis, C.H., Michelle, C., Hardy, A., & Hight, C. (2014). “Framing audience prefigurations of

The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey: The roles of fandom, politics and idealized intertexts.

Participations: Journal of Audience and Reception Studies, 11(1), 50-87.

Deignan, Tim, & Brown, S. (2015). Educator perspectives on the use of alternative assessment

methods within taught masters programmes: An exploratory study using activity theory and

Q methodology. Educational Review. (DOI: 10.1080/00131911.2015.1090399) ePublication

prior to print.

Di Giuseppe, M., Perry, J.C., Petraglia, J., Janzen, J., & Lingiardi, V. (2014). Development of a

Q-sort version of the defense mechanism rating scales (DMRS-Q) for clinical use. Journal

of Clinical Psychology: In Session, 70, 452-465.

Dickinson, H., Jeffares, S., Nicholds, A., & Glasby, J. (2014). Beyond the Berlin Wall? Inves-

tigating joint commissioning and its various meanings using a Q methodology approach.

Public Management Review, 16, 830-851.

Dostál, J. (2015). The draft of the Competencial Model of the teacher in the context of the in-

quiry-based instruction. Procedia—Social and Behavioral Sciences, 186, 998-1006.

Dryzek, J.S., & Kanra, B. (2014). Australian Muslims' orientations to secular society: Empirical

exploration of theoretical classifications. Journal of Sociology, 50, 182-198.

Dryzek, J.S., & Kanra, B. (2014). Muslims and the mainstream in Australia: Polarisation or en-

gagement? Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 40, 1236-1253.

Durose, C., Van Hulst, M., Jeffares, S., Escobar, O., Agger, A., & de Graaf, L. (2015). Five

ways to make a difference: Perceptions of practitioners working in urban neighborhoods.

Public Administration Review (ePublication prior to print).

Ellingsen, I.T., Thorsen, A.A., & Størksen, I. (2014). Revealing children’s experiences and emo-

tions through Q methodology. Child Development Research, art. 910529, 9 pp. (Accessible:

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/910529)

Erhardt, I., Levy, R.A., Ablon, J.A., Ackerman, J.A., Seybert, C., Voßhagen, I., & Kächele, H.

(2014). Amalie Xs Musterstunde: Analysiert mit dem Psychotherapie Prozess Q-Set [Amalie

X’s specimen case – Analyzed with the Psychotherapy Process Q-set]. Forum der Psycho-

analyse, 30(4), 441-458. (Text in German)

Evelina, B.C., & Camelia Nadia, B. (2014). The Q-sort technique used in identifying the level of

methodological skills of the prospective teachers. Procedia—Social and Behavioral Sci-

ences, 128, 60-65.

Eyvindson, K., Kangas, A., Hujala, T., & Leskinen, P. (2015). Likert versus Q-approaches in

survey methodologies: Discrepancies in results with same respondents. Quality & Quantity,

49, 509-522.

Flurey, C.A., Morris, M., Pollock, J., Richards, P., Hughes, R., & Hewlett, S. (2014). A Q-

methodology study of flare help-seeking behaviours and different experiences of daily life in

rheumatoid arthritis. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 15, 364. (Provisional pdf view-

able: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2474-15-364.pdf.)

Forrester, J., Cook, B., Bracken, L., Cinderby, S., & Donaldson, A. (2015). Combining partici-

patory mapping with Q-methodology to map stakeholder perceptions of complex environ-

mental problems. Applied Geography, 56, 199-208.

Franz, A., Worrell, M., & Vögele, C. (2013). Integrating mixed method data in psychological re-

search: Combining Q methodology and questionnaires in a study investigating cultural and

psychological influences on adolescent sexual behavior. Journal of Mixed Methods Re-

search, 7, 370-389.

Fraser, J., Gupta, R., & Krasny, M.E. (2015). Practitioners’ perspectives on the purpose of envi-

ronmental education. Environmental Education Research, 21(5), 777-800.

Fluckinger, C.D., & Brodke, M.R.H. (2013). Positive reactions to a Q sort for personality as-

sessment. Operant Subjectivity, 36, 335-341.

Gauzente, C. (2013). Une invitation illustrée à utiliser la Q-method dans les recherches en sys-

tèmes d’information [An illustrated invitation to use Q-method in research in information

systems]. Systèmes d'Information et Management, 18(2), 69-109.

Gauzente, C. (2014). Digging into the subjectivity of mobile apps “non-users” – A single case

study approach. Operant Subjectivity, 37(4), 41-55.

Gaynor, T.S. (2013). Building democracy: Community development corporations’ influence on

democratic participation in Newark, New Jersey. Operant Subjectivity, 36, 93-113

Godor, B.P. (2016). Moving beyond the deep and surface dichotomy; Using Q methodology to

explore students’ approaches to studying. Teaching in Higher Education. (ePublication prior

to print)

Goodman, G., Midgley, N., & Schneider, C. (2015). Expert clinicians’ prototypes of an ideal

child treatment in psychodynamic and cognitive-behavioral therapy: Is mentalization seen as

a common process factor? Psychotherapy Research. (Published online before print)

Gough, H., Tweed, A., & Sorensen, J. (2014). Priorities of staff and service users in mental

health assessment: A Q methodological study. Operant Subjectivity, 37(4), 23-40.

Ha, E.H. (2014). Attitudes toward video-assisted debriefing after simulation in undergraduate

nursing students: An application of Q methodology. Nurse Education Today, 34, 978-984.

Grijpma, J.W., Tielen, M., van Staa, A., Maasdam, L., van Gelder, T., Berger, S.P., Busschbach,

J.J.V., Betjes, M., Weimar, W., & Massey, E.K. (in press). Kidney transplant patient’s atti-

tudes towards self-management support: A Q-methodological study. Patient Education and

Counseling.

Hall, R.T., Jensen, R.R., & McLean, D.D. (2013). Learning in the geoscience classroom: Q-

methodology, learning styles, and individual preferences. Journal of Geoscience Education,

61, 120-128.

Harvey, H., Good, J., Mason, J., & Reissland, N. (2015). A Q-methodology study of parental

understandings of infant immunisation: Implications for health-care advice. Journal of

Health Psychology, 20, 1451–1462.

Haynes, N.A., & Jacobson, S. (2015). Barriers and perceptions of natural resource careers by

minority students. Journal of Environmental Education, 46(3), 166-182.

Hedges, C.D. (2014). The gender factor of survivor: A Q method approach. Operant Subjectiv-

ity, 37(1/2), 2-22.

Hensel, D. (2014). Typologies of professional identity among graduating baccalaureate-prepared

nurses. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 46, 125-133.

Hinkle, M., Iarussi, M.M., Schermer, T.W., & Yensel, J.F. (2014). Motivations to pursue the

doctoral degree in counselor education and supervision. Journal for Counselor Preparation

and Supervision, 6(1), art. 1. Free and open access

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Ho, G.W.K., & Gross, D.A. (2015). Pediatric nurses' differentiations between acceptable and

unacceptable parent discipline behaviors: A Q-study. Journal of Pediatric Health Care,

29, 255-264.

Ho, G.W.K., & Gross, D.A. (2015). Differentiating physical discipline from abuse: Q findings

from Chinese American mothers and pediatric nurses. Child Abuse and Neglect, 43, 83-94.

Howard, R.J., Tallontire, A.M., Stringer, L.C., & Marchant, R.A. (2016). Which “fairness”, for

whom, and why? An empirical analysis of plural notions of fairness in Fairtrade Carbon

Projects, using Q methodology. Environmental Science & Policy, 56, 100-109.

Hunter, W.C. (2013). Understanding resident subjectivities toward tourism using Q method: Or-

chid Island, Taiwan. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 21, 331-354.

Johnson, B.B., & Sciascia, J. (2013). Views on black bear management in New Jersey. Human

Dimensions of Wildlife, 18, 249-262.

Johnson, B. B., & Waishwell, L. (2014). Q method can identify diverse perspectives on ‘help-

ful’ information on cancer clusters and inform risk communication generally. Journal of

Risk Research, 17, 1125-1145.

Kampen, J.K., & Tamás, P. (2014). Overly ambitious: Contributions and current status of Q

methodology. Quality & Quantity, 48, 3109-3126.

Brown, S.R., Danielson, S., & Van Exel, J. (2015). Overly ambitious critics and the Medici Ef-

fect: A reply to Kampen and Tamás. Quality & Quantity, 49, 523-537.

Tamás, P.A., & Kampen, J.K. (2015). Heresy and the church of Q: A reply. Quality & Quan-

tity, 49, 539-540.

Kaufmann, G. (2014). Seeking environmental injustice with help of Q methodology on APA Al-

godoal-Maiandeua. Environmental Justice, 7(3), 61-69.

Kindermann, G., & Gormally, M.J. (2013). Stakeholder perceptions of recreational and man-

agement impacts on protected coastal dune systems: A comparison of three European coun-

tries. Land Use Policy, 31, 472-485.

Kraak, V.I., Swinburn, B., Lawrence, M., & Harrison, P. (2014). A Q methodology study of

stakeholders’ views about accountability for promoting healthy food environments in Eng-

land through the Responsibility Deal Food Network. Food Policy, 49, 207-218.

Landeen, J., Pierazzo, J., Akhtar-Danesh, N., Baxter, P., van Eijk, S., & Evers, C. (2015). Ex-

ploring student and faculty perceptions of clinical simulation: A Q-sort study. Journal of

Nursing Education, 54, 485-491.

Lavandier, C. & Delaitre, P. (2015). Individual and shared representations on ‘‘zones calmes’’

(‘‘quiet areas’’) among the French population in urban context. Applied Acoustics, 99, 135-

144.

Leong, C. (2015). Persistently biased: The devil shift in water privatization in Jakarta. Review

of Policy Research, 32, 600-621.

Levine, A.C., & VanSlyke-Briggs, K. (2014). Speaking up publically or acting behind the

scenes: Renegade teachers. Operant Subjectivity, 37(4), 3-22.

Levitt, R., & Red Owl, R.H. (2013). Effects of early literacy environments on the reading atti-

tudes, behaviours and values of veteran teachers. Learning Environments Research, 16, 387-

409.

Liu, M-Y., Li, Y., Lu, A-P., & Han, X-J. (2013). Feasibility analysis of the value of Q method in

the classification and understanding of expert experience. Chinese Journal of Integrative

Medicine, 19, 869-873.

Locke, J., Kasari, C., & Wood, J.J. (2014). Assessing social skills in early elementary-aged chil-

dren with autism spectrum disorders: The Social Skills Q-Sort. Journal of Psychoeduca-

tional Assessment, 32, 62-76.

Logo, E. (2013). Q-method based environmental awareness measurement in transportation. In-

ternational Journal for Traffic and Transport Engineering, 3(1), 45-53.

Lynch, A.H., Adler, C.E., & Howard, N.C. (2014). Policy diffusion in arid basin water manage-

ment: A Q method approach in the Murray-Darling Basin, Australia. Regional Environmen-

tal Change, 14, 1601-1613.

MacDonald, P.A., Murray, G., & Patterson, M. (2015). Considering social values in the seafood

sector using the Q-method. Marine Policy, 52, 68-76.

Mair, J., & Whitford, M. (2013). An exploration of events research: Event topics, themes and

emerging trends. International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 4(1), 6-30.

Mandolesi, S., Nicholas, P., Naspetti, S., & Zanoli, R. (2015). Identifying viewpoints on innova-

tion in low-input and organic dairy supply chains: A Q-methodological study. Food Policy,

54, 25-34.

Martin, S., Daniel, C., & Williams, A.C. de C. (2014). How do people understand their neuro-

pathic pain? A Q-study. Pain: Journal of the International Association for the Study of Pain,

155, 349-355.

Masiclat, S.M. (2013). Build better personas using subjective science. Touchpoint: The Journal

of Service Design, 5(1), 84-89.

Massé, M.H., Popovich, M.N., & Kinsey, D.F. (2013). An examination of journalist perceptions

toward covering tragedy and trauma. Operant Subjectivity, 36, 165-178.

Mazur, K.E., & Asah, S.T. (2013). Clarifying standpoints in the gray wolf recovery conflict:

Procuring management and policy forethought. Biological Conservation, 167, 79-89.

McClelland, S.I. (2014). ‘‘What do you mean when you say that you are sexually satisfied?’’

A mixed methods study. Feminism & Psychology, 24(1), 74-96.

Mckenzie, J.A. (2013). Models of intellectual disability: Towards a perspective of (poss)ability.

Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 57, 370-379.

McKenzie, T.P., & Brown, S.R. (2014). Musical preferences and forms of life. Operant Subjec-

tivity, 37(1/2), 97-105.

McKeown, B., Thomas, D.B., Rhoads, J.C., & Sundblad, D. (2015). Falling hard for Break-

ing Bad: An investigation of audience response to a popular television series. Participations,

12(2), 147-167.

Meade, L.B., Caverzagie, K.J., Swing, S.R., Jones, R.R., O’Malley, C.W., Yamazaki, K., &

Zaas, A.K. (2013). Playing with curricular milestones in the educational sandbox: Q-sort re-

sults from an internal medicine educational collaborative. Academic Medicine: Journal of

the Association of American Medical Colleges, 88(8), 1142-1148.

Meade, L.B., Todd, C.Y., & Walsh, M.M. (2015). Found in transition: Applying milestones to

three unique discharge curricula. Peer J, 3(e819).

Meshaka, R., Jeffares, S., Sadrudin, F., Huisman, N., & Saravanan, P. (2016, in press). Why do

pregnant women participate in research? A patient participation investigation using Q-

methodology. Health Expectations, in press. (ePublication prior to print)

Metzger, A., Syvertsen, A.K., Oosterhoff, B., Babskie, E., & Wray-Lake, L. (2015). How chil-

dren understand civic actions: A mixed methods perspective. Journal of Adolescent Re-

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Milcu, A.I., Sherren, K., Hanspach, J., Abson, D., & Fischer, J. (2014). Navigating conflicting

landscape aspirations: Application of a photo-based Q-method in Transylvania (Central Ro-

mania). Land Use Policy, 41, 408-422.

Militello, M., & Janson, C. (2014). The urban school reform opera: The obstructions to trans-

forming school counseling practices. Education and Urban Society, 46, 743-772.

Moen, F., & Kvalsund, R. (2014). Subjectivity about communication in different learning con-

texts in sport. Operant Subjectivity, 37(3), 3-20.

Mokry, S., & Dufek, O. (2014). Q method and its use for segmentation in tourism. Procedia:

Economics and Finance, 12, 445-452.

Moses Passini, C., Pihet, S., & Favez, N. (2014). Assessing specific discipline techniques: A

mixed-methods approach. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23, 1389-1402.

Naspetti, S., Mandolesi, S., & Zanoli, R. (2014). L’accettabilità delle innovazioni nella filiera

lattiero casearia: un’analisi tramite la metodologia Q sort [Innovation acceptability in the

dairy supply chain: A Q methodology analysis]. Economia Agro-Alimentare, 16(2), 79-95.

Neff, M.W., & Larson, B.M.H. (2014). Scientists, managers, and assisted colonization: Four

contrasting perspectives entangle science and policy. Biological Conservation, 172, 1-7.

Nicholas, J.B., & Trost, J. (2015). Revamping instructional strategies in technology education

towards a student learning model: A reflection. ATEA Journal [American Technical Educa-

tion Association], 42(2), 23-30.

Nicholas, P.K., Mandolesi, S., Naspetti, S., & Zanoli, R. (2014). Innovations in low input and

organic dairy supply chains—What is acceptable in Europe? Journal of Dairy Science,

97, 1157-1167.

Niemeyer, S., Ercan, S.A., & Hartzkarp, J. (2013). Understanding deliberative citizens: The ap-

plication of Q methodology to deliberation on policy issues. Operant Subjectivity, 36(2),

114-134.

O'Leary, K., Wobbrock, J.O., & Riskin, E.A. (2013). Q-methodology as a research and design

tool for HCI. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Sys-

tems (pp. 1941-1950). New York: Association for Computing Machinery.

Onwuegbuzie, A.J., & Frels, R.K. (2015). Using Q methodology in the literature review process:

A mixed research approach. Journal of Educational Issues, 1(2), 90-109.

Orchard, L.J., Fullwood, C., Morris, N., & Galbraith, N. (2015). Investigating the Facebook ex-

perience through Q methodology: Collective investment and a ‘Borg’ mentality. New Media

& Society, 17, 1547-1565.

Øverland, K., Størksen, I., & Thorsen, A.A. (2013). Daycare children of divorce and their

helpers. International Journal of Early Childhood, 45, 51-75.

Paige, J.B. (2014). Making sense of methods and measurement: Q-methodology—Part I—Philo-

sophical background. Clinical Simulation in Nursing, 10, 639-640.

Paige, J.B. (2015). Making sense of methods and measurement: Q-methodology—Part II—

Methodological procedures. Clinical Simulation in Nursing, 11, 75-77.

Paige, J.B., & Morin, K.H. (2015). Q-sample construction: A critical step for a Q-methodologi-

cal study. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 38, 96-110.

Paige, J.B., & Morin, K.H. (2015). Using Q-methodology to reveal nurse educators’ perspec-

tives about simulation design. Clinical Simulation in Nursing, 11(1), 11-19.

Paige, J.B., & Morin, K.H. (2015). Diversity of nursing student views about simulation design:

A Q-methodological study. Journal of Nursing Education, 54(5), 249-260.

Palmer, D.J. (2013). College administrators as public servants. Public Administration Review,

73, 441-451.

Parkins, J.R., Hempel, C., Beckley, T.M., Stedman, R.C., & Sherren, K. (2015). Identifying en-

ergy discourses in Canada with Q methodology: Moving beyond the environment versus

economy debates. Environmental Sociology, 1, 304-314.

Perz, J., Ussher, J.M., & Gilbert, E. (2013). Constructions of sex and intimacy after cancer: Q

methodology study of people with cancer, their partners, and health professionals. BMC

Cancer, 13.

Petit-Dit-Dariel, O., Wharrad, H., & Windle, R. (2014). Using Bourdieu’s theory of practice to

understand ICT use amongst nurse educators. Nurse Education Today, 34, 1368-1374.

Phi, G., Dredge, D., & Whitford, M. (2014). Understanding conflicting perspectives in event

planning and management using Q method. Tourism Management, 40, 406-415.

Pike, K., Wright, P., Wink, B., & Fletcher, S. (2015). The assessment of cultural ecosystem ser-

vices in the marine environment using Q methodology. Journal of Coastal Conservation:

Planning and Management, 19, 667-675.

Ponsignon, F., Maull, R.S., & Smart, P.A. (2014). Four archetypes of process improvement: A

Q-methodological study. International Journal of Production Research, 52, 4507-4525.

Posada, G., Lu, T., Trumbell, J., Kaloustian, G., Trudel, M., Plata, P.J., Peña, P.P., Perez, J.,

Tereno, S., Dugravier, R., Coppola, G., Constantini, A., Cassibba, R., Kondo-Ikemura, K.,

Nóblega, M., Haya, I.M., Pedraglio, C., Verissimo, M., Santos, A.J., Monteiro, L., & Lay,

K.L. (2013). Is the secure base phenomenon evident here, there, and anywhere? A cross-cul-

tural study of child behavior and experts’ definitions. Child Development, 84, 1896–1905.

Ramlo, S., & Berit, K. (2013). Determining the various perspectives of caregivers of aging

adults with Q methodology. Family Journal: Counseling and Therapy for Couples and

Families, 21, 46-56.

Ramlo, S. (2015). Q methodology as a tool for program assessment. Mid-Western Educational

Researcher, 27, 207-223.

Ramlo, S. (2016, in press). Students’ views about potentially offering physics courses online.

Journal of Science Education and Technology.

Ramlo, S. (2016). Mixed method lessons learned from 80 years of Q methodology. Journal of

Mixed Methods Research, 10(1), 28-45.

Ramlo, S. (2016). Centroid and theoretical rotation: Justification for their use in Q methodology

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Ramlo, S. (2015/ in press). Student views about a flipped physics course: A tool for program

evaluation and improvement. Research in the Schools.

Ramlo, S. (2015/ in press). Theoretical significance in Q methodology: A qualitative approach

to a mixed method. Research in the Schools.

Rastogi, A., Hickey, G.M., Badola, R., & Hussain, S.A. (2013). Diverging viewpoints on tiger

conservation: A Q-method study and survey of conservation professionals in India. Biologi-

cal Conservation, 161, 182-192.

Rhoads, J.C. (2014). Q methodology. SAGE Research Methods Cases. London: Sage.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/978144627305014534166

Richardson, L., Fister, C., & Ramlo, S. (2015/ in press). Effect of an exercise and weight control

curriculum: Views of obesity among exercise science students. Advances in Physiology Ed-

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Roberts, J.K., Hargett, C.W., Nagler, A., Jakoi, E., & Lehrich, R.W. (2015). Exploring student

preferences with a Q-sort: The development of an individualized renal physiology curricu-

lum. Advances in Physiology Education, 39(3), 149-157.

Robinson, T., Callahan, C., & Evans, K. (2014). Why do we keep going back? A Q method

analysis of our attraction to horror movies. Operant Subjectivity, 37(1/2), 41-57.

Robison, K.M., & Rhoads, J.C. (2014). Using popular culture in the classroom: Views of the

film manic among students of juvenile delinquency. Operant Subjectivity, 37(1/2), 58-71.

Rodriguez-Piñeros, S., & Mayett-Moreno, Y. (2014). Forest owners’ perceptions of ecotourism:

Integrating community values and forest conservation. AMBIO (online first).

Roper, S., Capdevila, R., Lazard, L., & Roberts, A. (2015). How is this feminist again? Q as a

feminist methodology. Psychology of Women Section Review, 17, 3-12.

Said, G., & Stricklin, M. (2014). Dialogism: A philosophical contribution to understanding con-

course and consciring. Operant Subjectivity, 37(3), 21-37.

Schumacher, K.S., & Montgomery, D. (2013). Using identity indicators to describe graduate

students’ views of statistics courses in the context of major-specific courses. Operant Sub-

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Shabila, N.P., Al-Tawil, N.G., Al-Hadithi, T.S., & Sondorp, E. (2013). The range and diversity

of providers’ viewpoints towards the Iraqi primary health care system: An exploration using

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Shabila, N.P., Ahmed, H.M., & Yasin, M.Y. (2014). Women's views and experiences of antena-

tal care in Iraq: A Q methodology study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 14(43), published

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Shabila, N.P., Al-Tawil, N.G., Al-Hadithi, T.S., & Sondorp, E. (2014). Using Q-methodology to

explore people's health seeking behavior and perception of the quality of primary care ser-

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Shabila, N.P., Saleh, A.M., & Jawad, R.K. (2014). Women's perspectives of female genital cut-

ting: Q-methodology. BMC Women's Health, 14(11), published online.

Sharifi, H., Liu, W., & Ismail, H.S. (2014). Higher education system and the ‘open’ knowledge

transfer: A view from perception of senior managers at university knowledge transfer offices.

Studies in Higher Education, 39, 1860-1884.

Sherren, K., Loik, L., & Debner, J.A. (2016). Climate adaptation in ‘new world’ cultural land-

scapes: The case of Bay of Fundy agricultural dykelands (Nova Scotia, Canada). Land Use

Policy, 51, 267-280.

Simons, J. (2013). An introduction to Q methodology. Nurse Researcher, 20(3), 28-32.

Sleenhoff, S., Cuppen, E., & Osseweijer, P. (2015). Unravelling emotional viewpoints on a bio-

based economy using Q methodology. Public Understanding of Science, 24, 858-877.

Somerstein, R. (2014). The taste test: Applying Q methodology to aesthetic preference. Oper-

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Spruijt, P., Knol, A.B., Torenvlied, R., & Lebret, E. (2013). Different roles and viewpoints of

scientific experts in advising on environmental health risks. Risk Analysis, 33, 1844-1857.

Stahel, L., & Cohrs, C. (2015). Socially shared representations of the Israel-Palestine Conflict:

An exploration among conflict outsiders. Conflict & Communication Online, 14(1).

Stephenson, W. (2014). General theory of communication. Operant Subjectivity, 37(3), 38-56.

Strunk, K.K., & Montgomery, D.M. (2013). Perceptions of learning versus teaching styles.

Academic Exchange Quarterly, 17(1), 112-121.

Tamás, P.A., & Kampen, J.K. (2015). Heresy and the church of Q: A reply. Quality & Quantity,

49, 539-540.

Thomas, D.B., & Baas, L. (2013). Subjectivity and the economic inequality conundrum: Consid-

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Thomas, D.B., Rhoads, Jr., J.C., & McKeown, B. (2016, in press). Social media in a subjective

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Thompson, A.W., Dumyahn, S., Prokopy, L.S., Amberg, S., Baumgart-Getz, A., Jackson-Tyree,

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Twijnstra, A., & de Graaf, G. (2013). Young loyalties: Loyalty conceptions and loyalty conflicts

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Uittenbroek, C.J., Janssen-Jansen, L.B., Spit, T.J.M., & Runhaar, H.A.C. (2014). Organizational

values and the implications for mainstreaming climate adaptation in Dutch municipalities:

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Vala, J. (2014). Age variable student’s personal characteristics and their reader’s preferences.

Procedia—Social and Behavioral Sciences, 112, 270-276.

Van Exel, J., Baker, R., Mason, H., Donaldson, C., & Brouwer, W. (2015). Public views on

principles for health care priority setting: Findings of a European cross-country study using

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Vizcaíno, A., García, F., Villar, J.C., Piattini, M., & Portillo, J. (2013). Applying Q-methodol-

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Walton, M.L. (2013). A case study investigating the influence of deliberative discussion on en-

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Watts, S., & Stenner, P. (2014). Definitions of love in a sample of British women: An empirical

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Weldegiorgis, F.S., & Ali, S.H. (2016, in press). Mineral resources and localised development:

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Westbrook, J.L., McIntosh, C.J., Sheldrick, R., Surr, C., & Hare, D.J. (2013). Validity of de-

mentia care mapping on a neuro-rehabilitation ward: Q-methodology with staff and patients.

Disability and Rehabilitation, 35, 1652-1659.

Wijngaarden, V. (2016). Q method and ethnography in tourism research: Enhancing insights,

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Wolf, A. (2013). Readiness and persuasion in transformative learning for sustainable responses

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Wolf, A. (2013). Wellbeing for public policy: Roles for Q methodology. Operant Subjectivity,

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Work, J., Hensel, D., & Decker, K.A. (2015). A Q methodology study of perceptions of poverty

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Wright, K.F., Bryant, L.D., Morley, S., Hewison, J., Duff, A.J., & Peckham, D. (2015). Present-

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Wright, P.N. (2013). Is Q for you?: Using Q methodology within geographical and pedagogical

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Yao, L., Xu, X., Ni, Z., Zheng, M., & Lin, F. (2015). Use of Q methodology to assess the con-

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Yeun, E.J., Bang, H.Y., Ryoo, E.N., & Ha, E.H. (2014). Attitudes toward simulation-based

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Zabala, A., & Pascual, U. (2016). Bootstrapping Q methodology to improve the understanding

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Zanoli, R., Carlesi, L., Danovaro, R., Mandolesi, S., & Naspetti, S. (2015). Valuing unfamiliar

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Zenor, J. (2014). Where are those good ol’ fashioned values? Reception analysis of the offensive

humor on Family Guy. Operant Subjectivity, 37(1/2), 23-40.

Zhang, H., Satlykgylyjova, M., Almuhajiri, M., & Brown, S.R. (2013). Harvesting suggestions:

A strategy for promoting policies designed to improve academic life for international stu-

dents. Operant Subjectivity, 36, 233-252.

Živojinović, I., & Wolfslehner, B. (2015). Perceptions of urban forestry stakeholders about cli-

mate change adaptation – A Q-method application in Serbia. Urban Forestry & Urban

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Živojinović, I., Wolfslehner, B., & Tomićević-Dubljević, J. (2015). Social and policy aspects of

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mate_Change_Adaptation_in_Urban_Forests_of_Belgrade)

Chapters and Books

Ajani, M. (2015). Citizenship, the self and the other: Critical discussions on citizenship and

how to approach religious and cultural difference. Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Cambridge

Scholars Publishing.

Deignan, T. (2013). Using diverse system perspectives to develop policy and practice in an an-

swerable way — the case of dyslexia support in higher education. In V. Farnsworth & Y.

Solomon (Eds.), Reframing educational research (pp. 119-138). London: Routledge.

Jeffares, S. (2014). Interpreting hashtag politics: Policy ideas in an era of social media. Lon-

don: Palgrave Macmillan.

Lo Bianco, J., & Aliani, R. (2013). Language planning and student experiences: Intention,

rhetoric and implementation. Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters.

McKeown, B.F. & Thomas, D.B. (2013). Q methodology (Qualitative Applications in the Social

Sciences series, Vol. 66, 2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Said, G. & Stricklin, M. (Orgs. and Eds.) (2013). Anais da 1o conferência internacional sobre

metodologia Q: Análises qualitative e quantitative na pesquisa científica [Annals of the 1st

international conference on Q methodology: Qualitative and quantitative analyses in scien-

tific research]. Teresina, Piauí, Brazil: EDUFPI [Universidade Federal do Piauí].

Skelcher, C., Sullivan, H., & Jeffares, S. (2013). Hybrid governance in European cities: Neigh-

bourhood, migration and democracy. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

Zenor, J. (Ed.) (2014). Parasocial politics: Audiences, pop culture, and politics. Lanham, MD:

Rowman & Littlefield.

Dissertations/Theses

Ajani, M. (2013). Citizenship, the “self” and the “other”: Perspectives of citizenship educators

regarding citizenship, with a focus on religious and cultural difference. Doctoral thesis (His-

tory), Royal Holloway, University of London.

Akanbang, B.A.A. (2013). Process use of programme evaluation in three evaluation contexts

in Northern Ghana. Doctoral thesis, Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research,

University of Ghana, Accra.

Arter, R.K. (2015). The assent to learn: An exploration of engineering technology students’ atti-

tudes and beliefs towards learning in a classroom environment. Doctoral dissertation (Edu-

cation, Curriculum and Instruction), University of Akron.

Baxter, J. (2013). Technological innovation systems: The case of hydrogen from waste. Doctoral

thesis (Architecture), Cardiff University, UK.

Beck, P.D. (2014). Fourth-grade students' subjective interactions with the seven elements of art:

An exploratory case study using Q-methodology. Doctoral dissertation (Interdisciplinary Ed-

ucational Studies), Long Island University, C. W. Post Center.

Behn, D.F. (2013). A theory of configurative fairness for evolving legal orders: Linking the sci-

entific study of subjectivity to jurisprudential thought. Doctoral thesis, Public International

Law, Centre for Energy, Petroleum and Mineral Law and Policy, University of Dundee

(Scotland, UK).

Bicking, C.J. (2015). Toyota Production System (TPS) theories-in-action and lean implementa-

tion theories-in-action: A contrast in maximization of human potential. Doctoral disserta-

tion, Human and Organization Development, Fielding Graduate University.

Boden, Z.V.R. (2013). Mapping the multiple-dimensions of men’s guilt-experiences: Feelings,

temporality, narrative. Doctoral thesis, University of London, Birkbeck College, UK.

Boesch, J.A. (2014). Expanded learning (afterschool) leaders' perceptions regarding most im-

portant elements for program quality and use of self-assessment tools for continuous im-

provement. Doctoral dissertation (Educational Leadership), California State University,

Fresno.

Bond, J.L. (2013). Human (in)security at the livestock-crop-wildlife nexus: The case of Laikipia

County, Kenya. Doctoral thesis (Food and Resource Economics), University of Copenhagen,

Denmark.

Brandling, J. L. (2014). Young people's cultural discourses on alcohol: A Q methodological en-

quiry. Doctoral thesis (Health & Social Sciences), University of the West of England, Bris-

tol, UK.

Brown, C.L. (2013). What works? Principals' perceptions of professional development. Doc-

toral dissertation (Educational Leadership), North Carolina State University.

Brown, Z. (2013). ‘We just have to get on with it’: Inclusive teaching in a standards driven sys-

tem. Doctoral thesis (Education), Wolverhampton University, Wolverhampton, UK.

Burke, L.E.C-A. (2014). Western teachers of science or teachers of Western science: On the in-

fluence of Western modern science in a post-colonial context. Doctoral dissertation (Curricu-

lum, Teaching and Learning), University of Toronto.

Chiu, C–H. (2013). Verification of theory based design features for designing online instruction

for students with learning disabilities and other struggling learners. Doctoral dissertation

(Educational Leadership and Policy Studies), University of Kansas.

Cochran, G.L. (2013). A Q-methodology approach to investigating the relationship between

level of reflection and typologies among prospective teachers in the Physics Learning Assis-

tant Program at Florida International University. Doctoral dissertation (Curriculum and In-

struction), Florida International University.

Coladonato, J.A. (2013). Attitudes about second-career teachers: An exploratory Q study of

school administrators and classroom teachers. Doctoral dissertation (Education, Informa-

tion, and Technology), Long Island University, C.W. Post Center, NY.

Collum, T.L. (2014). Conceptualization of effective leadership indicators among university fe-

male leaders. Doctoral dissertation (Education), North Carolina State University.

Culpepper, E.L. (2015). Exploring teachers' beliefs about reading standards: A Q-methodology

study. Doctoral dissertation (Education), North Carolina State University.

Damio, S.M. (2013). Seeking Malay trainee English teachers' perceptions of autonomy in lan-

guage learning using Q methodology. Doctoral thesis, University of Nottingham, UK.

Davis, B.B. (2014). Why do you want your child to have braces? Investigating the motivations

of Hispanic/Latino and Caucasian parents. Doctoral dissertation (Orthodontics), University

of Washington.

Dos Santos, R.C. (2015). Health program evaluating the effectiveness of the school in relation

to oral health in basic education schools- Q-methodology. Master’s thesis, Federal Univer-

siae, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Elston, F. (2014). Doing well by doing good: A mixed methods inquiry into the experiences of

well-being and what contributes to it. Doctoral thesis, University of East London (School of

Psychology).

Fikse, C. (2013). From self-actualization to co-actualization within leadership. Norwegian Uni-

versity of Science and Technology (Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet).

Ford, E.J. (2014). Quality of life after stroke and aphasia: stroke survivors' and spouses’ per-

spectives. Doctoral thesis (Clinical Psychology), Staffordshire University, UK.

Forister, J.G. (2015). Novice physician assistant transfer of learning during the transition to

clinical practice: A mixed interpretive study. Doctoral dissertation (Educational Administra-

tion and Human Resource Development), Texas A&M University.

Frayne, D. (2014). Nonprofit leader perceptions of effective organizational performance mea-

surement: A Q methodology study. Doctoral dissertation (Management), University of

Phoenix.

Frearson, A.E. (2013). A Q-methodological study to explore Muslim girls’ viewpoints around

how a secondary school setting can promote and support their inclusion. Research thesis

(Educational and Child Psychology), Department of Educational Studies, University of

Sheffield, UK.

Ghali, M. (2015). Factors underlying counselor educators’ perspectives on spiritual issues in

counseling in non-faith-based CACREP-accredited training programs. Doctoral dissertation

(Counselor Education and Supervision), Kent State University.

Gower, B.S. (2015). Why do individuals volunteer at foodbanks? Master’s thesis, School of

Public Policy, University College, London.

Greenblott, J.M. (2013). Quantitative analysis of regulatory discourses on agricultural genetic

engineering: An exploration and empirical application of critical theory. Doctoral disserta-

tion (Environmental Science and Public Policy), George Mason University.

Gudurić, I. (2013). The perception of decision-makers to climate change adaptation in urban

and peri-urban forests of Belgrade. Master's thesis (European Forestry), Department of For-

est and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.

Hiatt, A.C. (2013). Development and evaluation of the EvoDevoCI: An evolutionary develop-

mental biology conceptual inventory. Doctoral dissertation (Zoology), Oklahoma State Uni-

versity.

Hilburn, A.M. (2014). Garbage, society, and environment in a Mexican municipio: The case of

Coxcatlan, Puebla, Mexico. Doctoral dissertation( Geography), University of Kansas.

Hill, K. (2014). Understanding and preventing alcohol misuse in young people: Affordances

and an ecological approach to cognition. Doctoral thesis (School of Social Sciences), Ox-

ford Brookes University, UK.

Holding, J. (2014). Beliefs about psychological therapy for psychosis. Doctoral thesis (Clinical

Psychology), University of Manchester, UK.

Hollingsworth, A. (2013). Q methodology as a needs assessment tool for biology graduate

teaching assistants participating in an instructional training program. Doctoral dissertation,

Akron University.

Holmes, T.S. (2013). Exploration of antecedents of environmentally responsible behavior by

stakeholders in Grand Lake watershed. Doctoral dissertation, Oklahoma State University

(Environmental Education).

Hurt, K.M. (2015). Graduate counseling students' preferences for counselor educators' teaching

dispositions, orientations, and behaviors: A Q methodology inquiry. Doctoral dissertation

(Counseling and Higher Education), University of North Texas.

Jackson, K.L.T. (2014). Connecting expectations and values: Students' perceptions of develop-

mental mathematics in a computer-based learning environment. Doctoral dissertation (Lead-

ership, Policy, and Adult and Higher Education), North Carolina State University.

Kenjarski, M.R. (2015). Defining teacher leadership: Elementary teachers' perceptions of

teacher leadership and the conditions which influence its development. Doctoral dissertation

(Education), North Carolina State University.

Kivits, R.A. (2013). Multi-dimensional stakeholder analysis: A methodology applied to Aus-

tralian capital city airports. Doctoral thesis (Business), Southern Cross University, Lismore,

NSW, Australia.

Kobbernagel, C. (2013). Students’ learning experiences in digital workshops: A thesis of en-

quiry into learning and communication and methodological explorations using Q methodol-

ogy and structural equation modeling in the field of art gallery education. Doctoral disserta-

tion, Department of Communication, Roskilde University, Denmark.

Lee, K.R. (2014). Child-centered play therapy parent services: A Q-methodological investiga-

tion. Doctoral dissertation (Education), University of North Texas.

Lopienski, S.A. (2016). How do educational leaders understand career readiness: A Q-method-

ological study. Doctoral dissertation, Department of Educational Studies, Ohio University.

Lu, J. (2014). The perceptions of college students regarding microaggressions toward people

with disabilities. Doctoral dissertation (Rehabilitation and Counselor Education), University

of Iowa.

Lynch, H. (2014). Passivhaus in the UK: The challenges of an emerging market: A case study of

innovation using mixed methods research. Doctoral thesis (Built Environment), University

of London, University College London, UK.

Mandolesi, S. (2014). Innovative applications of Q methodology in socio-economic and envi-

ronmental research. Doctoral thesis, Doctoral School of Engineering Sciences, Università

Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.

Manouvrier, L. (2014). Attitudes of Hispanic parents toward the visual arts in the curriculum.

Doctoral dissertation (Education), Long Island University, C. W. Post Center.

McDonald-Morken, C.A. (2014). Mainstreaming critical disability studies: Towards undoing

the last prejudice. Doctoral dissertation (Education), North Dakota State University.

McFarland, E.S. (2014). Teachers' perceptions of professional development: What do teachers

really want that makes them willing to change professional practice? Doctoral dissertation

(Education), North Carolina State University.

Meier, I. (2015). Giving voice and choice to children: Q methodology as a capability measure.

Doctoral dissertation (Childhood Studies), Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey—

Camden.

Merrill, K. (2015). Dedicated to infringement: The politics of intermediary enforcement in on-

line advertising. Doctoral dissertation (Media Studies), Syracuse University.

Michaud-Letourneau, I. (2014). Operationalizing multisectoral nutrition in Mozambique: The

role of strategic system thinking "strategies and insights from a complexity perspective."

Doctoral dissertation (Nutrition), Cornell University.

Mitchell, M.P. (2015). Factors influencing prospective African American doctoral students se-

lection of for-profit institutions. Doctoral dissertation (Adult and Community College Edu-

cation), North Carolina State University.

Moate, R.M. (2014). Novice professional counselors’ perceptions of what was most helpful to

them about their teachers in didactic classes during their master’s program. Doctoral disser-

tation, College and Graduate School of Education, Health, and Human Services (Counseling

and Human Development Services), Kent State University.

Morera, T. (2014). Psychosocial recovery and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for psy-

chosis. Doctoral thesis (Clinical Psychology), University of Manchester, UK.

Ormerod, K.J. (2015). Governing risk, reuse, and reclamation: Water pollution control and new

water resources in the southwestern United States. Doctoral dissertation (Geography), Uni-

versity of Arizona.

Orchard, L.J. (2013). Personality as a predictor of Facebook engagement. Doctoral thesis (Psy-

chology), University of Wolverhampton, UK.

Øverland, K. (2013). Children of divorce in daycare: Exploring subjective experiences among

daycare staff and children using Q methodology. Doctoral thesis, Norwegian Centre for

Learning Environment and Behavioural Research in Education, University of Stavanger,

Norway.

Padmanabhan, P. (2013). Software quality perceptions of stakeholders involved in the software

development process. Doctoral dissertation (Information Systems & Technology Manage-

ment), University of Texas at San Antonio.

Paige, J.B. (2013). Simulation design characteristics: Perspectives held by nurse educators and

nursing students. Doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee (Nursing).

Parker, J.H., IV. (2015). Middle school educators' perceptions of student backgrounds affecting

student academic outcomes in rural coastal North Carolina. Doctoral dissertation (Educa-

tion), North Carolina State University.

Parker, T.W. (2015). Understanding the private school choice decision process: A Q-methodol-

ogy study. Doctoral dissertation (Educational Administration and Supervision), North Car-

olina State University.

Payne, L.B. (2015). Transitioning to sustainability through transdisciplinary knowledge pro-

duction models. Doctoral dissertation (Ecological Sciences and Engineering), Purdue Uni-

versity.

Pelenur, M. (2014). Retrofitting the domestic built environment: investigating household per-

spectives towards energy efficiency technologies and behavior. Doctoral thesis, University

of Cambridge (Department of Engineering).

Perron, N.C.D. (2015). International counseling traits: Identifying counseling traits ranked

most important by international counseling professionals through Q sort analysis. Doctoral

dissertation (Counseling, Adult and Higher Education), Northern Illinois University.

Phelan, C.J. (2014). Understanding the farmer: An analysis of the entrepreneurial competencies

required for diversification to farm tourism. Doctoral thesis (School of Sport and

Wellbeing), University of Central Lancashire, UK.

Plastow, N.A. (2014). Food activities and the maintenance of identity in later life. Doctoral the-

sis (Health and Life Sciences), Brunel University, UK.

Pulkkinen, S. (2014). Yliopistokoulutuksen maksullisuuspuhe: Q-metodologinen tutkimus politi-

ikan toimlioiden suhtautumistavoista koulutuksen maksullisuuteen [Discourse of university

tuition fees. Q-methodological approach to policy agents viewpoints in education fees].

Master’s thesis, University of Helsinki, Finland.

Rastogi, A. (2013). Understanding the social dimensions of tiger conservation in India. Doc-

toral thesis (Natural Resource Sciences), McGill University, Montréal, CN.

Redwine, T.D. (2014). A model of global learning: How students change through international

high-impact experiences. Doctoral dissertation (Agricultural Leadership, Education, and

Communications), Texas A&M University.

Reed, E.M. (2015). Perceived differences in employment opportunities between officers and en-

listed military after retirement by human resource managers and recruiters. Doctoral disser-

tation (School of Business and Technology), Capella University.

Reid, K.J. (2013). The experience of patients diagnosed and treated for head and neck cancer.

Doctoral thesis (Health and Population Sciences), University of Birmingham, UK.

Restrepo-Osorio, D.L. (2014). Defining perceptions of watershed management in a Great

Plains and in an Andean watershed. Doctoral dissertation (Latin American Studies), Univer-

sity of Kansas.

Richardson, L.A. (2016). Weightism: An exploration of university exercise science students’

views of obesity. Doctoral dissertation (Curricular and Instructional Studies), University of

Akron.

Rigbye, J.L. (2013). Barriers to treatment access for young problem gamblers. Doctoral thesis

(School of Social Sciences), Nottingham Trent University, UK.

Robinson, K.D. (2013). Deciding the future: Informing the development of a decision support

system for water resource management by Great Lakes region land use planners. Doctoral

dissertation (Forestry and Natural Resources), Purdue University.

Rutherford, S.E. (2014). Teaching and learning jazz music improvisation: An investigation of

approaches using Q methodology. Doctoral thesis (Education), Simon Fraser University,

Canada.

Sartori, A. (2013). Perceptions of EFL students and teachers on vocabulary acquisition: A Q

study. Doctoral dissertation, Department of Applied Linguistics, Language Studies Institute

(IEL), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil.

Schall, D.M. (2014). The chickens' grain: Understanding contestations around land-use best

practices on Maryland's Eastern Shore. Doctoral dissertation (Geography and Environmen-

tal Systems), University of Maryland, Baltimore County.

Scudder, T.J. (2013). Personality types in relationship awareness theory: The validation of

Freud's libidinal types and explication of Porter's motivational typology. Doctoral disserta-

tion (School of Human and Organization Development), Fielding Graduate University.

Serrano, A.F. (2014). Financial literacy instructors working in community-based programs:

Their narratives and efforts interrupting the status quo. Doctoral dissertation (Counseling,

Leadership, Adult Education and School Psychology), Texas State University - San Marcos.

Shirley, M. (2013). Engaging with parents in decision making processes: A three phase study il-

luminating teachers' viewpoints and parents' perceptions to explore a school's approach.

Doctoral thesis (Applied Psychology), University of Nottingham, UK.

Siddiqui, S. (2014). Recovery in people with a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder.

Doctoral thesis (Clinical Psychology), University of Manchester, UK.

Sisneros, C. (2015). Understanding Westerners' relationship with public lands and federal land

managers through attachment to public lands. Doctoral dissertation, Sociology, Social Work

and Anthropology, Utah State University.

Sklarwitz, S.R. (2015). Perspectives on global citizenship: Q methodology in the classroom.

Doctoral dissertation (Curriculum & Teaching), Boston University.

Sommers-Barnett, P.A. (2015). Vocational college instructors' perceptions of students' study

skills. Doctoral dissertation (Education), University of Phoenix.

Sparks, K.M. (2013). Student conceptions of learning and the approaches to learning adopted

in an introductory science course: A Q methodology study. Doctoral dissertation (Science

Education), Western Michigan University.

Spurgeon, L.C. (2013). The psychological sequelae of transient ischaemic attack: The develop-

ment of a preliminary screening tool. Doctoral thesis (Health and Population Sciences), Uni-

versity of Birmingham, UK.

Stollery, R.L. (2013). A Q methodological study of the support valued by students with English

as an additional language. Doctoral thesis (Educational and Child Psychology), University

of Sheffield, UK.

Sturrock, L. (2013). Q methodological exploration of caregivers' beliefs regarding their child's

Asperger’s syndrome. Doctoral thesis (Clinical Psychology), University of Edinburgh, UK.

Sykova, V. (2013). Herbal supplements in women of childbearing age: Patterns of use, beliefs,

and effects on pregnancy. Doctoral dissertation (Nutritional Science), Oklahoma State Uni-

versity.

Vahey, C.A. (2013). Use of Q-methodology to identify clinical psychologists' attitudes towards

genetic research affecting people with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Doctoral

thesis (Clinical Psychology), University of Manchester, UK.

Wagstaff, P. (2015). The motivations of landowners in upland Scotland: Exploring challenges

to sustainability. Doctoral thesis (Centre for Mountain Studies), University of Aberdeen,

Scotland.

Welham, G.C. (2015). Prescriber perceptions while managing pain. Doctoral dissertation, So-

cial and Administrative Science in Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin – Madison.

Wijngaarden, V. (2014). Persistent images of 'the other' in cultural tourism: The interplay be-

tween Maasai's and tourists' imaginations and their face-to-face encounters. Doctoral thesis,

Bayreuth International Graduate School of African Studies, University of Bayreuth, Ger-

many.

Willette, S.E. (2014). A Q methodology study of complex adaptive system emergence in the de-

fense acquisition structure. Doctoral dissertation (Applied Management and Decision Sci-

ences), Walden University.

Wint, F.E. (2013). “Am I bothered?”—Using Q-methodology to explore what bothers young

people on Facebook. Doctoral thesis (Educational and Child Psychology), University of

Sheffield, UK.

Wirth, J. (2014). Perceptions of secondary mathematics teachers concerning influences on ped-

agogical practice. Doctoral dissertation (Education), North Dakota State University.

Wottawa, R.J., II. (2016). Expert advice from mentor teachers to improve first-year teachers'

teaching and first-year experience. Doctoral dissertation (Interdisciplinary Educational Stud-

ies), Long Island University, C. W. Post Center.

Zabala Aizpuru, A. (2015). Motivations and incentives for pro-environmental behaviour: The

case of silvopasture adoption in the tropical forest frontier. Doctoral thesis, Department of

Land Economy, University of Cambridge, UK.

Selected Bibliography on Q Methodology

Books on Q Technique and Methodology

Block, J. (1961). The Q- sort method in personality assessment and psychiatric research.

Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas. (Republished: Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists

Press, 1978.)

Block, J. (2008). The Q-sort in character appraisal: Encoding subjective impressions of persons

quantitatively. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Brown, S.R. & Brenner, D.J. (Eds.) (1972). Science, psychology, and communication: Essays

honoring William Stephenson. New York: Teachers College Press.

Brown, S.R. (1980). Political subjectivity: Applications of Q methodology in political science.

New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Iliescu, D. (2005). Metodologia Q. Budapest: Comunicare.ro. [Romanian]

Khoshgooyanfard, A-R. (2008). Q-methodology. Tehran: Research Center of IRIB [Islamic Re-

public of Iran Broadcasting] Publication. [Persian]

Kim, H.K. (2008). Q methodology: Philosophy of science, theories, analysis, and application.

Seoul: CommunicationBooks. [Korean]

Kim, S.E. (2007). Q methodology and social sciences. Busan, Korea: Goldwell Publishing, Inc.

[Korean]

McKeown, B.F. & D.B. Thomas (2013). Q methodology (Quantitative Applications in the So-

cial Sciences series, Vol. 66, 2nd ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications. (1st ed., 1988)

(See review by William Stephenson and rejoinder by McKeown and Thomas, Operant Sub-

jectivity, 1989, 12, 103-109.)

Prasith-rathsint, S., & Sookasame, K. (2007). Variety of innovative research methods: Q

methodology: A scientific study of subjectivity (Concepts, theory and application). Bangkok:

Samlada. [Thai].

Said, G., & Stricklin, M. (Orgs. and Eds.) (2013). Anais da 1o conferência internacional sobre

metodologia Q: Análises qualitative e quantitative na pesquisa científica [Annals of the 1st

international conference on Q methodology: Qualitative and quantitative analyses in scien-

tific research]. Teresina, Piauí, Brazil: EDUFPI [Universidade Federal do Piauí].

Stephenson, W. (1953). The study of behavior: Q- technique and its methodology. Chicago:

University of Chicago Press. (Republished: Midway Edition, University of Chicago Press,

1975.)

Stephenson, W. (1967). The play theory of mass communication. Chicago: University of

Chicago Press. (Republished: New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1988.)

Stephenson, W. (1994). Quantum theory of advertising. Columbia: School of Journalism, Uni-

versity of Missouri.

Chapters on Q Technique and Methodology

Addams, H. (2000). Q methodology. In H. Addams & J. Proops (Eds.), Social discourse and en-

vironmental policy: An application of Q methodology (pp.14-40). Cheltenham, UK: Edward

Elgar.

Brooks, W.D. (1970). Q-sort technique. In P. Emmert & W.D. Brooks (Eds.), Methods of re-

search in communication. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

Brown, S.R. (1986). Q technique and method: Principles and procedures. In W.D. Berry & M.S.

Lewis-Beck (Eds.), New tools for social scientists: Advances and applications in research

methods (pp. 57-76). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.

Brown, S.R. (1999). Psicología política desde el punto de vista de la subjetividad natural [Politi-

cal psychology from the standpoint of naturalistic subjectivity]. In G.A. Mota Botello (Ed.),

Psicología política del nuevo siglo (pp. 37-54). Mexico City: Sociedad Mexicana de Psi-

cología Social.

Brown, S.R. (2003). Preconception and realisation: A constant conjunction of theory and mea-

surement. In R.M. Lipgar & M. Pines (Eds.), Building on Bion: Branches. Contemporary

developments and applications of Bion’s contributions to theory and practice (pp. 285-301).

London: Jessica Kingsley.

Brown, S.R. (2005). Applying Q methodology to empowerment. In D. Narayan (Ed.), Measur-

ing empowerment: Cross-disciplinary perspectives (pp. 197-215). Washington, DC: The

World Bank.

Brown, S.R. (2006). Q methodology and naturalistic subjectivity. In B. Midgley & E. Morris

(Eds.), Modern perspectives on J.R. Kantor and interbehaviorism (pp. 251-268). Reno, NV:

Context Press.

Brown, S.R., Durning, D.W. & Selden, S.C. (1999). Q methodology. In G.R. Miller & M.L.

Whicker (Eds.), Handbook of research methods in public administration (pp. 599-637). New

York: Marcel Dekker.

Brown, S.R., Durning, D.W., & Selden, S.C. (2008). Q methodology. In K. Yang & G.R. Miller

(Eds.), Handbook of research methods in public administration (2nd ed., pp. 721-763). New

York: Taylor & Francis.

Dennis, K. (1988). Q-methodology: New perspectives on estimating reliability and validity. In

O.L. Strickland & C.F. Waltz (Eds.), Measurement of nursing outcomes. Vol. 2. Measuring

nursing performance: Practice, education, and research (pp. 409-419). New York: Springer.

Donner, J.C. (2001). Using Q-sorts in participatory processes: An introduction to the methodol-

ogy. In R.A. Krueger, M.A. Casey, J. Donner, S. Kirsch, & J.N. Maack, Social analysis: Se-

lected tools and techniques (Social Development Papers, No. 36, pp. 24-49). Washington,

DC: Social Development Department, The World Bank. Available: http://lnweb18.world-

bank.org/essd/essd.nsf/SocialDevelopment/Pubs-SAP

Dryzek, J.S. (1990). Discursive democracy: Politics, policy and science. London: Cambridge

University Press. (Chapter 9, "The Measure of Political Man—and Woman," pp. 173-189.)

Durning, D.W., & Brown, S.R. (2007). Q methodology and decision making. In G. Morçöl

(Ed.), Handbook of decision making (pp. 537-563). New York: CRC Press (Taylor & Fran-

cis Group).

Febbraro, A.R. (1995). On the epistemology, metatheory, and ideology of Q methodology: A

critical analysis. In I. Lubek, R. van Hezewijk, G. Pheterson, & C.W. Tolman (Eds.), Trends

and issues in theoretical psychology (pp. 144-150). New York: Springer.

Gallivan, J. (1994). Subjectivity and the psychology of gender: Q as a feminist methodology. In

J. Gallivan, S.D. Crozier & V.M. Lalande (Eds.), Women, girls, and achievement (pp. 29-36).

Toronto: Captus University Publications.

Gauzente, C. (2005). La méthodologie Q et l’étude de la subjectivité [Q methodology and the

study of subjectivity]. In P. Roussel & F. Wacheux (Eds.), Management des ressources hu-

maines: Méthodes de recherche en sciences humaines et sociales [Methods of research for

management sciences and applications in human resource management] (pp. 177-206).

Brussels: De Boeck.

Giles, D.C. (2002). Q methodology. In Advanced research methods in psychology (pp. 238-

246). Hove, East Sussex, UK: Routledge.

Gopoian, J.D. & S.R. Brown (1989). Public opinion and campaign strategy. In S. Long (Ed.),

Political behavior annual (Vol. 2, pp. 103-124). Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

Kerlinger, F.N. (1972). Q methodology in behavioral research. In S.R. Brown & D.J. Brenner

(Eds.), Science, psychology, and communication (pp. 3-38) . New York: Teachers College

Press.

Kerlinger, F.N. (1986). Foundations of behavioral research (3rd ed.). New York: Holt, Rine-

hart, and Winston. (Chapter on "Q Methodology")

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bia: University of South Carolina Press.

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Farnham, Surrey, UK: Ashgate.

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tudes. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

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series). London: Sage Publications. (American ed., 1988). [See special issue reappraisal of

this book in Feminism & Psychology, 2004 (November), 14(4), 485-534.]

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cus on Czech society. Prague: Institute of Psychology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech

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vestigating the diversity of ex-smokers` experiences of quitting smoking and perceptions of

their identity). Saarbrücken, Germany: VDM Verlag.

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rhetoric and implementation. Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters.

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findings. Pacific Palisades, CA: Goodyear.

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115-139).

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European belonging (pp. 140-158).

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Barry, J. Northern Ireland, identities and Europe (pp. 186-206).

Silander, D., & Wallin, C. Being a Swede in a transforming European setting: The structures of an emerging

Swedish supranational identity in the twenty-first century (pp. 207-226).

Robyn, R. Conclusion (pp. 227-235).

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Free Press.

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health care and the mass media. New York: Garland.

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tivitet [Q methodology: A well-suited approach to the study of subjectivity]. Trondheim, Nor-

way: Tapir Academic Press.

Steven R. Brown. Foreword (in English).

Thorsen, A.A., & Allgood, E. Introduksjon til Q-boken og begrepsavklaring (Introduction to the Q book and

explanation of concepts)

Wolf, A. Subjektivitet i Q-metodologi (Subjectivity in Q methodology)

Allgood, E., & Kvalsund, R. Q-metodologi, rådgivningsfeltet, delt subjektivitet og personer i relasjoner (Q

methodology, the counseling field, shared subjectivity, and persons-in-relation)

Kvalsund, R., & Allgood, E. Kommunikasjon som subjektivitet i en skoleorganisasjon (Communication as sub-

jectivity in a school organization)

Størksen, I., & Thorsen, A.A.. Små barns deltakelse i en Q-studie med visuelle kort (Young children’s partici-

pation in a Q study with visual images)

Ellingsen, I.T.. Erfaringer fra ungdommers deltakelse i Q-studie: Utarbeidelse av utsagn og gjennomføring av

Q-sortering med ungdom under barnevernets omsorg (Experiences of adolescents’ participation in a Q

study: Development of the Q sample and implementation of the Q sorting with adolescents in foster care)

Fristedt, S., & Wretstrand, A. Äldre mäns och kvinnors perspektiv på mobilitet och delaktighet (Mobility and

participation from the perspectives of elderly men and women)

Oterkiil, C. Q-studie av skoleansattes opplevelse og behov tilknyttet ledelse (A Q study among school staff of

their experiences and needs in relation to leadership)

Øverland, K. Barnehageansattes følelser og opplevelser i forbindelse med samlivsbrudd i barnehagen, studert

ved hjelp av Q-metodologi (Daycare staff’s subjective experiences with young children of divorce through

a Q methodology study)

Kobbernagel, C. Q-metodologi i forberedelser af skalakonstruktion (Q methodology in preparation of scale

construction)

Berner, D. Bruk av Q-metodologi i en mastergradstudie (Using Q-methodology in a master’s study)

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Lexington.

Kent State University Dissertations

Baas, L.R. (1976). The Constitution and the public mind.

Baptiste, L.J.C. (2010). Process use across evaluation approaches: An application of Q method-

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Beaver, A.M. (2001). Women leaders in academic medicine: A Q analysis of leader profiles

among women deans, department chairs, and program directors.

Bedrosian, W.K. (2004). Teacher decision making in the stage manager role: A Q method

study.

Bissler, J.V. (2002). Identification of processes that have been helpful during the bereavement

process for mothers and fathers who have experienced the sudden death of their 15- to 28-

year-old biological children.

Boughner, S.R. (1995). A Q methodological study of narrative structure in personal narratives.

Bublic, J.M. (1997). The media hegemony thesis examined through Q methodology.

Byrnes, Robert L. (1975). An examination of Gestalt therapy personality theory using Q

methodology.

Caldwell, P.F. (1999). Windows of caring: High school students' constructions of a caring

teacher.

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successful completion of a bachelor's degree from a private, Christian college: A Q-method-

ological study.

Cohen, S.H . (1971). Voting behavior in school referenda: An investigation of attitudes and

other determinants by Q technique and survey research.

Crawford, G.M. (2002). Family mediators' perceptions of the behaviors and personal charac-

teristics that help them to be effective: A Q-methodological study.

Daily, J.H. (1973). Dimensions of political attitudes: A Q technique study of public reactions to

the Calley verdict.

Davis, T.C. (1997). The subjectivity of national identity: A Q- methodological study of individ-

ual attachment to the Basque nation.

Dean, E.P. (2006). Characteristics of a healthy woman: Perceptions of professional counselors

and lesbian women as an element of satisfaction in counseling.

Dobbs, S.E. (1991). Conceptions of giftedness and talent: A Q- methodological study.

Ghali, M. (2015). Factors underlying counselor educators’ perspectives on spiritual issues in

counseling in non-faith-based CACREP-accredited training programs.

Goodman, G.D. (2000). Factors that influence post-secondary students with disabilities to

adopt or reject assistive technology for computer access.

Harris-Williams, C. (2011). African American college students' perceptions of valuable

college experiences relative to academic performance.

Hinkel, P.L. (2008). Perspectives on educating students with emotional-behavioral disorders.

Hiruy, M. (1987). Exploring the perspectives of ethics: The case of public administrators in the

United States.

Hurd, R.C. (1996). Adults view their childhood bereavement experiences: An application of Q

methodology.

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haviors: A Q methodology study.

Jevnikar, L.J. (2007). Ways of coping of parents with a child with mental retardation.

Kim, S.E. (1991). Factors affecting implementation effectiveness: A study of Community Devel-

opment Block Grant implementation.

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to pre-treatment change.

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closure of adolescent males in sexual offender treatment.

Koćak, M. (2010). The application of Q methodology to generate a functional typology of ter -

rorist organizations in Turkey.

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teaching effectiveness.

l'Amoreaux, N.A. (2000). Children diagnosed with attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder

(ADHD) and their perceptions of parental helpfulness with homework: A Q-methodological

study.

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methodological study.

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Ravenna teachers’ strike, utilizing Q methodology. (Master’s thesis, Political Science)

Mann, D.P. (2002). The God concepts of a cohort group of graduate students in a Christian

seminary based counseling program in northeastern Ohio: A Q methodological study.

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and the displacement hypothesis.

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tions. (Master’s thesis)

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them about their teachers in didactic classes during their master’s program.

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put to help meet children's educational needs.

Mutuku, C.M. (2011). Youth perspectives on their empowerment in sub-Saharan Africa: The

case of Kenya.

Nelson, D.A. (1991). Gerontologic learning and the development of practical knowledge in the

nursing home setting.

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tween ethics and public policy.

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Odoom, H.S. (2012). Ethnic markets in the American retail landscape: African markets in

Columbus, Cleveland, Cincinnati, and Akron, Ohio.

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iors: A Q-methodological study.

Pacho, A.G. (1981). Policy agenda of the ethnic Chinese in the Philippines.

Paez, S.B. (2010). Positive impacts in a counselor supervisee’s self-efficacy to work with

clients: What takes place in the counselor supervision process.

Parker, K.R. (1984). Storylistener subjectivity: A Q methodological exploration.

Peets, T.J. (2004). Single mothers' perceptions of what is important in their lives as they transi-

tion from welfare to work.

Perrin, G.R. (1977). On the development of a birth order theory using Q-methodology.

Quillin, A.B. (2004). Perceptions of the spiritual: An assessment of master's level student coun-

selors' views of spirituality.

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ology.

Rickel, T.A. (2000). High school seniors' perceptions about the achievement gap between black

and white students: An application of Q methodology on race and education.

Robyn, R. (2000). Forms of attachment to the European Union: A study of French conceptions

of identity in the context of a changing Europe.

Schafer, P.A. (2008). Experiences of prejudice among individuals in African American and

Caucasian interracial marriages: A Q-methodological study.

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methodology study.

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preventing the use of mental health services by African American men.

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spectives about full-time, tenure-track faculty: A Q methodology study.

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their African American pre-adolescent sons' school.

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personality and politics.

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helpful behaviors of peer mentors who assisted them during freshman year college adjust-

ment in a predominantly White institution.

Trepal, H.C. (2004). Adolescents’ perceptions of their pregnancy: A Q-methodological study.

Vernon, D.A. (2003). An investigation of members' perceptions of Yalom's therapeutic factors

in single-session group counseling for first year students.

Wagner, Laurie M. (2008). College students’ perceptions of healthy sexuality: A Q methodolog-

ical study.

Wanjau Mutai, F. Wairimu (2007). Perceptions of current and prospective Kenyan interna-

tional students of the Kenyan international student lifestyle in the United States.

Ward, T.A. (2005). Does context matter? Internet adoption in public and private spaces.

Special Issues

Goldman, I. & Brown, S.R. (Eds.) (1990). Q methodology and communication: Theory and ap-

plications. Electronic Journal of Communication/La Revue Electronique de Communication,

1(1), special issue. (http://www.cios.org/www/ejcmain.htm)

McKeown, B.F. Q methodology, communication, and the behavioral text.

Goldman, I. Abductory inference, communication theory and subjective science.

Sanders, K.P. & Morris, D.N. Combining research approaches: The Anvil writers revisited.

Brown, S.R. & Mathieson, M. The operantcy of practical criticism.

Stainton Rogers, R. & Stainton Rogers, W. What the Brits got out of the Q: And why their work may not line

up with the American way of getting into it!

Iliescu, D. (Ed.). (2005). Special issue on Q methodology. Human Resources Psychology, 5

(Romanian).

Brown, S.R. What’s past is prologue.

Lipgar, R.M., Bair, J.P., & Fichtner, C.G. Integrating research with conference learning: 10 years of Q method-

ology studies exploring experiential learning in the Tavistock tradition.

Bimler, D., & Kirkland, J. From circumplex to sphere: Perceptions of vocational activities, explored and ap-

plied.

Iliescu, D., & Boroş, S. An alternative to mapping organizational identification: Q-sort.

Selected Writings of William Stephenson

About William Stephenson

Avery, D.R. (1990). The methodologists. In W.D. Sloan (Ed.), Makers of the media mind:

Journalism educators and their ideas (pp. 287-329). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. (See section on

William Stephenson, pp. 302-306.)

Barchak, L.J. (1991). A biographical sketch of William Stephenson. Mass Comm Review, 18,

28-31.

Brown, S.R. (1991). William Stephenson (1902-1989). American Psychologist, 46, 244.

Brown, S.R. (2002). Maimie Stephenson, 31 March 1904-18 December 2001. Operant Subjec-

tivity, 26, 53-57.

Brown, S.R. (2003). Preconception and realisation: A constant conjunction of theory and mea-

surement. In R.M. Lipgar & M. Pines (Eds.), Building on Bion: Branches. Contemporary

developments and applications of Bion’s contributions to theory and practice (pp. 285-301).

London: Jessica Kingsley.

Esrock, S.L. (2005). William Stephenson: Traveling an unorthodox path to mass communication

discovery. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 49, 244-250.

Good, J.M.M. (1998). William Stephenson and the quest for a science of subjectivity. Revista

de Historia de la Psicología, 19, 431-439.

Good, J.M.M. (2000). William Stephenson and the post World War II bifurcation of British psy-

chology. Operant Subjectivity, 23, 116-130.

Good, J.M.M. (2003). William Stephenson, quantum theory, and Q methodology. Operant Sub-

jectivity, 26, 142-156.

Good, J.M.M. (2004). Q-methodology and probabilistic functionalism: Exploring the personal

and intellectual links between William Stephenson and Egon Brunswik. The Brunswik Soci-

ety Newsletter, pp. 9-10. http://www.brunswik.org/newsletters/2004news.pdf

Good, J.M.M. (2005). Stephenson, William (1902-1989). In J.R. Shook (General Ed.), Dictio-

nary of modern American philosophers (Vol. 4, pp. 2322-2323). Bristol, UK: Thoemmes

Press.

Good, J.M.M. (2010). Introduction to William Stephenson’s quest for a science of subjectivity.

Psychoanalysis and History, 12, 211-243.

Grosswiler, P. (1994). The convergence of William Stephenson’s and Marshall McLuhan’s

communication theories. Operant Subjectivity, 17, 2-16.

Lipgar, R.M. (1995). William Stephenson at the University of Chicago: Subjectivity/objectivity

revisited. Operant Subjectivity, 18, 86-93.

Logan, R.A. (1991). Complementarity, self and mass communication: The contributions of

William Stephenson, 1902-1989. Mass Comm Review, 18, 27-39.

Logan, R.A. (2003). Stephenson, MacLean & qualitative mass communication research. Jour-

nal of Human Subjectivity, 1(2), 4-30.

Midgley, B.D., & Morris, E.K. (2002). Subjectivity and behaviorism: Skinner, Kantor, and

Stephenson. Operant Subjectivity, 25, 127-138.

Morrell, J. (1997). Science at Oxford 1914-1939: Transforming an arts university (pp. 90-92).

Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.

Sanders, K.P. (1974). William Stephenson: The study of (his) behavior. Mass Communication

Review, 2, 9-16.

In Memoriam: William Stephenson, 1902-1989. Operant Subjectivity, 13, entire issue.

Methodological Foundations

(1935). Technique of factor analysis. Nature, 136, 297. (Reprinted in Brown, Political subjec-

tivity, pp. 9-10.)

(1935). Correlating persons instead of tests. Character and Personality, 4, 17-24.

Stricklin, M. (2005). Correlating persons instead of tests: My favorite Stephenson article. Operant Subjectiv-

ity, 28, 177-180.

(1936). The foundations of psychometry: Four factor systems. Psychometrika, 1, 195-209.

(1939). (with C. Burt). Alternative views on correlations between persons. Psychometrika, 4,

269-281.

(1952). A note on Professor R.B. Cattell's methodological adumbrations. Journal of Clinical

Psychology, 8, 206-207.

(1952). Some observations on Q technique. Psychological Bulletin, 49, 483-498.

(1953). The study of behavior: Q- technique and its methodology. (Republished: Midway edi-

tion, University of Chicago Press, 1975.)

(1977). Factors as operant subjectivity. Operant Subjectivity, 1, 3-16.

(1990). Fifty years of exclusionary psychometrics: I. Q technique. Operant Subjectivity, 13,

105-120.

(1990). Fifty years of exclusionary psychometrics: II. Developments. Operant Subjectivity, 13,

141-162.

(1993-94). Introduction to Q-methodology. Operant Subjectivity, 17, 1-13.

Philosophical Contributions

(1953). Postulates of behaviorism. Philosophy of Science, 20, 110-120.

Midgley, B.D. (2005/2006). Unacknowledged behaviorist: An appreciation of William Stephenson’s “Postu-

lates of Behaviorism.” Operant Subjectivity, 29, 87-93.

(1961). Scientific creed—1961: Philosophical credo. Psychological Record, 11, 1-8.

(1961). Scientific creed—1961: Abductory principles. Psychological Record, 11, 9-17.

(1961). Scientific creed—1961: The centrality of self. Psychological Record, 11, 18-25.

(1962). "Ideal" types. Psychological Record, 12, 9-16.

(1962). A note on the methodology of clinical explanation. Psychological Record, 12, 101-103.

(1963). Independency and operationism in Q-sorting. Psychological Record, 13, 269-272.

(1968). Consciousness out—subjectivity in. Psychological Record, 18, 499-501.

(1974). Methodology of single case studies. Journal of Operational Psychiatry, 5(2), 3-16.

(1978). The shame of science. Ethics in Science & Medicine, 5, 25-38.

(1980). Michael Polanyi, science and belief. Ethics in Science & Medicine, 7, 97-110.

(1981). Principles for the study of subjectivity. Operant Subjectivity, 4, 37-53.

(1983). Against interpretation. Operant Subjectivity, 6, 73-103, 109-125.

(1987). The science of ethics: I. The single case. Operant Subjectivity, 11, 10-31.

(1988). The science of ethics: II. Ethical judgment. Operant Subjectivity, 11, 37-52.

Communication Theory

(1960). Principles of selection of news pictures. Journalism Quarterly, 37, 61-68.

(1963). The "infantile" vs. the "sublime" in advertisements. Journalism Quarterly, 39, 181-186.

(1963). Public images of public utilities. Journal of Advertising Research, 3(4), 34-39.

(1964). The ludenic theory of newsreading. Journalism Quarterly, 41, 367-374.

(1967). The play theory of mass communication. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (Re-

published: New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.) (Cf. Wilkerson, K.E. (1982). Media ludentia.

Operant Subjectivity, 6, 1-14; cf. Stephenson's response.)

(1969). Foundations of communication theory. Psychological Record, 19, 65-82.

(1969). Evaluation of public relations programs. Rivista Internazionale di Scienze Economiche

e Commerciali, 16, 166-184.

(1972). Applications of communication theory: I. The substructure of science. Psychological

Record, 22, 17-36.

(1972). Applications of communication theory: II—Interpretations of Keats' "Ode on a Grecian

Urn." Psychological Record, 22, 177-192.

(1973). Applications of communication theory: III. Intelligence and multivalued choice. Psy-

chological Record, 23, 17-32.

(1976). Q-methodology: Conceptualization and measurement of operant effects of television

viewing. JCATS: Journal of the Centre for Advanced Television Studies, 4, 17-18.

(1978). Applications of communication theory: IV. Immediate experience of movies. Operant

Subjectivity, 1, 96-116.

(1978). Concourse theory of communication. Communication, 3, 21-40. (Cf. Protoconcursus:

The concourse theory of communication. Operant Subjectivity, 1986, 9, 37-58, 73-96.)

(1979). The communicability and operantcy of self. Operant Subjectivity, 3, 2-14.

(1979). Homo ludens: The play theory of advertising. Revista Internazionale di Scienze Eco-

nomiche e Commerciali, 26, 634-653.

(1980). Applications of communication theory: V. Play-theoretical aspects of science. Operant

Subjectivity, 4, 2-16.

(1980). Consciring: A general theory for subjective communicability. In D. Nimmo (Ed.),

Communication yearbook 4 (pp. 7-36). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction. Reprinted: Oper-

ant Subjectivity, 2007, 30, 89-136.

(1984). The primary function of human communicability: Testimony to Dr. H.C.J. Duijker. Op-

erant Subjectivity, 7, 73-80.

(1984). Perspectives on Q methodology: II. Monistic protopostulate of communicability. Oper-

ant Subjectivity, 8, 2-5.

(1995-1996). Quantum theory media research: I. Reception analysis. Operant Subjectivity, 19,

1-11.

(1998). Quantum theory media research: II. Intentionality and acculturation. Operant Subjec-

tivity, 21, 73-91.

(2014). General theory of communication. Operant Subjectivity, 37(3), 38-56.

Newton’s Fifth Rule

(1975-76). Newton's Fifth Rule: An exposition of Q pro re theologica pro re scientia. (Unpub-

lished manuscript.)

(1978). Substructure of science and Newton's Fifth Rule. Operant Subjectivity, 2, 4-16.

(1979). Q methodology and Newton's Fifth Rule. American Psychologist, 34, 354-357.

(1980). Newton's Fifth Rule and Q methodology: Application to educational psychology.

American Psychologist, 35, 882-889.

Knight, M. (2005). Prepared minds: Reflections on Stephenson’s article Newton’s Fifth Rule. Operant Subjec-

tivity, 28, 172-176.

(1982). Newton's Fifth Rule and Q methodology: Application to self psychology. Operant Sub-

jectivity, 5, 37-57.

(1982). Newton's Fifth Rule and Q methodology: Application to psychoanalysis. Operant Sub-

jectivity, 5, 127-147.

Brown, S.R. (1979). Perspective, transfiguration, and equivalence in communication theory: Review and com-

mentary. In D. Nimmo (Ed.), Communication yearbook 3 (pp. 51-65). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.

Brown, S.R. (2002, September). Newton’s Fifth Rule and political theory. Read at a meeting of the

International Society for the Scientific Study of Subjectivity, University of Durham, England.

Quantum Theory

(1981). Cyril Burt, quantum theory, and Q: Historical note. Operant Subjectivity, 4, 120-134.

(1982). Q-methodology, interbehavioral psychology, and quantum theory. Psychological

Record, 32, 235-248.

(1983). Quantum theory and Q-methodology: Fictionalistic and probabilistic theories con-

joined. Psychological Record, 33, 213-230.

(1985). Perspectives in psychology: Integration in clinical psychology. Psychological Record,

35, 41-48.

(1986). William James, Niels Bohr, and complementarity: I—Concepts. Psychological Record,

36, 519-527.

(1986). William James, Niels Bohr, and complementarity: II—Pragmatics of a thought. Psy-

chological Record, 36, 529-543.

(1986). In the shadow of Marshall McLuhan. Nordicom Review of Nordic Mass Communica-

tion Research, No. 2, 20-27.

(1987). How to make a good cup of tea. Operant Subjectivity, 10, 37-57.

(1987). William James, Niels Bohr, and complementarity: III—Schrodinger's cat. Psychologi-

cal Record, 37, 523-544.

(1987). Q-methodology: Interbehavioral and quantum theoretical connections in clinical psy-

chology. In D.H. Ruben & D.J. Delprato (Eds.), New ideas in therapy: Introduction to an in-

terdisciplinary approach (pp. 95-106). Westport, CT: Greenwood.

Smith, N.W. (2005). Combining Q with interbehavioral concepts for clinical application. Operant Subjectivity,

28, 167-171.

(1988). William James, Niels Bohr, and complementarity: IV—The significance of time. Psy-

chological Record, 38, 19-35.

(1988). William James, Niels Bohr and complementarity: V—Phenomenology of subjectivity.

Psychological Record, 38, 203-219.

(1988). Quantum theory of subjectivity. Integrative Psychiatry, 6, 180-187. (With commentary

by S.R. Brown, L. Dossey, M. Schwartz, and F.A. Wolf.)

(1988/1989). The quantumization of psychological events. Operant Subjectivity, 12, 1-23.

(1991). Ulysses and Finnegans Wake: A Q-methodological look at profundity (Part I: Ulysses).

Operant Subjectivity, 14, 89-105.

(1991). Ulysses and Finnegans Wake: A Q-methodological look at profundity (Part II:

Finnegans Wake). Operant Subjectivity, 14, 133-152.

(1994). Quantum theory of advertising. Columbia: Stephenson Research Center, University of

Missouri.

(2005). A sentence from B.F. Skinner. Operant Subjectivity, 28, 97-115.

Theme issue: Q methodology, quantum theory, and psychology. Operant Subjectivity, 2003, 26, entire issue.

Ramlo, S. (2005/2006). A physicist’s reflection on Q methodology, quantum mechanics & Stephenson. Oper-

ant Subjectivity, 29, 81-86.

Stricklin, M. (2005). Eight quantum realities redux: Finding David Bohm. Operant Subjectivity, 28, 145-166.

Miscellaneous

(1964). Application of Q method to the measurement of public opinion. Psychological Record,

14, 265-273.

(1964). Application of the Thompson schema to the current controversy over Cuba. Psycholog-

ical Record, 14, 275-290.

(1964). Operational study of an occasional paper on the Kennedy-Nixon television debates.

Psychological Record, 14, 475-488.

(1965). Definition of opinion, attitude and belief. Psychological Record, 15, 281-288.

(1968). The contribution of Q to attitude research. In L. Adler & I. Crespi (Eds.), Attitude re-

search on the rocks (pp. 160-171). Chicago: American Marketing Association.

(1980). Quiddity College: Thomas Jefferson's legacy. (Unpublished manuscript)

(1980). Q methodology and the subjectivity of literature. Operant Subjectivity, 3, 111-133.

(1981). Principles for the study of subjectivity. Operant Subjectivity, 4, 37-53.

(1987). Sir Geoffrey Vickers and the art of judgment. American Psychologist, 42, 518-520.

(1988). Falsification and credulity for psychoanalytic doctrine. Operant Subjectivity, 11, 73-97.

(1990). My self in 1980: A study of culture. Operant Subjectivity, 14, 1-19.

(1992). Self in everyday life. Operant Subjectivity, 15, 29-55.

(1993). Intentionality: Or how to buy a loaf of bread. Operant Subjectivity, 16, 69-90.

(Reprinted: Operant Subjectivity, 29, 122-137.)

(2004-2005). Theory and methodology for esthetics. Operant Subjectivity, 28, 13-32.

(2005). A sentence from B.F. Skinner. Operant Subjectivity, 28, 97-115.

(2006). Tribute to Melanie Klein. Operant Subjectivity, 29, 95-121. Reprinted: Psychoanalysis

and History, 12, 245-271.

(2011). Old age research. Operant Subjectivity, 34, 217-233.

Fundamentals of Q Technique and Methodology

Q and R Methodologies

Amin, Z. (2000). Q methodology – A journey into the subjectivity of human mind. Singapore

Medical Journal, 41, 410-414.

Block, J. (1955). The difference between Q and R. Psychological Review, 62, 356-358.

Brown, S.R. & Ungs, T.D. (1970). Representativeness and the study of political behavior: An

application of Q technique to reactions to the Kent State incident. Social Science Quarterly,

51, 514-526.

Brown, S.R. (1972). A fundamental incommensurability between objectivity and subjectivity.

In S.R. Brown & D.J. Brenner (Eds.), Science, psychology, and communication (pp. 57-94) .

New York: Teachers College Press.

Brown, S.R. (1976). Die Q-technik: Verstehen meßbar gemacht [Q technique: Understanding

made measurable]. Transfer (Bonn), No. 2, 221-226.

Brown, S.R. (1984). "Q-analysis": Caveat emptor. Operant Subjectivity, 8, 6-17. (Cf. P.

Gould)

Brown, S.R. (1993). A primer on Q methodology. Operant Subjectivity, 16, 91-138.

Burt, C. (1972). The reciprocity principle. In S.R. Brown & D.J. Brenner (Eds.), Science, psy-

chology, and communication (pp. 39-56) . New York: Teachers College Press.

Cattell, R.B. (1951). On the disuse and misuse of P, Q, Qs and O techniques in clinical psychol-

ogy. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 7, 203-214.

Cronbach, L.J. & Gleser, G.C. (1954). Review of The Study of Behavior: Q- technique and Its

Methodology, by W. Stephenson. Psychometrika, 19, 327-330. (Cf. response by Stephen-

son)

Duijker, H.C.J. (1979). Mind and meaning. Operant Subjectivity, 3, 15-31.

Gould, P. (1985). A new Q too? Operant Subjectivity, 8, 42-53. (Cf. Brown's response)

Haas, M. (1969). Toward the study of biopolitics: A cross-sectional analysis of mortality rates.

Behavioral Science, 14, 257-280.

Karim, K. (2001). Q methodology – advantages and the disadvantages of this research method.

Journal of Community Nursing, 15(4). Available: http://www.jcn.co.uk/

Kim, H-K. (1996). [A study of the utility of Q methodology.] Q-Methodology and Theory, 1,

15-33. (Korean)

Lichtenstein, P.E. (1988). Interbehavioral psychology and Q methodology. Operant Subjectiv-

ity, 11, 53-61.

Mrtek, R.G., Tafesse, E., & Wigger, U. (1996). Q-methodology and subjective research. Jour-

nal of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 13(2), 54-64.

O'Brien, P. (1985). Against misinterpretation: Some philosophical roots of Q. Read at the First

Institute for the Scientific Study of Subjectivity, Columbia, MO.

Schlinger, M.J. (1969). Cues on Q-technique. Journal of Advertising Research, 9(3), 53-60.

Schwartz, S.H. (1978). Reflections on a Q dissertation and its opposition. Operant Subjectivity,

1, 78-84.

Sell, D.K. & Brown, S.R. (1984). Q methodology as a bridge between qualitative and quantita-

tive research: Application to the analysis of attitude change in foreign study program partici-

pants. In J.L. Vacca & H.A. Johnson (Eds.), Qualitative research in education (pp. 79-87).

Kent, OH: Bureau of Educational Research and Services, Kent State University.

Smith, N.W. (2001). Centrisms, noncentrisms, and universal Q. Operant Subjectivity, 24, 52-

67.

Smith, N.W. & Smith, L.L. (1996). Field theory in science: Its role as a necessary and sufficient

condition in psychology. Psychological Record, 46, 3-19.

Thompson, A.W., Dumyahn, S., Prokopy, L.S., Amberg, S., Baumgart-Getz, A., Jackson-Tyree,

J., Perry-Hill, R., Reimer, A., Robinson, K., & Mase, A.S. (2013). Comparing random sam-

ple Q and R methods for understanding natural resource attitudes. Field Methods, 25, 25-46.

Wang, K-L. (1993). Brief introduction of Q method. Journal of Chinese Industry and Com-

merce, No. 15, 287-298. (Chinese)

Watts, S., & Stenner, P. (in press). Q methodology: The inverted factor technique. Irish Journal

of Psychology.

Webler, T., Danielson, S., & Tuler, S. (2009). Using Q method to reveal social perspectives in

environmental research. Greenfield, MA: Social and Environmental Research Institute

(SERI). Available: www.seri-us.org/pubs/Qprimer.pdf.

Whang, S-M., & Choe, E-H. (2002). [The implementation of Q-methodology in psychological

research and the interpretation of its result: The duet of objectivity and subjectivity.] Q-

Methodology and Theory, 7, 4-26. (Korean)

Wittenborn, J.R. (1961). Contributions and current status of Q methodology. Psychological

Bulletin, 58, 132-142.

Factor Analysis

Brown, S.R. (1978). The importance of factors in Q methodology: Statistical and theoretical

considerations. Operant Subjectivity, 1, 117-124.

Brown, S.R. (1999). On the taking of averages: Variance and factor analyses compared. Oper-

ant Subjectivity, 22, 31-37.

Carr, S.C. (1992). A primer on the use of Q-technique factor analysis. Measurement and Evalu-

ation in Counseling and Development, 25, 133-138.

Creaser, J.W. (1978). The factor-wheel method of rotation for Q-technique research. Operant

Subjectivity, 1, 70-77.

Expositor (1992). A note on measuring changes in Q factor loadings. Operant Subjectivity, 15,

56-61.

Fairweather, J.R. (2001). Factor stability, number of significant loadings, and interpretation: Ev-

idence from three studies and suggested guidelines. Operant Subjectivity, 25, 37-58.

Grosswiler, P. (2004). Neural network analysis as an alternative to factor analysis in the map-

ping of intersubjectivity in Q-methodology communication research. Journal of Human

Subjectivity, 2(1), 109-134.

Lorr, M., Jenkins, R.L., & Medland, F.F. (1955). Direct versus obverse factor analysis: A com-

parison of results. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 15, 441-449.

Morf, M.E., Miller, C.M., & Syrotuik, J.M. (1976). A comparison of cluster analysis and Q-fac-

tor analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 32, 59-64.

Shields, D.C. (1981). Critiquing factor analysis studies: A critical standard and application. In

J.F. Cragan & D.C. Shields (Eds.), Applied communication research (pp. 395-419). Prospect

Heights, IL: Waveland Press.

Sneath, P.H.A. & Sokal, R.R. (1973). Numerical taxonomy: The principles and practice of nu-

merical classification. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman. (See pp. 256-259.)

Talbott, A., & Berkowitz, D. (1993, October). Cluster analysis as an alternative to factor analy-

sis in Q methodological research. Read at the meeting of the International Society for the

Scientific Study of Subjectivity, Columbia, MO.

Thompson, J.W. (1962). Meaningful and unmeaningful rotation of factors. Psychological Bul-

letin, 59, 211-223.

Zabala, A. (2014). qmethod: A package to explore human perspectives using Q methodology.

The R Journal, 6, 163-173.

Structuring Q Samples

Brown, S.R. (1970). On the use of variance designs in Q methodology. Psychological Record,

20, 179-189.

Brown, S.R. (1971). Experimental design and the structuring of theory. Experimental Study of

Politics, 1(1), 1-41.

Brown, S.R. & Feist, U. (1992). Calibrating bilingual Q samples. Operant Subjectivity, 15,

105-115.

Ellingsen, I.T. (2011). Designing a Q sample for a study with adolescent foster children. Oper-

ant Subjectivity, 34, 125-145.

Grosswiler, P. (1992). Some methodological considerations on the use of multimedia Q-sample

items. Operant Subjectivity, 15, 65-80.

Kinsey, D. & Kelly, T.C. (1989). Mixing methodologies: An aid in developing Q samples. Op-

erant Subjectivity, 12, 98-102.

Nahinsky, I.D. (1967). A Q sort analysis of variance involving the dimensions of sorts, groups,

and items. Journal of Experimental Education, 35(3), 36-41.

Neff, W.S. & Cohen, J. (1967). A method for the analysis of the structure and internal consis-

tency of Q-sort arrays. Psychological Bulletin, 68, 361-368.

Paige, J.B., & Morin, K.H. (2015). Q-sample construction: A critical step for a Q-methodo-

logical study. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 38, 96-110.

Non-Language Q Samples

Allgood, E., & Svennungsen, H.O. (2008). Toward an articulation of trauma using the creative

arts and Q-methodology: A single case study. Journal of Human Subjectivity, 6(1), 5-24.

Brown, S.R. (1979). Perspective, transfiguration, and equivalence in communication theory: Re-

view and commentary. In D. Nimmo (Ed.), Communication yearbook 3 (pp. 51-65). New

Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.

Castañeda, L. (1974). Media images for Guatemala’s culture: A Q-study involving Indian sub-

jects. Master’s thesis, University of Missouri.

Castañeda de León, L. (1983). Correlación entre privación temprana y conducta asocial:

Metología Q aplicada en la Clínica del Niño Sano del Hospital Roosevelt de Guatemala.

Medical thesis, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala.

Combes, H., Hardy, G., & Buchan, L. (2004). Using Q-methodology to involve people with in-

tellectual disability in evaluating person-centred planning. Journal of Applied Research in

Intellectual Disabilities, 17, 149-159.

Fairweather, John R. & Simon R. Swaffield. (2000). Q method using photographs to study per-

ceptions of the environment in New Zealand. In Helen Addams & John Proops (Eds.), So-

cial discourse and environmental policy: An application of Q methodology (pp. 138-151).

Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.

Fitzgerald, T.K. (1977). Anthropological approaches to the study of food habits: Some method-

ological issues. In T.K. Fitzgerald (Ed.), Nutrition and anthropology in action (pp. 69-78).

Assen, The Netherlands: Van Gorcum. [pictures of food]

Goldman, I. (1985). Communication and culture: A Q-methodological study of psycho-social

meanings from photographs in Time magazine. Doctoral dissertation, University of Iowa,

1984. Dissertation Abstracts International, 45, 2683A.

Grosswiler, P. (1992). Some methodological considerations on the use of multimedia Q-sample

items. Operant Subjectivity, 15, 65-80.

Kerr, G.N., & Swaffield, S.R. (2007). Amenity values of spring fed streams and rivers in Can-

terbury, New Zealand: A methodological exploration (Research Report No. 298). Lincoln,

New Zealand: Agribusiness and Economics Research Unit (AERU), Lincoln University.

Kim, H-K., & Lee, J-Y. (2002). [A Q study for multiple identity accomplished by Avata in vir-

tual space.] Q-Methodology and Theory, 7, 27-51. (Korean)

Kim, J.H., Kim, B.I., & Kim, J.K. (2003). Olfactory factors in aroma uses. Journal of Human

Subjectivity, 1(2), 157-176.

Kinsey, D.F. (1993-1994). Humor communicability. Operant Subjectivity, 17, 49-61.

Kinsey, D., & Taylor, R.W. (1982). Some meanings of political cartoons. Operant Subjectivity,

5, 107-114.

Kinsey, D. F., & Zatepilina, O. (2010). The impact of visual images on non-U.S. citizens’ atti-

tudes about the United States: A Q study in visual public diplomacy. Exchange: The Journal

of Public Diplomacy, 1, 25-32.

MacAndrew, C., & Edgerton, R. (1964). A procedure for interrogating non-professional and

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Visual Q Methodology: A Methodological Approach to Empower Marginalized Populations in Agriculture Throughout the Global South

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2024

Richie Roberts

Ensuring that marginalized populations become empowered in agriculture is vital to the success of global agricultural development goals. However, these populations have reported lacking access, power, and voice. Perhaps one strategy researchers can use to address this issue is through visual Q methodology. In this methodological paper, I argue that by combining the tenets of Q and visual methodologies, researchers can offer empirically grounded findings that evoke powerful, rich insight into the perspectives of marginalized populations in agriculture who may lack the communication skills to articulate their perspectives through words. To this point, however, the approach has lacked clear guidance, which has led to diminished quality in the published literature on visual Q methodology. In response, I offer six principles to guide visual Q methodological studies moving forward: (a) relationship-building with participants, (b) participant training, (c) concourse development, (d) Q set sampling, (e) data collection, and (f) data analysis and interpretation.

ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.

Syllabus: Q Methodology in Assessment and Research

Abstract

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