The genus Soldanella (Primulaceae) is endemic to European mountain ranges and harbors up to 20 taxa. Species are segregated into two sections, Tubiflores and Soldanella, which differ in their morphology and ecology. Karyologiacally has been all taxa reported to be diploids, but with two known chromosome races 2n=2x=38 and 40. Detail distribution of both races with respect to taxa, geographic distribution and variation in the absolute genome size (AGS) are however still unexplored. We investigated here overall karyological variation across the genus (chromosome number, DNA-ploidy level and AGS) using direct chromosome counting and propidium jodide flow cytometry. Chromosome count for 17 taxa were obtained, out of which majority possessed 2n=2x=40. Only four species belong to chromosome race with 38 chromosomes. The AGS was estimated for 97 populations (247 individuals) and 2C values ranged between 2.95 and 4.00 pg (maximum divergence 26.25%). The highest values of AGS are confined to south-eastern Balkan Peninsula taxa however regardless of chromosome numbers. In contrast to previous expectations, no obvious differences in chromosome numbers and AGS were detected among members of both sections. Interestingly, taxa possessing 2n = 2x =38 can be separated in to three groups with significantly different AGS and apparently disjunctive distribution area.
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Objective 1: Evolutionary relationships within the genus.
Objective 2: Origin of morphological segregation of ecotypes in species with large ecological amplitude.
Objective 3: Phylogeography of t
he members of section Soldanella in Carpathians Dinarides and adjacent regions. ... [more] View project Goal:
The main objective of the project is to substantially increase knowledge over endemic, endangered and rare vascular plants of the Carpathian Region and in this way contribute to a better und
erstanding of evolution of the Carpathian biota and its conservation. These elements of the flora have been chosen as the focus of the project because: (1) they constitute a unique contribution to the European biodiversity; and (2) they are important examples of evolution of the regional biota and can be considered excellent proxies for understanding processes that shaped the biodiversity of the Carpathians. The project will be predominantly focused on Carpathian endemics and sub-endemics, but will also include regional endangered species, found at the edge of their distribution in the Carpathian Region (e.g. Carpathian-Balkan elements or disjunctly distributed Alpine-Carpathian species) or major drivers of certain ecosystems (e.g., alpine). This includes, besides the Carpathian Mountains, also adjacent Pannonian lowlands and Transylvanian basin.
Partners:
This is a collaborative project between:
• Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK
• Plant Science and Biodiversity Center (PSBC), Slovak Academy of Sciences (SAS), Bratislava, Slovakia
• Institute of Biological Research Cluj-Napoca (ICB), National Institute for Research and Development in Biological Sciences, Romania
• A. Borza Botanical Garden Babeș-Bolyai University (UBB), Cluj-Napoca, Romania
• Ivan Franko National University of Lviv (IFNUL), Ukraine
• W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences (IoB PAS), Kraków Poland
• Department of Botany, Charles University, Prague (DBCU), Czech Republic
• University Joseph Fourier, Grenoble (UJF), France
Duration 1 January 2019 - 30 June 2022
• Bükk National Park Directorate, Sánc utca 6, 3304 Eger,
Hungary
Major aims:
1. Long-term seed conservation of the Carpathian flora, with a focus on (sub-)endemics;
2. Research into the biosystematics of selected Carpathian endemic taxa and taxa groups; and
3. Establishing a Carpathian research network focused on the study on plant endemism.
Details:
1. Long-term seed conservation of the Carpathian flora, with a focus on (sub-)endemics
Within this project the Romanian and Slovak partmers will collect 500 species over a three year period (2019-2021) that occur in the Carpathian Region and are new to the collections of the Millennium Seed Bank Partnership. Data associated with the collections will contribute to the MSBP global seed conservation target of “Securing 25% of the world’s bankable flora in participating seed banks of the MSBP by 2020”. The collections will be stored in both the Kew’s Millenium Seed Bank at Wakehurst and in the National Seed Banks from Romania and Slovakia. This will constitute the basis for assuring a buffer against extinction risks and the seeds will be used for reintroducing extinct species in their natural habitats, when required.
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2. Research into the biosystematics of selected Carpathian endemic taxa and taxa groups
The aims of the research undertaken in project are to better understand the biological identity of Carpathian (sub-)endemics and to elucidate the role of the Carpathians in shaping of genetic diversity of European mountain flora. Complex biosystematic investigations of selected representative taxa will include: comparative taxonomic and phylogenetic evaluations of target taxa within their genus, population dynamics and demography, detailed genetic diversity and biogeographic analyses. Results will enable the reconstruction of likely Pleistocene glacial refugia and postglacial colonisation routes for the taxa concerned. Genetic patterns will help identify contact and break zones among smaller geographic units within the Carpathian arc, and their role in the evolution of the Carpathian flora including diversification of endemics. This will enable to test the hypothesis that particular habitats in the Carpathians represented a continental evolutionary hotspot and glacial refugia for European mountain flora.
Five model genera which include also Carpathian endemics, found in mid-altitudinal up to alpine habitats reported to harbour relict genetic diversity, have been chosen:
• Carex L. (C. curvula agg.)
• Daphne L. (D. arbuscula Čelak. and D. petraea Leyb.)
• Draba L. (Sect. Aizopsis, Sect. Chrysodraba and Sect. Leucodraba)
• Silene zawadzkii Herbich
• Soldanella L. (Sect. Soldanella)
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3. Establishing a Carpathian Research Network (CRN) focused on the study on plant endemism.
This project will establish a comprehensive, stable and long-lasting framework for enhancing the sharing and standardisation of valuable scientific data on the Carpathian biota and especially vascular plants endemics between representative research centres from several Carpathian countries (Romania, Ukraine, Poland, Slovakia and Czechia). Within this project, specific aims of the CRN Consortium are:
1. Developing the Carpathian Region’s endemics and sub-endemics distribution database
2. Developing an online platform of the CRN for public dissemination of research results
3. Assessing the extinction risk of the most vulnerable Carpathian endemics and sub-endemics
4. Investigating the biodiversity patterns and biogeographical relationships among different units of the Carpathian Region based on the distribution of endemics
5. Developing the first monograph covering the entire Carpathian Region’s endemic flora. ... [more] View project To create a sufficient database of species of Slovak fauna and flora, for reliable identification of species. Cooperation on the international project iBOL (Internation barcoding of life).
View project August 2009 · ZOOLOGICAL SCIENCE
Karyotypes of the greater Japanese shrew-mole, Urotrichus talpoides (Talpidae), collected from 57 localities in Japan were studied by conventional, G- and C-band staining techniques to elucidate geographical chromosomal variations, the mechanism of changes in chromosomes, and the distribution patterns of karyotypic races. Shrew-mole samples examined could be divided geographically into two
... [Show full abstract] slightly divergent chromosomal forms designated as the western and eastern races. These two karyotypic races had the same diploid number (34) and fundamental number (64), but they had autosomes with different makeups. A comparison of conventional karyotypes showed a distinct intraspecific variation in shape of autosomal pair no. 14 which was classified as subtelocentric in the western race and as metacentric in the eastern race. G- and C-banding analyses revealed that karyotypic variation found in no. 14 pair was involved in pericentric inversion and quantitative changes in constitutive heterochromatin. Intraspecific and geographical variation in chromosomes caused by such karyological events is rare and unique among members of the family Talpidae examined so far. Furthermore, our results demonstrated that the clear boundary between the two parapatric karyotypic races was actually located along the Kurobe-Fuji line in the central part of Honshu, but not along the Owari-Tsuruga isthmian line previously postulated by Tsuchiya (1987, 1988). Zoogeographical implications of the boundary of parapatric distribution in U. talpoides are also discussed. Read more January 1975 · Brittonia
Morphological, karyological, and ecological data indicate thatLesquerella engelmannii (Gray) Wats, should be considered withL. ovalifolia Rydb. as comprising a single polymorphic species having diploid, tetraploid, hexaploid, and octaploid populations and exhibiting
broad variation, with geographic trends, in vegetative morphology. Three subspecies are distinguished.
Read more March 1973 · Folia Geobotanica
Three races ofVicia cracca L. have been found on the territory of Czechoslovakia, two with the chromosome number 2n=14 and one with 2n=28. Diploid races seem to be more primitive and are less widely distributed. They occur mostly in the primary communities
while the tetraploid race is very plastic in the ecological respect and is common both in primary and secondary communities.
These races are
... [Show full abstract] characterized by some morphological and ecological features. As far as the vertical distribution is concerned,
one of the diploid races and the tetraploid occur mostly in the lowland and in the colline zone, the second diploid race has
a mountain character. The related tetraploid speciesVicia oreophila
Žertová, with the chromosome number 2n=28 is distributed at similar altitudes. Read more October 2003 · Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
The effect of hybridization on morphological variation was investigated in 120 western house mice, Mus musculus domesticus , from the hybrid zone between the Barcelona and standard chromosomal races. The incidence of 37 non-metric cranial traits was calculated for standard mice (2 n = 40) and Barcelona-standard hybrids (2 n = 27–39). Sub-sequent analyses were conducted on several karyological
... [Show full abstract] subgroups, established by grouping the animals according to either their diploid number or their degree of chromosomal heterozygosity. Results revealed no significant differ-ence by sex, asymmetry, or geographical distance. Significant phenetic divergences were found between the karyo-types studied in relation to several variants. Differences were especially substantial between the standard race and hybrid mice, even with respect to those hybrids with karyotypes close to that of the standard race. Within the hybrids, the maximum divergence corresponded to the 28-chromosome homozygotes, chromosomally close to the Bar-celona race, and to the heterozygotes with more than two fusions. Since differences in non-metric trait frequencies are generally considered a measure of genetic divergence, the results suggest the occurrence of a barrier to gene flow in the Barcelona hybrid zone. The decrease of genetic exchange between the chromosomally differentiated mice might be due to reduced fertility in hybrids, associated with chromosomal heterozygosity. © 2003 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2003, 80 , 313–322. Read more Last Updated: 30 Jun 2021
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