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Development and validation of a body condition score system for dogs
... Overweight in dogs is a common issue, affecting approximately 40% of the Swedish dog population (6,7) and 60% of dogs in the United States and the United Kingdom (8,9). Assessment of canine overweight is commonly performed with a joint approach of using a body condition score (BCS) system (10) and registering of body weight (11). The BCS system has good intra-and inter-reliability (10,12,13) but is regarded as a semi-objective method that primarily correlates with total body fat rather than muscle mass (10). ...
... Assessment of canine overweight is commonly performed with a joint approach of using a body condition score (BCS) system (10) and registering of body weight (11). The BCS system has good intra-and inter-reliability (10,12,13) but is regarded as a semi-objective method that primarily correlates with total body fat rather than muscle mass (10). In addition, BCS assessment requires training (6,14,15), and dog owners often underestimate overweight status (6,(16)(17)(18). ...
... Assessment of canine overweight is commonly performed with a joint approach of using a body condition score (BCS) system (10) and registering of body weight (11). The BCS system has good intra-and inter-reliability (10,12,13) but is regarded as a semi-objective method that primarily correlates with total body fat rather than muscle mass (10). In addition, BCS assessment requires training (6,14,15), and dog owners often underestimate overweight status (6,(16)(17)(18). ...
Objective
This study aimed to assess intra- and inter-observer reliability of neck, chest, and abdominal girth measurements in dogs and to compare these measurements made with a measuring tape, equipped with or without a dynamometer.
Methods
The locations of the middle neck, cranial and widest chest, and cranial and caudal abdomen were measured individually by two observers in 16 dogs standing squarely at an examination table. Girth measurements were performed in triplicate with the other observer recording the data. All dogs underwent evaluation using a measuring tape equipped with a spring dynamometer, while a subgroup ( n = 8) was also evaluated with a measuring tape without the dynamometer. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), with a 95% confidence interval (CI), were computed to assess the intra- and inter-observer reliability for the measurements made with the measuring tape equipped with a spring dynamometer. Pearson’s correlations ( r ) were used to compare the two methods: girth measurements performed with and without the dynamometer.
Results
Girth measurements at all locations demonstrated high intra-observer (0.967–0.999) and inter-observer (0.985–0.995) reliability. The correlations between measurements made with and without the dynamometer were high ( r ≥ 0.996, p < 0.0001). Numerically higher girth values with numerically lower precision were recorded using the tape measure without the dynamometer, but only the girth of the cranial abdomen differed significantly between methods ( p = 0.04).
Conclusion and clinical importance
Girth measurements were reliable across all locations, particularly in the cranial chest and caudal abdomen, which exhibited high precision both within and between the two observers. A tape measure loaded with a dynamometer is recommended, as measurements recorded with a tape measure only showed a tendency of higher girth values with lower precision. Future research should evaluate neck, chest, and abdominal girth measurements in overweight canine patients, as well as the usefulness of the method as a complement to clinical body condition assessment for tracking changes in body composition.
... Historically, traditional clinical assessments have relied on body weight to determine and monitor canine health and fitness (5,6). However, recent attention has shifted to the body condition score (BCS) and, in some cases, muscle condition score (MCS), which offer valuable insights into the balance between body fat and lean muscle composition (4,7). ...
... Scoring of body condition and muscle condition involves both palpation and visual assessment using developed scales to gauge levels of external body fat and lean muscle tissue (8,(22)(23)(24). Several validated scoring systems have been utilized to assess BCS including a 5-point scale and a 9-point scale, with the 9-point scale being most common due to its established correlation with DEXA (7,14,15,24,25). An optimal BCS for dogs on the 9-point scale is 4 to 5, with research suggesting that working dogs may benefit from having a BCS on the lower end of ideal (4,7,24). ...
... Several validated scoring systems have been utilized to assess BCS including a 5-point scale and a 9-point scale, with the 9-point scale being most common due to its established correlation with DEXA (7,14,15,24,25). An optimal BCS for dogs on the 9-point scale is 4 to 5, with research suggesting that working dogs may benefit from having a BCS on the lower end of ideal (4,7,24). The MCS system, introduced by the World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA), assesses muscle loss, using a scale ranging from 'normal musculature' to 'marked muscle atrophy' (8). ...
Objectives
This study aimed to evaluate the agreement between explosive detection dog (EDD) handlers and a team of veterinarians in assessing body condition score (BCS) and muscle condition score (MCS), hypothesizing significant BCS differences between handlers and veterinarians, and no significant MCS differences in healthy active duty EDDs.
Methods
This prospective study analyzed variance and inter-rater intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) of agreement within BCS and MCS assessments collected from the 43 EDDs by four blinded graders; the EDDs’ respective handler and three veterinarians with varying levels of veterinary expertise.
Results
The results of the study showed that 74.4% of the EDD population was graded as ideal BCS (4 or 5 out of 9) by the handlers compared to 67.44% by the members of the veterinary team; however, the graders scored different subsets of individual EDDs as ideal. Normal MCS (3 out of 3) was assessed in 86.05% (n = 37) of EDDs by the handlers versus in 70.54% by the veterinary team.
Conclusion
This study highlights the importance of standardized training and guidelines for BCS and MCS assessments in working dogs to improve agreement between all members of the healthcare team.
... Dogs were fed the study diet for a period of 10 weeks from visit 0 onwards. The daily ration that owners were asked to feed was calculated according to the manufacturer's recommendations, and was based upon both the dog's current body weight and BCS [55]. Accordingly, the amount fed ranged from 460 kJ per kg 0.75 per day (110 Kcal per kg 0.75 per day), for dogs that were at or above their ideal weight (BCS ≥ 4/9), to 523 kJ per kg 0.75 per day (125 Kcal per kg 0.75 per day), for dogs that were below their ideal weight (BCS < 4/9) [56]. ...
... A general physical examination was performed at the pre-study screening visit and at each of the four scheduled study visits (visits 0 to 3). Dogs were weighed at all study visits using the same electronic weigh scales at each site, and BCS was assessed with a 9-point scale [55] at all study visits except visit 1. ...
Background
Canine chronic enteropathies (CE) are a group of disorders defined by persistent or recurrent clinical signs of gastrointestinal disease without a primary neoplastic, metabolic, parasitic, or other infectious cause. In this prospective, multicentre, uncontrolled, open-label study, a commercial dry diet with a protein source of extensively hydrolysed poultry feather was assessed in the management of dogs with CE that had not responded to previous dietary and antibacterial therapies. Dogs with moderate or marked protein-losing enteropathy were excluded. After screening, dogs entered stage 1 and started the test diet. Gastrointestinal endoscopy was performed, and only dogs with histopathological evidence of small intestinal inflammation confirming CE could continue to stage 2 of the trial. The test diet was fed for 10 weeks throughout stages 1 and 2, and the primary outcome measure was clinical success defined as a reduction in canine inflammatory bowel disease activity index (CIBDAI) of ≥ 75%. Secondary outcomes included body condition score (BCS, scale 1–9) and faecal consistency score (scale 1–5). Results (median [range]) for dogs with confirmed CE that participated in both study stages are reported.
Results
A total of 15 dogs commenced stage 1, and 13 of these progressed to stage 2 (age 4.2 [1.1–7.1] years; BCS 3 (2–4); previous diet therapies 2 [1–3]) of which two were withdrawn at week 5 for protocol deviations. CIBDAI scores decreased from 9 (7–16; n = 13) at baseline to 2 (1–11; n = 13) at week 2 (P < 0.001), 2 (0–6; n = 13) at week 5 (P < 0.001), and 1 (0–3; n = 11) at week 10 (P < 0.001). Treatment success was achieved by 8/13 dogs at week 5 and 10/11 dogs at week 10. Faecal score (n = 11) and BCS (n = 11) improved between baseline (1 [1–3] and 3 [3–4], respectively; P < 0.001) and week 10 (4 [3–5] and 4 [3–5], respectively; P < 0.001).
Conclusions
Dogs with CE that had failed to respond to previous dietary and antibacterial therapy showed clinical improvement within 10 weeks when fed a dry extruded diet with a single protein source hydrolysed to amino acids and oligopeptides, without concurrent immunosuppressant treatment.
... The study protocol was approved by the Nestlé Purina Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. A total of 20 beagles (10 young adults and 10 senior) and 19 Labrador retrievers (9 young adults and 10 senior) with body condition scores (BCSs) between 4 and 6 on a 9-point BCS scale [19] were recruited for this study. Young adult dogs were between 1 and 6 years of age, while senior dogs were 7 years and older. ...
... The study protocol was approved by the Nestlé Purina Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. A total of 20 beagles (10 young adults and 10 senior) and 19 Labrador retrievers (9 young adults and 10 senior) with body condition scores (BCSs) between 4 and 6 on a 9-point BCS scale [19] were recruited for this study. Young adult dogs were between 1 and 6 years of age, while senior dogs were 7 years and older. ...
In dogs, brain aging may lead to cognitive decline and cognitive dysfunction syndrome (CDS) [...]
... At the end of each treatment phase, there was a collection phase comprised of a 5-d total fecal collection, with the frst day serving for fresh fecal collection, and 2 d for blood collection. Dogs were weighed and BCS were assessed using a 9-point scale (Lafamme, 1997) once a week prior to the morning feeding. Metabolizable energy estimated using Atwater factors (4 kcal/g for protein and nitrogen-free extract; 9 kcal/g for fat). ...
... Dogs fed the HFD diet had higher (P < 0.0001) fecal total BCFA and total phenol + indole concentrations than dogs fed all other diets. Also, dogs fed the FD diet had higher (P < 0.0001) fecal total BCFA concentrations than dogs (Lafamme, 1997). ‖ Calculated using modifed Atwater values (3.5 kcal/g for protein and nitrogen-free extract; 8.5 kcal/g for fat). ...
Various pet food diet formats are available, but many are poorly studied. The objective of this study was to determine the apparent total tract macronutrient digestibility (ATTD) of frozen raw, freeze-dried raw, fresh, and extruded dog foods and assess their effects on serum metabolites, hematology, and fecal characteristics, metabolites, and microbiota of healthy adult dogs. Ten beagle dogs (4.10 ± 0.74 yr) were used in a replicated 5x5 Latin square study to test the following diets: Chicken and Barley Recipe [extruded; Hill’s Science Diet (EXT)], Chicken and White Rice Recipe [fresh; Just Food for Dogs (FRSH)], Chicken Formula [frozen raw; Primal (FRZN)], Chicken and Sorghum Hybrid Freeze-dried Formula [freeze-dried raw; Primal (HFD)], and Chicken Dinner Patties [freeze-dried raw; Stella & Chewy’s (FD)]. The experiment was composed of five 35-d periods, with each ending with fecal and blood collections. Data were analyzed using Mixed Models in SAS 9.4, with P<0.05 being significant. Treatment was a fixed effect and dog a random effect. Protein ATTD was higher for FRZN and FD than other diets and higher for HFD than FRSH and EXT. Fat ATTD was higher for HFD than FRZN and EXT and lower for EXT than other diets. Fecal output was higher for dogs fed EXT than those fed other diets and higher for dogs fed FRSH than those fed FRZN, HFD, or FD. Fecal pH was lower in dogs fed EXT and FRSH than those fed other diets. Fecal scores were higher (looser) in dogs fed EXT and FRSH than those fed FRZN and FD. Fecal dry matter was higher in dogs fed FD than those fed other diets and higher in those fed FRZN and HFD than those fed EXT and FRSH. In general, fecal short-chain fatty acids were highest in dogs fed EXT, intermediate in dogs fed FRSH and HFD, and lowest in dogs fed FRZN and FD. Fecal isobutyrate and isovalerate were highest in dogs fed HFD, lowest in dogs fed FRSH, and intermediate in dogs fed other diets. Fecal primary bile acids were higher, while secondary bile acids were lower in dogs fed FRSH than in dogs fed other diets. Fecal microbiota were greatly impacted by diet, with alpha diversity, beta diversity, and relative abundances of over 40 bacterial genera being different among treatments. This study shows that dietary format may lead to great differences in nutrient digestibility and fecal characteristics, metabolites, and microbiota. More research is needed to distinguish the effects of ingredient source, processing method, and nutrient composition.
... Details on animals, diets and experimental design of the trial were earlier reported (14). Briefly, 12 healthy adult Beagle dogs (2 intact males, 4 neutered males, and 6 spayed females), 5.4 ± 0.57 years old, weighing 11.8 ± 2.20 kg with a body condition score of 4.3 ± 0.69 (assessed according to a 9 point-scale; 15), and housed at the kennel of the School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, were used. A commercial diet for adult medium-size dogs (Sorgal Pet Food, Ovar., Portugal) with the inclusion of 5% shrimp hydrolysate (Symrise Aqua, Equator) and 3% salmon oil (Symrise Aqua, Norway) was used as the control diet. ...
... Dogs were divided into two groups blocked for sex and received the control and experimental diets in two consecutive experimental periods of 6 weeks each following a crossover arrangement. Animals were individually fed twice a day (8:30 h and 17:00 h) with the daily ration calculated according to body condition score (15) and the ideal body weight (BW) to meet the metabolizable energy requirements (19). ...
Locally produced fish hydrolysate and oil from the agrifood sector comprises a sustainable solution both to the problem of fish waste disposal and to the petfood sector with potential benefits for the animal’s health. This study evaluated the effects of the dietary replacement of mainly imported shrimp hydrolysate (5%) and salmon oil (3%; control diet) with locally produced fish hydrolysate (5%) and oil (3.2%) obtained from fish waste (experimental diet) on systemic inflammation markers, adipokines levels, cardiac function and fecal microbiota of adult dogs. Samples and measurements were taken from a feeding trial conducted according to a crossover design with two diets (control and experimental diets), six adult Beagle dogs per diet and two periods of 6 weeks each. The experimental diet, with higher docosahexaenoic (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic (EPA) acids contents, decreased plasmatic triglycerides and the activity of angiotensin converting enzyme, also tending to decrease total cholesterol. No effects of diet were observed on serum levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8, and IL-12/IL-23 p40, and of the serum levels of the anti-inflammatory adipokine adiponectin. Blood pressure, heart rate and echocardiographic measurements were similar between diets with the only exception of left atrial to aorta diameter ratio that was higher in dogs fed the experimental diet, but without clinical relevance. Diet did not significantly affect fecal immunoglobulin A concentration. Regarding fecal microbiome, Megasphaera was the most abundant genus, followed by Bifidobacterium, Fusobacterium, and Prevotella, being the relative abundances of Fusobacterium and Ileibacterium genera positively affected by the experimental diet. Overall, results from the performed short term trial suggest that shrimp hydrolysate and salmon oil can be replaced by protein hydrolysate and oil from fish by-products without affecting systemic inflammatory markers, cardiac structure and function, but potentially benefiting bacterial genera associated with healthy microbiome. Considering the high DHA and EPA contents and the antioxidant properties of fish oil and hydrolysate, it would be worthwhile in the future to assess their long-term effects on inflammatory markers and their role in spontaneous canine cardiac diseases and to perform metabolomic and metagenomics analysis to elucidate the relevance of microbiota changes in the gut.
... On the first day of each experimental period and before the morning meal, dogs were weighed and BCS assessed according to a 9 point-scale, with 5 considered as ideal [24]. The daily food allowance for each dog was calculated to meet the ME requirements for adult dogs according to the ideal BW [23] and adjusted to BCS [24]. ...
... On the first day of each experimental period and before the morning meal, dogs were weighed and BCS assessed according to a 9 point-scale, with 5 considered as ideal [24]. The daily food allowance for each dog was calculated to meet the ME requirements for adult dogs according to the ideal BW [23] and adjusted to BCS [24]. Food was offered in two equal meals at 08:30 h and 17:00 h. ...
The promotion of dogs' nutrition, health, and well-being are highly valued by pet owners, leading to an increasing interest in pet food with alternative, functional, and more sustainable supplements, such as algae. Few studies have assessed the supplementation of dog food with individual algae species, but no information exists on combined macro- and microalgae. This study evaluated the effects of dietary supplementation of a commercial algal blend, composed of two macroalgae (Ulva rigida and Fucus vesiculosus) and one microalga (Chlorella vulgaris) on palatability, intake, digestibility, metabolizable energy (ME), and fecal characteristics, metabolites, and microbiota of adult healthy Beagle dogs. Palatability was assessed by comparing a complete diet without (control) and with 1.5 % algae blend using twelve dogs. Then, six of these dogs were randomly selected for the digestibility trials. Following an initial trial to determine the control diet digestibility, a replicated Latin square was performed with three experimental periods of 10 days each, and three algal blend supplementation levels (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 %). Dietary algal blend did not affect the first approach and first taste, but dogs preferred the control diet. Algal blend levels had no impact on intake, but organic matter, fiber, and energy digestibility increased with 1.5 % inclusion compared with 0.5 %. At the highest level, algae blend promoted fecal total short chain fatty acids and acetate while at lowest fecal propionate decreased and fecal production increased. Compared with the control diet, algal blend-supplemented diets promoted most nutrients and energy digestibility, diet ME content, and fecal quality, while reducing fecal butyrate. Fecal microbiota diversity and abundance were mostly unaffected by algae blend supplementation, with health-promoting genera Turicibacter and Blautia being the most abundant in all samples. Overall, results suggest algal blend as a promising alternative supplement for dog food, but further research is needed to unveil potential health-promoting effects.
... scale, 7-point scale, and 9-point scale methods [11][12][13] . Among them, the 9-point scale method is the most widely used [11][12][13] . ...
... scale, 7-point scale, and 9-point scale methods [11][12][13] . Among them, the 9-point scale method is the most widely used [11][12][13] . BCS is a subjective visual and tactile assessment of subcutaneous fat, abdominal fat, ribs, vertebrae, and back muscles 9 . ...
The prevalence of obesity in dogs is increasing worldwide. This study evaluated the effects of a mixed probiotic formula on the weight, body condition score (BCS), blood metabolite profiles, and gut microbiota of overweight and obese dogs over a 12-week supplementation period to determine the anti-obesity effects of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CBT LP3 and Bifidobacterium breve CBT BR3. This was a community-based, randomized study that sampled 41 overweight and obese dogs with a veterinarian-determined BCS of 6 or more. The physical activity of all the subjects was measured using a pedometer designed exclusively for dogs. The food intake was measured using the developed application. Only the treatment group received the mixed probiotic formula twice daily (3 g per dose). A significant decrease in body weight (p < 0.0001), BCS (p < 0.0001), serum TG (p < 0.0001), serum TC (p = 0.0400), and serum leptin (p = 0.0252), and a significantly increased serum adiponectin levels (p = 0.0007) were observed in the treatment group compared with the values in the control group. Microbiota analysis showed that Lactiplantibacillus increased and Erysipelatoclostridium, Staphylococcus, and Gemella decreased more significantly in the treatment group than in the control group. These results suggested that Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CBT LP3 and Bifidobacterium breve CBT BR3 may be effective in alleviating obesity in dogs.
... Both dam weights (digital scale Soehnle model 7859. 70.002, Soehnle GmbH, Backnang, Germany, maximum capacity of 200 kg, precision ± 0.1 kg) and body condition scores (BCSs, 9-point scale, with 1 being the thinnest and 9 the fattest [19]) were recorded on G0, G28, G56 and P1. Gestational relative gain weight (GWG) was calculated as the percentage of weight gained or lost by the dams between G0 and P1 according to the following formula: ((weight P1-weight G0) / weight G0 * 100%). ...
Background
Microbial seeding in early life is critical for the host’s short- and long-term health, and the mother is the first source of bacteria for the newborn. The objective of this study was to characterize the maternal fecal, vaginal, and colostral microbiotas in the canine species one day after parturition and to evaluate the relationship between the microbial profiles of 36 dams and the neonatal outcomes of 284 newborns.
Results
The first part of the study revealed the presence of 2 fecal, 3 vaginal, and 2 colostral microbial clusters on the basis of the core microbiota of the dams. Among these three maternal microbiotas, only the vaginal microbiome was found to be associated with neonatal outcomes. Compared with those in the other clusters, females in Cluster 1, with the lowest stillbirth and neonatal mortality ratios, presented a greater abundance of Moraxellaceae in their vaginal microbiota; Cluster 2, with a greater abundance of Pasteurellaceae, mostly from the Haemophilus genus; and Cluster 3 (with the highest stillbirth and neonatal mortality ratios), a greater abundance of Enterobacteriaceae, mostly E. coli. Moreover, Cluster 3 dams presented significantly lower species richness according to the Shannon index than did dams from the other clusters.
Conclusions
This study underscores the strong association between maternal microbiota, particularly the vaginal microbiota, and newborn health. The results of this study call for further research to gain a deeper understanding of the optimal vaginal microbiota composition in canine species and the ways to modulate it to improve neonatal outcomes.
... Data including signalment, body weight, body condition score, clinicopathologic test results required for completion of APPLE scores, prior insulin treatment, duration of hospitalization, survival, and recurrence of DKA were recorded [18]. The most abnormal BG measured within the first 24 h of admission was recorded as was the method of BG measurement (Vitros 4600 Chemistry System, Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics, Rochester, NY; NOVA Biomedical, Waltham, MA; or Alpha Track 3, Zoetis, Parsippany, NJ) [1]. ...
Background
Acute patient physiologic and laboratory evaluation (APPLE) scores have not been reported in dogs with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).
Hypothesis
The APPLE scores will be higher in non‐survivors compared with survivors, and higher scores will predict increased mortality in dogs with DKA.
Animals
Eighty‐five dogs with DKA; 58 survivors (68%) and 27 non‐survivors (32%).
Methods
Retrospective study. The APPLE scores were entered into a multivariate logistic regression model for mortality prediction. Variables related to DKA diagnosis also were examined as mortality predictors. If variables predicted mortality, an empirical optimal cut point, corresponding area under the receiver operating curve (AUC), and sensitivity and specificity for predicting mortality were calculated.
Results
Mean 10‐variable APPLEfull and median 5‐variable APPLEfast scores were higher in non‐survivors (32 ± 10 and 11; range, 3–29, respectively) compared with survivors (25 ± 8; p < 0.001 and 7; range, 0–24; p = 0.02, respectively). The APPLEfull score predicted mortality (p = 0.03). The AUC for the APPLEfull as a predictor of mortality was 0.67 and at the empirical optimal cutpoint of 23.5 the sensitivity and specificity of the APPLEfull score for mortality prediction were 85% and 48%, respectively. Beta‐hydroxybutyrate concentration (BOHB) also predicted mortality (p = 0.02). The AUC for BOHB as a mortality predictor was 0.75 and at the empirical optimal cutpoint of 4.75 the sensitivity and specificity of BOHB for mortality prediction were 58% and 92%, respectively.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance
The APPLEfull score and BOHB predict mortality in dogs with DKA and can be used to stratify DKA dogs into appropriate survival groups.
... Use of a 9-unit body condition score (BCS) scale has been recognized as a more accurate means of classifying canine and feline obesity. 29,30 Limited research is available investigating the relationship of body weight or BCS on the risk of IVDD. In Dachshund-focused studies, Gordon-Evans et al 31 did not find any impact of BCS or percentage of body fat on posthemilaminectomy recovery time, while Ball and Cartlidge 32 reported no significant impact of BCS on IVDD grade and the ability to walk without assistance after hemilaminectomy, but that higher BCS delayed return of conscious bladder control. ...
OBJECTIVE
Intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) is a debilitating spinal condition that has been well studied among Dachshunds. However, little is known about IVDD prevalence across other dog breeds and associated lifestyle risk factors. The purpose of this study was to identify lifetime prevalence, demographic, and lifestyle factors associated with IVDD among a large population of companion dogs in the US.
Methods
An observational cross-sectional study was conducted with the Dog Aging Project database. Companion dogs enrolled between December 26, 2019, and December 31, 2022, were included. The primary outcome was lifetime prevalence of owner-reported IVDD (OR-IVDD). Associations between OR-IVDD, demographic, and lifestyle factors were evaluated with multivariate logistic regression.
Results
43,517 dogs (female, 49.6% [21,582 of 43,517]; purebred, 50.3% [21,910 of 43,517]) were included in the study. Lifetime prevalence of OR-IVDD was 1.2% (520 of 43,517). On adjusted analysis, male (OR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.13 to 1.64), purebred (OR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.37 to 2.01), toy and small (OR, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.51 to 2.27), and overweight (OR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.38 to 2.01) dogs had increased odds of OR-IVDD. Lifestyle factors associated with reduced odds of OR-IVDD include higher daily active time, being on a commercial diet, and regular use of a staircase. Dachshunds had the highest lifetime prevalence of OR-IVDD (15.3% [83 of 541]). Among purebred dogs, French Bulldogs had the highest odds of OR-IVDD (OR, 21.1; 95% CI, 12.5 to 35.8) on adjusted analysis.
Conclusions
Owner-reported IVDD is impacted by demographic and lifestyle factors such as breed status, daily active time, and staircase use.
Clinical Relevance
An increased focus on breed-specific research of French Bulldogs would be beneficial considering breed popularity and lifetime prevalence of OR-IVDD. Further longitudinal research is needed to assist with clinical decision-making and lifestyle recommendations.
... Body weight and body condition score (BCS) were recorded on a 9-point scale, with 4 and 5 being ideal. 12 No antibiotics were permitted for 3 months before sample collection. IE diagnosis followed the International Veterinary Epilepsy Taskforce guidelines, namely, tier I (based on signalment, medical history, video evaluation of a seizure, and routine blood examination) or tier II (tier I + bile acid, magnetic resonance imaging, and cerebrospinal fluid [CSF] evaluation). ...
Objective
Idiopathic epilepsy (IE) is the most common chronic neurological disease in dogs and an established natural animal model for human epilepsy types with genetic and unknown etiology. However, the metabolic pathways underlying IE remain largely unknown.
Methods
Plasma samples of healthy dogs (n = 39) and dogs with IE (n = 49) were metabolically profiled (n = 121 known target metabolites) and fingerprinted (n = 1825 untargeted features) using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Dogs with IE were classified as mild phenotype (MP; n = 22) or drug‐resistant (DR; n = 27). All dogs received the same standard adult maintenance diet for a minimum of 20 days (35 ± 11 days) before sampling. Data were analyzed using a combination of univariate (one‐way analysis of variance or Kruskal–Wallis rank sum test), multivariate (limma, orthogonal partial least squares–discriminant analysis), and pathway enrichment statistical analysis.
Results
In dogs with both DR and MP IE, a distinct plasma metabolic profile and fingerprint compared to healthy dogs was observed. Metabolic pathways involved in these alterations included oxidative stress, inflammation, and amino acid metabolism. Moreover, significantly lower plasma concentrations of vitamin B6 were found in MP (p = .001) and DR (p = .005) compared to healthy dogs.
Significance
Our data provide new insights into the metabolic pathways underlying IE in dogs, further substantiating its potential as a natural animal model for humans with epilepsy, reflected by related metabolic changes in oxidative stress metabolites and vitamin B6. Even more, several metabolites within the uncovered pathways offer promising therapeutic targets for the management of IE, primarily for dogs, and ultimately for humans.
... The research was carried out with four adult female English setter dogs, divided into two groups, TRT group and CTR group, with comparable initial body weight (BW, TRT: Body weight was recorded at 9:00 a.m. from fasted animals with a platform electronic balance (EOS 150K100NXL, Kern and Sohn GMBH; Balingen-Germany). The BCS was attributed utilizing a rating scale from one (too thin) to nine (too heavy), according to the table of the WSAWA Global Nutrition Guidelines [36]. The MCS was assessed with a scale ranging from one (no muscle wasting and normal muscle mass) to four (marked muscle wasting), according to the table of the WSAWA Global Nutrition Guidelines. ...
Two extruded diets isoenergetic, isonitrogenous, and isolipidic were formulated with poultry meal (control diet) as the source of animal-origin proteins (160 g/kg of feed) or with 90 g/kg of poultry meal and 70 g/kg of hydrolyzed feather meal (treated diet) and were fed to eight dogs (four adult female and four adult male English Setters). Body condition, muscle condition, and fecal consistency scores and body weight were monitored at the beginning of the trial and after 3, 7, 15, and 45 days, and no significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed between diets and between sex. Fecal samples, collected at the same time points, were analyzed for microbiota composition. No significant difference was calculated for the alpha diversity index between control diet and treated diet, nor for the diets × times of sampling interaction and for sex. Beta diversity was different (p-value 0.001) between the control and treated groups. The beta diversity between sexes was significantly different (p-value = 0.047). Linear Discriminant analysis effect size analysis revealed significant differences between dietary groups, identifying Clostridiales, Coprococcus, Bacteroides plebeius, Eubacterium biforme, Catenibacterium, and Prevotella copri as more abundant in the CTR diet, while Fusobacterium, Bacteroides, Fusobacteriaceae, Paraprevotellaceae, Enterococcus, Faecalibacterium, Enterobacteriaceae, Peptostreptococcaceae, and Clostridium spiroforme were more abundant in the treated diet. Sex differences were also significant, with 25 taxa differing between male and female dogs. Overall, the study underscores the impact of HFM and sex on gut microbiota composition in dogs, with potential implications for dietary interventions and microbiome research.
... Median body condition score and muscle condition score were 5/9 (range, 3-6/9) and 2/3 (range, 1-3), respectively. 20,21 Relevant biochemical data from the time of initial evaluation is reported in Table 1. Individual clinical and biochemical data are available in Table S2. ...
Background
It is unknown if glucocorticoid malabsorption contributes to the approximate 50% treatment failure rate in dogs with protein‐losing enteropathy (PLE).
Objective
To compare pharmacokinetics (PK) of orally administered prednisolone in dogs with PLE vs healthy controls.
Animals
Fourteen dogs with well‐characterized PLE and 7 control dogs.
Methods
Prospective case‐controlled study. Dogs were treated with 1 mg/kg prednisolone PO once daily for approximately 3 weeks. Venous blood samples were collected at set timepoints before and after prednisolone administration on the first (T1) and final (T2) study days. Total and non‐protein bound serum prednisolone concentrations were determined using liquid chromatography tandem‐mass spectrometry, and pharmacokinetics variables were derived from the drug concentration data. Pharmacokinetics variables were compared between PLE and control dogs and between PLE short‐term responders and non‐responders.
Results
The PLE dogs had a shorter half‐life of the terminal slope than control dogs (harmonic mean of 1.3 vs 1.8 hours; P = .05) whereas the percentage of serum prednisolone that was non‐protein bound was higher in PLE dogs than in control dogs (median of 15.7% vs 6.7%; P = .02) at T1. Total prednisolone drug exposures and maximum total serum drug concentrations did not differ between PLE and control dogs at T1 or T2, nor did they differ between short‐term responders and non‐responders within the PLE population (P > .05 for all comparisons).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Overall drug exposures are similar between PLE dogs and healthy controls. Glucocorticoid malabsorption is unlikely to be a common cause of treatment failure in dogs with PLE.
... An important factor that should not be overlooked and can significantly influence the hW/bW ratio investigated in this study is the patient's body condition score (BCS). BCS is a numeric evaluation system commonly used to assess body fat accumulation [15], with the 9-point scale being most frequently employed in dogs [16]. Utilizing this scale helps reduce subjectivity in the assessment. ...
Myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) is a prevalent heart condition in dogs, particularly affecting the mitral valve. Stage B1 of MMVD, as per the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) guidelines, encompasses asymptomatic dogs with structural heart disease. This stage is characterized by a range of radiographic and echocardiographic findings without significant cardiac remodeling. Despite its prevalence, the impact of MMVD Stage B1 on cardiac weight remains unclear. In this study, 28 dogs were examined to evaluate if MMVD Stage B1 correlates with abnormal increases in heart weight postmortem. Dogs were clinically examined, underwent echocardiography, and were divided into two groups based on MMVD staging. Heart weight relative to body weight (hW/bW) was assessed. Results revealed that MMVD Stage B1 had minimal impact on heart weight, with hW/bW ratios remaining within normal ranges. Notably, despite differences in breed, sex, and age, hW/bW ratios did not significantly deviate from normal values. This study provides valuable insights into the relationship between MMVD Stage B1 and cardiac weight in dogs, indicating the need for further investigations with larger sample sizes to validate these findings. Understanding cardiac weight alterations in MMVD can aid in refining diagnostic and management approaches for affected dogs.
... The body conditioning score was documented for each dog. 11 Dogs with a short-to-medium-length coat, a body weight > 20 kg, and a height > 50 cm at withers were included in this study. Dogs were excluded if they showed signs of general, neurological, or orthopedic disease during the examination. ...
OBJECTIVE
The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of recording angle on the accuracy of 2-D Kinovea-based kinematic motion analysis (KMA) compared to 3-D KMA in dogs.
METHODS
In this prospective study, 3-D marker-based KMA (VICON-Nexus, version 2.12.1, and Procalc, version 1.6; VICON Motion Systems Ltd) was performed on healthy dogs (body weight ≥ 20 kg) walking on a treadmill (study period: November 2022). Simultaneously, dogs were video-recorded by 3 smartphones (iPhone SE; Apple Inc) at 1.50 m distance and 45°, 90°, and 135° recording angles relative to the shoulder for Kinovea-based, angle-calibrated KMA. Shoulder, elbow, carpal, hip, stifle, and tarsal joint kinematics were calculated for 3 synchronized gait cycles. Each gait cycle was divided into 10 increments. The estimated difference between 3-D KMA and Kinovea was assessed using robust linear mixed-effects models.
RESULTS
34 dogs were included. Differences of less than 5° between methods were considered reasonable. At a 45° recording angle, the estimated joint angle difference was < 5° for the carpus and hip during ≥ 5 of 10 gait cycle increments. At 90°, the difference was < 5° across all joints for ≥ 9 of 10 increments and at 135° was < 5° for the elbow, carpus, and hip for ≥ 7 of 10 increments.
CONCLUSIONS
Kinovea-based kinematics were most accurate when recorded at 90°. At 45°, Kinovea provided accurate data for the carpus and hip and at 135° for the elbow, carpus, and hip.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
While angle-calibrated kinematic measurements can be accurate when using Kinovea for canine KMA, a 90° recording angle is preferable.
... This could be due to the variable subjectivity of the two methods. In fact, the five-point BCS is a comparatively more subjective method, especially if performed by a single evaluator, than the determination of body fat percentage using morphometrics (Laflamme, 1997). A previous study by Li et al. (2012) showed that supplementing the five-point BCS with body fat percentage determined by morphometrics increases the ability to detect obese or overweight dogs (Li et al., 2012). ...
There are many canine body fat percentage assessment methods available including dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), deuterium oxide method (D2O), computed tomography and quantitative magnetic resonance imaging. These methods are technically sophisticated and therefore have limited practical utilities. The calculation of body fat percentage of dogs using morphometrics is a simple and inexpensive method. However, the interference of signalment of dogs in assessing body fat percentage using morphometrics remains unknown. This study was carried out to determine whether the body fat percentage of dogs calculated using morphometrics is affected by age, breed, sex, reproductive status, body size, and the five-point body condition score (BCS). The body fat percentage determined by morphometrics in 129 small, mediums and large size dogs was correlated with multiple signalment criteria. Body fat percentage poorly correlated with age, sex, reproductive status, body size, and breed. However, there was a significant correlation between body fat percentage and BCS (rho=0.81, p=<0.001). In addition, the variability of body fat percentage between dogs was best explained by the variation of BCS (R2 =0.747, F=316.7, p=<0.001). The results suggest that body fat percentage calculated using morphometrics can be reliably used in medium to large size dogs above or at the age of 6 months upto14 years irrespective of sex or reproductive status. Further, the present findings suggest that body fat percentage calculated using morphometrics which significantly correlates with the five-point BCS is an easy and cost-effective tool to identify dogs deviating from ideal body condition.
... Twenty-one adult (5.5 ± 1.0 years old) Golden Retriever dogs with a body weight of 23.6 ± 1.2 kg and BSC of 5.0 ± 1.0 were used in the trial. Dogs' body conditions were scored according to 1-9 points chart (Laflamme, 1997). Three groups consisting of seven dogs each were created, with similar body weight averages and number of males and females. ...
... Only senior dogs with laboratory abnormalities deemed insignificant were allowed to participate in the study. The BCS had to be between 3 and 6 out of 9 (17) ...
Introduction
Elderly dogs often suffer from chronic diseases, in part attributed to immunosenescence, characterized by reduced blood CD4+ T cells (helper T cells) and elevation in the CD8+ T cells subset (cytotoxic T cells). Studies conducted in adult dogs suggested that supplementing short chain fructo-oligosaccharides (scFOS) or postbiotics derived from yeasts may positively influence the immune response. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether dietary supplementation with a combination of scFOS with a new yeast postbiotic (Profeed ADVANCED® called scFOS+) could have a positive influence on the immune status of senior dogs subjected to an immune challenge (Lyme disease vaccination).
Methods
To this end, 22 healthy senior client-owned dogs were divided into two groups: one group received a placebo diet without scFOS+ and the other group the basal diet supplemented with 1.1% scFOS+. In order to assess immune function, complete blood count, serum acute phase proteins, immunoglobulins, cytokines, T-cell subsets and antibody secreting cells were analyzed. Furthermore, faecal score and pH were recorded.
Results and discussion
Dogs fed the scFOS+ supplement had decreased total serum IgA concentrations (p < 0.01), which might suggest a more local IgA response in agreement with what was previously found when adult dogs were supplemented with β-1, 3/1, 6-glucan, a yeast-based product. More importantly, the present study demonstrated that feeding 1.1% scFOS+ to healthy senior dogs increased the CD4+:CD8+ T-cell (Helper:Cytotoxic T cell) ratio (p < 0.001) during and after vaccination against Lyme disease. Combining scFOS and yeast-derived postbiotics in the diet can therefore counter certain characteristics of T-cell immunosenescence in dogs.
... Information gathered from the medical records on signalment, body weight (kg), the body condition score (BCS, scale 1-9) [45] and the canine chronic enteropathy clinical activity index (CCECAI) score [46] was studied, in addition to the type of diet. The CCECAI score was calculated using the serum albumin concentration, presence or absence of peripheral edema and peritoneal effusion on ultrasound examination, and the owner's scores on appetite, activity level, vomiting, fecal consistency and frequency, weight loss and pruritus. ...
Chronic inflammation alters lipoprotein metabolism and causes changes in the serum concentrations of lipids, C-reactive protein (CRP), and paraoxonase-1 activity (PON-1), an enzyme that may act as a local detoxifier, antioxidant, and immunomodulator in the gastrointestinal tract. Scarce information is available in dogs with protein-losing enteropathy secondary to chronic enteropathy (iPLE). The first aim was to describe and compare the lipid profiles, CRP concentrations and PON-1 activities in healthy dogs and in dogs with iPLE. The second aim was to evaluate correlations among clinicopathological, histologic data and lipid profiles in dogs with iPLE. Serum samples from 51 iPLE and 40 healthy dogs were used to study albumin, total protein, CRP, PON-1 activity, cholesterol, triglycerides and lipoprotein classes. Serum concentrations of albumin, total protein, cholesterol, PON-1 activity, and high-density and very-low-density lipoproteins were lower in iPLE dogs compared to healthy controls, while those of triglycerides, low-density lipoproteins, chylomicrons and CRP were higher. Significant correlations between the lipid profile and the existing chronic enteropathy activity index were not found. High-density and low-density lipoproteins correlated with CRP and PON-1. Triglycerides were significantly higher in dogs with both inflammation and lymphangiectasia. The results need to be confirmed in further studies.
... Data recorded included patient signalment; bodyweight and 9-point scale body condition score (Laflamme, 1997) at time of surgery; date of onset of gastrointestinal signs; other gastrointestinal conditions; whether HH had been confirmed via diagnostic investigation; method of diagnostic investigation which yielded diagnosis; pre-operative medical management (drug, dose, frequency, duration of administration, dietary and feeding management, response to treatment); date of surgery; intra-operative complications; whether gastropexy had been performed and if so, which method; whether concurrent treatments or procedures had been performed at the time of surgery; surgical time; time from surgery to discharge; post-operative complications including description and time post-operatively at onset during initial 4 weeks; post-operative medical management (drug, dose, frequency and duration of administration); requirement for further medical treatment; and requirement for further surgical intervention. Dogs were separated into two groups: no gastropexy performed (nG-dogs) or left-sided gastropexy performed (G-dogs). ...
Objectives
To determine the difference in complication rate, gastrointestinal grade and requirement for ongoing medical and/or surgical management following hiatal hernia repair in dogs with and without gastropexy.
Materials and Methods
Clinical records were reviewed retrospectively for dogs that had undergone surgical hiatal hernia repair at two veterinary referral centres between April 2012 and March 2022. Pre‐operative grading of gastrointestinal signs and brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome was performed. All dogs had an oesophagopexy and phrenoplasty. Referring primary veterinary practices and clients were contacted to obtain follow‐up information. Fisher's exact tests and Mann Whitney tests were used to assess pre‐ and intra‐operative similarities between groups. Wilcoxon signed rank tests were used to determine the changes in gastrointestinal grade at short‐ (<6 months) and long‐term (>6 months) follow‐up.
Results
Forty‐one dogs which underwent oesophagopexy and phrenoplasty were included. Fifteen dogs had no gastropexy performed and 26 dogs had left‐sided gastropexy performed. Dogs that underwent gastropexy (n=8, 29%, 95% CI: 13 to 51%) were significantly more likely to require further surgery related to the initial surgery or persistence of gastrointestinal signs compared to dogs that had no gastropexy (n=0, 0%, 95% CI: 0 to 18%) . This difference was not significant when dogs which had further surgery to address brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome were excluded. Gastrointestinal grade significantly improved for both groups at both short‐ and long‐term follow‐up. There was no significant difference in overall complication rate, gastrointestinal grade or requirement for further medical treatment between groups.
Clinical Significance
A left‐sided gastropexy is not required for successful surgical repair of hiatal hernia in dogs provided oesophagopexy and phrenoplasty are performed.
... The mean body weight was 20.7 ± 7.1 kg. All dogs had a body conditioning score between 4/9 and 6/9 [43]. ...
Reliable, standardized balance tests for dogs are not available yet. The purpose of this study was to investigate the reliability of static and dynamic posturography in healthy dogs. Healthy dogs (n = 20) were positioned with four paws longitudinally and with the forepaws only transversely on a modified pressure-sensitive balance platform (Posturomed-FDM-JS, Zebris, Isny, Germany). Three static and dynamic posturographic trials were recorded (recording duration: 20 s) and repeated after 7–14 days. Center of pressure (COP) parameters COP-path-length (PL; mm), 95% COP-confidence-ellipse-area (CEA; mm2), and COP-average-velocity (AV; mm/s) were calculated for the first steady-state 5 s intervals of each trial. The reliability of COP parameters was assessed with robust linear mixed effects models with nested random effects of patient and trial. The training effect was analyzed using Cohen’s d. For static posturography, PL, CEA, and AV did not differ significantly between time points; CEA had the highest reliability (p = 0.92). For dynamic posturography, AV and PL differed significantly between time points (AV: p ≤ 0.043; PL: p ≤ 0.045). Slight training effects were observed for transverse positioning (Cohen’s d: PL 0.65; AV 0.267) and moderate training effects for longitudinal positioning (Cohen’s d: PL: 0.772; AV: 0.783). This study showed that static posturography on a modified Posturomed-balance platform was reliable in healthy dogs but indicated training effects during dynamic posturography.
... Dogs with a confirmed diagnosis of spontaneous hypercortisolism underwent clinical evaluation by the same veterinary professional who collected data on history and anamnesis, in addition to a physical examination, with emphasis on the respiratory system. All dogs were weighed and evaluated for body condition score (BCS), which was determined according to the method proposed by LaFlamme (6). ...
... Procedures were performed at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the University of Liege between May 2024 and July 2024. Prior to anesthesia, each dog underwent a complete physical examination, including a body condition score (BCS) on a nine-point scale evaluation [16], and blood test screening (hematology, serum biochemistry, coagulation times). Physical examinations were unremarkable for all dogs, except for Case 3. A moderate-severe left apical systolic murmur was detected. ...
This study aimed to describe an ultrasound-guided technique for implanting catheters for local anesthetic administration into the quadratus lumborum (QL) inter-fascial plane in canine cadavers and assessing the spread along the vertebral bodies (VBs) by computed tomography (CT). Phase 1: eight canine cadavers received one catheter per hemiabdomen, followed by injection of contrast media solution [low volume (LV) 0.3 mL kg−1 or high volume (HV) 0.6 mL kg−1]. Phase 2: postoperative pain of five dogs was managed by injecting 0.3 mL kg−1 of ropivacaine 0.5% through QL catheters every eight hours, up to 72 h after abdominal surgery. Pain was assessed using the Short Form of the Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale, and methadone 0.2 mg kg−1 was administered intravenously when the pain score was ≥6. The number of VBs stained by the contrast solution between the QL and psoas minor muscles was significantly higher in group HV than group LV. The catheter tip was visualized in the retroperitoneal space in 1/16 and 2/10 hemiabdomens in phases 1 and 2, respectively. Rescue analgesia was required in 3/5 dogs during the postoperative period. The QL catheter placement technique appears feasible and may be included in a multimodal analgesic approach for dogs undergoing abdominal surgeries.
... A total of 53 animals were used, originating from three different locations. As representatives of a large dog breed, 15 intact adult Rottweiler dogs (six males and nine females) from a private kennel (Mogi Mirim, São Paulo, Brazil) were used, with an average age of 4.4 ± 1.85 years, average body weight of 49.4 ± 6.12 kg and average body condition score (BCS) of 4.8 ± 0.75 (Laflamme 1997). As small dog breed representatives, 20 intact Shih-Tzu dogs (five males and 15 females) from a private kennel (Ibiúna, São Paulo, Brazil) were used, with an average age of 2.85 ± 2.12 years, average body weight of 4.62 ± 1.15 kg and average BCS of 5 ± 0.60. ...
Large dog breeds commonly produce unformed faeces. The present study hypothesised that foods for large dog breeds require higher starch gelatinisation (SG) to reduce organic matter flow to colon. Fifteen Rottweilers (Ro; 49.4 ± 6.12 kg), 18 Beagles (Be; 12.13 ± 1.75 kg) and 20 Shih‐Tzus (ST; 4.62 ± 1.15 kg) were fed one of three diets, all based on the same sorghum formulation, processed to obtain three levels of SG: SG90 (91.8% SG), SG50 (50.7% SG) and SG30 (27.4% SG). Foods were provided for 23 days, and the coefficient of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) of nutrients, faecal production and fermentation products, Na, K and Cl apparent absorption and gastrointestinal transit time (GTT) were evaluated. Results were submitted to analysis of variance considering SG, breed and their interactions, and means compared by the Tukey test ( p < 0.05). All dogs promptly ate the foods. Faeces scores were lower for Ro than for Be and ST, and lower for SG30 than SG90 ( p < 0.05). Faeces pH was higher, and total short‐chain fatty acids were lower for SG90 than for SG50 and SG30 ( p < 0.01), regardless of breed. No diet effect was observed for GTT ( p > 0.05), but it was lower for Ro (41.7 ± 6.2 h) than for ST (48.7 ± 8.6 h). The CTTAD of nutrients was lower for SG30, intermediary for SG50 and higher for SG90 ( p < 0.05), and among breeds CTTAD was higher for Be than ST and Ro ( p < 0.05), which did not differ from each other, except for crude protein CTTAD which was lower for Ro ( p < 0.05). The apparent absorption of Na and K was higher for the SG90 treatment, and for Be in comparison with Ro and ST ( p < 0.05). Food SG had a remarkable influence on Ro faeces formation and on the CTTAD in all breeds. Greater fermentation in the colon and lower protein CTTAD may be involved in Ro unformed faeces formation.
... After antibiotic administration ceased (at the end of week 4), dogs were randomly allotted to two groups: GBD (n = 12) or BB (n = 12) and fed for another 4 wk. Dogs were weighed and body condition scores were assessed using a 9-point scale (Laflamme, 1997) once a week prior to the morning feeding throughout the study. Fecal scores were recorded daily at feeding times. ...
Antibiotics are known to cause loose stools, disrupt the fecal microbiota, and alter fecal bile acid (BA) profiles of dogs. Recovery may be aided by diet, but little research has been conducted. The objective of this study was to determine how a veterinary low-fat diet affected the fecal characteristics, metabolites, BA, and microbiota of dogs receiving antibiotics. Twenty-four healthy adult dogs [7.38 ± 1.95 yr; 7.67 ± 0.76 kg body weight (BW)] were used in an 8-wk completely randomized design study. During a 2-wk baseline, all dogs were fed a leading grocery brand dry kibble diet (GBD). Over the next 2 wk, dogs were fed GBD and received metronidazole orally (20 mg/kg BW twice daily). At wk 4, dogs were randomly allotted to one of two treatments [GBD or Blue Buffalo Natural Veterinary Diet GI Gastrointestinal Support Low-Fat (BB)] and fed for 4 wk. Fecal scores were recorded daily and fresh fecal samples were collected at wk 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 for measurement of pH, dry matter content, and metabolite and BA concentrations. Fecal microbiota populations were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and qPCR-based dysbiosis index (DI). All data were analyzed as repeated measures using the Mixed Models procedure of SAS 9.4, testing for effects of treatment, time, and treatment*time and significance set at P<0.05. Metronidazole increased (P<0.0001) fecal scores (looser stools), reduced fecal short-chain fatty acid, branched-chain fatty acid, phenol, and indole concentrations, increased primary BA concentrations, and decreased secondary BA concentrations. Metronidazole also reduced fecal bacterial alpha diversity, altered the abundance of 58 bacterial genera, and increased DI. During antibiotic recovery, change in fecal pH, dry matter percentage, and metabolite and immunoglobulin A concentrations were altered (P<0.05) by diet. Fecal BA concentrations recovered quickly for all dogs. Change in lithocholic acid was affected (P<0.0001) by diet, but other BA were not. Recovery of over 25 bacterial genera was impacted by diet (P<0.05). While many bacterial taxa returned to baseline levels after 4 wk, others did not fully recover. DI and bacterial alpha diversity measures recovered quickly for all dogs, but were not impacted by diet. In conclusion, metronidazole drastically altered the fecal microbiota and metabolites of dogs. While most variables returned to baseline by wk 8, diet may be used to aid in recovery.
... The veterinary consultation, including a thorough examination, required a complete hour and was conducted consistently by the same veterinarian for all dogs, following the same order. The examination was based on a holistic assessment, comprising a 9-point body condition scoring [34], muscle condition evaluation [35], weight measurement using a standardized scale (Precia Molen -Access, France, max 150 kg, accuracy 50 g). Dental health was assessed through tartar [36], gingivitis [37], and periodontal disease [38] scorings, with the average of these three scores used as the "buccal score" in the statistical analysis. ...
Background
As dogs age, they face various health challenges, and preventive care may be overlooked, impacting their quality of life. Frailty, a concept established in human medicine, has recently been applied to dogs using validated tools like the frailty index and frailty phenotype. This study aims to characterize frailty in senior pet dogs and investigate associated factors. To achieve this goal, 88 apparently healthy dogs, as reported by their owners, voluntarily participated in thorough consultations. These consultations included supplementary examinations such as urinary analyses, hematological assessments, and blood biochemistry. Additionally, owners completed questionnaires addressing their dog's overall health, cognitive and locomotor status, as well as their own attachment to the dog and personality traits. Subsequently, each dog was classified as robust or frail based on the presence of multiple criteria out of a set of five. All collected data underwent preliminary screening by a multiple factorial analysis, followed by binomial logistic regression to model frailty.
Results
The final population consisted of 74 dogs, with a frailty prevalence of 41.9% (95% CI: 30.5 – 53.9). In the statistical analysis, older age of the dog, lower owner attachment score, lack of regular deworming, and a disparity in extraversion between owner and dog were identified as contributing factors to frailty.
Conclusions
This study emphasizes the importance of regular deworming and strong owner-pet attachment in reducing frailty in dogs. It underscores the significance of proactive pet care and highlights the complex relationship between owner-dog personalities and canine frailty. This research advocates for a holistic approach that considers both human and canine traits to promote better health outcomes.
Food allergy is defined as an abnormal immune system response to the ingestion of certain ingredients or food additives. Beta‐glucans may support the management of obesity, particularly due to their immunomodulatory properties. However, the possible adverse reactions of this nutraceutical are little known. This report documents an allergic skin reaction in a 6‐year‐old obese mixed‐breed dog after consuming 0.1% purified beta‐1,3/1,6‐glucans from Saccharomyces Cerevisiae and subsequent dermatological signs after ingesting beta‐1,3‐glucans from Euglena gracilis . The dog was enrolled in a clinical trial designed to evaluate the effects of two types of beta‐glucans on digestive, immunological, and intestinal health in obese dogs. Three nutritionally similar extruded dry diets were utilized: a control (CTL) diet without beta‐glucans, beta‐glucan A (BGA) containing 0.1% beta‐1,3/1,6‐glucans, and beta‐glucan B (BGB) with 0.1% beta‐1,3‐glucans. Initially, the dog was deemed healthy, with all clinical parameters being within normal ranges. After a 30‐day adaptation period consuming the CTL diet, the dog was randomized to the BGA diet. Within 30 days, the owner reported intense pruritus, alopecia, and erythema in various areas. A nutritional consultation confirmed that the dog had never been exposed to beta‐glucans before. The CTL diet was reinstated, resulting in symptom resolution within 1 week. Following a subsequent challenge with the BGA diet, dermatological manifestations reemerged after 14 days but again resolved after returning to the CTL diet. The owner then agreed to a challenge with the BGB diet, leading to the reappearance of clinical signs after 15 days. The CTL diet was reintroduced, resulting in symptom resolution within ten days. However, the owner declined further testing with the BGB diet. This case concludes that the dog exhibited allergic reactions to purified beta‐1,3/1,6‐glucans from Saccharomyces cerevisiae , while reactions to Euglena gracilis , although highly probable, remain unconfirmed due to the lack of a provocation test.
Obesity is a heritable disease, but its genetic basis is incompletely understood. Canine population history facilitates trait mapping. We performed a canine genome-wide association study for body condition score, a measure of obesity, in 241 Labrador retrievers. Using a cross-species approach, we showed canine obesity genes are also associated with rare and common forms of obesity in humans. The lead canine association was within the gene DENN domain containing 1B ( DENND1B ). Each copy of the alternate allele was associated with ~7% greater body fat. We demonstrate a role for this gene in regulating signaling and trafficking of melanocortin 4 receptor, a critical controller of energy homeostasis. Thus, canine genetics identified obesity genes and mechanisms relevant to both dogs and humans.
Nutritional programming is a manipulation of fetal and neonatal development through maternal feeding. In humans and pigs, maternal yeast supplementation was demonstrated as a promising approach to positively to modulate newborns' health. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii CNCM I-1079 (SB) supplementation in pregnant and lactating bitches on the newborns' early growth rate (EGR, between birth and 2 days of life), metabolic profiles, and the association between both of them. A total of 17 female dogs and their 81 puppies were included. From day 28 of gestation until the end of the study, bitches were divided into two groups, one of which received orally 1.3 × 10⁹ colony forming units of live yeast per day. Puppies from mothers receiving the live yeast were defined as the SB group (n = 40) and the others were defined as the placebo group (n = 4 1). For each puppy, EGR was calculated, and blood and urine samples were collected at D2 for metabolome analysis using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS). Puppies from the SB group presented higher EGR compared with the placebo group (12% vs. 7%; p = 0.049). According to the Sparse Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (sPLS-DA), both urine and serum metabolome profiles were significantly different between the two groups with a total of 29 discriminating metabolites in urine and serum. Fourteen of them were implicated in the nitrogen metabolism pathway including, gamma-aminobutyrate, 3-methyl-l-histidine and xanthosine (less abundant in SB compared with placebo group, all p < 0.05), adenine, aspartate and proline (more abundant in SB compared with placebo group, all p < 0.05). Metabolic pathways pointed to proline synthesis, a crucial component in collagen synthesis and osteoarticular system development. Urinary proline abundance was positively correlated with EGR (r = 0.45; p < 0.001). These findings highlight the potential benefits of maternal supplementation with SB promoting early neonatal growth, essential for the neonatal survival, through nitrogen metabolism orientation.
OBJECTIVE
Determine the influence of insertion site of extrahepatic portosystemic shunts (EHPSS) on clinicopathological findings in dogs.
METHODS
A retrospective study was performed in dogs diagnosed with an EHPSS. Cases were eligible if EHPSS morphology was categorized as portoazygos (PA) shunts, portocaval (PC) shunts entering the prehepatic caudal vena cava at the level of the omental foramen, or portophrenic (PP) shunts. Furthermore, completed standardized questionnaires on clinical signs at diagnosis had to be available. Signalment, clinical scores, and findings on blood analyses and medical imaging were determined and statistically analyzed.
RESULTS
Data of 104 dogs (15 PA, 70 PC, and 19 PP shunts) were included. Dogs with PC shunts were significantly younger than dogs with PA and PP shunts. Furthermore, dogs with PC shunts had a significantly lower body condition score and a significantly worse clinical score compared to dogs with PP shunts. Microcytosis and monocytosis were more pronounced in dogs with PC shunts compared to those with PP shunts. Finally, urea and creatinine concentrations were significantly lower and preprandial serum bile acids and fasted ammonia concentrations were significantly higher in dogs with PC shunts than in those with PP shunts.
CONCLUSIONS
Dogs with PC shunts are more likely to be presented at an earlier age, with more severe clinical signs and more distinct abnormalities in blood parameters compared to dogs with PP shunts.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
In older dogs with less distinct clinical signs suspected of having an EHPSS, screening for a PP shunt, which is more difficult to diagnose with ultrasonography, is recommended.
Oncology has become one of the most influential and studied areas in both human and companion animal health. In veterinary practice, cancer represents a significant challenge, especially concerning cats and dogs. Nutrition plays a crucial role in the management of oncology patients in veterinary medicine; however, is often nonspecific and reliant on data from other species and diseases, highlighting the need for a comprehensive review of the latest developments in this field. Since the intricate relationship between nutrition and cancer encompasses various aspects, this review therefore intends to cover the most important points in nutrition in canine and feline oncology. Therefore, topics are addressed that include discussion about the effects of cancer on nutrition, cancer-related cachexia, the influence of obesity on both the occurrence and progression of cancer, essential nutrients for oncologic patients, and nutritional supplementation.
The fields of small animal orthopedic surgery, physical therapy, and rehabilitation have undergone remarkable advancements, transforming the management of musculoskeletal conditions.
This Special Issue is dedicated to exploring these innovations, highlighting collaborative research and practical applications aiming to enhance the quality of life for small animal patients.
Orthopedic conditions are common challenges. Addressing these issues demands a
multidisciplinary approach. Innovations in minimally invasive techniques, such as arthroscopy, and the development of patient-specific implants through 3D printing have revolutionized surgical outcomes. Moreover, regenerative therapies offer promising avenues for restoring joint health and addressing chronic conditions.
Rehabilitation has also become a cornerstone of comprehensive orthopedic care. Evidence-based protocols are now integral to post-surgical recovery and the management of chronic conditions. These therapies not only accelerate recovery but also enhance mobility, particularly in aging animals orthose with long-standing musculoskeletal challenges.
Articles featured in this Special Issue reflect the depth and breadth of progress in small animal orthopedic care. Studies include innovative approaches to planning patellar luxation surgeries, advancements in tibial plateau-leveling osteotomies, and biomechanical evaluations of implant techniques for complex cases. Additionally, novel surgical interventions, such as the reconstruction of the quadriceps extensor mechanism and triceps brachii tendon, underscore the ingenuity required to address unique clinical presentations. Research on the effects of photobiomodulation and platelet-rich plasma on osteoarthritis and the impact of obesity on joint health further emphasizes the importance of preventive and therapeutic strategies in improving outcomes.
Beyond clinical techniques, this Special Issue highlights critical considerations in the area of broader care, with research on bacterial contamination in rehabilitation clinics underscoring the importance of maintaining hygienic practices to safeguard patient health. Together, these studies represent a cohesive effort addressing the multifaceted challenges of small animal orthopedic and rehabilitation care.
The future of this field is promising, with continued advancements poised to redefine standards of care, ultimately improving the lives of companion animals worldwide.
We extend our gratitude to the authors who contributed their expertise, the reviewers who ensured the rigor of the studies, and MDPI’s editorial and management teams for their dedication to presenting this collection. This Special Issue serves as both a reflection of progress and a call to action for further exploration and innovation in small animal orthopedics, physical therapy, and
rehabilitation. Together, we can ensure that our patients lead healthier, more active, and pain-free lives.
As dog owners continue to seek to feed their dogs similarly to themselves, there is demand for high protein, low carbohydrate (HPLC) diets. The consumption of HPLC diets can improve glycemic control, similarly to high fiber diets. However, the effects of HPLC and high fiber diets on cardiac function have yet to be evaluated in healthy dogs. The objective of the present study was to investigate the glucose, insulin, glucagon and amino acid (AA) postprandial response and echocardiographic measurements in laboratory-housed, adult large breed dogs fed a commercially available HPLC, a moderate protein, moderate carbohydrate (MPMC), or a commercially available MPMC, high fiber, ‘metabolic’ diet for 42 days. This study was conducted as a 3x3 Latin Square where dogs received: 1) a commercial HPLC diet (48% of metabolizable energy (ME) from protein, 10% of ME from nitrogen-free extract; NFE), 2) a MPMC diet (28% of ME from protein, 39% of ME from NFE) formulated with the same ingredients as HPLC or 3) a MPMC, high fiber, ‘metabolic’ (MET) diet (30% of ME from protein, 37% of ME from NFE) as a commercial control. An echocardiogram and a 12-h glucose, insulin and glucagon response and 6-h AA meal response were performed on day 42 of feeding. Data were analyzed using proc glimmix in SAS (version 9.4). All echocardiographic parameters remained within a healthy reference range for dogs of this size. Dogs fed HPLC had a larger net area under the curve (NetAUC) for plasma glucagon (P < 0.001) compared to dogs fed MPMC and MET, a smaller NetAUC for glucose: insulin (P = 0.039) compared to dogs fed MPMC but MET was similar to both. Glucose NetAUC tended to be different among treatments (P = 0.057), where dogs fed MPMC had a greater netAUC than dogs fed HPLC and dogs fed MET tended to have a greater netAUC than HPLC. Dogs fed HPLC had greater concentrations of Ile, Leu, Lys, Thr, Tyr and Val over time compared to dogs fed MPMC and MET, and dogs fed MET had greater concentrations of Gln and Met over time compared to dogs fed HPLC and MPMC (P < 0.05). Dogs fed a HPLC diet may have improved glucose uptake compared to dogs fed a MPMC diet. This research provides the first insight into the cardiometabolic health of dogs consuming three diets differing in their protein, carbohydrate and fiber content.
High protein, low carbohydrate (HPLC) diets are often sought out by dog owners. They are reported to have beneficial effects on energy expenditure (EE), fat oxidation, and may alter the serum fatty acid profile. However, there is little to no data to support the feeding of HPLC diets to healthy adult dogs. Thus, the objective of the present study was to interrogate the health claims related to the feeding of HPLC diets to healthy adult dogs using a commercially available HPLC diet (48% of metabolizable energy (ME) from protein, 10% of ME from nitrogen-free extract; NFE), a moderate protein, moderate carbohydrate (MPMC) diet (28% of ME from protein, 39% of ME from NFE) formulated with the same ingredients as HPLC, and a commercially available, MPMC, high fiber, ‘metabolic’ (MET) diet (30% of ME from protein, 37% of ME from NFE) as a commercial control. Diets were fed to 9 healthy, large breed dogs for 42 days in a Latin square design. Fasted blood samples were collected on days -2 (baseline), 12, 26 and 40, and indirect calorimetry was performed on 8 dogs on days 20 and 39 to measure respiratory quotient (RQ) and EE. Statistics were performed in SAS Studio (version 9.4). Dogs fed HPLC had a lower RQ at fasted (0.76), 0-4 hrs (0.78) and 5-10 hrs (0.83) post-meal compared to dogs fed MET (0.80, 0.83, 0.90) and MPMC (0.80, 0.84, 0.91; P<0.05). All dogs had a similar EE at fasted but dogs fed HPLC had a greater postprandial EE at 0-4 hrs (5.36 kcal/kg0.75) and 5-10 hrs (5.46 kcal/kg0.75) compared to dogs fed MPMC (4.79 and 4.84 kcal/kg0.75; P<0.05). Dogs fed MET (4.98, 4.96 kcal/kg0.75) were similar to both (P>0.05). Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3n3), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA; 22:5n3) and total n3 were all greater in dogs fed MET at each week (P<0.05). In contrast, total n6: n3 and arachidonic acid (ARA; 20:4n6): eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n3) were both greater (P<0.05) in dogs fed HPLC and MPMC compared to dogs fed MET at each week. This study represents the first to assess EE and serum fatty acids in adult large breed dogs consuming a HPLC diet for 6 weeks. Consuming a HPLC diet led to potential beneficial effects of increased EE and fat oxidation after a meal, which has the potential to be useful in managing obesity, a common health concern in dogs.
Idiopathic epilepsy (IE) is the most common chronic neurological disease in dogs, and a natural animal model for human epilepsy types with genetic and unknown etiology. The microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA) is a promising target for improving brain health in individuals where brain function is hampered. It's role in the pathophysiology of epilepsy remains however unclear. We aimed to identify differences in fecal metabolome and microbiome between healthy and dogs with IE. To this purpose, fecal samples of healthy (n = 39) and dogs with IE (n = 49) were metabolically profiled (n = 148 metabolites) and fingerprinted (n = 3690 features) using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, and the bacterial phylogeny examined using 16S rRNA sequencing. Dogs with IE were categorized as drug-resistant (DR) (n = 27) or mild phenotype (MP) (n = 22). In dogs with DR IE, fecal metabolites such as histamine ( P = 0.022) and microbiome genera such as Escherichia-Shigella ( P = 0.021) increased, associated with a proinflammatory environment. In dogs with MP IE, alterations associated with anti-inflammatory properties, such as increased fecal serotonin ( P = 0.034) and Blautia hominis ( P = 0.012) were revealed. Overall, a role for the MGBA communication in canine IE was established.
Objective
To investigate the occurrence, degree, and risk factors associated with arthroscopic stifle joint synovitis in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) disease.
Study design
Retrospective, observational study.
Sample population
Canine CCL disease ( n = 163) from 149 dogs and their arthroscopic video recordings.
Methods
Arthroscopic video recordings were reviewed. A synovitis severity (0–5) and a modified Outerbridge cartilage classification system score were assigned, along with recording the presence or absence of a medial meniscal bucket handle tear. Medical records were reviewed for age, sex, limb, and duration of clinical signs. Univariate analyses were performed via a Fisher's exact test for categorical independent variables, and ordered logistic regression was used for continuous variables. Multivariable ordered logistic regression considered independent variables with a p ‐value <.2 on univariate analyses. p ‐value <.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
Synovitis was identified in 100% of the stifles examined. The most frequent synovitis severity score was 3/5. Univariate analysis showed a significant association between synovitis severity score and bodyweight ( p = .005), median cartilage score ( p = .002), and being female ( p = .032). On multivariable analysis, the synovitis severity score was significantly associated with median cartilage score ( p = .042) and duration of clinical signs ( p < .001).
Conclusion
Synovitis was arthroscopically always identified in stifles with CCL disease. The severity of synovitis was associated with more progressive damage to the articular cartilage and a longer duration of clinical signs.
Clinical significance
Earlier intervention in dogs with CCL disease may be warranted to decrease synovitis and progression of osteoarthritis.
Background
Dogs with hepatocutaneous syndrome (HCS) have marked plasma hypoaminoacidemia, but its occurrence in dogs with chronic liver diseases not associated with HCS (non‐HCS CLD) is unknown.
Objectives
To determine if plasma hypoaminoacidemia occurs in dogs with non‐HCS CLD, compare plasma amino acid (PAA) profiles between dogs with non‐HCS CLD and HCS, and define a sensitive and specific PAA pattern for diagnosing HCS.
Animals
Data were collected from client‐owned dogs, a prospective cohort of 32 with CLD and 1 with HCS, and a retrospective cohort of 7 with HCS.
Methods
Prospective study. Dogs with chronic serum liver enzyme increases were recruited after hepatic biopsy. Plasma amino acid profiles were measured using high‐performance liquid chromatography. Plasma amino acid concentrations were compared between dogs with non‐HCS CLD and HCS. Regression analysis was performed to identify a unique PAA pattern for HCS diagnosis.
Results
Twelve dogs each with vacuolar hepatopathy or chronic hepatitis and 8 dogs with congenital disorders (primary hypoplasia of the portal vein or ductal plate malformations) were enrolled. Compared to non‐HCS CLD dogs, HCS dogs had significantly lower plasma concentrations of several amino acids. Regression analysis revealed that glutamine, glycine, citrulline, arginine, and proline concentrations less than 30% of the mean reference value had 100% sensitivity, specificity for diagnosing HCS.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Generalized plasma hypoaminoacidemia does not accompany non‐HCS CLD. Concentrations of 5 specific amino acids less than 30% of the mean reference value can serve as a noninvasive biomarker for diagnosing HCS.
Introduction
This study was designed to determine the prevalence of myofascial pain and the location of myofascial trigger points (MTPs) in dogs with osteoarthritis.
Methods
Thirty-five dogs were selected and examined for the presence of MTPs using palpation. Assessments were performed independently by two examiners. Correlations between age, MTP number and location, and the site of osteoarthritis were also investigated.
Results and discussion
Thirty out of 35 dogs (86%) had at least one MTP and only 5 (14%) had none. A total of 177 MTPs were identified in dogs in this sample. The prevalence of MTPs was higher in the longissimus thoracicae (40% and 43%; left and right side respectively), followed by the quadriceps femoris (40% and 31%), longissimus lumborum (20% and 23%), gluteus medius and deltoid muscles (14%; left side only), and the pectineus muscle (11%; right side only). The number of osteoarthritic joints was not correlated with the number of MTPs or age. However, age was positively correlated with the number of muscles affected by MTPs. Correlations between the presence of MTPs in muscles surrounding and the affected joints were also lacking.
Conclusion
The prevalence of MTPs in dogs with osteoarthritis is high. Myofascial TPs are positively correlated with age in these patients. The subjective nature of palpation is a major limitation in myofascial pain assessment. Appropriate training and use of standardized diagnostic criteria are recommended.
A necessidade de ingestão de vitamina D para cães e gatos é conhecida, devido à incapacidade de sintetizá-la suficientemente por meio da ação cutânea dos raios solares ultravioletas B, portanto, os níveis recomendados de vitamina D são indicados em guias consagrados. Este trabalho relata um caso de hipervitaminose D em um cão que apresentou hipercalcemia e importante elevação na concentração sérica de 25-hidroxicolicalciferol após su; plementação de vitamina D3 por suplemento alimentar. Um cão, sem raça definida, macho, castrado, de 4 anos de idade, peso 13,5 kg, escore de condição corporal 4/9 foi atendido por apresentar apatia, anorexia, êmese, poliúria e polidipsia por cinco dias. O cão recebia alimento caseiro formulado e recebia 1g de suplemento aviado em farmácia de manipulação, sob prescrição. O paciente manifestou hipercalcemia (cálcio total 14,9 mg/dL; 9,0-11,3 mg/dL; e cálcio ionizado 1,75 mmol/L;1,2-1,45 mmol/L). As principais causas de hipercalcemia maligna foram investigadas (linfoma, carcinoma de saco anal, timoma). O peptídeo análogo do paratormônio estava normal (0,00 pmol/L; 0,0-1,0 pmol/L) e o paratormônio, diminuído (0,00 pmol/L; 0,5-5,8 pmol/L), excluindo causas neoplásicas e hiperparatireoidismo primário. Outras causas de hipercalcemia foram avaliadas (hipoadrenocorticismo, doenças granulomatosas e doença renal crônica) e a concentração sérica de 25-hidroxicolicalciferol estava 19,7 vezes acima do valor máximo esperado (7973,00 nmol/L; 109-403 nmol/L). Concluiu-se que era um caso de hipervitaminose D, possivelmente ocasionado pela ingestão de vitamina D que excedia entre 19,8 e 178 vezes os limites máximos diários, ou o recomendado. Excluídas as principais causas de hipercalcemia, a hipervitaminose D deve ser considerada, embora seja incomum. Assim como no caso relatado, se a dieta for baseada em alimentação caseira suplementada, os detalhes da prescrição devem ser conferidos para garantir a segurança nutricional do paciente.
Background
Idiopathic epilepsy is the most common chronic neurological disease in dogs and requires lifelong administration of antiseizure drugs (ASD). A decreased level of energy and increased food intake and weight gain have been described as long‐lasting side effects.
Methods
We assessed food motivation (FM), using the previously validated dog obesity risk assessment questionnaire, in dogs diagnosed with idiopathic epilepsy ( n = 222) and healthy dogs ( n = 7086) to determine if epilepsy and ASD were associated with increased FM and adiposity and decreased activity. We also assessed how caregivers managed weight gain in this population of dogs in the study.
Results
Dogs with idiopathic epilepsy receiving ASD had significantly higher FM than healthy dogs. Their carers also reported significantly greater interventional effort and food restriction compared with healthy dogs, yet they had significantly higher adiposity. Minimal modelling showed that within the epileptic group, ASD had the highest impact on FM, with an effect size of 32%.
Limitations
Carer‐reported data were used, which could have introduced bias. Furthermore, the sample size did not allow us to distinguish the effect of individual ASD.
Conclusions
ASD increases FM in dogs, resulting in greater adiposity.
Zusammenfassung
Die Beurteilung des Ernährungszustandes ist bei allen Patienten ein wichtiger Bestandteil der Allgemeinuntersuchung. Bei Landschildkröten stellt dies aufgrund ihrer besonderen Anatomie und der Einschränkungen durch den Panzer eine Herausforderung dar. Trotz ihrer Beliebtheit und des entsprechend hohen Aufkommens in der tierärztlichen Praxis existiert derzeit kein etablierter Standard für die Bewertung ihres Ernährungszustandes und der Körperkondition. Die Auswahl der Untersuchungsmethode ist abhängig von der Ausstattung der jeweiligen Praxis. Da jede Methode Vor- und Nachteile hat, sollte die Erhebung des Ernährungszustandes bei Landschildkröten immer auf mehreren Faktoren basieren. Detailliertes Wissen über die Physiologie von Schildkröten ist bei der Wahl der richtigen Methode von essenzieller Bedeutung. Der Artikel bietet einen Überblick über die derzeit bekanntesten Methoden und der Anwendungsmöglichkeiten in der tierärztlichen Praxis unter Berücksichtigung der physiologischen Besonderheiten von Landschildkröten.
Background: Abdominal fat distribution, particularly visceral fat, is commonly assessed as a marker of obesity-related and metabolic diseases in people. Whilst this relationship may exist, few studies consider the factors that may influence the relative distribution of visceral and subcutaneous abdominal fat in dogs. This cross-sectional study evaluated associations between visceral and subcutaneous fat distribution (V/SQ), total abdominal adiposity, body condition score (BCS), age, sex, neuter status, and breed conformation in 205 dogs presenting to a tertiary veterinary hospital. The influence of several disease states on abdominal adiposity and fat distribution was also evaluated. Additionally, the study aimed to assess the reliability of computed tomography (CT) measures of abdominal adiposity and fat distribution. Results Total abdominal adiposity increased with age, reaching a plateau around 10 years before gradually decreasing, and was lower in terrier breeds and dogs with neoplasia. The V/SQ fat ratio increased with age and was higher in hounds and terriers, but decreased with increasing BCS, total abdominal adiposity, and thoracic height-width ratio. Additionally, V/SQ was higher in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism. Body condition score was moderately correlated with total abdominal, visceral, and subcutaneous adiposity. Abdominal fat areas measured at L3 overestimated total abdominal and visceral fat percentages but underestimated subcutaneous fat percentages, with increasing bias at higher fat percentages. Linea alba fat measurements were moderately correlated with total abdominal adiposity, but only weakly correlated with abdominal fat distribution. Conclusions This study reinforces the association between abdominal adiposity, age, breed category, and potentially certain diseases like neoplasia. Moreover, it highlights the correlation between V/SQ fat distribution, age, and total adiposity, whilst emphasising the preferential distribution of fat to the visceral compartment in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism. The study also identified a novel association between V/SQ fat distribution, specific breed categories and body conformation (i.e. thoracic height-width ratio). Importantly, CT volumetric measures are more reliable in determining abdominal fat distribution than area and linear measures, instilling confidence in the study’s methodology and its implications for future research and clinical practice.
Highways are one of the anthropogenic factors that have the greatest impact on terrestrial biodiversity. Barriers, depletion effects, and roads are the most common locations of wild animal roadkill, leading to biodiversity loss in wild vertebrates. However, the corpses of these animals can be used as opportunistic samples, an excellent source of information on topics such as population dynamics, which is one of the aims of road ecology. Nonetheless, there are only a few studies on injuries in roadkilled wild animals. Between 2018 and 2021, road monitoring was performed around three Federal Conservation Units in Brazil. Twenty-four animals, including birds, reptiles, and mammals, were collected. This study aims to characterize the lesions in wild animals that were roadkilled on roads in the Brazilian semi-arid region using necropsy and quantitative computed tomography (QCT). Also, the bone mineral density was measured using QCT and compared with the number of lesions and body condition score. Four types of bone lesions were found in 13 different bones, with an average of 3.25 lesions per bird and 3.75 lesions per reptile and mammal, with no statistical difference between the means (p > 0.05). Providing a database on the main injuries found in wild animals that are frequently roadkilled serves as an aid to wildlife rescue and rehabilitation professionals who contribute to the conservation of species. In addition, the data on road ecology serves as a basis for the implementation of mitigation measures against wildlife roadkills, also contributing to the conservation of species.
Premium” pet foods are often formulated with meat slurries. Meat slurries are believed to be of higher quality than rendered meals, but inadequate research has been performed to test how their inclusion affects palatability, digestibility, or indicators of gastrointestinal health. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine how chicken slurry inclusion affected the palatability and apparent total tract macronutrient digestibility (ATTD) of dog foods and to assess their effects on the fecal characteristics, metabolites, and microbiota of dogs. A replicated 3x3 Latin square design digestibility study was conducted using 9 healthy adult dogs (age = 5.44 ± 0.53 yr) to test diets containing 0% (control; CON), 8% (low inclusion; LOW), and 16% (high inclusion; HIGH) chicken slurry. The experiment comprised three 21-day experimental periods (14 days of adaptation, 5 days of total fecal collection (used for ATTD calculations), and 2 days of blood collection). On the first day of fecal collections, one fresh sample was collected for measurement of pH, dry matter (DM) content, fermentative metabolite concentrations, and microbiota populations. A 2-day palatability study (n=20 dogs) was also conducted to compare CON vs. HIGH. Data were analyzed statistically by Mixed Models using SAS 9.4, with P<0.05 being significant. In the palatability study, dogs were shown to prefer (P<0.05) the HIGH diet by a ratio of 2:1. In the digestibility study, fecal output, scores, pH, and DM percentage were not different among diets. The ATTD of protein was higher (P<0.05) for the HIGH diet (84.6%) than for the LOW (82.7%) or CON (82.6%) diets. The ATTD of other nutrients and energy were not different among diets (all over 80%). Fecal propionate, butyrate, and total short-chain fatty acid concentrations were higher (P<0.05) in dogs fed the LOW diet (122.0, 67.4, and 408.2 βmol/g, respectively) than those fed the HIGH diet (89.0, 46.9, and 338.2 βmol/g, respectively). The other fecal metabolites (acetate, branched-chain fatty acids, ammonia, phenol, and indole) were not different among treatments. Few changes to the fecal microbiota were noted. However, the relative abundance of fecal Fusobacterium was higher (P<0.05) in dogs fed the CON diet than those fed the HIGH diet (25.% vs. 20.0% relative abundance). In summary, chicken slurry inclusion improved palatability but had minimal effects on nutrient digestibility and fecal characteristics, metabolites, and microbiota.
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