No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Stability and change of basic personal values in early adulthood: An 8-year longitudinal study
Abstract
We examined four types of stability and change in values during young adulthood. 270 respondents (aged 20-28, 54% female) completed the Portrait Values Questionnaire at three time points, separated by 4 years. Rank-order stability coefficients of the 10 values averaged .69 (T1-T2) and .77 (T2-T3). The mean importance of conservation, self-transcendence, and power values increased over time, the mean importance of achievement values decreased, and openness to change values remained stable. For 75% of respondents, the correlations of the within-person value hierarchies exceeded .45 from T1 to T2 and .61 from T2 to T3. Correlations among individual change scores for the 10 values formed coherent patterns of value change that mirror the circular structure of Schwartz’s theory.
Supplementary resource (1)
... Despite a long-standing assumption of value stability after the age of 25 (Schwartz, 1992;Rokeach, 1973) the recent evidence would suggest otherwise (Vecchione et al., 2016;Smallenbroek et al., 2023;Leijen et al., 2022). We expect values to develop over an 11-year observational period. ...
... We also found that the rate of intra-individual change differed between genders in the values of conformity and hedonism. These results indicate that gender differences in values continue to develop in adulthood to a small extend rather than being exclusively formed earlier in life, when personality traits and values changes have been observed (Caspi et al., 2005;Vecchione et al. 2016. Given the highly gendered structure of society and social interaction, it is not surprising to find gender differences in the importance and rates of change for several values in adulthood. ...
... Research on this topic has been hampered by a lack of longitudinal data and a lack of theoretical perspectives emphasizing change over the lifespan. As a result, most studies on value development use cross-sectional data and assume age differences reflect changes within the lifespan or focus on the early lifespan with shorter longitudinal datasets (Dobewall et al., 2017;Gouveia et al., 2015;Milfont et al., 2016;Vecchione et al., 2016;Vecchione, Alessandri, Roccas, & Caprara, 2019;Vilar, Liu, & Gouveia, 2020). However, evidence from longitudinal studies in personal values and personality traits do show continuous personality change and have generated advances in theory (Smallenbroek et al., 2023;Bardi & Goodwin, 2011;Leijen et al., 2022;Milfont et al., 2016;Roberts & Nickel, 2017). ...
Value development over the life-span is rarely studied due to theory and data limitations. We use the LISS data, a Dutch longitudinal dataset, to study value change in adults aged 25–70 over 11 years from 2008 to 2019 (N=10,860), using the neo- socioanalyitcal model (NSM) as a theoretical framework. We find few cohort differences, differences between age groups and non-linear value change within individuals that continues until late adulthood. Gender differences in mean-levels are stable except in universalism and self-direction, while gender differences in rates of change are observed. We conclude that the NSM provides a fruitful framework to interpret value change as a maturation process toward becoming functioning members of society along gendered and age-graded normative stages.
... In other words, values are thought of as internal structures governing decision-making. Research findings indicate that (1) values impact decisionmaking and cognition (Sousa et al., 2012; see also, e.g., Bardi & Schwartz, 2003;Feather, 1995;Maio, 2010;Roccas & Sagiv, 2010;Rokeach, 1973;Schwartz et al., 2017;see Fritzsche & Oz, 2007, for a historical discussion) and vice versa (Feldman-Stewart et al., 2012); (2) values are tied to personal, moral, and social identity (Arieli et al., 2014;Brewer & Roccas, 2001;Feldman et al., 2015;LeFavbre & Franke, 2013;Ruff & Fehr, 2014;Vecchione et al., 2016); (3) values can be changed by intervention (Arieli et al., 2014;Bardi & Goodwin, 2011;Feldman et al., 2015;Maio & Thomas, 2007) and certain facilitators (Feldman et al., 2015;Sousa et al., 2012;Vecchione et al., 2016); (4) values tend to be stable across situations and time (Arieli et al., 2014;Ring et al., 2020;Rokeach, 1973Rokeach, , 1979Schwartz, 1992;Vecchione et al., 2016); (5) values tend to exhibit similar characteristics and links across cultures (Feldman et al., 2015;Schwartz & Bardi, 2001); and (6) values can be tied to the longterm goal of flourishing (Fritzsche & Oz, 2007;LeFavbre & Franke, 2013;Ring et al., 2020). In other words, values have a widespread impact on decisionmaking and behavior, can be changed to align with a prosocial lifestyle, and, as a target for intervention, may not only share the benefits of a cognitivebehavioral approach, but also add the benefits of generalizability and stability of decision-making and behavior across varying environments. ...
... In other words, values are thought of as internal structures governing decision-making. Research findings indicate that (1) values impact decisionmaking and cognition (Sousa et al., 2012; see also, e.g., Bardi & Schwartz, 2003;Feather, 1995;Maio, 2010;Roccas & Sagiv, 2010;Rokeach, 1973;Schwartz et al., 2017;see Fritzsche & Oz, 2007, for a historical discussion) and vice versa (Feldman-Stewart et al., 2012); (2) values are tied to personal, moral, and social identity (Arieli et al., 2014;Brewer & Roccas, 2001;Feldman et al., 2015;LeFavbre & Franke, 2013;Ruff & Fehr, 2014;Vecchione et al., 2016); (3) values can be changed by intervention (Arieli et al., 2014;Bardi & Goodwin, 2011;Feldman et al., 2015;Maio & Thomas, 2007) and certain facilitators (Feldman et al., 2015;Sousa et al., 2012;Vecchione et al., 2016); (4) values tend to be stable across situations and time (Arieli et al., 2014;Ring et al., 2020;Rokeach, 1973Rokeach, , 1979Schwartz, 1992;Vecchione et al., 2016); (5) values tend to exhibit similar characteristics and links across cultures (Feldman et al., 2015;Schwartz & Bardi, 2001); and (6) values can be tied to the longterm goal of flourishing (Fritzsche & Oz, 2007;LeFavbre & Franke, 2013;Ring et al., 2020). In other words, values have a widespread impact on decisionmaking and behavior, can be changed to align with a prosocial lifestyle, and, as a target for intervention, may not only share the benefits of a cognitivebehavioral approach, but also add the benefits of generalizability and stability of decision-making and behavior across varying environments. ...
... In other words, values are thought of as internal structures governing decision-making. Research findings indicate that (1) values impact decisionmaking and cognition (Sousa et al., 2012; see also, e.g., Bardi & Schwartz, 2003;Feather, 1995;Maio, 2010;Roccas & Sagiv, 2010;Rokeach, 1973;Schwartz et al., 2017;see Fritzsche & Oz, 2007, for a historical discussion) and vice versa (Feldman-Stewart et al., 2012); (2) values are tied to personal, moral, and social identity (Arieli et al., 2014;Brewer & Roccas, 2001;Feldman et al., 2015;LeFavbre & Franke, 2013;Ruff & Fehr, 2014;Vecchione et al., 2016); (3) values can be changed by intervention (Arieli et al., 2014;Bardi & Goodwin, 2011;Feldman et al., 2015;Maio & Thomas, 2007) and certain facilitators (Feldman et al., 2015;Sousa et al., 2012;Vecchione et al., 2016); (4) values tend to be stable across situations and time (Arieli et al., 2014;Ring et al., 2020;Rokeach, 1973Rokeach, , 1979Schwartz, 1992;Vecchione et al., 2016); (5) values tend to exhibit similar characteristics and links across cultures (Feldman et al., 2015;Schwartz & Bardi, 2001); and (6) values can be tied to the longterm goal of flourishing (Fritzsche & Oz, 2007;LeFavbre & Franke, 2013;Ring et al., 2020). In other words, values have a widespread impact on decisionmaking and behavior, can be changed to align with a prosocial lifestyle, and, as a target for intervention, may not only share the benefits of a cognitivebehavioral approach, but also add the benefits of generalizability and stability of decision-making and behavior across varying environments. ...
There is a current call to action among researchers and others emphasizing the need for continued evolution of the concept of “success” in corrections (e.g., Returning Citizens, 2020; National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2022). While there have been positive developments in corrections over the years, the predominant risk-need-responsivity model (RNR; Andrews & Bonta, 2006; Andrews et al., 1990; Blanchette & Brown, 2006; Ward et al., 2007) for correctional assessment and rehabilitation in the United States’ prison system has proved insufficient. Key barriers to progress have included over-reliance upon a problematic definition and measure of success (i.e., recidivism), over-confidence in a reductionist and risk-focused model, and ignorance of the importance of the form and quality of prison culture upon prison outcomes. Amid the recommendations for innovation and alternatives to overcome identified weaknesses in the status quo approach, we posit a new, values-based, culture-focused framework for success in corrections. The Good Citizenship Model (GCM), in its most recent iteration, emerged out of over 45 years of collaborative outreach and fieldwork activity by researchers, returned citizens, specialists, and volunteers serving incarcerated people, returned citizens, and their families. The GCM targets the development of positive values and prosocial character development rather than risk-related deficits; emphasizes human flourishing over non-recidivism; and construes prison culture as a conduit through which prosocial values and character attributes are attained, reinforced, and sustained.
... This is a basic existential question from which modalities of acting can take either the form of acting with the interests of others in mind or primarily based on own individual interests. Values in people first take shape at an early age through socialization processes in the family and at school (Boehnke 2001;Bourdieau and Passeron 1990) after which they continue to develop throughout the lifespan (Smallenbroek et al. 2023;Daniel et al. 2020;Vecchione et al. 2016). Notably, societal, political, or technological changes from one generation to another can all contribute to modifications in the values of newer generations compared to older ones (Varnum and Grossmann 2017;Inglehart 2009 Existent definitions address the relationship between values and behavior in one way or another. ...
... Chronological age is used in the literature as a cross-section in the lifespan of people with several distinguishable life phases. Childhood and adolescence are crucial periods in the development of individuals and values during these periods are highly volatile (Daniel et al. 2020;Vecchione et al. 2016). Beginning with adulthood, value development continues albeit at a slower pace (Smallenbroek et al. 2023). ...
... Meanwhile, central in value systems of the middle aged groups is the means to achieve one's goals when compared to the old aged group for whom central in their value system is seeking new challenges from a familiar status quo. The present findings add nuances to the observation that peoople become more social oriented with age (Smallenbroek et al. 2023;Löckenhoff and Carstensen 2004) and that younger age is primarily concerned with identity formation and self-determination (Roberts and Nickel 2017;Vecchione et al. 2016;Erikson 1994). It is not only that people become increasingly oriented toward others over time but, the present findings suggest, people in the lifespan also shift from the existential question addressing self-needs to the existential question addressing relationships with others. ...
According to theory, there is a finite set of existential questions from which a finite set of values as ideals of living derive and are available to people across cultures and history. Drawing on a psychological network approach, this paper revisits this universality principle in human values proposing that wellbeing is a proxy for (un)resolved existential questions. I argue that value motivational goals form together with wellbeing a psychological system structured as a network of dynamically interconnected cognitive and emotional reactions (value systems in short). The present research examined value systems informed in three value theories measured in four representative surveys in Germany between 2012-2014. I argued that demographic groups based on age, gender and education attainment face group specific challenges to wellbeing thus they experience existential questions differently. I compared value systems across these demographics in view of local and global network characteristics. Results highlight that specific value motiva-tional goals are central in the value systems of each group in addition to uncovering novel insights into dynamics amongst value motivational goals and unique associations with wellbeing. The present findings emphasize the contextual embedding of human values, both at a meta-theoretical level and in view of desirable enabling contexts.
... Also, while values motivate action (and therefore behavioral traits), consequent behavior changes the environment to which values must adapt. So while they may influence each other (Vecchione et al, 2016;2019), the basic principles of physics tell us that motivation precedes action, with the former arising from, and the latter proceeding in accordance with, the second law of thermodynamics. The behavioral traits of physical systems are particular to circumstantial interactions between proximate systems. ...
... individual's needs, physical state, or environment changes (e.g., Bardi et al, 2014;Vecchione et al. 2016). For example, as people grow older, openness to change values tend to become less important and conservation values more important (Gouveia, et al., 2015). ...
... Vecchione et al. (2019) found that values did not predict traits, but high levels of agreeableness and openness exerted an influence over the development of benevolence and self-direction respectively. However, in a previous study, Vecchione et al. (2016) found the values of children more predictive of behavior than traits were of values; albeit that a reciprocal relationship between the two seemed to be operating. ...
Brains, individuals, humanity, and the universe in which they emerged are complex adaptive systems. Driven by common motivations related to the second law of thermodynamics, their dynamism is regulated by localised cooperation and competition between components. Cooperation is associated with energy conservation and stability, competition with energy loss and disorder. All systems can be evaluated in terms of their propensity to change and the interplay of cooperation and competition between components. The Schwartz system of values, which provides a parsimonious description of the human motivational system, has axes that describe just these characteristics. We argue that its structure evolved to represent a pre-existing universal equivalent. The motives of stable, energy-conserving pre-biotic systems can be attributed to the equivalent of its conservation/cooperation quadrant. With the evolution of organisms, subordinate competitive motives were integrated to facilitate dynamism. Pro-change motives subsequently emerged in intelligent organisms, to be supplemented by widely framed and consciously cooperative motives in humanity. We present experimental and other evidence showing that human decision-making exhibits linear, hierarchical patterns of values-based influence consistent with this evolutionary sequence. The implications of this on established psychological theory, and the potential insights it offers in relation to personal, organizational, and societal development are discussed.
... In contrast, changes in value importance occur with time in youth, possibly as a result of value maturation (Bardi & Goodwin, 2011). Such changes were identified during middle childhood (Cieciuch et al., 2016;Daniel et al., 2020;Tamm & Tulviste, 2022), adolescence Vecchione et al., 2020), and early adulthood (Vecchione et al., 2016). Like the comparable investigations into personality traits (Costa et al., 2019), these studies describe different aspects of stability and change in value importance over development. ...
... The value structure has implications for the process of value change. It suggests that to maintain the value inter-relations, values should change in an organized, coherent manner (Bardi et al., 2009;Vecchione et al., 2016). If one value increases in importance and the opposite value remains stable, children may aspire to pursue two conflicting goals, and their actions in pursuit of one goal may clash with their opposing values. ...
... Such processes of organized value change were identified in longitudinal studies among adults (Bardi et al., 2009(Bardi et al., , 2014Vecchione et al., 2016) and adolescents . They were also established in experimental studies, as priming of one value was associated with a decrease in the importance of the opposing value (Maio et al., 2009). ...
Objective
We aimed to investigate value change and stability longitudinally in middle childhood.
Background
Values are the aspect of personality defining one's aspirations. Research identifies meaningful values in middle childhood, yet we know little about the process of their development within individual.
Method
Children ( N = 298; 53.7% girls, M age = 7 years and 3 months, SD = 7.70 months, at the first time point) four times, annually.
Results
Rank‐order stability increased with age and decreased with time‐span. We found value hierarchy consistency, with value hierarchy similar to adolescents in the priority given to openness to change versus conservation values, and to adults in the priority given to self‐transcendence values. Latent growth curve analyses indicated linear increase in openness to change, and curvilinear increase in self‐transcendence values, and linear decrease in conservation and self‐enhancement values, with some differences across ages. Value structure was better differentiated with age. Compatible values changed in similar, and conflicting values in opposite directions.
Conclusions
This paper suggests that in middle childhood, children can already report stable values. Moreover, middle childhood is characterized by coherent change patterns, of increase in the importance of growth, and decrease in the focus on conflicting protection values.
... In social sciences, for instance, Schwartz (1992) developed the Theory of Basic Values to examine the social, historical, and cultural factors that influence morality. According to Schwartz's theory, individuals possess a core set of fundamental values that influence their attitudes and actions at several stages of life (Vecchione et al., 2016). Values like 'Tradition' or 'Universalism' impact the different moral perspectives in various cultural and geographical contexts. ...
... The geographical differences are also addressed in the framework by Schwartz (Schwartz, 2006;Schwartz et al., 2010). This theory also introduces dynamism to value formation, interpretation, and even societal conflicts (Schwartz et al., 2010;Vecchione et al., 2016). ...
... Even extrinsic motivation for change is only possible to a certain degree [26,28,24,27]. ...
... Most researchers assume only slow changes across the lifespan [29,26,20,28,24] or in reaction to normative (attending university, becoming a parent) and non-normative (war, migration) life events. Lönnqvist et al. [30] measured a stability of personal values up to .63 over 19 months before and after migration, Bardi et al. [29] showed a stability of values up to .76 over nine months before and after enrolling at college and core political values were stable up to .87 over two months before and after national election [31]. ...
... The importance attributed to certain values depends on the life stage, with young adulthood being a time in which self-oriented values are important due to the need to prove oneself in varied life domains, including work (Schwartz, 2005). As students feel the need to distinguish themselves in the workforce to secure a job, self-enhancement values related to demonstrating high competence are likely very high (Vecchione et al., 2016) and may be linked with increased commitment in the pursuit of such goals (Luyckx et al., 2017). ...
... To our best knowledge, our study is the first one to analyze the relations between selforiented values and vocational identity, drawing attention to the potential drawbacks of following selforiented values during a life stage linked with a higher probability of doing so. More specifically, selforiented values can be particularly important for young adults as they perceive the need to prove themselves as they begin to build a career (Schwartz, 2005;Vecchione et al., 2016). One could argue that following one's interests in gaining success and power when entering a competitive workforce can set students on the right path toward professional development (e.g., by being highly motivated to prove themselves to potential employers and, thus, securing a job). ...
The last year of university is a developmental milestone, as students are
approaching choices which might impact their long-term career development
and psychological wellbeing. Despite vocational identity’s relevance
for successful career development, there is limited research on its relations
with volunteering and personal values as students approach graduation. This
study aimed to (1) identify vocational identity statuses in the last semester
before university graduation, and (2) analyze the relations between status
belonging and volunteering and personal values. The total sample consisted
of 653 university students (Mage = 24.15, SDage = 4.97, 76.6% females) who
filled in questionnaires during the last semester of university. Latent Profile
Analysis identified five vocational identity statuses, suggesting an overrepresentation
of disengaged vocational identity statuses. In addition to this,
education-related volunteering and other-oriented personal values were
associated with belonging to adaptative statuses (i.e. achievement, foreclosure),
in comparison with less adaptative ones, whereas the reverse pattern
was observed for the self-oriented value of self-enhancement. These results
support the potential contribution of education-related volunteering and
personal values in the context of important career transitions. Implications
for theory and practice are discussed.
... 40 Personal values are abstract beliefs about desirable, cross-situational goals that are central to an individual's self-concept and directly influence his or her attitudes and behaviors at work. 41 According to the selfconcordance model, pursuing organizational goals that are aligned with one's core values and interests leads to greater sustained effort. 18 When a person adapts to his or her environment, it creates more positive results for him or her than when he or she does not. ...
... Values are considered to be relatively stable over time; they are measurable attributes of both individuals and organizations, and they are meaningful because they help shape behavior. 41 A better match of person-organizational values means that there is less of a gap between the individual and the organization in terms of values and that the organization brings less uncertainty to the employee and provides more opportunities for the individual to meet his or her needs. A matched environment brings employees a sense of comfort and ease. ...
Purpose
The formation of one’s career calling involves endowing work with meaning and realizing oneself in work, and it has become a focus of organizational behavior research in the past decade. Although there are many studies on the outcome variables of career calling, research on the antecedents of career calling formation is relatively scarce, and its mechanisms are unclear. Based on fit theory and social exchange theory, we analyzed the data of 373 employees and explored the relationship between person-environment fit (focusing on person-organization fit and person-job fit), psychological contract, career calling and organizational career management.
Methods
We adopted a multi-timepoint data collection method to analyze data from 373 employees from an internet technology company. A mediated moderation model and hypotheses were tested using Mplus 8.3 software.
Results
The results showed that person-organization fit and person-job fit were positively related to career calling, and the psychological contract played a partial mediating role. The moderating effect of organizational career management on person-organization fit, person-job fit and the psychological contract was also confirmed. Moreover, the mediating effect of the psychological contract was stronger when organizational career management was higher.
Conclusion
We examined the important influence of individual-level and organizational-level factors on the formation of career calling. The findings highlight the important role and mechanism of person-environment fit in the formation of career calling through psychological factors, which has managerial implications for how to develop employees’ career calling.
... Although emerging adulthood can be a time of exploration, it appears that personal values are relatively stable during emerging adulthood. For example, based on an eight-year study of the stability of values among a sample of 270 young adults, Vecchione et al. [27] concluded that: "The many transitions of young adulthood makes this a period with great potential for naturally occurring, long-term value change. However, our findings, which examine four different aspects of change, reveal the presence of substantial stability in basic personal values during this period" (p. ...
The present study examined relationships between social value orientation and personal values. Participants, n = 1655, were university students (Mage = 18.9 years, 60% women) who completed the Triple Dominance Measure, a measure of social value orientation, and the PVQ-21, a measure of Schwartz’s personal values. Two items were added to the PVQ-21 to measure benevolence toward people in general. The analyses found that pro-socials had significantly higher scores than pro-selfs (Competitors and Individualists) for Benevolence, Universalism, and Conformity values, whereas pro-selfs had significantly higher scores than pro-socials on Hedonic, Achievement, and Power values. These differences reflected the fact that Benevolence, Universalism, and Conformity values concern the feelings and well-being of others, concerns that are consistent with a pro-social orientation. In contrast, Hedonic, Achievement, and Power values concern self-enhancement, concerns that are consistent with a self-focused orientation. There were no significant differences between individualists and competitors for any value, nor were there differences of any kind for Tradition, Security, Self-direction, and Stimulation values. These results complement and expand previous research by demonstrating how individual differences in social value orientation are related to individual differences in fundamental, personal human values.
... Social environment affects the hierarchy of values and the persistence of that hierarchy (Vecchione et al., 2016). There is a strengthening effect on the existing hierarchy of values, if an individual's hierarchy of values matches those of their social environment, creating a sense of belonging. ...
In Western culture people suffer from poor authenticity, but being authentic in daily life is positively linked to well-being in the future and this link is one-directional. The study aims to understand locus of control and value dimension influence on authenticity by using regression analyses. In accordance with previous studies, the locus of control affects an individual’s sense of authenticity. Results of this study show, that internal locus of control and self-transcendence value dimension positively but self-enhancement value dimension negatively influence authentic living; external locus of control and self-enhancement value dimension positively but self-transcendence value dimension negatively influence self-alienation; and self-enhancement and conservation value dimensions positively but openness to change value dimension negatively influence accepting external influence. The locus of control has no effect on accepting external influence. In addition, this study shows the effect of two value dimensions on two authenticity indicators: high self-enhancement and low self-transcendence value dimensions influence higher levels of self-alienation, which negatively affects the sense of authenticity. The opposite in the hierarchy of these values – high self-transcendence and low self-enhancement value dimensions create higher rates of authentic living, which positively influences feelings of authenticity. Self-alienation and accepting external influence are negatively related to authentic living. Environment plays a significant role.
... However, our experimental results did not support this conclusion. One of the reasons might be that personal values are relatively stable across life (e.g., Milfont et al., 2016;Vecchione et al., 2016). Thus, it could be that a one-time manipulation, especially of the perception of the values of other people, was not sufficient to trigger a change in the perception of the importance of one's own values. ...
Increased openness and tolerance have marked the twenty‐first century, yet recent years witnessed a decline marked by nationalist movements and reduced support for diversity. We explore the potential link between these two societal changes by examining the association between the perception of universalism values in society and the endorsement of conservation values, right‐wing political attitudes, and nationalism in Poland. Across six correlational studies (total N = 2644), perception of the prevalence of universalism values in fellow citizens was positively linked to one's endorsement of conservation values, right‐wing political attitudes, and nationalism. These links were (a) stronger when participants believed that a considerable part of society still supported conservation values and (b) underlined by a greater perception of the threat posed by universalism values to the traditional way of living. The experimental results ( N = 307) did not support causal link between these links but only the underlying role of perceiving a threat from universalism to society, particularly when participants perceived high universalism and conservation values in others. However, this effect was observed only when controlling for one's endorsement of conservation values and the perception of threat from conservation values.
... Meanwhile the majority of previous research demonstrates the stability of personal value orientations (72)(73)(74)(75), more recent research, such as that by Bardi et al. (73), challenges the theory of value stability and shows that specific events such as the COVID-19 pandemic or terroristic attacks can cause temporary changes in values. The studies by Bojanowska et al. (76) and Daniel et al. (77) suggest that exceptional circumstances such as a pandemic can lead to temporary adjustments in values that do not necessarily reflect long-term changes. ...
Introduction
Given a high amount of workplace stressors, burnout syndrome, as a depression-related syndrome, is highly relevant for medical service soldiers. This study aims to examine their effects with regard to moral injuries and personal values following foreign deployment.
Materials and methods
This longitudinal study included 91 soldiers of the German Armed Forces Medical Service. Participants completed the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and the Portrait-Value-Questionnaire (PVQ) before and after a foreign deployment as well as the Moral Injury Scale (SMBE) after deployment. Analysis has been conducted using t-tests to assess potential changes in MBI and PVQ scales between pre-test - t1 (2-4 weeks before deployment) and post-test – t2 (up to 6 months after deployment). In addition, correlations were examined between moral injuries (MI) after deployment and MBI scores at t1 and t2 as well as between personal values (PVQ t1) and MBI scores at t1 and t2.
Results
The MBI subscales showed mild to moderate burnout symptoms at both pre- and post-tests, with a slight deterioration during the study period, albeit not significant. There were no significant mean differences in PVQ between measurement points. Nevertheless, PVQ self-direction and tradition at t1 correlated negatively with MBI INV at t2 (PVQ SD r = -.21, p = .043) and MBI PA at t2 (PVQ TR r = -.23, p = .027). Furthermore, the subscale PVQ power at t1 correlated positively with MBI PA at t2 (PVQ PO r = .28, p = .006), meanwhile PVQ universalism at t1 correlated positively with MBI INV at t1 (PVQ UN r = .25, p = .018). Furthermore, positive correlations were found between moral injuries at t2 (SMBE total score, SMBE_Sub1, SMBE_Sub2) and MBI subscales Emotional Exhaustion (EE; r = -.54, p = .001), Depersonalization (DP; r = .38, p = .001), and Involvement (INV; r = .30, p = .004) before and after the deployment period. No correlation was found between MI and MBI subscale Personal Accomplishment (PA).
Conclusion
The results indicate that medical service soldiers exhibit mild to moderate burnout symptoms even before deployment. Significant associations between moral injuries and burnout were found in 3 out of 4 MBI subscales (EE, DP, INV). There was a significant association with a stronger moral injury and higher burnout levels, persisting both before and after the study period. Furthermore, our results suggest that personal value orientations might be meaningful predictors of burnout. Hence, causal questions regarding general work stress among medical service soldiers should be further explored in more detailed studies. Further research could lay the foundation for future approaches in psychotherapy as well as primary and secondary prevention in this field.
... While value theorists believe that values are generally stable across situations and time, they also assume that value priorities change throughout life as people adapt to important experiences and changing circumstances [54]. Therefore, a selection criterion might be both inaccurate and unfair, which should be taken into account in future discussions about medical schools in Slovenia. ...
Healthcare workers face significant mental health challenges, including stress, burnout, and psychological distress, leading to high rates of mental health symptoms and even suicide attempts, as well as an increase in medication errors and unprofessional behavior. Targeted interventions are needed to address these issues. However, promoting healthier traits in medical students or refining selection could also prove beneficial, as research shows that mental health is significantly influenced by personality traits and personal values. This study examines the relationship between personality traits, values, and attitudes toward professionalism among medical students in Slovenia. A total of 996 participants were examined in three data collections from the academic years 2015–2016 to 2019–2020 using the Big Five Questionnaire, the Personal Values Scale, and the Attitude Toward Professionalism Scale. Hierarchical linear regression analysis was conducted to examine the factors associated with professionalism. The results showed that attitudes toward professionalism were stable over the years, with higher scores consistently associated with the female gender, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. Conversely, material value orientation had a negative impact on professionalism. In addition, we examine the associations between mental health and personality traits, personal values, and attitudes toward professionalism to illustrate the importance of selecting and nurturing medical students, based on traits that promote mental health and professional behavior. These findings may lead to improvements in medical education and selection processes to improve the well-being and functioning of future medical professionals.
... To get a more intuitive impression of the observed stability levels, we extract data from two longitudinal studies on humans. Vecchione et al. [42] followed 20-year-olds for eight years and Vecchione et al. [43] followed 10-year-old for 2 years (these changes are denoted by horizontal lines in Figs 4 and 5). It is important to note that this comparison is skewed in the LLMs favor. ...
The standard way to study Large Language Models (LLMs) through benchmarks or psychology questionnaires is to provide many different queries from similar minimal contexts (e.g. multiple choice questions). However, due to LLM’s highly context-dependent nature, conclusions from such minimal-context evaluations may be little informative about the model’s behavior in deployment (where it will be exposed to many new contexts). We argue that context-dependence should be studied as another dimension of LLM comparison alongside others such as cognitive abilities, knowledge, or model size. In this paper, we present a case-study about the stability of value expression over different contexts (simulated conversations on different topics), and as measured using a standard psychology questionnaire (PVQ) and behavioral downstream tasks. We consider 21 LLMs from six families. Reusing methods from psychology, we study Rank-order stability on the population (interpersonal) level, and Ipsative stability on the individual (intrapersonal) level. We explore two settings: with and without instructing LLMs to simulate particular personalities. We observe similar trends in the stability of models and model families—Mixtral, Mistral, GPT-3.5 and Qwen families being more stable than LLaMa-2 and Phi—over those two settings, two different simulated populations, and even on three downstream behavioral tasks. When instructed to simulate particular personas, LLMs exhibit low Rank-Order stability, and this stability further diminishes with conversation length. This highlights the need for future research directions on LLMs that can coherently simulate a diversity of personas, as well as how context-dependence can be studied in more thorough and efficient ways. This paper provides a foundational step in that direction, and, to our knowledge, it is the first study of value stability in LLMs. The project website with code is available at https://sites.google.com/view/llmvaluestability.
... In one study, Milfont et al. (2016) found that self-transcendent (and self-enhancement) values seem relatively stable over time. Another study, in contrast, showed that selftranscendent and conservation values increased over a period of eight years (Vecchione et al., 2016). Bardi and Goodwin (2011) refer to another form of value change: mean-level changes. ...
Values have been discussed both in relation to the normative character of Ecological Economics and, albeit implicitly, in conceptions of human beings. Nevertheless, a conceptualisation of individually-held values remains underdeveloped. Scholars who do engage on a conceptual level tend to focus on the values of nature in the context of ecosystem services, with less emphasis on: (a) more generally-held values, (b) the psychological mechanisms for value formation and (c) how this understanding can be leveraged to achieve a sustainable future. In this paper, we revisit Milton Rokeach's concept of instrumental and terminal values, and draw upon it to stress the importance of both desirable end states and the means to achieve the goals endorsed by Ecological Economics. Considering these concepts with respect to the emerging literature on inner transformations for sustainability , we adopt a deliberative inside-out perspective on value change. Our conceptualisation of human values and value change provides scholars with new tools to understand and study different dimensions that help to engage with the transformation towards sustainability from a human level, behavioural perspective.
... Undoubtedly, values are characterised by stability and may change through long-term processes, as long as people need to adapt to a constantly changing framework (Manfredo et al., 2017;Gouveia et al., 2015;Milfont et al., 2016;Vecchione et al., 2016). In that context, of particular interest for the study presented in this article is, among other aspects, the question to what extent these new environmental values are resilient and how the collectivist and individualist values are influenced in cases where economic security ceases to exist and the desire for self-expression is again outweighed by insecurity, fear for the future, and the various consequences of the widening social inequality. ...
Both individual and social values may diversify, even though they hardly change and this happens only through long-term processes, as long as the changing circumstances require people to adapt to new situations. Greece is one of the Southern European countries that was severely impacted by the debt crisis. The dramatic deterioration of economic indicators weakened the sense of security in people, violently exacerbated the living conditions, and drastically limited the capabilities for self-realization, but also for professional development especially for young people. To what extent, however, did these circumstances affect the values of the Greek society? This article presents part of the findings of a survey that aimed to examine-among other issues-value structures of young adults in the years 2007-2015, 2019 and 2023. In general, certain pro-social and environmental values are found to be reinforced along with the weakening of the importance of economic independence, but also a tendency towards competitiveness.
... This is important because of the known repercussions of social media content on real-life behavior. Second, most research assumes personal values, and their expression, remain stable over time (Vecchione et al., 2016), but emerging literature suggests that external events, such as the passing of a new law or a pandemic, can influence individuals' attitudes and values, demonstrating a top-down effect (Tankard and Paluck, 2017;Arcila-Calderón et al., 2021;Rowe et al., 2021). However, limited research has explored how such external events, particularly new immigration-related laws, impact how people communicate about immigration. ...
Introduction
The world is witnessing an escalating migration crisis, and Canada, with its historically high immigration rates, is experiencing a rise in the number of asylum seekers entering the country as well. Despite generally positive Canadian attitudes toward newcomers, there is a notable division in opinions about welcoming them. Past studies suggest personal values significantly shape these attitudes, particularly conservation (resistance to change) and self-transcendence (concern for others). However, little research has examined if these values manifest in social media discussions about immigration, especially at times when policies change. This study examines how the discourse on immigration changes following the announcement of the closure of Roxham Road, a debated irregular border crossing between the US and Canada used by asylum seekers.
Method
In total, 33,459 Tweets referencing Roxham Road were collected over the course of 1 week (before, during, and after the closure). We used the Personal Values Dictionary to automatically assess references to personal values (i.e., conservation and self-transcendence) in the Tweets.
Results
The results indicate that expression of the values of conservation and self-transcendence were prevalent in discourse surrounding the closure of Roxham Road. Tweets expressing conservation had a negative tone, whereas Tweets expressing self-transcendence had a positive tone. Analyzing sentiment over time, Tweets reflecting conservation became less negative immediately after the closure, whereas Tweets reflecting self-transcendence values became more positive.
Discussion
The research highlights the interplay between personal values and policy change on immigration discourse and emphasizes the need for more analyses on how personal values are expressed in the public domain.
... To do so, starting climate change education at the primary school level is essential. This would assist the students' achievement of knowledge, skill, and attitude, and therefore they would be able to accomplish environmental values (Vecchione et al., 2016). ...
The pressing issue of climate change demands an informed future generation, yet how aware are students? This study dives into the varying levels of climate change awareness among 1,079 Korean and 2,507 Indonesian primary school students using a sophisticated survey tool developed by Lee et al. (2021). Surprisingly, while both groups exhibited high levels of awareness, significant cross-cultural differences were uncovered. Indonesian students demonstrated higher levels of action, concern, belief, attention, and policy. This stands in stark contrast to Korean students, who, despite having a higher understanding of causes and effects, showed lower levels of belief and attention to the issue. These findings not only challenge us to rethink our educational strategies but also underscore the critical role of cultural contexts in shaping environmental awareness. This comparative analysis reveals startling insights into the complexities of educating the next generation about climate change, setting the stage for urgent educational reforms. Keywords: climate change education, awareness of climate change, cross-cultural comparison, South Korea, Indonesia, primary school students
... Values are relatively stable characteristics (Schuster et al., 2019;Vecchione et al., 2013Vecchione et al., , 2016Vecchione et al., , 2020, but they can and do change over time, especially at younger ages (Krosnick & Alwin, 1989;Alwin & Krosnick, 1991;Dinas, 2013). In most cases, value changes result from lifechanging events, such as wars (Bègue & Apostolidis, 2000;Daniel et al., 2013;Priest et al., 1982), near-death experiences (Kinnier et al., 2001Noyes Jr, 1980;Sutherland, 1990), terrorist attacks (Murphy et al., 2004(Murphy et al., , 2006, major life transitions (Bardi et al., 2014;Goodwin et al., 2012;Katz-Wise et al., 2010), natural disasters (Oishi et al., 2017;Nishio et al., 2014), and pandemics (Daniel et al., 2022;Sonmez, 2023). ...
This chapter examines the relationship between cultural and personal values and their impact on well-being. It begins by exploring three influential theories on cultural values—Inglehart’s value dimensions, Hofstede’s cultural dimensions, and Schwartz’s cultural value orientations—to gain insights into how cultural values influence the well-being of individuals in a society. Moving from cultural values to personal values, the chapter then explores theories and empirical evidence on the connections between personal values and well-being, using the perspective of Self-Determination Theory. To this end, the chapter examines the Goal Contents Theory, Schwartz’s theory of basic human values, and the Self-Concordance Model. Finally, based on the theoretical and empirical evidence reviewed, the chapter concludes with practical policy recommendations to enhance consumer well-being.
... An explanation for the emergence of the protection-focus profile in our young adult sample may relate to the context of career decision-making during young adulthood, highlighting self-enhancement and security needs. It may also relate to the growing importance of conservation values during early adulthood (Leijen et al., 2022;Vecchione et al., 2016). ...
Objective
The present study investigated personal values underlying career‐related preferences among young adults deliberating on their career choice. As a fundamental component of one's identity, personal values can offer valuable insights into how individuals prioritize their career‐related preferences.
Method
We employed two complementary approaches: variable‐centered and person‐centered, using a sample of 636 young adults (69.5% women; M age = 21.9, SD = 2.12).
Results
Using a variable‐centered approach , we identified 14 value‐expressive career‐related preferences, demonstrating that individuals are less willing to compromise on these preferences than on non value‐expressive preferences. Using a person‐centered approach , we applied latent profile analysis to identify four groups of young adults with distinct value profiles: (1) growth‐focus ( n = 212; 33.3%), (2) protection‐focus ( n = 206; 32.4%), (3) self‐focus ( n = 122; 19.2%), and (4) social‐focus ( n = 96; 15.1%). Importantly, the four profiles varied in 18 of 31 career‐related preferences, revealing the composition of values underlying these career preferences. Fourteen of these preferences were identified as value‐expressive in a variable‐centered approach.
Conclusion
The two complementary approaches employed in the present study introduce a fine‐grained understanding of the value‐expressiveness of career‐related preferences.
... The value concept has been increasingly utilized to understand human behavior in the context of AIS (Golebie et al., 2021), shifting attention from a disproportionate focus on attitudinal constructs (Nilsson et al., 2020;Wallen & Landon, 2020). The growing use of values is in part because they are widely shared across cultures (Schultz et al., 2005) and do not readily change throughout an individual's lifetime (Vecchione et al., 2016) unless they are altered by exceptional or deliberative circumstances (Andrade et al., 2023). Elaborating on initial work that asserted the importance of human values in the social sciences (Rokeach, 1973), scholars positioned values along a motivational axis ranging from self-enhancement to self-transcendence (Schwartz, 1992) the former representing a concern for personal well-being and self-interest, and the latter representing a concern for the well-being and interests of others. ...
Freshwater ecosystems provide invaluable natural resources for outdoor recreationists but are at risk of degradation from biological invasions. An understanding of the broad values and behavior of people responsible for the inadvertent spread of aquatic invasive species can inform efforts to mitigate environmental impacts and enhance people's experiences in the outdoors. However, there are polarized levels of trust held in regulatory communities that can influence how people draw on their core belief systems when making decisions. Therefore, we examined how values worked in conjunction with trust in the regulatory community to predict pro-environmental behavior using data from a statewide survey of recreational boaters in Illinois, USA. Results from a latent variable structural equation model suggested that intentions were positively and negatively predicted by biospheric and altruistic values, respectively. We also observed that boaters instilled high levels of trust in the Illinois Department of Natural Resources and scientific communities; however, more pronounced relationships between values and behavior emerged for respondents who were more trusting. We contend that values serve as a dependable basis for the development of long-term management strategies given that they are unlikely to change over time, but the translation of these values to behavioral performance depends on trust as an intervening factor. Management implications: This study sought to understand how polarized levels of trust in regulatory institutions including resource managers and scientists affected outdoor recreationists' intentions to carry out environmentally beneficial behaviors. We found that water-based recreationists' intentions to mitigate the spread of aquatic invasive species were partially explained by their broad values that reflected their deeply seated perspectives on human-nature relationships. We also found that these values more effectively predicted behavior when trust was higher. These findings suggest that management agencies that are more trusted may have a greater ability to anticipate whether their constituents will perform prescribed behaviors to benefit the environment based on their deeply held values.
... According to Milfont et al. (2016);Vecchione et al. (2016), values are mostly stable over time in terms of both their complete significance and their qualified importance in people's structures of value significance. Values differ from wants and purposes-which are frequently cyclical-and as of attitudes, conventions, and particular purposes-which are usually situation-or time-sensitive and, as a result, variation more quickly-by their consistency during time. ...
In order to measure aesthetic and economic values, the Allport-Vernon-Lindzey study of values was administered to 20 male and 20 female students of Rajshahi University. The average scores obtained by the two groups on aesthetic and economic value were calculated separately and comparisons were made Between them. t-test was employed for this purpose. The results of the study show that female students are more economically and aesthetic than male students. The relationship between aesthetic and economic values was also examined by Pearson’s product-moment method. It has been found that there’s a positive correlation between aesthetic and economic values in the case of female students. But no such relationship is found in the case of male students.
... Regarding conformity values (i.e., concerning restraint of actions, inclinations and impulses to violate social expectations or norms; Schwartz et al., 2001), many studies have been conducted in Italy using Schwartz's 10 value model. Conformity values examined longitudinally during early adolescence (10-12 years), middle adolescence (13-17 years) and young adulthood (20-28 years) showed moderate stability from early to middle adolescence (Bacchini et al., 2023;Vecchione et al., 2020) and linear growth from moderate to high endorsement during young adulthood (Vecchione et al., 2016). ...
The present study examined the association of mothers' and fathers' individualism, collectivism and conformity values with parenting behaviours and child adjustment during middle childhood in an Italian sample. Children ( n = 194; 95 from Naples and 99 from Rome; 49% girls) were 10.93 years old ( SD = .61) at the time of data collection. Their mothers ( n = 194) and fathers ( n = 152) also participated. Mother and father reports were collected about parental individualism and collectivism, conformity values, warmth, family obligations expectations and their children's internalising and externalising problems. Child reports were collected about their parents' warmth, psychological control, rules/limit‐setting, family obligations expectations and their own internalising and externalising behaviours. Multiple regressions predicted each of the parenting and child adjustment variables from the value variables, controlling for child gender and parent education. Results showed that maternal collectivism was associated with high psychological control, parental collectivism was associated with high expectations regarding children's family obligations and fathers' conformity values were associated with more child internalising behaviours. Overall, the present study shed light on how parents' cultural values are related to some parenting practices and children's internalising problems in Italy.
... Therefore, interventions in fused people would require increasing their preference for UV to improve their attitude toward outgroup members. Although studies have reported relative stability over time of individuals' hierarchies for basic values (Sundberg, 2016;Vecchione et al., 2016), there is evidence of value change. For instance, studies have shown that an increase in the preference for self-transcendent values (such as UV) occurs by telling the participants that these values are prioritized by people in their reference group (Maio et al., 2009;Rokeach, 1975). ...
... As noted by Sagiv and Roccas (2017, p. 7), "the more important a value is to a person, the more he/she is motivated to attain the goal it represents." Personal values have been shown to develop in the early stages of life and then remain relatively stable over time (Vecchione et al., 2016). Schwartz (1992) distinguished ten types of basic human values that form a circular motivational continuum and can be structured into four higher order values: openness to change (self-direction and stimulation), conservation (security, conformity and tradition), self-enhancement (power and achievement) and selftranscendence (universalism and benevolence). ...
... Consequently, values are learned and not predisposed, and they are often used as an explanation for individual differences in constructs such as personality (Olver and Mooradian 2003). Even though values have been found to be relatively stable in adulthood (Vecchione et al. 2016), values are not always stable, since being exposed to a new social environment may facilitate changes in individual value structures (Cable and Parsons 2001). Schwartz (1992) argued that values are organized according to the importance people place on them (i.e., their appraisal of the values), which implies that the behavior of individuals tends be directed toward the more important value when two values are at odds. ...
Individuals’ personal values have a significant influence on their attitudes and behaviors within organizations, yet we have limited knowledge about whether and how personal values differ across sectors. This study investigates sector differences in personal values, applying Schwartz’s well-established constructs of basic human values. We hypothesize that public employees are more likely to have stronger self-transcendence and conformity values and weaker openness to change values than private employees. Using multi-year data from 20 countries, we find that public employees have stronger self-transcendence and conformity values, consistent across countries, with a few differences across industries. No systematic sector difference in openness to change was found.
Previous studies suggest that students' academic success can be improved by maintenance and development of a state-like motivational resource named psychological capital (consisting of hope, self-efficacy, resilience and optimism). The present study examines the stability of this relationship by asking whether Personal Values (trait-like) are a context variable that modifies the relation between psychological capital and academic adjustment. More specifically, we argue that the openness-to-change value represents a context which moderates the relationship between psychological capital and students' academic adjustment. We hypothesize that the positive relationship between psychological capital and academic adjustment is stronger in individuals who score lower on the openness-to-change value. The study sample was 160 students: their examination results fully support the proposed hypotheses. The findings suggest students with a reduced sense of autonomy, self-direction, and independence can rely on situational psychological resources to promote their academic adjustment. However 'hope' did not exhibit the same interaction effect with openness to change. This finding indicates that the positive relation between hope and academic adjustment did not differ across students with a low versus a high openness-to-change value. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
This study aims to assess the factors of work values on Restaurant Employees in Olongapo City. Researchers used the Purposive Sampling Method with a quantitative study design. Data is collected using survey questionnaires made up of a checklist and a 4-point Likert Scale to collect information from Full-time Regular Restaurant Employees in Olongapo City. The sample population of this research is composed of 240 Employees aged 18 to 65 working in Cafes and casual and fast-food restaurants. The examination of the results of the demographic profile reveals that most of the respondents are aged 23-27 Years Old (37.1%), Female (55.4%), attained College Level (38.8%), Rank and File Job Title (75.8%), and have P8,001-P11,999 (60.8%) Monthly Income. The findings show that the respondents had high work values in hedonism, security, self-transcendence, openness to change, and self-enhancement. Upon examination of significant differences in factors of work values when grouped according to profile, the test shows significant differences in terms of gender (conservation and security), educational attainment (self-enhancement), job title (self-enhancement and openness to change), and monthly income (self-enhancement). Researchers conclude that employees in Olongapo City possess High Work Values. Self-enhancement is the most significant factor that drives employees toward achieving professional achievement, competence, and success. The results of this study serve as the foundation for developing a work values-formation program. This study can also assist the Local Government Unit and the Human Resource Management of the business in developing employees' professional achievement and wellbeing.
Purpose
We examined the attitudes of millennial-aged business students toward economic, social and environmental corporate responsibility (CR). Currently, these individuals are of an age that they have entered the workforce and are now ascending or have ascended into roles of leadership in which they have decision-making power that influences their company’s CR agenda and implementation. Thus, following the ecological systems perspective, we tested both the macro influence of cultural values (survival/self-expression and traditional/secular-rational values) and structural forces (income inequality, welfare socialism and environmental vulnerability) on these individuals’ attitudes toward CR.
Design/methodology/approach
This is a multilevel study of 3,572 millennial-aged students from 28 Asian, American, Australasian and European societies. We analyzed the data collected in 2003–2009 using hierarchical linear modeling.
Findings
In our multilevel analyses, we found that survival/self-expression values were negatively related to economic CR and positively related to social CR while traditional/secular-rational values was negatively related to social CR. We also found that welfare socialism was positively related to environmental CR but negatively related to economic CR while environmental vulnerability was not related to any CR. Lastly, income equality was positively related to social CR but not economic or environment responsibilities. In sum, we found that both culture-based and structure-based macro factors, to varying extents, shape the attitudes of millennial-aged students on CR in our sample.
Originality/value
Our study is grounded in the ecological systems theory framework, combined with research on culture, politico-economics and environmental studies. This provides a multidisciplinary perspective for evaluating and investigating the impact that societal (macro-level) factors have on shaping attitudes toward businesses’ engagement in economic, social and environmental responsibility activities. Additionally, our multilevel research design allows for more precise findings compared to a single-level, country-by-country assessment.
Political psychologists have long theorized that authoritarianism structures the positions people take on cultural issues and their party ties. Authoritarianism is durable; it resists the influence of other political judgments; and it is very impactful-in a word, it is strong. By contrast, researchers characterize the attitudes most people hold on most issues as unstable and ineffectual-in a word, weak. But what is true of most issues is not true of the issues that have driven America's long running culture war-abortion and gay rights. This Element demonstrates that moral issue attitudes are stronger than authoritarianism. With data from multiple sources over the period 1992-2020, it shows that (1) moral issue attitudes endure longer than authoritarianism; (2) moral issues predict change in authoritarianism; (3) authoritarianism does not systematically predict change in moral issues; and (4) moral issues have always played a much greater role structuring party ties than authoritarianism.
Life in society revolves around social norms. These norms play a crucial role in regulating and influencing individuals’ behavior, both at the societal and individual levels. They offer a psychological framework that reduces uncertainty, guides behavior, and aids people in adapting to their social surroundings. Moreover, by observing prevailing social norms, individuals gain insights into societal trends that preserve cherished values and traditions across generations, thus mapping the dynamics of social stability and change. Social change is closely tied to shifts in these norms, which can occur at varying speeds, influenced by factors at multiple levels of analysis, including societal, group, and individual levels. In this article, I analyze the various concepts of social norms found in the literature, with a particular focus on their role in psychology. I describe the main sources of normative influence and illustrate, with multiple examples, how they operate in different social contexts. In this way, I address how these norms guide and facilitate participation in collective actions, their intergenerational transmission, and their role in the emergence of radicalization in social protest contexts. Furthermore, I delve into how group norms are linked to intergroup contact experiences involving both advantaged and disadvantaged group members, as well as the expression of prejudice and affective polarization. I conclude by emphasizing the necessity of adopting a multilevel approach to comprehend the connection between norms and social change.
We examine how individual differences in self‐focused and other‐focused orientations relate to prosocial (e.g., helping, volunteerism) and antisocial (e.g., theft, violence) behaviours/attitudes. Using four datasets (total N = 176,216; across 78 countries), we find that other‐focused orientations (e.g., socially focused values, intimacy motivation, compassionate/communal traits) generally relate positively to prosocial outcomes and negatively to antisocial outcomes. These effects are highly consistent cross‐nationally and across multiple ways of operationalizing constructs. In contrast, self‐focused orientations (e.g., personally focused values, power motivation, assertive/agentic traits) tend to relate positively to both antisocial and prosocial outcomes. However, associations with prosocial outcomes vary substantially across nations and construct operationalizations. Overall, the effects of other‐focused orientations are consistently larger than those of self‐focused orientations. We discuss the implications of these findings for interventions that target self‐focused and other‐focused motivations to influence prosocial and antisocial outcomes.
This paper proposes a method to measure basic human values using the Rokeach Value Survey (RVS, Rokeach, 1973) within the Longitudinal Internet Studies for Social Sciences (LISS; Scherpenzeel & Das, 2010). The LISS, running for over 12 years in the Netherlands, serves as a valuable source of data to study the development of values across the lifespan. We identify and assign RVS items to Schwartz (1992) value types based on theoretical overlap, and conduct a weak confirmatory multidimensional scaling analysis to assess the coverage of values. The selected items are then used to compute value scales, which are compared to an established value scale (Portrait Values Questionnaire) using rankings and Procrustes analysis. Lastly, the predictive validity of the value measurements is assessed through linear regression, comparing standardized regression coefficients of socio-demographic factors on each value type. By adapting the Rokeach Value Survey to align with the Schwartz (1992) value structure, researchers can establish a consistent framework for assessing human values longitudinally, enabling better comparisons and insights across different studies and time periods.
Purpose
The literature on workplace ostracism lacks the integration of the antecedents and consequences of ostracism in a single study, hindering a holistic picture of how perceived workplace ostracism (PWO) emerges and subsequently hampering theoretical development and practical intervention. Based on this critical gap, we examine the effect of person-organization unfit and interpersonal distrust as potential antecedents of PWO, which we propose to affect employee silence. Furthermore, we highlight PWO as a mediator linking interpersonal distrust and person-organization unfit to employee silence. In addition, we further investigate the boundary condition of ethical leadership to address when the effect of PWO on employee silence can be potentially mitigated.
Design/methodology/approach
Survey data were collected from 242 service industry employees in the United Arab Emirates, and analyzed using PLS-SEM.
Findings
Both person-organization unfit and interpersonal distrust lead to PWO, increasing employee silence. Feeling ostracized serves as a mediator, linking interpersonal distrust and person-organization unfit to employee silence. Ethical leadership moderates this, reducing the ostracism’s impact on silence, showcasing its value in mitigating harmful workplace dynamics.
Practical implications
The study is useful for organizations and managers as it illustrates the causes and consequence of PWO and provides practical solutions.
Originality/value
This study is one of the scarce endeavors to holistically investigate workplace ostracism by testing its antecedents and consequence in a single model. Furthermore, it explores person-organization unfit as a novel antecedent of PWO.
Adolescence is a period of life when an individual’s values become differentiated. Moreover, social networks undergo changes throughout the school years, making this a suitable research area for confirming the effect of network composition on the formation of human values. In this study, we examined the stability and change of values among Korean adolescents, while assessing the influence of one’s social network on the importance and change of values. Our findings reveal that the importance of conservation values among Korean teenagers increases during mid-late adolescence, and that the self-transcendence value is a settled disposition. We argue that these changes arise from a specific social structure and culture in South Korea, where children assume adult roles at an earlier age. In addition, the structural equation model revealed that social support enhances individuals’ prosocial and post-materialistic values. Consequently, this research significantly contributes to the academic discourse by confirming the stability and changes in personal values during adolescence, while also considering the impact of social factors.
Nach Bewältigung der Pandemie sieht sich der Tourismus mit einer „neuen Normalität“ konfrontiert, da das Reisen über die letzten Jahre durch Reisebeschränkungen und Pandemieregeln stark beeinflusst war. In ähnlicher Weise stellen Reisende (auch aufgrund der zu erwartenden Risiken des Klimawandels) ihr Verhalten aktuell stärker infrage. Anstelle von Overtourism und Wachstum rücken Konzepte wie Slow Tourism, Nachhaltigkeit und Aspekte der lokalen Wertschöpfung des Tourismus stärker in den Mittelpunkt. Wir untersuchen in einer Längsschnittstudie mit 155 Studierenden im Raum Salzburg zu zwei Messzeitpunkten (November 2019 und Mai 2021), ob sich während der Pandemie grundlegende Werthaltungen, Urlaubsbedürfnisse und Reisemotive bei den Reisenden verändert haben. Zudem haben wir die Sichtweisen im studentischen Milieu erhoben, wie die künftige Ausrichtung des Tourismus in Zukunft aussehen soll, welche Entwicklungen im globalen Tourismus zu erwarten sind und wie groß die eigene Bereitschaft ist, persönlich zu Veränderungen im Tourismussystem beizutragen. Die Ergebnisse der Studie zeigen, dass Frauen stärker als Männer bereit sind, das eigene touristische Verhalten zu überdenken und dass jene, die stark nach Unabhängigkeit, Hedonismus und Abwechslung streben, weniger zu Einschränkungen des Reisestils bereit sind. Da zahlreiche Triebkräfte gegen eine weitreichende Änderung des eigenen Reisestils wirken, herrscht im Studierendenmilieu insgesamt das Bild vor, dass sich in der Ausrichtung des globalen Tourismus künftig wenig ändern dürfte.
Previous studies have used cross-sectional or short-term longitudinal data, resulting in a truncated view of a phenomenon unfolding across the lifespan. We find that, contrary to the consensus in the literature, people’s values continue developing in adulthood, albeit at a slower pace than in previous developmental stages. We use longitudinal data sources with two measurement instruments. We show their comparability using confirmatory MDS in Study 1 (N = 1,027). We examined value development using latent growth models in a convenience sample of highly educated German peace activists (Study 2, N = 1,209) and corroborated these with evidence from a representative sample from the German population (Study 3, N = 19,566). We find that all values change up to age 40 consistent with theoretical expectations. We observe that with age, self-transcendence and conservation values increase while self-enhancement values decrease. At the same time, we find a curvilinear pattern for openness to change in Study 2 and an overall decrease in Study 3. Moreover, the developmental trajectory of conservation and of self-enhancement in the German general population differ between those with tertiary and without tertiary education. We discuss the implication of the present findings for research on value development and for interventions.
Populism continues to become commonplace, not just among politicians and political parties, but also among individuals. The prevalence of populist attitudes may have soared because of economic and social issues like the outsourcing of jobs and the influx of immigrants, as well as the perceived injustice against ordinary people. Populism, as a psychological construct, is a relatively nascent research area. The present study contributes to this literature by examining the link between values and populist attitudes, noting the motivational differences between right-wingers and left-wingers with a U.S. student sample. An online survey was conducted, and regression results revealed that populist attitudes were associated with openness to change, self-enhancement and self-transcendence. Moreover, conservation amplified the link between populist attitudes and right-wing identification whereas openness to change increased the relationship between populist attitudes and left-wing identification. The discussion focuses on the value priorities of populism broadly as well as the moderating effects of values in the endorsement of populist attitudes for right-wingers and left-wingers, respectively.
A long-standing argument in the political sciences holds that high levels of inequality are incompatible with democracy. Although a number of studies have by now investigated whether income inequality endangers democratic consolidation and stability through corroding popular support, the findings remain inconclusive. This study provides new evidence for a sociotropic effect of macroeconomic income inequality on trust in the institutions of representative democracy by making use of the random effects within between specification in multilevel models for data from 28 European democracies over a period of 16 years. The findings show that both long-standing differences in income inequality between countries and changes in inequality within countries over time are negatively related to trust in institutions. While the spirit-level thesis states that this effect should be more pronounced among rich democracies, the findings show that the effect of inequality is stronger in countries that are less affluent. Further analyses on whether the social-psychological mechanism proposed by the spirit-level thesis mediates the effect of inequality on trust document a partial transmission via status concerns and social trust. However, the study suggests that income inequality primarily influences trust in institutions through evaluation-based processes as captured by economic evaluations.
Relevance. The future teachers’ motivation problem and value orientations as basic characteristics of readiness for the pedagogical skills development is one of the key issues in the conditions of professional training in higher education institutions.Objective: The article's aim is to substantiate in a theoretical way and experimental investigation the reasons, to disclose the set of values orientation of future teachers of labour education and technologies as development factors of their pedagogical skills.Methods: theoretical: analysis of current psychological and pedagogical research on the development difficulties of pedagogical skills; generalization and systematization of approaches to the study of personal motivation and values; empiric: questionnaire according to the M. Rokych’s method "Value Orientations", correlation of ranking results with A. Maslow's pyramid of values and needs; methods of mathematical statistics.Results: Results: The essence of the "pedagogical skills" concept has been clarified. Based on the analysis of academic sources, the content of such categories as motives, motivation, values, and value orientations has been specified. The research method of the features of the motivational and value sphere for future teachers of labour education and technologies have been described. A qualitative and quantitative analysis of the distribution of value orientations of future teachers of labour education and technologies have been represented.Conclusions: Founded on the study results, the priority groups of motives and values that are leading for those seeking education at this day stage of social evolution are identified, that is safety and comfort, health, interesting work, freedom and independence, productive life, development, and communication.
Menschen sehnen sich bei zunehmender Unbeständigkeit im Leben nach mehr Einfachheit. Der Lebensstil der freiwilligen Einfachheit, mit bewusster Konsumreduktion und weniger materiellem Besitz, ist eine Möglichkeit die Komplexität zu reduzieren. Materielle Einfachheit, persönliches Maßhalten, Selbstbestimmung, sowie Bewusstsein für soziale und ökologische Folgen im Konsumverhalten prägen, neben dem Streben nach persönlichem Wachstum die Wertedimensionen dieses Lebensstils. Inwiefern sich die aktuellen Entwicklungen der Teuerung bei der österreichischen Bevölkerung auf die Bedeutung der Werte eines freiwillig einfachen Lebens auswirken, wurde mit einer empirischen, quantitativen Studie untersucht. Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichen, der Einfluss der Teuerung auf die Wertedimensionen ist geringer als angenommen. Dennoch, Zusam-menhänge der Teuerung und einer Veränderung der Werte konnten im gesteigerten Wunsch nach persönlicher Weiterentwicklung und vor allem im urbanen Umfeld bei mehr menschlichem Maß und sozialem Bewusstsein festgestellt werden. Weiters fühlen sich Menschen, die den Werten eine hohe Bedeutung beimessen, durch die bloße Wahrnehmung der steigenden Preise weniger beeinflusst. Für Unternehmen und öffent-liche Organisationen ist es ratsam, unabhängig von der Teuerung die Wertedimensionen aufzugreifen und Menschen in einem reduzierten und achtsamen Konsumverhalten zu unterstützen.
Life is becoming increasingly complex, and people seem to be looking for more simplicity away from the pressure of day to day living. The lifestyle of voluntary simplicity with a reduction in consumption and less material possessions, are possible steps to help reduce this complexity. Alongside the endeavour for personal growth and maturity, material simplicity, selfdetermination, as well as awareness of social and ecological consequences in consumer behaviour help shape the core values of this lifestyle. In a quantitative study among the Austrian population, the effects of current inflationary developments on the values of voluntary simple living were investigated. The results show that the influence of inflation is smaller than expected. Still, correlations between inflation and changing values were found in the increased desire for personal development and, particularly in urban environments, on a humanitarian level and social sensitivity. Fur-thermore, people who consider the core values of voluntary simplicity very important, feel less affected by the mere perception of increasing prices. For businesses and public organisations, it is advisable independent of inflation to support people and encourage a mindful reduction leading to a more frugal behaviour in consumption.
Guided by social role theory, social science research has established an individual's earnings relative to their partner (i.e., their relative income) as an important indicator of various marital‐ and well‐being‐related outcomes. Yet, despite a deep interest in employee compensation systems, management scholars have rarely considered the implications of relative income for workers. To address this oversight, we consider how the conformity values of dual‐income couples jointly predict relative income and how this relationship varies by gender. Further, we examine how relative income predicts employees' subjective career success and explore potential boundary conditions to this relationship. Using a time‐lagged study in a sample of 225 dyads, results from moderated polynomial regression analyses indicate that dyadic congruence in conformity values predicts relative income in a gender‐dependent way. Additionally, moderated multilevel regression analyses illustrate that respondents with lower absolute income display a stronger positive relationship between relative income and subjective career success. Relative income's effects on subjective career success do not depend on gender. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of our findings regarding gender, conformity values, relative income, absolute income, and subjective career success.
This paper presents a theory of potentially universal aspects in the content of human values. Ten types of values are distinguished by their motivational goals. The theory also postulates a structure of relations among the value types, based on the conflicts and compatibilities experienced when pursuing them. This structure permits one to relate systems of value priorities, as an integrated whole, to other variables. A new values instrument, based on the theory and suitable for cross-cultural research, is described. Evidence relevant for assessing the theory, from 97 samples in 44 countries, is summarized. Relations of this approach to Rokeach's work on values and to other theories and research on value dimensions are discussed. Application of the approach to social issues is exemplified in the domains of politics and intergroup relations.
The present study examined in a stringent developmental model whether positivity, conceptualized as a pervasive mode of appraising, viewing, and perceiving life from a positive stance, predicts chronic positive affectivity across time or vice versa. Participants [263 participants (47 % males)], aged 15.5 at the beginning of the study and 23.5 at the end, reported on measures of positivity and dispositional positive affect four times. Longitudinal findings corroborated the posited paths of relations, with positivity significantly predicting positive affectivity across time rather than vice versa.
What determines adolescents’ accuracy in perceiving parental values? The current study examined potential predictors including parental value communication, family value agreement, and parenting styles. In the study, 547 Israeli adolescents (aged 16 to 18) of diverse socioeconomic backgrounds participated with their parents. Adolescents reported the values they perceive their parents want them to hold. Parents reported their socialization values.
Accuracy in perceiving parents’ overall value system correlated positively with parents’ actual and perceived value agreement and perceived parental warmth and responsiveness, but negatively with perceived value conflict, indifferent parenting, and autocratic parenting in all gender compositions of parent–child dyads. Other associations varied by dyad type. Findings were similar for predicting accuracy in perceiving two specific values: tradition and hedonism.
The article discusses implications for the processes that underlie accurate perception, gender differences, and other potential influences on accuracy in value perception.
Little research has examined mean-level change in values across the life span. Using large cross-sectional data (N = 36,845) from the five geo-social regions in Brazil, this study examines how mean levels of basic values differ as a function of age (from age 12 to 65; M = 28) and whether age effects are moderated by gender. Results show that mean-level value change is substantial throughout the life course. We observed both linear and curvilinear patterns of change as well as differential patterns by gender. The observed value change is consistent with age-related life circumstances and psychosocial development. Age effects are also value dependent, supporting the notion that values have different functions for different developmental stages.
© 2015 by the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc.
The aim of the research presented in this article is to investigate the relationship between positive orientation and time perspective as outlined by Zimbardo and Boyd (J Pers Soc Psychol 77:1271–1288, 1999) and extended by an additional form of concentration on the present. The Polish version of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory was used. A third type of present time perspective, namely active concentration on the present, was measured by the Carpe Diem Scale. One hundred and eighty five Polish people (non-students) participated in a survey to which a canonical-correlation analysis and a cluster analysis were applied. Positive orientation was correlated with a balanced temporal profile comprising a strong positive past orientation, moderate concentration on the future, poor fatalistic time perspective, poor concentration on the negative past and moderate active concentration on the present. Whereas a positive orientation is based on a general positive attitude towards life and self, a balanced time perspective reflects a general positive attitude towards time, in which an active concentration on the present plays an important role.
Basic human values : theory, measurement, and applications.
Applying the values construct in the social sciences has suffered from the absence of an agreed-upon conception of basic values, of the content and structure of relations among these values, and of reliable methods to measure them. This article presents data from over 70 countries, using two different instruments, to validate a theory intended to fill part of this gap. It concerns the basic values that individuals in all cultures recognize. The theory identifies 10 motivationally distinct values and specifies the dynamics of conflict and congruence among them. These dynamics yield a structure of relations among values common to culturally diverse groups, suggesting an universal organization of human motivations. Individuals and groups differ in the priorities they assign to these values. The article examines sources of individual differences in value priorities and behavioral and attitudinal consequences that follow from holding particular value priorities. In doing so, it considers processes through which values are influenced and through which they influence action.
In this article, the author describes a new theoretical perspective on positive emotions and situates this new perspective within the emerging field of positive psychology. The broaden-and-build theory posits that experiences of positive emotions broaden people's momentary thought-action repertoires, which in turn serves to build their enduring personal resources, ranging from physical and intellectual resources to social and psychological resources. Preliminary empirical evidence supporting the broaden-and-build theory is reviewed, and open empirical questions that remain to be tested are identified. The theory and findings suggest that the capacity to experience positive emotions may be a fundamental human strength central to the study of human flourishing.
It has repeatedly been shown that dispositional optimism, a generalized positive outcome expectancy, is associated with greater physical and psychological well-being. Coping has been proposed to mediate this purportedly causal relationship. From an expectancy-value perspective on motivation, optimists’ confidence leads them to tenaciously pursue goals. However, the ability to flexibly adjust goals might serve optimists’ ability to deal with adversity particularly well. This study investigated motivational coping (tenacious goal pursuit and flexible goal adjustment) as the mechanism linking dispositional optimism to several indices of well-being (general well-being, depression, anxiety and physical complaints) by means of a questionnaire study in the general population. Results of this study confirmed that motivational coping—primarily in the form of flexible goal adjustment—mediates the relationship between optimism and all indices of well-being except physical complaints. Furthermore, coping by flexibly adjusting one’s goals is generally a more prominent pathway to well-being than tenaciously pursuing those goals.
This article presents an overview of the Schwartz theory of basic human values. It discusses the nature of values and spells out the features that are common to all values and what distinguishes one value from another. The theory identifies ten basic personal values that are recognized across cultures and explains where they come from. At the heart of the theory is the idea that values form a circular structure that reflects the motivations each value expresses. This circular structure, that captures the conflicts and compatibility among the ten values is apparently culturally universal. The article elucidates the psychological principles that give rise to it. Next, it presents the two major methods developed to measure the basic values, the Schwartz Value Survey and the Portrait Values Questionnaire. Findings from 82 countries, based on these and other methods, provide evidence for the validity of the theory across cultures. The findings reveal substantial differences in the value priorities of individuals. Surprisingly, however, the average value priorities of most societal groups exhibit a similar hierarchical order whose existence the article explains. The last section of the article clarifies how values differ from other concepts used to explain behavior—attitudes, beliefs, norms, and traits.
The beliefs that people hold about themselves, their life and future are important and mutually related constituents of psychological functioning and well-being. In this paper, we investigated the relationship between positive orientation and generalized self-efficacy. The sample consisted of 672 participants aged 15-72 years (274 males). The results confirmed the first hypothesis that positive orientation and generalized self-efficacy constitute two distinct but correlated constructs. The results were confirmed across the three age groups and, contrary to the second hypothesis, age was not confirmed as a moderator of the relationship between positive orientation and self-efficacy.
We conducted a meta-analysis to determine whether the within-person self-efficacy/performance relationship is positive, negative, or null and to compare the strength of the self-efficacy/performance and past performance/self-efficacy within-person relationships. The self-efficacy/performance within-person corrected correlation was .23 but was weak and nonsignificant (ρ = .06) when controlling for the linear trajectory, revealing that the main effect was spurious. The past performance/self-efficacy within-person corrected correlation was .40 and remained positive and significant (ρ = .30) when controlling for the linear trajectory. The moderator results revealed that at the within-person level of analysis: (a) self-efficacy had at best a moderate, positive effect on performance and a null effect under other moderating conditions (ρ ranged from –.02 to .33); (b) the main effect of past performance on self-efficacy was stronger than the effect of self-efficacy on performance, even in the moderating conditions that produced the strongest self-efficacy/performance relationship; (c) the effect of past performance on self-efficacy ranged from moderate to strong across moderating conditions and was statistically significant across performance tasks, contextual factors, and methodological moderators (ρ ranged from .18 to .52). Overall, this suggests that self-efficacy is primarily a product of past performance rather than the driving force affecting future performance.
Previous research has shown that self-concordant goals are more likely to be attained. But what leads someone to adopt a self-concordant goal in the first place? The present research addresses this question by looking at the domains in which goals are set, focusing on the amount of psychological need satisfaction experienced in these domains. Across three experimental studies, we demonstrate that domain-related need satisfaction predicts the extent to which people adopt self-concordant goals in a given domain, laying the foundation for successful goal pursuit. In addition, we show that need satisfaction influences goal self-concordance because in need-satisfying domains people are both more likely to choose the most self-concordant goal (among a set of comparable choices), and are more likely to internalize the possible goals. The implications of this research for goal setting and pursuit as well as for the importance of examining goals within their broader motivational framework are discussed.
Two studies investigated reciprocal effects of values and voting. Study 1 measured adults' basic values and core political values both before (n = 1379) and following (n = 1030) the 2006 Italian national election. Both types of values predicted voting. Voting choice influenced subsequent core political values but not basic values. The political values of free enterprise, civil liberties, equality, law and order, military intervention, and accepting immigrants changed to become more compatible with the ideology of the chosen coalition. Study 2 measured core political values before (n = 697) and following (n = 506) the 2008 Italian national election. It largely replicated the reciprocal effects of voting and political values of Study 1. In addition, it demonstrated that left-right ideology mediated the reciprocal effects of voting and political values. Moreover, voter certainty moderated these effects. Political values predicted vote choice more weakly among undecided than decided voters, but voting choice led to more value change among undecided voters.
This article examines the relationships between self-esteem, hope and personal
action construct units as measured by Personal Projects Analysis (PPA, Little, 1983). One hundred and one adults were filled-out the questionnaires of self-esteem, hope, the and basic hope, and completed two components of the PPA. The findings suggest that self-esteem and hope are associated with higher levels of involvement in projects, better clarity of plans and sense of control. Higher level of the basic hope, on the other hand, is associated with selecting projects that are more visible and are associated with receiving social support from other people. The article also discussed the possibilities and limitations of use the PPA in quantitative research.
We investigated the process of value change in a migration context. Specifically, in a longitudinal panel design with around 19 months between measurement points, 145 Ingrian–Finnish migrants from Russia to Finland completed the same measures of personal values both before and after migration. As expected, the importance of both Universalism and Security values increased after migration, whereas the importance of Power and Achievement values decreased. Although this pattern of value change was reliable at the level of the group, any two migrant’s value change profiles shared only 2% of their variance, suggesting divergent patterns of value change across migrants. At the level of the individual, the structure of value change was similar to the typical between-subjects structure of values.
Although goal conflict is an important part of classic and contemporary theories of motivation, the correlates of goal conflict are not well understood. We identify and distinguish conflicting and facilitating goals, and assess relations with goal attainment and psychological well-being in a short-term, prospective study design. Results from multilevel models demonstrated that individuals with greater conflict were less successful in attaining their goals, but the goals they failed attain were not necessarily the ones in conflict. People who experienced goal conflict tended to be ruminative and hesitant, and reported greater levels of negative affect and increases in depression, anxiety, and psychosomatization. People who experienced goal facilitation reported greater levels of positive affect, life satisfaction, and successful goal attainment. This study identifies several implications of holding conflicting and facilitating goals, but also points to a theoretical inconsistency pertaining to goal conflict. Namely, conflicting goals may not be inherently less attainable than nonconflicting goals. We argue that distinguishing between goal- and person-level factors is essential for understanding goal striving.
Since 1987, a multitude of studies referring to the Schwartz (1992) structural model of human values have been published. Although most studies support this conceptual approach, few were based on representative samples. The implementation of the biennial European Social Survey (ESS) in 2002, which included responses from 71 representative national samples from 32 countries to a 21-item version of the Portrait Values Questionnaire, provided data for assessing this model of human values.This article presents structural analyses of these data using a theory-based approach to multidimensional scaling that can be applied to optimally assess the fit of data to diverse theories. The analyses support the circular structure of basic values across countries and within countries across time. They also replicate two findings based on other samples, surveys, and methods of analysis: Deviations from the structure are fewer and the contrast between protection and growth values is sharper in more developed societies.
Beyond the striking differences in the value priorities of groups is a surprisingly widespread consensus regarding the hierarchical order of values. Average value hierarchies of representative and near representative samples from 13 nations exhibit a similar pattern that replicates with school teachers in 56 nations and college students in 54 nations. Benevolence, self-direction, and universalism values are consistently most important; power, tradition, and stimulation values are least important; and security, conformity, achievement, and hedonism are in between. Value hierarchies of 83% of samples correlate at least .80 with this pan-cultural hierarchy. To explain the pan-cultural hierarchy, the authors discuss its adaptive functions in meeting the requirements of successful societal functioning. The authors demonstrate, with data from Singapore and the United States, that correctly interpreting the value hierarchies of groups requires comparison with the pan-cultural normative baseline.
Purpose
The paper aims to examine, first, how performance feedback influences positive and negative affect within individuals across negative and positive feedback range, and secondly, whether self‐esteem moderates individuals' affective reactions to feedback.
Design/methodology/approach
A sample of 197 undergraduate students completed an 8‐trial experiment. For each trial, participants performed a task, received performance feedback, and were subsequently asked to report their affective state. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to test the hypothesized within‐ individual effects and the cross‐level moderating role of self‐esteem.
Findings
Performance feedback did influence both positive and negative affect within individuals and feedback indicating goal non‐attainment (i.e. negative feedback) increased negative affect more than it reduced positive affect. The data offered some support for the prediction with respect to the moderating role of self‐esteem derived from self‐enhancement theory.
Research limitations / implications
The laboratory design and student sample are limitations with the study. However, the nature of our research question justifies an initial examination in a controlled, laboratory setting. Our findings may stimulate researchers to further investigate the role of affect and emotions in behavioral self‐regulation.
Originality/value
This study furthers research on reactions to feedback by examining the feedback‐affect process within individuals across time. Multiple dimensions of affect were considered and positive and negative feedback continua were examined separately.
This book contends that beneath the frenzied activism of the sixties and the seeming quiescence of the seventies, a "silent revolution" has been occurring that is gradually but fundamentally changing political life throughout the Western world. Ronald Inglehart focuses on two aspects of this revolution: a shift from an overwhelming emphasis on material values and physical security toward greater concern with the quality of life; and an increase in the political skills of Western publics that enables them to play a greater role in making important political decisions.
The study aims to explain the mechanisms of entrepreneurs’ goal realisation in the work and family domains. It contributes to the understanding of the role of positive and negative goal-related affect and positive orientation in personal goal realisation. A multilevel perspective is applied, as goal realisation varies not only between but also within individuals. The participants in the study were 246 entrepreneurs; each of them had started and owned a business and was either married or had a stable partner. Three scales assessing three components of positive orientation (self-esteem, life satisfaction, and optimism) and the Personal Projects Analysis method were used. Each of the entrepreneurs rated five personal goals related to work and five goals related to family life on dimensions measuring goal realisation and goal-related affect. The results of multilevel structural equation modeling show that positive goal-related affect and positive orientation are positively related, whereas negative affect is negatively related to personal goal realisation in entrepreneurs at the individual and goal levels. The relation of positive affect to family-related (but not to work-related) goal realisation can be further strengthened by positive orientation, both at the individual level and at the goal level.
Gender has long been, and continues to be, a powerful predictor of developmental experiences and outcomes. Observations drawn from personal history, developmental science, and life beyond the academy show that historically, gender constraints have diminished in some ways, but remain robust in others. Reviewed are children's constructive processes that—in interaction with the embedding ecology—foster the emergence and persistence of gendered phenomena. Reviews of interventions designed to increase girls' science participation demonstrate the need to evaluate both intended and unintended program consequences. Discussion of the single-sex schooling debate shows the importance of foundational conceptualizations of gender, and illuminates research-to-policy processes. After identifying newly emerging gender conceptualizations, the concluding section highlights the need to consider how gender conceptualizations do and should affect science and society.
Several studies demonstrated that subjective well-being is associated with goal value and perceived progress but their validity is affected by methodological biases. Moreover, a few have analysed the influence of short-term goals. We aimed to analyse how the levels of and changes in short-term goals progress and value influence subsequent levels of and changes in subjective well-being. This study adopted a three-wave longitudinal design with one-month intervals. Four hundred nine participants (186 males; age 19–71) reported their subjective well-being and their two most important goals and rated each over time in terms of value and progress. A latent difference score model revealed that levels and increases in goal progress positively influenced subsequent levels of subjective well-being. Goal value increases led to decreases in negative affect. These findings provide insights on the promotion of subjective well-being. Given the importance of goal progress in promoting subjective well-being, we propose the implementation of goal-setting programmes that are aimed at fostering successful goal pursuit.
The current study examines the reciprocal relations between children's values and value-expressive behavior over a sixth-month period. Three hundred and ten sixth-grade students in Italy completed value and value-expressive behavior questionnaires three times in three-month intervals during the scholastic year. We assessed Schwartz's (1992) higher-order values of conservation, openness to change, self-enhancement, and self-transcendence, as well as their respective expressive behaviors. Reciprocal relations over time between values and behaviors were examined using a cross-lagged longitudinal design. Results showed that values and behaviors had reciprocal longitudinal effects on one another, after the stability of the variables was taken into account (i.e., values predicted change in behaviors, but also behaviors predicted change in values). Our findings also revealed that: (1) values were more stable over time than behaviors and (2) the longitudinal effect of values on behaviors tended to be stronger than the longitudinal effect of behaviors on values. Findings are discussed in light of the recent developmental literature on value change.
Personal goals play a leading role in directing behavior and influencing well-being. Thus, it is important to assess goal dimensions promoting effective goal pursuit. The current research aimed at identifying the best predictors of goal pursuit, operationalized as perceived goal progress, among goal-related variables and individual differences in dispositional optimism. Two studies examined the influence of optimism on goal progress, commitment, expectancy, value, and conflict. Moreover, the mediation effect of expectancy in the relationships among optimism, commitment and progress was assessed.
Large-scale surveys using complex sample designs are frequently carried out by government agencies. The statistical analysis technology available for such data is, however, limited in scope. This study investigates and further develops statistical methods that could be used in software for the analysis of data collected under complex sample designs. First, it identifies several recent methodological lines of inquiry which taken together provide a powerful and general statistical basis for a complex sample, structural equation modeling analysis. Second, it extends some of this research to new situations of interest. A Monte Carlo study that empirically evaluates these techniques on simulated data comparable to those in largescale complex surveys demonstrates that they work well in practice. Due to the generality of the approaches, the methods cover not only continuous normal variables but also continuous non-normal variables and dichotomous variables. Two methods designed to take into account the complex sample structure were investigated in the Monte Carlo study. One method, termed aggregated analysis, computes the usual parameter estimates but adjusts standard errors and goodness-of-fit model testing. The other method, termed disaggregated analysis, includes a new set of parameters reflecting the complex sample structure. Both of the methods worked very well. The conventional method that ignores complex sampling worked poorly, supporting the need for development of special methods for complex survey data.
This article reports the development and validation of a scale to measure global life satisfaction, the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS). Among the various components of subjective well-being, the SWLS is narrowly focused to assess global life satisfaction and does not tap related constructs such as positive affect or loneliness. The SWLS is shown to have favorable psychometric properties, including high internal consistency and high temporal reliability. Scores on the SWLS correlate moderately to highly with other measures of subjective well-being, and correlate predictably with specific personality characteristics. It is noted that the SWLS is suited for use with different age groups, and other potential uses of the scale are discussed.
In this article, the author describes a new theoretical perspective on positive emotions and situates this new perspective within the emerging field of positive psychology. The broaden-and-build theory posits that experiences of positive emotions broaden people's momentary thought-action repertoires, which in turn serves to build their enduring personal resources, ranging from physical and intellectual resources to social and psychological resources. Preliminary empirical evidence supporting the broaden-and-build theory is reviewed, and open empirical questions that remain to be tested are identified. The theory and findings suggest that the capacity to experience positive emotions may be a fundamental human strength central to the study of human flourishing.
Using data from a nationally representative panel study, I examine change and stability in job values across the young adult years. I find that on average, young people attach lessening importance to various job rewards during the transition to adulthood. In addition, job values become increasingly stable (individual differences are increasingly maintained) during young adulthood, though they continue to change as a function of the rewards received at work. I find no gender differences in the way job rewards shape values, although gender differences in job values exist.
Objective
Studying an International Security Assistance Force contingent on tour in Afghanistan, the aim of the present study was to test assertions of the relative stability of personal values in a challenging environment.Method320 Swedish soldiers answered questionnaires on their values before and after a six-month tour of Afghanistan. Value change and stability were studied via mean-level change, rank-order stability, and individual-level change methods. Regression analysis was used to study the impact of combat exposure and personality traits on change.ResultsThe analysis concluded that even when experiencing such a different social context as a military mission to Afghanistan, the soldiers’ values remained stable. Some minor changes occurred, in a pattern similar to a regression towards the mean. It was also shown that combat exposure – to a minor extent – predicted changes in values, while Big Five scores yielded stronger effects.Conclusions
The present findings suggest that the assertion of the stability of values is a well-founded proposition, even after radical changes in environment. However, the findings on the effects of combat exposure point to the possibility of severe life events having the power to exert change in values. Personality traits were, however, more important factors in the present context.
Change is constant in everyday life. Infants crawl and then walk, children learn to read and write, teenagers mature in myriad ways, and the elderly become frail and forgetful. Beyond these natural processes and events, external forces and interventions instigate and disrupt change: test scores may rise after a coaching course, drug abusers may remain abstinent after residential treatment. By charting changes over time and investigating whether and when events occur, researchers reveal the temporal rhythms of our lives. This book is concerned with behavioral, social, and biomedical sciences. It offers a presentation of two of today's most popular statistical methods: multilevel models for individual change and hazard/survival models for event occurrence (in both discrete- and continuous-time). Using data sets from published studies, the book takes you step by step through complete analyses, from simple exploratory displays that reveal underlying patterns through sophisticated specifications of complex statistical models.
This book explores the development of a new path of transition between adolescence and adulthood in recent generations. Whereas traditionally the transition into adulthood was marked by a clear and irreversible change in condition, we are now seeing a continuance in the role and influence of the family on the young adult. What consequences does this have for our society? Is the persistence of emotional bonds which previously loosened during adolescence, inhibiting young people from developing into full adulthood? The authors present a clear and in-depth analysis of the theoretical framework surrounding the transition into adulthood both from a generational point of view and a relationship-centred perspective. The findings of international research are presented and compared across generations, gender and geographical location within Europe. The different research methods of 'family related research' and 'family research' are also distinguished and analysed. This volume offers an original and multi-faceted review of this topic. The family is considered as an organization, and the interdependencies and interconnections between its members, the generations and genders investigated. It offers a unique contribution to the current literature and will appeal to an international audience of researchers, policy makers and educators both in academic and professional spheres. © 2006 Psychology Press for the United Kingdom. All rights reserved.
Values are considered relatively stable individual characteristics, and there is little research to date on the conditions that underlie value-priorities change. This small-scale short-term longitudinal study tested whether a major life event of war changes the priority that early adolescents assign to values. Thirty-nine Israeli adolescents completed the Schwartz Values Survey on four occasions-at the beginning, middle, and end of the 2006 Israeli-Lebanese war during which their hometown was bombed. As hypothesized, anxiety-based values of tradition, power, and security increased in importance, while conformity values decreased in importance. Anxiety-free values of benevolence, universalism, self-direction, stimulation, and hedonism decreased in importance. Achievement values decreased and then increased in importance. Despite methodological limitations, the findings demonstrate that value development, at least during early adolescence, can take place rather quickly under circumstances of major traumatic events such as war.