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A revision of Aeschynanthus (Gesneriaceae) in Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia

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1
Gardens Bulletin Singapore 68(1): 1–63. 2016
doi: 10.3850/S2382581216000016
A revision of Aeschynanthus (Gesneriaceae)
in Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia
D.J. Middleton
Herbarium, Singapore Botanic Gardens, National Parks Board,
1 Cluny Road, Singapore 259569
david_middleton@nparks.gov.sg
ABSTRACT. The genus Aeschynanthus Jack is revised for Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia.
Four species for Singapore and fourteen species for Peninsular Malaysia are recognised, keys
to the species are given, all names are typied, and detailed descriptions of all species are
provided. Conservation assessments are provided for all species. Eleven names are lectotypied
here and one epitype is designated.
Keywords. Conservation assessments, Didymocarpoideae, identication key, lectotypications
Introduction
Aeschynanthus Jack is a large and variable genus with around 160 species from Sri
Lanka and India through southern China and Southeast Asia to New Guinea and
the Solomon Islands (Weber, 2004; Middleton, 2007). The last complete account of
the genus was by Clarke (1883) who included 64 species. More recently, regional
revisions have been published for China (Wang et al., 1998), Thailand (Middleton,
2007), Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam (Middleton, 2009), and India (Bhattacharyya &
Goel, 2015). Checklists have been published for Singapore (Turner, 1993; Chong et
al., 2009), Peninsular Malaysia (Turner, 1997), Myanmar (Kress et al., 2003), Sulawesi
(Mendum & Atkins, 2003), and Sumatra (Tjitrosoedirdjo et al., 2009). Several of these
checklists are now rather out-of-date due to the discovery of new species and/or due to
the synonymisation of names.
A general background to research on Aeschynanthus was given in Middleton
(2007). For Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia the last comprehensive treatment
was by Ridley (1923), in which 14 species of Aeschynanthus for the Malay Peninsula
were recognised. The checklists for Singapore (Turner, 1993; Chong et al., 2009) both
included four native species; the checklist for Peninsular Malaysia (Turner, 1997)
included 17 species (one with two varieties).
In preparation for a revision of Gesneriaceae for the Flora of Peninsular
Malaysia the genus has been revised for Peninsular Malaysia and for neighbouring
Singapore. Fourteen species are recognised. All fourteen species are in Peninsular
Malaysia and four of these are also in Singapore. One of the species in Singapore
is presumed extinct there and the other three are considered Critically Endangered
(Chong et al., 2009; Williams, 2014).
Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(1) 2016
2
An infrageneric classication is not followed in this paper pending a more
thorough investigation of the genus using molecular sequence data to compare the
morphological characters. A preliminary study by Denduangboripant et al. (2001)
found that a phylogeny based on ITS data did not reveal monophyletic clades that
corresponded to the existing sections.
All provisional IUCN Conservation Assessments given here, calculated using
the methodology of IUCN (2012), are for the species throughout their range rather
than only for Peninsular Malaysia and/or Singapore. Additional comments are given
under each species when the local situation differs from the global.
Morphological Characters
A more detailed discussion of morphological characters is given in Middleton (2007)
and references given therein. Here is a brief discussion of the range of characters found
in the species in Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia.
All species are epiphytes or occasionally lithophytes. Species such as
Aeschynanthus speciosus Hook., A fulgens Wall. ex R.Br. and A. rhododendron Ridl.
are large with robust stems that arch or hang due to their own weight. Others such as
Aeschynanthus albidus (Blume) Steud., A. angustifolius (Blume) Steud., A. fecundus
P.Woods, A. longicaulis Wall. ex R.Br., A. longiorus (Blume) A.DC., A. obconicus
C.B.Clarke in A.DC. & C.DC. and A. wallichii R.Br. are generally more delicate
and are more pendulous, although usually not loosely hanging (as, for example, is
found in A. gracilis Parish ex C.B.Clarke from Thailand to NE India). Aeschynanthus
dischidiodes (Ridl.) D.J.Middleton has often been reported as growing from ants’ nests
in trees. Aeschynanthus pulcher (Blume) G.Don, A. radicans Jack and probably A.
volubilis Jack either have the habit of the more delicate species previously mentioned,
sometimes with long pendent stems, or creep over tree trunks and branches or rocks,
rooting at the nodes. The erect habit of species such as Aeschynanthus andersonii
C.B.Clarke and A. humilis Hemsl. from Thailand is not found in Singapore or
Peninsular Malaysia.
The leaves of most species are opposite but are always in whorls of three or
more in Aeschynanthus speciosus and A. angustifolius. In Aeschynanthus angustifolius
the leaf blades are extraordinarily variable in shape (see discussion under that species).
In the other species the leaves are generally ovate to elliptic and not particularly
variable in shape and size. In most species the margins are entire but they are distinctly
toothed in Aeschynanthus dischidioides, sometimes slightly so in A. angustifolius, and
strongly undulate in A. speciosus. All species are shortly petiolate and the blades are
mostly coriaceous, more rarely thinner and softer.
The structure of the inorescence is discussed in Middleton (2007) and references
therein. In Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia all species either lack a peduncle or the
peduncle is so short as to appear absent. The owers are, therefore, either axillary and
solitary, axillary and appearing fasciculate, or subterminal and clustered. In all species
in Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia the bracts are fairly small, simple and linear.
The calyx consists of ve lobes free to the base (Aeschynanthus angustifolius,
3
Aeschynanthus in Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia
A. dischidiodes, A. fecundus, A. longicaulis, A. longiorus and A. speciosus), or a very
short tube with ve long lobes (A. albidus), or of a narrow or somewhat widening tube
that is around half or more of the length of the calyx with either obvious or obscure
lobes at margin (A. fulgens, A. pulcher, A. radicans, A. rhododendron and A. volubilis),
or of an open cup-shaped calyx with obscure lobes at the margin (A. obconicus and A.
wallichii). The colour of the calyx can either be quite xed within a species (it always
appears to be red in A. obconicus for example) or very variable within a species (dark
purple or red to green in A. pulcher for example). The calyx shape and size is very
variable in a number of species.
The corolla is zygomorphic, tubular, and weakly to quite strongly curved. The
limb is 2-lipped with the upper lip 2-lobed and the lower lip 3-lobed. Visitation by
animals has not been observed in most species but pollination is assumed to be by
birds for most, possibly all, species (see Middleton (2007) for further discussion). The
corolla is red, orange, yellow or green, or a combination of these colours, in the species
in Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia. Flower colour is highly diagnostic for most
species although is often very subjectively recorded on herbarium specimen labels
when it is described at all.
All Aeschynanthus species are strongly protandrous with the stamens withering
as the style elongates and the stigma enlarges. There are four stamens in two pairs with
the anthers of each pair fused at their tips. In Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia no
species have all four anthers fused together as is found in Aeschynanthus chiritoides
C.B.Clarke from Vietnam to NE India. The gynoecium consists of the stipe, the
ovary, the style and the stigma. The stipe is short in all species but rather longer in
Aeschynanthus rhododendron. The dimensions given in the descriptions below reect
the measurements made on specimens to hand. It should be borne in mind though that
the absolute and relative lengths of the parts of the gynoecium are enormously variable
depending on the age of the ower.
The fruit is a long and narrow capsule in all species. Dehiscence is loculicidal.
The basal portion of the capsule, the stipe of the unfertilised gynoecium, lacks seeds
and is generally short except in Aeschynanthus rhododendron where it forms an
obvious narrow stalk.
The seeds have been the principal source of characters for earlier infrageneric
classications of Aeschynanthus (see Middleton (2007) and references cited therein).
The seeds of Aeschynanthus species consist of the seed grain, one apical appendage
and one or more hilar appendages. Seeds with two hilar appendages are not found
anywhere in Malesia (Mendum et al., 2001). The apical appendage points towards the
base of the capsule. In Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia there is one hilar appendage
in Aeschynanthus angustifolius, A. fulgens, A. longiorus, A. obconicus, A. pulcher,
A. radicans, A. rhododendron, A. speciosus, A. volubilis and A. wallichii and three or
more hilar appendages in A. albidus, A. dischidioides, A. fecundus and A. longicaulis.
Of those with only one hilar appendage, the appendage is long and liform in all
species except Aeschynanthus rhododendron where it is short and stout. In a number
of species there is a curious cluster of inated cells, termed bubble cells, at the hilar
end of the seed. These are found in A. obconicus, A. pulcher, A. radicans, A. volubilis
and A. wallichii.
Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(1) 2016
4
Materials studied
Herbarium material was studied from the following herbaria: A, AAU, BISH, BKF,
BM, C, CGE, E, FI, G, G-DC, K, KEP, KLU, K-W, L, LAE, M, MEL, MICH, NY, P,
PSU, SING, SINU, TI, U, UKMB, US (herbarium codes from Thiers (continuously
updated)). All specimens cited have been seen unless otherwise indicated with nv. A
single standardised name is given for those collectors whose name appears in more
than one form, including when abbreviated to initials, on different collections.
The dimensions given in the descriptions are for dried material for vegetative
characters and rehydrated or fresh material for oral characters. Dimensions given
closely resemble those given in Middleton (2007) for some of the taxa due to the
paucity of material collected since and because Malaysian material was used in the
Thai descriptions when the Thai material was insufcient (as it was for several taxa).
The vegetation types given in the Habitat and Ecology sections below follow
notes on the specimens and observations in the eld using the vegetation classication
of Saw (2010).
Aeschynanthus Jack
Trans. Linn. Soc. London 14: 42 (1823); C.B.Clarke in A.DC. & C.DC., Monogr. Phan.
5(1): 18 (1883); Ridley, Fl. Malay Penins. 2: 496 (1923); Wang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis
Sin. 69: 498 (1990); Middleton, Edinburgh J. Botany 64: 368 (2007); Middleton,
Edinburgh J. Botany 66: 393 (2009). – TYPE: Aeschynanthus volubilis Jack.
Trichosporum D.Don, Edinburgh Philos. J. 7: 82 (1822), nom. rej; Blume, Bijdr.
Fl. Ned. Ind. (1826). – TYPE: Trichosporum parviorum D.Don (= Aeschynanthus
parviorus (D.Don) Spreng.), lectotype designated by Middleton (2007).
Rheitrophyllum Hassk., Flora 25 (2): beibl. 56 (1842). – TYPE: Rheitrophyllum
subverticillatum Hassk. (= Aeschynanthus angustifolius (Blume) Steud.).
Oxychlamys Schltr., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 58: 286 (1923). – TYPE: Oxychlamys pullei
Schltr. (= Aeschynanthus oxychlamys Mendum)
Euthamnus Schltr., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 58: 284 (1923). – TYPE: Euthamnus papuanus
Schltr. (= Aeschynanthus papuanus (Schltr.) B.L.Burtt)
Micraeschynanthus Ridl., Fl. Malay Penin. 5: 324 (1925). – TYPE: Micraeschynanthus
dischidioides Ridl. (= Aeschynanthus dischidioides (Ridl.) D.J.Middleton)
Epiphytic herbs or subshrubs with erect, arching or pendulous stems, these sometimes
rooting along their lengths when in contact with a suitable substrate. Leaves opposite or
verticillate, pedicellate; blades coriaceous to distinctly eshy, more rarely herbaceous,
5
Aeschynanthus in Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia
simple, margins entire to weakly crenate or weakly dentate, sometimes somewhat
undulate, venation pinnate but more often than not obscure. Inorescence an axillary
few-owered cyme, or owers solitary in the axils of leaves, or a pseudoterminal
cluster. Flowers strongly protandrous. Calyx of 5 sepals, these free or variously fused
into a tube for part or most of length, when fused the whole tubular or cup-shaped.
Corolla zygomorphic, tubular, widening towards lobes, curved to various degrees,
sometimes distinctly inated at the base, glabrous to variously pubescent outside and
inside; with 5 lobes, these consisting of a 2-lobed upper lip, 2 lateral lobes and a lower
lobe; very variable in colour but most frequently red, orange, yellow or green (or
combination of these) and then often with other darker or lighter patterning. Stamens
4, in 2 pairs, attached to the inside of the corolla tube and occupying the space in
the upper curve of the owers, included or exserted from corolla tube when mature;
vestigial staminode present; anthers of each pair attached by their apices (occasionally
all 4 attached together outside this region). Disk present, annular to dentate. Pistil
developing as laments wither and reex downwards and also occupying the space in
the upper curve of the corolla tube, consisting of a sterile stipe at the base, the fertile
ovary section, the style and the peltate stigma; ovules many, anatropous. Fruit a long
narrow capsule which opens loculicidally by two valves. Seeds many, tiny, with short
to long appendages at both ends.
About 160 species from India and southern China through Southeast Asia and Malesia
to the Solomon Islands. Fourteen species in Peninsular Malaysia, four species in
Singapore (of which one is considered to be nationally extinct).
Key to Aeschynanthus species recorded from Singapore
1a. Corolla predominantly green or yellowish, inside with coarse multicellular hairs;
seeds with many hairs at one end ..................................................... 1. A. albidus
1b. Corolla red, inside without coarse multicellular hairs; seeds with only 1 hair at
each end ............................................................................................................. 2
2a. Calyx < 7 mm long, in a wide and shallow cup or saucer, much wider at apex than
at base .......................................................................................... 14. A. wallichii
2b. Calyx > 10 mm long, tube mostly parallel to corolla tube, apex not much wider
than base ............................................................................................................ 3
3a. Ovary, stipe and style densely pubescent; leaves pubescent beneath .....................
...................................................................................................... 10. A. radicans
3b. Ovary with sessile glands, only stipe and style pubescent; leaves usually glabrous,
more rarely sparsely pubescent beneath ........................................... 9. A. pulcher
Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(1) 2016
6
Key to Aeschynanthus species recorded from Peninsular Malaysia
1a. Leaves in whorls of 3 or more ............................................................................. 2
1b. Leaves opposite .................................................................................................. 3
2a. Corolla predominantly green to yellow, 18–25 mm long; leaves extremely
variable from ovate to linear, 1.7–43 times as long as wide .................................
.................................................................................................. 2. A. angustifolius
2b. Corolla predominantly red and orange, 54–118 mm long; leaves ovate to elliptic,
never linear, 2.3–6.1 times as long as wide .................................. 12. A. speciosus
3a. Inside of corolla tube with dense multicellular hairs towards base, often in tufts;
leaves sometimes conspicuously variegated; corolla at least in part green, yellow
or yellowish green; seeds with > 2 hairs at hilar end ........................................... 4
3b. Inside of corolla tube without dense multicellular hairs towards base; leaves not
conspicuously variegated; corolla entirely red or orange, red/orange and yellow,
or a combination of colours but never green; seeds with 1 hair at hilar end ...... 7
4a. Calyx fused into a short tube at base ................................................. 1. A. albidus
4b. Calyx lobes free to base ...................................................................................... 5
5a. Leaves not variegated, 1–2.4 times as long as wide, margin often distinctly dentate
................................................................................................ 3. A. dischidioides
5b. Leaves variegated, 1.7–9 times as long as wide, margin entire or very minutely
and obscurely dentate ......................................................................................... 6
6a. Corolla predominantly green, 20.5–31 mm long; stamens exserted from corolla
tube ............................................................................................. 7. A. longicaulis
6b. Corolla red in upper third and on lobes, 14.5–19 mm long; stamens not exserted
from corolla tube ............................................................................ 4. A. fecundus
7a. Calyx lobes free to base .............................................................. 6. A. longiorus
7b. Calyx fused into a tube for part or most of length .............................................. 8
8a. Calyx in a wide cup, very much wider at apex than at base, lobes often barely
discernable but if obvious then much wider than long; seeds with bubble cells ....
............................................................................................................................ 9
8b. Calyx tube clasping corolla tube or only gently aring from base, lobes usually
easily discernable, either wider than long or longer than wide; seeds with or
without bubble cells ......................................................................................... 10
9a. Calyx red, 8–19 mm long ............................................................ 8. A. obconicus
9b. Calyx green, 2.5–6.5 mm long ..................................................... 14. A. wallichii
7
Aeschynanthus in Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia
10a. Calyx lobes usually longer than wide, apex acute to acuminate (tips of lobes
sometimes rounded); seeds without bubble cells .............................................. 11
10b. Calyx lobes usually wider than long, apex rounded; seeds with bubble cells ... 12
11a. Stamens not or barely exserted from corolla tube; corolla lobes spreading or
reexed ................................................................................ 11. A. rhododendron
11b. Stamens strongly exserted from corolla tube; corolla lobes not reexed,
occasionally slightly spreading .......................................................... 5. A. fulgens
12a. Corolla 19.5–27 mm long ............................................................. 13. A. volubilis
12b. Corolla 42–66 mm long .................................................................................... 13
13a. Ovary, stipe and style densely pubescent; leaves sparsely to densely puberulent
beneath ......................................................................................... 10. A. radicans
13b. Ovary with sessile glands, only stipe and style pubescent; leaves usually glabrous,
more rarely sparsely puberulent beneath .......................................... 9. A. pulcher
1. Aeschynanthus albidus (Blume) Steud., Nomencl. Bot. ed. 2 1: 32 (1840); A.DC.,
Prod. 9: 262 (1845); Bakhuizen van den Brink, Blumea 6: 395 (1950); Backer &
Bakhuizen van den Brink, Fl. Java 2: 523 (1965); Burtt & Woods, Notes Roy. Bot.
Gard. Edinburgh 33: 479 (1975); Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 47: 243 (1997
[‘1995’]); Lok & Tan, Nat. Singapore 1: 5 (2008). – Bignonia albida Blume, Verh.
Batav. Genootsch. Kunsten 9: 195 (1823). – Trichosporum albidum (Blume) Nees,
Flora 8: 144 (1825). – Lysionotus albidus (Blume) Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 765
(1826). – Aeschynanthus purpurascens Hassk., Cat. Hort. Bot. Bogor. 154 (1844),
nom. illegit; Hooker, Bot. Mag. 72: T.4236 (1846); Miquel, Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 717 (1858);
C.B.Clarke in A.DC. & C.DC., Monogr. Phan. 5(1): 37 (1883); Ridley, Fl. Mal. Pen.
2: 497 (1923); Henderson, Malay. Wild. Fl. Dicot. 340 (1959); Turner, Gard. Bull.
Singapore 45: 92 (1993). – TYPE: Indonesia, Java, Jawa Barat, Gunung Salak, Blume,
C.L. s.n. (lectotype L [L0003309], designated here). (Fig. 1, 2)
?Aeschynanthus atropurpureus Van Houtte, Hort. Vanhoutt. 1(2): 42 (1846); Miquel,
Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 718 (1858). – TYPE: Not known. No original material known but
Miquel’s later description is specic enough to identify the taxon and it has long been
placed in synonymy of Aeschynanthus albidus by other authors.
Aeschynanthus discolor T.Moore, Paxton’s Fl. Gard. 3: 55 (1852). – TYPE: Not found.
Synonymy based on detailed description given in protologue.
Aeschynanthus motleyi C.B.Clarke in A.DC. & C.DC., Monogr. Phan. 5(1): 20 (1883);
Ridley, J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 32: 500 (1896); Ridley, J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc.
44: 12 (1905); Ridley, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 74(2): 732 (1909). –
Trichosporum motleyi (C.B.Clarke) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 478 (1891). – TYPE:
Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(1) 2016
8
Indonesia, Kalimantan, Kalimantan Selatan, Banjarmasin, Motley, J. 916 (lectotype K
[K000831891], effectively designated by Burtt & Woods (1975)).
Aeschynanthus motleyi var. sumatrensis C.B.Clarke in A.DC. & C.DC., Monogr.
Phan. 5(1): 20 (1883). – TYPE: Indonesia, Sumatra, Sumatera Barat, Padang, Ayer
Mancior, Beccari, O. 823 (lectotype K [K000831892], designated here; isolectotypes
BM [BM000537118], FI [FI013073], K [K000831893], L [L0281671], MEL).
Aeschynanthus fraserianus Kraenzl., J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 37: 284 (1906). – Trichosporum
fraserianum (Kraenzl.) Merr., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. special number:
530 (1921). – TYPE: Indonesia, Kalimantan, Marisinsing, Fraser 268 (holotype K
[K000831890]).
Epiphyte with stems upright, arching or pendulous; stems green ushed purple,
glabrous. Leaves opposite; petiole 3–13 mm long, purple, glabrous; blade slightly eshy
or coriaceous, obovate, elliptic or ovate, above green and sometimes with paler green
or yellow mottling, beneath green with purple-red mottling or completely purple-red,
2.3–13.7 × 1.1–5.5 cm, 1.5–9.4 times as long as wide, apex acuminate, base rounded
to cuneate, glabrous above and beneath, margin very weakly crenate, c. 3 pairs of
secondary veins, obscure or weakly visible, tertiary venation obscure. Inorescence
subterminal or axillary, 1–5-owered; peduncle c. 1 mm long; pedicels 7–10 mm long,
glabrous. Calyx with a short tube at base, lobes free, tube clasping corolla tube at base,
often slightly narrower at apex, green, green ushed with purple or red or entirely
reddish, glabrous or sparsely eglandular puberulent, total length 14–30 mm long; tube
2–8.5 mm long which is 14–39% of total length, 3–6.5 mm wide at top of tube; lobes
linear or narrowly triangular, slightly spreading or erect, 10.5–22 × 1–3.5 mm, apex
acuminate. Corolla 16–29 mm long, tube broad at base, slightly curved, externally
green or greenish yellow, lobes green or green with faint purple central lines, internally
green, lobes green with red speckling or with dark purple chevrons and lines; upper
lobes orbicular, not spreading or reexed, 2.2–3.1 × 2.6–3.5 mm, sinus 2.5–3 mm deep,
apex rounded; lateral lobes orbicular, slightly spreading or not, 2.1–2.9 × 2.9–4.5 mm,
apex rounded; lower lobe ovate or orbicular, slightly spreading, 2.7–3.5 × 2.5–2.8 mm,
apex rounded; glabrous except for ciliate lobes, inside with ve tufts of multicellular
hairs near base, sometimes with some additional multicellular hairs higher up, sessile
glands present at top of tube. Stamens long exserted, fused in 2 pairs; laments cream
or green, glandular pubescent, anthers pink; anterior laments inserted at 9–14.5 mm
from corolla base which is 48–53% of corolla length, laments 21.5–23.5 mm long,
anthers 2.7–3.2 × 0.8–1.3 mm; posterior laments inserted at 9.5–14 mm from corolla
base which is 50–58% of corolla length, laments 19–20.5 mm long, anthers 1.2–2.3
× 0.7–1.1 mm; staminode 0.7–1.6 mm long. Disk 1.2–1.5 mm high, 5-crenate. Pistil
16–26 mm long; stipe c. 2–3 mm long, with sessile glands; ovary 7–12 mm long, with
sessile glands; style cream or green, 8–12 mm long, glandular puberulent; stigma pale
red, 2 mm across. Capsule 11.5–40 cm long, 2.5–4 mm wide. Seed grain 1.5 – 2.4 ×
0.4–0.5 mm, warty, bubble cells absent; apical appendage a liform hair, 13–21 mm
9
Aeschynanthus in Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia
Fig. 1. A. Aeschynanthus albidus (Blume) Steud. B. Aeschynanthus fecundus P.Woods. C.
Aeschynanthus fulgens Wall. ex R.Br. (Photos: A, Saw Leng Guan; B–C, David Middleton)
long; hilar appendages of many (30–40) liform hairs, 14–19 mm long; appendages
papillose.
Distribution. Peninsular Malaysia (Johor, Kelantan, Pahang, Perak, Selangor,
Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(1) 2016
10
Fig. 2. Distribution of Aeschynanthus albidus (Blume) Steud. in Singapore and Peninsular
Malaysia (●).
Terengganu), Singapore, Sumatra, Java, Borneo.
Habitat and ecology. In lowland mixed dipterocarp forest, sometimes by streams, or in
lower montane forest at 20–1440 m altitude (to 1520 m on Mt Kinabalu).
Provisional IUCN conservation assessment. Least Concern (LC). This species is
widespread and locally fairly common. In Peninsular Malaysia it has been collected
over a fairly wide area in the last 20 years. In Singapore it is listed as nationally Critically
Endangered by Chong et al. (2009). Although it was formerly more widespread it is
now known in Singapore only in Nee Soon swamp forest.
Singaporean and Peninsular Malaysian specimens examined. PENINSULAR MALAYSIA:
Johor: Gunong [Gunung] Ledang VJR, 19 Aug 1974, Kochummen, K.M. FRI16796 (K, KEP,
SING); Lenggor Forest Reserve, Jong, K. 9017 (KLU); Batu Pahat, Nov 1891, Nongchi 8
11
Aeschynanthus in Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia
(SING); Kota Tinggi, 1 Oct 1929, Teruya, Z. 951 (SING); Bekok, Sungei Bekok, 7 Mar 1971,
Heaslett, E.A. s.n. (SING); Kelantan: Kuala Aring, 7 Sep 1899, Yapp, R.H. 161 (CGE, K);
Sungai Keteh, 6 Feb 1924, Md Nur & Foxworthy, F.W. 11963 (SING); Gua Musang, Lojing
FR, 860 m, 27 Apr 2011, Mohd Hairul, M.A., Siti Munirah, M.Y. & Mohd Nazri, A. FRI72324
(KEP); Pahang: Jalan Bentong bt. 18, 13 Sep 1973, MK & AR 1321 (L, UKMB); Fraser’s Hill,
700 m, 10 Mar 1995, Chin, S.C. et al. 4533 (SING); Pulau Manis, Jul 1891, Ridley, H.N. 2151
(SING); Sabai Estate near Bentong, 26 Jan 1958, Shah, M. 155 (K, L, SING); Kuala Lipis, 22
Nov 1924, Burkill, H.M. & Md Haniff 15750 (SING); Pulau Tioman, Kpg. Juara, 371 m, 25 Apr
2012, Saw, L.G. & Mohd Hairul, M.A. FRI48326 (E, KEP); Perak: Gopeng, 150–240 m, Jun
1883, Kunstler, H. 4463 (NY, SING); Dipang, Mar 1885, Scortechini, B. 1815 (SING); Kurau,
Wray, L. 4245 (SING); Taiping, Gunung Hijau, 1440 m, 19 Mar 2007, Julius, A. FRI53313
(E, KEP); Taiping, Bukit Larut, Jun 1893, Ridley, H.N. s.n. (SING); Kuala Kangsar, Bubu
FR, Gunung Bubu, 12 Mar 2010, Julius, A., Coode, M.J.E. & Angan, A. FRI57691 (KEP);
Selangor: Genting Highlands, Ulu Gombak, 8 Apr 1921, Hume, H.L. 9596 (SING); ibidem, 16
Apr 1921, Hume, H.L. 9772 (SING); 17 mile Ulu Gombak, 26 Oct 1937, Md Nur SFN34254
(SING); Terengganu: Gunong [Gunung] Lawit, Old trail along Sungai Kamiah, 300–610 m, 1
Apr 1970, Davidson, C. 1292 (L).
SINGAPORE: s.l., 1894, Ridley, H.N. s.n. (SING); Seletar, 1894, Ridley, H.N. 6244 (SING);
ibidem, 3 Sep 1889, Ridley, H.N. s.n. (SING); Bukit Mandai, Mar 1890, Ridley, H.N. s.n.
(SING); Chan Chu Kang, Jul 1891, Ridley, H.N. s.n. (SING); ibidem, 1892, Ridley, H.N. s.n.
(SING); Teban, 17 May 1891, Goodenough, J.S. s.n. (SING); Krangi [Kranji], 1894, Ridley,
H.N. s.n. (SING); Nee Soon Swamp Forest, 22 Nov 2007, Ng, H.H. & Lok, A.F.S.L. s.n. (SINU);
Nee Soon Swamp Forest, 25 Mar 2015, Lua, H.K. & Ibrahim, H. SING2015-084 (SING).
Notes. A very variable species, particularly in the size and relative dimensions of the
calyx. Burtt & Woods (1975) gave the type as “Type: cult. Hort. Bogor (L?)”.
However, in the protologue two collections are mentioned, one from “Tjoo” and one
from “Salak”. There is no mention of cultivated material from Bogor so the material
designated as type by Burtt & Woods (1975) cannot be considered original material. A
Blume collection from Salak is, therefore, here chosen as lectotype.
This species has generally been called Aeschynanthus purpurascens or, less
frequently, A. motleyi, in the literature from the Malay Peninsula. Aeschynanthus
purpurascens is an illegitimate name as Aeschynanthus albidus and several other
earlier combinations are included in synonymy. Aeschynanthus motley was described
from Borneo but the Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Sumatra and Java material cannot
be distinguished.
2. Aeschynanthus angustifolius (Blume) Steud., Nomencl. Bot. ed. 2 1: 32 (1840);
A.DC., Prod. 9: 262 (1845); Miquel, Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 716 (1858); C.B.Clarke in A.DC.
& C.DC., Monogr. Phan. 5(1): 38 (1883); Bakhuizen van den Brink, Blumea 6: 395
(1950); Backer & Bakhuizen van den Brink, Fl. Java 2: 524 (1965); Woods, Kew Mag.
8(1): 22 (1991); Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 47(1): 243 (1997 [‘1995’]). – Bignonia
angustifolia Blume, Catalogus 82 (1823). – Trichosporum angustifolium (Blume)
Nees, Flora 8: 144 (1825). – Lysionotus angustifolius (Blume) Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned.
Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(1) 2016
12
Ind. 765 (1826). – TYPE: Indonesia, Java, Jawa Barat, Bogor, Reinwardt, C.G.C. s.n.
(lectotype L, designated here). (Fig. 3, 4)
Rheitrophyllum subverticillatum Hassk., Flora 25(2): beibl. 56 (1842). – TYPE: Java,
Bogor Botanic Garden, 21 August 1840, Hasskarl s.n. (not traced). Although the type
has not been traced the description of the leaves in the protologue is suitably diagnostic
to be certain that it is this taxon.
Aeschynanthus tetraquetrus C.B.Clarke in A.DC. & C.DC., Monogr. Phan. 5(1): 38
(1883). – Trichosporum tetraquetrum (C.B.Clarke) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 478 (1891).
– TYPE: Indonesia, Sumatra, Sumatera Barat, Gunung Singgalan, 1700 m, Beccari, O.
s.n. (lectotype FI [FI013076], designated here; isolectotypes FI [FI013075], K).
Aeschynanthus stenophyllus Ridl., J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 74 (2): 733 (1909); Ridley, Fl.
Mal. Pen. 2: 498 (1923). – Trichosporum stenophyllum (Ridl.) Merr., Contr. Arnold
Arbor. 8: 152 (1934). – TYPE: Peninsular Malaysia, Perak, Goping [Gopeng], Kinta,
150–240 m, August 1883, King’s Collector 4738 (lectotype SING [SING0035634],
designated by Woods (1991); isolectotype K).
Trichosporum ternifolium Merr., Contr. Arnold Arbor. 8: 153 (1934). – TYPE:
Indonesia, Sumatra, in ravines between Baboeli and Paekas, 1200 m, 9 January
1932, Bangham, W.N. & Bangham, C.M. 781 (holotype A [A00261780]; isotype NY
[NY00313032]).
Epiphyte with pendulous or arching stems; stems glabrous. Leaves verticillate in
whorls of 3–7, rarely opposite; petiole 1–6 mm long, glabrous; blade coriaceous or
slightly eshy, ovate or elliptic to linear, 1–8.6 × 0.15–1.7 cm, 1.7–43 times as long as
wide (see note below), apex obtuse to acuminate, base cuneate, mid green above, paler
beneath, not variegated, glabrous above and beneath, margin weakly and distantly
dentate or entire, secondary veins obscure, tertiary veins obscure. Flowers solitary
in the axils of leaves, bracts minute; pedicels 9.5–10 mm long, glabrous. Calyx of
separate lobes free to base, green, glabrous except with very few hairs at tips of lobes;
lobes narrowly triangular, 1.5–4.2 × 0.7–0.9 mm, apex acute, glabrous. Corolla 18–25
mm long, tube fairly narrow, slightly wider at base, fairly straight, curved at apex,
externally yellowish to yellowish green to green, margins of lobes reddish brown,
internally yellowish green, reddish brown on margins of lobes and speckled on inner
lobes; upper lobes oblong, not spreading or reexed, 2.2–3.8 × 2.2–3.2 mm, sinus 2.6–
2.8 mm deep, apex rounded; lateral lobes oblong, not spreading or reexed, 3.5–4.3 ×
3–3.2 mm, apex rounded; lower lobe oblong, slightly spreading, 3.5–6 × 2.5–4 mm,
apex rounded; tube and outside of lobes minutely glandular puberulent, lobes ciliate,
inside of lobes and tube with scattered short glandular hairs. Stamens shortly exserted,
fused in 2 pairs; laments glandular pubescent; anterior laments inserted at 11–15
mm from corolla base which is 61–65% of corolla length, laments 10–12 mm long,
anthers 1.2–1.5 × 0.8–0.9 mm; posterior laments inserted at 12–16 mm from corolla
13
Aeschynanthus in Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia
Fig. 3. Aeschynanthus angustifolius (Blume) Steud. A. Habit with yellow-owered form. B.
Habit with green-owered form. C. Flower dissection with three calyx lobes removed. D.
Flowers from the front showing stamens in two pairs and developing style and stigma in the
ower on the left and a more developed style and the stamens beginning to wither and reex in
the ower on the right. (Photos: A, David Middleton; B–D, Jana Leong-Škorničková)
Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(1) 2016
14
base which is 67–73% of corolla length, laments 8.5–9 mm long, anthers 0.8–1.2
× 0.6–0.7 mm; staminode c. 0.5 mm long. Disk 1.2–1.5 mm high, margin 5-crenate.
Pistil 28–30 mm long, pale green; stipe 5–6 mm long, with sparse sessile glands; ovary
8–9 mm long, with sparse sessile glands; style c. 15 mm long, with short glandular
hairs. Capsule 13–30 cm long, 2.4–3.3 mm wide. Seed grain 1.6–1.9 × 0.3 mm, bubble
cells absent; apical appendage a liform hair 44–50 mm long; hilar appendage a single
liform hair, 28–30 mm long.
Distribution. Peninsular Malaysia (Johor, Pahang, Terengganu), Sumatra, Java, Borneo.
Habitat and ecology. Primary or secondary lowland to lower montane forest. In
Peninsular Malaysia recorded from 150–1390 m altitude and in Sumatra recorded up
to 1700 m.
Fig. 4. Distribution of Aeschynanthus angustifolius (Blume) Steud. in Peninsular Malaysia (●).
15
Aeschynanthus in Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia
Provisional IUCN conservation assessment. Data Decient (DD). The EOO and AOO
for this species using the existing collections would suggest an assessment of Least
Concern. However, all of the collections I have seen of this species collected in the
last 20 years have been made only in Borneo over a range that would suggest Near
Threatened. I have seen no collections from Peninsular Malaysia made since 1930 and
its current status there is uncertain. It has never been collected in Singapore.
Additional Peninsular Malaysian specimens examined. PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: Johor:
Sedenak, Nov 1909, Md Nur s.n. (SING); ibidem, 1909, Ridley, H.N. s.n. (SING); Pahang:
Cameron Highlands, 1390 m, 1 Apr 1930, Henderson, M.R. s.n. (NY); Terengganu: Kuala
Berang, 14 May 1925, Holttum, R.E. 15312 (K, SING).
Notes. Leaf characters are extremely variable within this species even though most
material does show linear leaves > 7 times as long as wide. Wide variation occurs even
within individuals as was previously commented upon by Woods (1991). For example,
Poulsen et al. 1566 (KEP) from Long Maga, Ulu Padas, Sabah, has leaves from 1.7–30
times as long as wide on a single branch. In this case there appear to have been two
distinct phases of growth with older, shorter and wider leaves on the older part of the
branch and then a new ush of growth with linear leaves on the younger part of the
branch.
This species has been described as several different species from the different
parts of its range due to differences in corolla colour and leaf shape but there are no
clear discontinuities in these characters across its range.
3. Aeschynanthus dischidioides (Ridl.) D.J.Middleton, Edinburgh J. Bot. 64: 425
(2007). – Micraeschynanthus dischidioides Ridl., Fl. Malay Penin. 5: 325 (1925).
– TYPE: Peninsular Malaysia, Pahang, Gunung Tahan, 1670 m, Ridley, H.N. 16122
(lectotype K, designated by Middleton (2007); isolectotype SING [SING0089714]).
(Fig. 5, 6)
Aeschynanthus myrmecophilus P.Woods, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 33: 483
(1975); Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 47(1): 243 (1997 [‘1995’]). – TYPE: Peninsular
Malaysia, Pahang, Cameron Highlands, Robinson’s Falls, 1500 m, 16 April 1968,
Woods, P.J.B. 616 (holotype E [E00062778]).
Aeschynanthus hildebrandii auct. non Hemsl. ex Hook.f.: Ridley, J. Linn. Soc. Bot.
32: 502 (1896); Ridley, J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 44: 15 (1905); Ridley, J.
Asiat. Soc. Bengal 74(2): 734 (1909); Ridley, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2: 499 (1923).
Epiphyte, often rooted in ants nests, with stems hanging; stems sparsely puberulent
or glabrous. Leaves opposite (although sometimes appearing whorled due to very
short internodes); petiole 1–3 mm long, purple, glabrous; blade thickly coriaceous,
green edged with purple above, not variegated, green to reddish purple beneath, ovate
Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(1) 2016
16
or orbicular, 0.7–2.4 cm long, 0.6–2.6 cm wide, 1–2.4 times as long as wide, apex
rounded to acuminate, base rounded or subcordate, glabrous above and beneath, not
punctate beneath, margin dentate or entire, undulate or not, secondary veins obscure,
tertiary veins obscure. Inorescence axillary or terminal, 1–6-owered; pedicels 8.5–
16 mm long, green or purple, with sparse and minute hairs, smaller ones more or less
papillae, hairs (papillae) green or red in life. Calyx of separate lobes free to base,
green, with sparse and minute hairs; lobes narrowly ovate or narrowly triangular, erect,
2–6.5 × 0.6–1.6 mm, apex acute. Corolla 11–25 mm long, tube broad for all of length,
slightly to strongly curved, outside of tube yellow to yellow-orange for most of length
and then abruptly turning to dark orange or red on top of tube and lobes, sometimes
only on lobes, inside of tube yellow, lobes dark red to orange-red at margin and yellow
at base with dark bands on lower 3 lobes, outside sparsely puberulent, denser on
ciliate lobes, inside with a ring of robust multicellular hairs in lower half; upper lobes
oblong, not spreading or reexed, conspicuously shorter than neighbouring lateral
lobes, 2.6–4 × 2.5–4.8 mm, sinus 3.2–4.2 mm deep, apex rounded; lateral lobes ovate
or oblong, not spreading or reexed, 3.6–6 × 2.9–5.5 mm, apex rounded, truncate or
retuse; lower lobe oblong, not spreading or reexed, 4.9–6 × 3–5.8 mm, apex rounded
to truncate. Stamens clearly exserted, fused in 2 pairs; laments various shades of
green to red, posterior pair glandular hairy at apex and papillose at base, anterior pair
only papillose, anthers grey; anterior laments inserted at 8–11 mm from corolla base
which is 44–62% of corolla length, laments 12–16 mm long, anthers 1.4–2 × 0.6–1.2
mm; posterior laments inserted at 9.5–11.5 mm from corolla base which is 48–69%
of corolla length, laments 10.5–13 mm long, anthers 1.1–1.6 × 0.5–1 mm; staminode
0.7–1 mm long. Disk 1.2–1.5 mm high, 5-dentate. Pistil 21–24 mm long; stipe 2.5–3.5
mm long, glabrous or with sparse sessile glands; ovary green, 6–6.5 mm long, with
sessile glands, these sometimes sparse; style 13–14 mm long, glandular pubescent.
Capsule 8–24 cm long, 2.7–3 mm wide. Seed grain 1.2–1.6 × 0.3–0.4 mm, warty,
bubble cells absent; apical appendage a liform hair, 10–50 mm long; hilar appendage
of 3–6 liform hairs, 17–30 mm long.
Distribution. Endemic in Peninsular Malaysia (Pahang, Perak, Selangor).
Habitat and ecology. In lower montane forest at 1100–2000 m altitude, often growing
in ant gardens associated with Lecanopteris or Dischidia.
Provisional IUCN conservation assessment. Vulnerable (VU B1ab(iii)). The known
EOO is around 15,000 km2 (but see note below) and the locations where it occurs are
disturbed by farming, plantations and tourism.
Additional Peninsular Malaysian specimens examined. PENINSULAR MALAYSIA:
Pahang: Cameron Highlands, 1390 m, 1 Apr 1930, Henderson, M.R. s.n. (NY, SING); ibidem,
9 Mar 1947, Smith, J.W. 63690 (KEP, SING); ibidem, 14 Oct 1929, Symington, C.F. 20938
(KEP); ibidem, 1976, Anthony, S. SA230 (KEP); Cameron Highlands, Along route no. 7 to G.
Beremban, 1500 m, 3 Mar 1994, Perumal, B., Gan, C.L., Shahril, K.Z., Angan, A. & Bedul
FRI41631 (KEP, KLU); Cameron Highlands, Gedung FR, Near Sg. Ichat tea plantation, 1365
17
Aeschynanthus in Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia
Fig. 5. Aeschynanthus dischidioides (Ridl.) D.J.Middleton. A. Habit. B. Flower dissection
showing multicellular hairs in corolla tube and undeveloped style after two calyx lobes
removed. C. Flower from below with stamens fused in two pairs. D. ower, side view. (Photos:
A, David Middleton; B–D, Jana Leong-Škorničková)
Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(1) 2016
18
m, 19 Feb 2008, Syahida-Emiza & Chew, M.Y. FRI57277 (KEP); Cameron Highlands, G. Jasar,
9 Aug 2008, Rosdi, M. & Phoon, S.N. et al. FRI59872 (KEP); Cameron Highlands, Gunung
Batu Berinchang, Kpg. Melayu Brinchang, 22 Feb 2012, Imin, K. & Syahida-Emiza FRI76065
(KEP); Cameron Highlands, Gunung Batu Berinchang, 2000 m, 20 Jun 1975, Van Balgooy,
M.M.J. 2658 (E, L); Cameron Highlands, Boh Tea Estate, 29 Apr 1937, Md Nur SFN32980
(SING); ibidem, 28 Jul 1991, Kiew, R. RK3241 (SING); Cameron Highlands, Tanah Rata,
18 Aug 1986, Weber, A. s.n. (KEP); ibidem, 1440 m, 9 Sep 1956, Burkill, H.M. HMB868
(SING); Cameron Highlands, Tanah Rata, Parit Waterfall, 1457 m, 26 Sep 2012, Imin, K. et al.
FRI77536 (E, KEP, SING); Cameron Highlands, Tanah Rata, Jln Tenkolok, 1489 m, 23 Feb
2012, Imin, K. & Syahida-Emiza FRI76073 (KEP); Cameron Highlands, Robinson’s Falls, 5
Apr 2006, Kiew, R. RK5307 (SING); Cameron Highlands, en route from Robinson Waterfall
to Boh tea plantation, 600–1100 m, 29 Aug 1990, Okada, H., Darnaedi, D., Akiyama, H.,
Kawahara, T. & Watano, Y. 1050 (TI); Taman Negara, 1100–1530 m, 18 Aug 1990, Darnaedi,
D., Akiyama, H., Kawahara, T. & Khairuddin, K. 566 (TI); Taman Negara, Kem Bonsai,
From Kem Bonsai to Kem Belumut, 1985 m, 8 May 2008, Yao, T.L. FRI65302 (E, KEP);
Fig. 6. Distribution of Aeschynanthus dischidioides (Ridl.) D.J.Middleton in Peninsular
Malaysia (●).
19
Aeschynanthus in Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia
Taman Negara, Gunung Tahan, 1820m, 1 Sep 1928, Holttum, R.E. s.n. (SING); ibidem, 7 Jul
1905, Wray, L. & Robinson, H.C. 5483 (BM, K, SING); ibidem, Jul 1911, Ridley, H.N. s.n.
(SING); Gunung Tahan, Foot of Gunung Gedong, 1520 m, 3 Sep 1928, Holttum, R.E. 20772
(SING); Gunung Tahan, Skeats Hill, Jul 1911, Ridley, H.N. s.n. (SING); Fraser’s Hill, Pine tree
hill, 1450 m, 19 Apr 1955, Purseglove, J.W. P4222 (K, SING); ibidem, 1450 m, 3 Sep 1966,
Burkill, H.M. HMB4221 (SING); Padang Camp, 1670m, 14 Sep 1937, Corner, E.J.H. s.n. (L);
Kluang Tabang, 1900, Barnes, E. s.n. (SING); Perak: Gunong [Gunung] Jasar, 17 Apr 1968,
Woods, P.J.B. 634 (E); Taiping, 1210 m, 14 Feb 1917, Md Haniff & Md Nur 2469 (K, SING);
ibidem, 1240 m, 14 Feb 1917, Md Haniff & Md Nur 2347 (SING); Taiping, Bukit Larut, Jun
1893, Ridley, H.N. & Curtis, C. 7365 (SING); Kuala Kangsar, Bubu FR, Gunung Bubu, 1675
m, 20 Dec 2006, Kamarul Hisham, M., Kueh, H.L., Lim, C.L. & Yao, T.L. FRI52094 (KEP);
Selangor: Ulu Kali, 1600 m, 2 Mar 1996, Van Balgooy, M.M.J. 7149 (L).
Notes. This is currently the only species of Aeschynanthus considered to be endemic
to Peninsular Malaysia. However, considering that most of its distribution closely
mirrors that of Aeschynanthus rhododendron, suggesting similar habitat requirements,
it may also occur in the far south of Thailand and in Sumatra where A. rhododendron
has been collected.
The combination in Aeschynanthus was published by Middleton (2007)
when the monotypic Micraeschynanthus dischidiodes was synonymised with
Aeschynanthus myrmecophilus. Middleton (2007) concluded that the type material
of Micraeschynanthus dischidiodes has only immature and aberrant owers but that
in all other characters it matches Aeschynanthus myrmecophilus, thereby requiring
synonymisation and a new combination in Aeschynanthus.
4. Aeschynanthus fecundus P.Woods, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 33: 482
(1975); Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 47: 243 (1997 [‘1995’]); Burtt, Thai Forest Bull.,
Bot. 29: 83 (2001); Smitinand, Thai Pl. Names ed. 2, 14 (2001); Middleton, Edinburgh
J. Bot. 64: 379 (2007). – Aeschynanthus parviorus Ridl., J. Fed. Malay States Mus.
4: 48 (1909), nom. illeg. – Aeschynanthus breviorus Ridl., Fl. Mal. Pen. 2: 497
(1923), nom. illeg. – TYPE: Peninsular Malaysia, Pahang, Telom, November 1900,
Ridley, H.N. 13599 (holotype SING [SING0089822]; isotypes BM [BM000537160],
K [K000190151]). (Fig. 1, 7)
Epiphyte with erect, arching or pendulous stems; stems green, ushed purplish or
reddish brown, glabrous. Leaves opposite; petiole green, 2–4 mm long, glabrous;
blade slightly eshy, green with paler green or yellow variegation above, pale green
beneath, elliptic, 2.1–8.6 × 0.5–3.7 cm, 1.7–5.3 times as long as wide, apex acuminate,
base rounded to cuneate, glabrous above and beneath, not punctate beneath, margin
with few minute red-tipped teeth but appearing more or less entire, secondary veins
obscure, tertiary venation obscure. Inorescences axillary, 1–2-owered, peduncle
absent; pedicels green, 4–7 mm long, sparsely minutely papillose or glabrous. Calyx
of separate lobes free to base, yellow-green or green, tips red, glabrous or with sparse
sessile glands; lobes linear to narrowly ovate, slightly spreading or erect, 2.3–13.5
Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(1) 2016
20
Fig. 7. Distribution of Aeschynanthus fecundus P.Woods (●) and Aeschynanthus fulgens Wall.
ex R.Br. (▼) in Peninsular Malaysia
× 0.6–1.5 mm, apex acute or acuminate. Corolla 14.5–19 mm long, externally tube
yellowish green or yellow in lower two-thirds, brownish red higher, lobes dark red or
brownish red, internally tube light yellowish, lobes pale brownish red, tube fairly broad
at base; upper lobes oblong or elliptic, not spreading or reexed, 1.1–2.3 × 1.2–2.3 mm,
sinus 1.4–2.6 mm deep, apex rounded; lateral lobes ovate, not spreading or reexed,
1.1–2.5 × 1.6–2.9 mm, apex rounded; lower lobe elliptic, not spreading or reexed,
1.3–2.3 × 1–2.6 mm, apex rounded; glabrous or with few sessile glands around top
outside, with irregular tufts of multicellular hairs near base and glandular papillose
on ventral surface near throat inside. Stamens not exserted, fused in 2 pairs, laments
yellow or greenish yellow, with glandular hairs, anthers yellow to grey, pollen cream;
anterior laments inserted at 7–8.6 mm from corolla base which is 45–48% of corolla
length, laments 7–9 mm long, anthers 1–1.3 × 0.6 mm; posterior laments inserted at
8–12 mm from corolla base which is 55–63% of corolla length, laments c. 6 mm long,
21
Aeschynanthus in Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia
anthers 0.7–0.9 × 0.5–0.6 mm; staminode 0.8–2 mm long. Disk 1 mm high, a simple
annular ring. Pistil 17–19 mm long; stipe c. 1.5 mm long, with few sessile glands;
ovary green, 4.5–5.5 mm long, with sessile glands; style green or yellowish green,
11–12 mm long, glandular pubescent; stigma pink or purple. Capsule 3.6–12 cm long,
1.9–2.8 mm wide. Seed grain 2–2.5 × 0.2–0.3 mm, only weakly warty, bubble cells
absent; apical appendage a liform hair, 19–28 mm long; hilar appendage of 11−18
liform hairs, 12–17 mm long, appendages papillose.
Distribution. Western and southern Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia (Kedah).
Habitat and ecology. In lowland and hill dipterocarp forest, sometimes on bamboo.
Altitude information is not available for the species in Peninsular Malaysia but in
Thailand it occurs up to 700 m altitude.
Provisional IUCN conservation assessment. Least Concern (LC). Even though this
species has been collected only once in recent years in Peninsular Malaysia, and only
twice ever, in Thailand it has a wide distribution and has been collected fairly often.
Additional Peninsular Malaysian specimens examined. PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: Kedah:
Baling, Gunung Inas Forest Reserve, Bukit Palong, 2 Nov 2007, Imin, K. et al. FRI58593 (K,
KEP, SING).
Notes. This species is difcult to tell apart from Aeschynanthus longicaulis when in
fruit. In Thailand this species was once found in fruit with the seeds already germinating
before the seeds had dispersed. It is not known if this was an aberration or common
occurrence.
5. Aeschynanthus fulgens Wall. ex R.Br., Cyrtandreae 115 (1839); Steudel, Nomencl.
Bot. ed. 2, 1: 32 (1840); Brown in Bennett, Pl. Jav. Rar. 115 (1840); A.DC., Prod. 9:
261 (1845); C.B.Clarke in A.DC. & C.DC., Monogr. Phan. 5(1): 21 (1883); Clarke
in Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind. 4: 338 (1884); Burtt, Thai Forest Bull., Bot. 29: 83 (2001);
Smitinand, Thai Pl. Names ed. 2, 14 (2001); Kress et al., Checkl. Myanmar 261
(2003); Pooma, Threatened Pl. Thailand 70 (2005); Middleton, Edinburgh J. Bot. 64:
381 (2007); Middleton, Edinburgh J. Bot. 66: 414 (2009). – Trichosporum fulgens
(Wall. ex R.Br.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 477 (1891). – TYPE: Burma, Tenasserim
Division, Tavoy, Gomez, W. in Wallich 797 (lectotype K-W, designated by Middleton
(2007); isolectotypes BM [BM000883874], CGE, E [E00259870, E00259871], G
[G00370743], G-DC, K [K000831871, K000831872]). (Fig. 1, 7)
Aeschynanthus evrardii Pellegr., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 72: 824 (1926 [1925]);
Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 4: 499 (1930); Pham Hoang Ho, Cayco Vietnam ed. 3, 3 (1):
4 (1993); Newman et al., Checkl. Vasc. Pl. Lao PDR 146 (2007). – TYPE: Vietnam,
Lam Dong, Ang Kroet, 26 October 1920, Evrard, F. 358 (lectotype P [P00492372],
designated by Middleton (2007); isolectotypes P [P00606317, P00606318]).
Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(1) 2016
22
Aeschynanthus stenosiphonius W.T.Wang, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 3 (4): 49 (1983);
Burtt, Thai Forest Bull., Bot. 29: 84 (2001); Smitinand, Thai Pl. Names ed. 2, 15
(2001). – TYPE: Laos, Vieng Pa Pow Tha Kaw, 2 November 1921, Hayata, B. s.n.
(holotype TI; isotype TI).
Hoya pseudolanceolata Costantin, Fl. Indo-Chine 4: 132 (1912). – TYPE: Laos,
Sayabouri, Pak Lay, Spire 1490 (lectotype P [P00639825], designated here).
Aeschynanthus macranthus auct. non (Merr.) Pellegr.: Pellegrin, Fl. Indo-Chine 4: 498
(1930) pro parte; Barnett, Fl. Siam. 3 (3): 201 (1962); Burtt, Thai Forest Bull., Bot.
29: 84 (2001).
Epiphyte with stems arching and pendulous or upright, green or dull olive-green,
sometimes with purple mottling, glabrous. Leaves opposite; petiole 3–20 mm long,
glabrous; blade coriaceous to eshy, elliptic, oblong or ovate, mid to dark green above,
paler green beneath, not variegated, 3.3–17 × 1–5.2 cm, 1.7–7.5 times as long as wide,
apex acuminate, base cuneate to rounded, glabrous above and beneath, margin entire,
4–8 pairs of secondary veins, obscure to clearly visible, tertiary venation obscure.
Inorescences subterminal or axillary, 3–16-owered, peduncle absent; bracts deep
maroon, ovate or linear, 2.1–11 mm long; pedicels 3.5–24 mm long, green, glandular
puberulent or glabrous. Calyx with a tube at base, lobes free, tube very variable in
width from narrow and clasping corolla tube to quite wide and not clasping corolla,
yellowish, greenish or brownish, sometimes with reddish lobes, glabrous except for
ciliate lobes, or few hairs only on very tips of lobes, to glandular pubescent all over,
total length (7−)10.7–26 mm long; tube (2.4−)6–18.5 mm long which is (34−)50–94%
of total length, 3.5–14 mm wide at top of tube; lobes triangular, slightly spreading or
erect, 1–5(−11.5) × (1.2−)1.6–6.5 mm, apex acute, sometimes ultimately with a rounded
tip, to acuminate. Corolla (41−)49–73 mm long, tube narrow at base, externally bright
red to darker red or orange red, sometimes yellowish at base, usually with darker lines
on tube, red or orange-red with a black central line on lobes, sometimes yellowish at
very base, internally yellowish to pale red in tube, lobes orange-red or red with a dark
red or black central line or arrow and pale orange to cream at base; upper lobes slightly
falcate, mostly not reexed or spreading, sometimes slightly spreading but not fully
reexed, 3.2–7.5 × 3.3–7 mm, sinus 3.5–10.5 mm deep, apex obtuse or rounded; lateral
lobes deltoid, not spreading or reexed, 2.8–8 × 5.2–9.5 mm, apex rounded or obtuse;
lower lobe oblong or elliptic, reexed, 5.1–14 × 3–6 mm, apex obtuse or rounded;
sparsely to densely glandular puberulent outside or only at top of tube and on lobes
or only ciliate on lobes, minutely and sparsely to very sparsely glandular puberulent
internally, this sometimes denser towards the upper half, sessile glands present at top
of tube. Stamens long exserted, fused in 2 pairs or rarely all 4 attached; laments
mostly darker in the upper half and ranging from reddish to purplish and then to white
at base, sparsely glandular pubescent to glabrous or with few sessile glands in lower
part, anthers dark maroon, purple, yellow, white and purple, or greyish purple; anterior
laments inserted at 26–48 mm from corolla base which is 50–72% of corolla length,
23
Aeschynanthus in Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia
laments 25–50 mm long, anthers 3–5.6 × 0.9–2.3 mm; posterior laments inserted
at 32–50 mm from corolla base which is 58–82% of corolla length, laments 25–42
mm long, anthers 2.5–5 × 1–2.1 mm; staminode 0.7–11 mm long. Pollen ochre or
yellow. Disk 0.5–2.5 mm high, a simple annular ring, 5-dentate, 5-crenate or strongly
5-lobed. Pistil 15.5–80 mm long; stipe 3–26 mm long, glabrous; ovary green or cream,
8–38 mm long, glabrous or with sessile glands; style cream or white, 4.5–41 mm
long, glandular pubescent to glabrous. Capsule 15.7–42 cm long, 2–5 mm wide. Seed
grain 0.8–2 × 0.2–0.5 mm, warty, bubble cells absent; apical appendage a liform hair,
16–34 mm long; hilar appendage a single liform hair, 13.5–35 mm long; appendages
papillose.
Distribution. Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia
(Kedah). In Peninsular Malaysia only recorded from Gunung Jerai in Kedah.
Habitat and ecology. Across its distribution it has been recorded in a wide variety of
habitats including primary or disturbed evergreen, mixed deciduous or mossy forest at
10–1500 m altitude. The ecology and altitude for this species on Gunung Jerai was not
recorded on the specimens.
Provisional IUCN conservation assessment. Least Concern (LC). This species has a
widespread distribution and is common in parts of its range, particularly in Thailand.
In Peninsular Malaysia it has only been collected a few times and at only one locality,
Gunung Jerai. Its current status there needs to be claried.
Peninsular Malaysian specimens examined. PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: Kedah:
Gunung Jerai, 16 Oct 1976, Stone, B.C.M. 12758 (KLU); ibidem, 18 Nov 1977, Lo,
Y.N. & Mahmud 183 (KLU); ibidem, 23 Nov 1999, Kiew, R. RK4862 (KEP, SING).
Notes. This is a widespread and variable species but in Peninsular Malaysia has only
been collected on Gunung Jerai. The description above includes the species from
throughout its range as the very few Malaysian specimens are inadequate to write a full
description. The material seen from Malaysia has a long and narrow calyx tube with
small lobes but elsewhere in the distribution of Aeschynanthus fulgens this species is
known to be very variable, especially in this character.
6. Aeschynanthus longicaulis Wall. ex R.Br., Cyrtandreae 116 (1839); Steudel,
Nomencl. Bot. ed. 2, 1: 32 (1840); Brown in Bennett, Pl. Jav. Rar. 116 (1840); A.DC.,
Prod. 9: 262 (1845); Miquel, Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 719 (1858); C.B.Clarke in A.DC. &
C.DC., Monogr. Phan. 5(1): 19 (1883); C.B.Clarke in A.DC. & C.DC., Monogr. Phan.
5(1): 19 (1883); Barnett, Fl. Siam. 3 (3): 201 (1962); Burtt & Woods, Notes Roy.
Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 33: 481 (1975), pro parte; Chin, Gard. Bull. Singapore 32: 147
(1979); Li, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 5 (1): 36 (1983); Wang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 69:
526 (1990); Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 47: 243 (1997 [‘1995’]); Wang, Pan, Li,
Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(1) 2016
24
Weitzman & Skog, Fl. China 18: 385 (1998); Burtt, Thai Forest Bull., Bot. 29: 83
(2001), pro parte; Smitinand, Thai Pl. Names ed. 2, 14 (2001); Kress et al., Checkl.
Myanmar 261 (2003). – Trichosporum longicaule (Wall. ex R.Br.) Kuntze, Revis.
Gen. Pl. 478 (1891). – TYPE: Burma, Chappedong, Wallich, N. 888 (lectotype K
[K000096741], designated by Middleton (2007); isolectotypes BM [BM000883859],
G-DC, K-W). (Fig. 8, 9)
Aeschynanthus grifthii R.Br., Cyrtandreae 115 (1839); Brown in Bennett, Pl. Jav.
Rar. 115 (1840); A.DC., Prod. 9: 261 (1845); Miquel, Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 719 (1858);
C.B.Clarke in A.DC. & C.DC., Monogr. Phan. 5(1): 24 (1883); Clarke in Hooker, Fl.
Brit. Ind. 4: 339 (1884); Kress et al., Checkl. Myanmar 261 (2003). – Trichosporum
grifthii (R.Br.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 477 (1891). – TYPE: Burma, Tenasserim
Division, Tavoy, Grifth, W. s.n. (holotype BM [BM000883870]).
Aeschynanthus zebrinus Van Houtte, Hort. Vanhoutt. 1(2): 42 (1846). – TYPE: Not
located.
Aeschynanthus marmoratus T.Moore, Paxton’s Fl. Gard. 3: 56 (1852); C.B.Clarke in
A.DC. & C.DC., Monogr. Phan. 5(1): 38 (1883); Ridley, J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 32: 500
(1896); Ridley, J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 44: 13 (1905); Ridley, J. Asiat. Soc.
Bengal 74 (2): 732 (1909); Ridley, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2: 498 (1923); Barnett, Fl. Siam. 3 (3):
202 (1962). – Trichosporum marmoratum (T.Moore) T.Moore ex Kuntze, Revis. Gen.
Pl. 478 (1891). – TYPE: Cultivated specimen, October 1851, Moore, T. s.n. (holotype
K [K000831883]).
Epiphyte with arching and pendulous branches; stems grey-brown or grey, glabrous.
Leaves opposite; petiole 2–14 mm long, glabrous; blade eshy, background mid to
dark green above but variegated with much paler venation, same but paler beneath,
elliptic, 1.9–12.2 × 0.3–4 cm, 2.2–9 times as long as wide, apex caudate to acuminate,
base cuneate to acute, margin with few minute teeth but appearing more or less entire,
glabrous above and beneath, 5–6 pairs of secondary veins, weakly visible, tertiary
venation obscure. Inorescences terminal, peduncle absent; pedicels 9.5–11 mm
long, green suffused purple, glabrous. Calyx of separate lobes free to base, orange,
purple or green ushed maroon-purple, glabrous or with sparse glandular hairs; lobes
narrowly elliptic to linear, erect, 8–18 × 0.8–2.4 mm, apex acute to acuminate. Corolla
20.5–31 mm long, externally tube green, yellowish green or green with ushes of
orange, purple or brown, lobes purple or maroon with an orange or yellow margin or
all orange, internally tube dark red, maroon or green, lobes maroon, purple or red with
a yellow or orange margin; upper lobes ovate or orbicular, not spreading or reexed,
2.5–3.8 × 2.4–4.5 mm, sinus 2.2–4.5 mm deep, apex rounded; lateral lobes orbicular
or oblique ovate, not spreading or reexed, 2–3.9 × 3.3–4.8 mm, rounded; lower lobe
ovate or squarish, not spreading or reexed, 2.5–5.8 × 3.6–4.2 mm, apex rounded,
outside glabrous except for ciliate lobes, to densely glandular puberulent, inside with
ve dense tufts of multicellular hairs near base. Stamens long exserted; laments
25
Aeschynanthus in Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia
Fig. 8. A. Aeschynanthus longicaulis Wall. ex R.Br. B. Aeschynanthus longiorus (Blume)
A.DC. C. Aeschynanthus obconicus C.B.Clarke. (Photos: A, Preecha Karaket; B, Jana Leong-
Škorničková; C, David Middleton)
green or yellow, with glandular hairs; anthers pale brown or grey; anterior laments
inserted at 12–19.5 mm from corolla base which is 48–52% of corolla length, anthers
2.6–3.2 × 1–1.2 mm; posterior laments inserted at 12.5–21 mm from corolla base
Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(1) 2016
26
which is 50–55% of corolla length, laments 23–27.5 mm long, anthers 1.8–2.8 ×
0.7–1.3 mm; staminode 0.9 mm long; pollen greenish grey. Disk 0.9–1.3 mm high,
a simple annular ring. Pistil 14–45 mm long; stipe 1.5–4 mm long, glabrous; ovary
5.5–12 mm long, glabrous or with sessile glands; style yellow or green ushed purple
towards apex, 7–31 mm long, glandular pubescent; stigma purple or yellow. Capsule
5.4–37 cm long, 1.8–3.2 mm wide. Seed grain 1.6–2.2 × 0.1–0.6 mm, warty, bubble
cells absent; apical appendage a liform hair, c. 22.5 mm long; hilar appendages of
many (13–25) liform hairs, 10–25 mm long; appendages papillose.
Distribution. Eastern Myanmar, western and southern Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia
(Kedah, Kelantan, Penang, Perak, Perlis).
Habitat and ecology. In primary and secondary lowland forest, reaching to upper
dipterocarp forest, sometimes on limestone, at 360–1150 m in Peninsular Malaysia.
Fig. 9. Distribution of Aeschynanthus longicaulis Wall. ex R.Br. in Peninsular Malaysia (●).
27
Aeschynanthus in Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia
Most Malaysian material does not have good habitat and altitude notes but in Thailand
it has also been collected in rubber plantations.
Provisional IUCN conservation assessment. Least Concern (LC). This species has a
wide distribution and has been recorded from a variety of habitats. However, it should
be noted that it has been collected rather infrequently in Peninsular Malaysia in recent
years and only once since 2000 so its status should be monitored.
Peninsular Malaysian specimens examined. PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: Kedah: Langkawi,
Gunung Raya, 880 m, 13 Sep 1988, Tay, E.P. 125 (SING); Weng Road near Baling, 2 Nov
1929, Best, G.A. 21255 (SING); Kelantan: Jeli, Upper Sungai Pergau, 25 Sep 1986, Latiff,
A. et al. ALM1813 (PSU, UKMB); Penang: Government Hill, 760 m, Sep 1889, Curtis, C.
2142 (SING); ibidem, Mar 1889, Ridley, H.N. 1700 (BM, SING); Penang Hill, 760 m, 8
Sep 1982, Kochummen, K.M. FRI29332 (K, KEP, L); Perak: Gunong [Gunung] Chabang,
Scortechini, B. 35 (SING); Ulu Temengor, Jul 1909, Ridley, H.N. 14280 (BM, SING); Grik, 19
Jun 1924, Burkill, H.M. & Md Haniff 12542 (SING); Taiping, Bukit Larut, 1150 m, 12 May
2009, Yao, T.L. FRI57961 (KEP); ibidem, Heng, H.P. et al. HP10 (SINU); Perlis: Kaki Bukit,
1962, Cultivated C4877 (E); Bukit Bintang Forest Reserve, 360 m, 25 Apr 1962, Burtt, B.L. &
Woods, P.J.B. B1739 (E).
Notes. This species is difcult to distinguish from Aeschynanthus fecundus when not
in ower. The name has also been applied widely to species from other parts of Asia
that are now recognised as distinct taxa such as Aeschynanthus membranifolius and
A. sinolongicalyx W.T.Wang. These species all share characteristic variegated leaves.
Flowering material is needed to assess whether Aeschynanthus longicaulis occurs
further north into northern Thailand than previously suspected or whether other related
species rather have the wider distribution.
The name Aeschynanthus marmoratus, originally described from cultivated
material, was long applied to the material from Peninsular Malaysia but the type
material is indistinguishable from that of Aeschynanthus longicaulis.
7. Aeschynanthus longiorus (Blume) A.DC., Prod. 9: 262 (1845); Hooker, Bot.
Mag. 73: t.4328 (1847); Zollinger, Syst. Verz. 3: 57 (1855); Miquel, Fl. Ned. Ind. 2:
717 (1858); C.B.Clarke in A.DC. & C.DC., Monogr. Phan. 5(1): 32 (1883); Ridley,
J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 32: 499 (1896); Ridley, J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 44: 14
(1905); Ridley, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 74 (2): 734 (1909); Ridley, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2: 498
(1923); Backer & Bakhuizen van den Brink, Fl. Java 2: 524 (1965); Turner, Gard.
Bull. Singapore 47: 243 (1997 [‘1995’]); Burtt, Thai Forest Bull., Bot. 29: 83 (2001);
Smitinand, Thai Pl. Names ed. 2, 15 (2001); Middleton, Edinburgh J. Bot. 64: 400
(2007). – Lysionotus longiorus Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 766 (1826). – Trichosporum
longiorum (Blume) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 478 (1891); Merrill, Contr. Arnold Arbor.
8: 151 (1934). – TYPE: Indonesia, Java, Blume, C.L. 247 (lectotype L [Leiden number
903,307-102], designated by Middleton (2007); isolectotypes L [2 sheets]). (Fig 8, 10)
Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(1) 2016
28
Aeschynanthus perakensis Ridl., J. Linn. Soc. 32: 499 (1896); Ridley, J. Straits Branch
Roy. Asiat. Soc. 44: 15 (1905); Ridley, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 74 (2): 734 (1909);
Ridley, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2: 498 (1923); Henderson, Malay. Wild. Fl. Dicot. 340 (1959);
Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 47: 243 (1997 [‘1995’]). – TYPE: Peninsular Malaysia,
Perak, Taiping, Bukit Larut, 1891, Ridley, H.N. s.n. (lectotype SING [SING0035528],
designated by Middleton (2007)).
Epiphyte with arching stems; stems glabrous. Leaves opposite; petiole 3–16 mm long,
glabrous; blade slightly eshy or coriaceous, dark to mid green above, pale green
beneath, ovate or elliptic, not variegated, 3.7–17.5 × 1.6–6.7 cm, 1.5–6.1 times as
long as wide, apex acuminate to caudate, base rounded to cuneate, glabrous above and
beneath, margin entire, secondary veins obscure to weakly visible, 3–8 pairs, tertiary
venation obscure. Inorescences terminal, 2–5-owered, peduncle absent, bracts
linear, 3–6 mm long; pedicels 11–16 mm long, brownish green or purplish, glabrous.
Calyx of separate lobes free to base, often differing quite substantially in length even
within a single ower, green to dark red or purplish, with sparse glandular hairs or
glabrous, sometimes with ciliate lobes or with just a few hairs only on very tips, 4.8–
23 mm long; lobes linear, narrowly triangular, narrowly ovate or oblong, erect, 4.8–23
× 1–2.2 mm, apex obtuse to acuminate. Corolla 43–90 mm long, tube narrow at base;
externally tube bright red or dark red, lobes bright red or dark red, internally tube
cream-coloured, lobes bright red on upper 2 lobes and bright red at margin with a
darker W-shaped line on lower 3 lobes; upper lobes orbicular, oblong or ovate, not
spreading or reexed, 3.2–8.1 × 3.2–5 mm, sinus 3–5.8 mm deep, apex rounded;
lateral lobes oblique ovate or deltoid, not spreading or reexed, 3.2–7.5 × 5.5–9 mm,
apex rounded; lower lobe ovate, not spreading or reexed, 6–12 × 4–6.2 mm, apex
rounded; outside glabrous to sparsely glandular puberulent, usually with ciliate lobes,
inside with sparse glandular hairs throughout, sometimes very sparsely so, and sessile
glands below lobes. Stamens long exserted, fused in 2 pairs; laments reddish, purple
or pink, with small glandular hairs, anthers pale pink; anterior laments inserted at
49–60 mm from corolla base which is 72–77% of corolla length, laments 29–50 mm
long, anthers 3.3–5 × 1–2 mm; posterior laments inserted at 50–64 mm from corolla
base which is 77–81% of corolla length, laments 23–37 mm long, anthers 2.4–3.8 ×
0.9–2 mm; staminode 0.7–5 mm long. Disk 1–1.5 mm high, 5-crenate. Pistil 45–83
mm long; stipe 13–20 mm long, glabrous to sparsely minutely papillose; ovary 19–29
mm long, minutely papillose puberulent or with few sessile glands; style purple or
purplish pink, 13–34 mm long, glandular pubescent to papillose, sometimes sparsely
so. Capsule 21–57 cm long, 3.5–4 mm wide. Seed grain 1–1.8 × 0.3–0.4 mm, warty,
bubble cells absent; apical appendage a liform hair, 15–24 mm long; hilar appendage
a single liform hair, 15–24 mm long; appendages papillose.
Distribution. Peninsular Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia (Kelantan, Negeri Sembilan,
Pahang, Penang, Perak, Selangor, Terengganu), Sumatra, Java, Borneo.
29
Aeschynanthus in Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia
Fig. 10. Distribution of Aeschynanthus longiorus (Blume) A.DC. in Peninsular Malaysia (●).
Habitat and ecology. This species is recorded most commonly in lower montane
forest up to 1535 m altitude and occasionally from lowland or hill dipterocarp forest.
However, in Peninsular Malaysia it is also recorded from as low as 90 m altitude.
Provisional IUCN conservation assessment. Least Concern (LC). This species is
widely distributed in the region.
Additional Peninsular Malaysian specimens examined. PENINSULAR MALAYSIA:
Kelantan: Jeli, Upper Sungai Pergau, 25 Sep 1986, Latiff, A. et al. ALM1789 (PSU, UKMB);
Kuala Krai, Stong Tengah FR, Sungai Kenerong, 564 m, 4 Apr 2009, Rosdi, M., Phoon, S.N.,
Ong, P.T. & Imin, K. FRI66272 (KEP); Negeri Sembilan: Jelebu, Bkt Tangga, G. Telapak
Burok, 9 Apr 2008, Phoon, S.N. & Imin, K. FRI60648 (KEP); Pahang: Tahan River, 1520 m,
1891, Ridley, H.N. 2167 (K, SING); Fraser’s Hill, Nov 1976, Keng, H. et al. 4755 (SINU);
ibidem, 1210 m, 18 Apr 1955, Purseglove, J.W. P4164 (E, K, L, SING); ibidem, 1210–1320
m, 16–30 Sep 1922, Burkill, H.M. & Holttum, R.E. 7888 (K, SING); ibidem, 1500 m, 16 Apr
Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(1) 2016
30
1962, Burtt, B.L. & Woods, P.J.B. B1644 (E, SING); ibidem, 13 Mar 1986, Anthony, S. SA481
(KEP); ibidem, 1270 m, 4 Oct 1961, Burkill, H.M. HMB2812 (SING); ibidem, 1210 m, 20 Mar
1929, Holttum, R.E. 21528 (SING); ibidem, 25 Oct 1959, Mitchell s.n. (SING); ibidem, 27
Aug 1991, Kiew, R. RK3293 (SING); Frasers Hill, Rompin Trail, 1218 m, 26 Oct 2010, Julius,
A. FRI73605 (K, KEP, SING); Fraser’s Hill, Bishop’s Trail, 1275 m, 31 Mar 2007, Kiew, R.,
Lindsay, S. & Middleton, D.J. FRI57497 (KEP); Fraser’s Hill, Raub, 1260 m, 21 Mar 1994,
Perumal, B., Gan, C.L., Shahril, K.Z., Angan, A. & Bedul FRI41512 (KEP); Fraser’s Hill,
Tras Valley, 1090 m, 27 Sep 1922, Burkill, H.M. 8859 (SING); ibidem, 1150 m, 25 Mar 1929,
Holttum, R.E. s.n. (SING); 3rd Mile Genting Highlands Road, 910 m, 2 Oct 1970, Kochummen,
K.M. FRI16215 (KEP); Cameron Highlands, 48th Mile Blue Valley, 23 Mar 1963, Mohd.
Kassim bin Rajab 488 (KLU); Cameron Highlands, Gunung Berembun, Nov 1908, Ridley,
H.N. 13603 (SING); Cameron Highlands, Nov 1940, Quaife s.n. (SING); Telom, Nov 1908,
Ridley, H.N. s.n. (SING); Cameron Highlands, G. Siku FR, 1430 m, 21 Jan 2010, Mohd Hairul,
M.A., Ong, P.T., Siti Munirah, M.Y. & Kueh, H.L. FRI69946 (KEP); Cameron Highlands, G.
Siku FR, Beside the road to G. Siku FR, 1535 m, 25 Oct 2007, Imin, K. & Kueh, H.L. et al.
FRI58561 (KEP); Cameron Highlands, Robinson’s Falls, 24 Mar 2007, Julius, A., Middleton,
D.J. & Lindsay, S. et al. FRI57479 (KEP); Penang: unknown s.n. (E); Perak: Gunung Korbu,
1210–1300 m, 11 Mar 1913, Robinson, H.C. s.n. (K); Taiping, 910–1210 m, Nov 1885, King’s
Collector 8314 (K); Taiping, Bukit Larut, 790 m, 18 Sep 1949, Sinclair, J. & Kiah SFN38800
(E, K, SING); ibidem, 1270 m, 25 Nov 1980, Keng, H. et al. 85 (SINU); ibidem, Dec 1902,
Ridley, H.N. 11447 (K, SING); ibidem, 1060–1210 m, Dec 1884, King’s Collector 7022 (K,
SING); ibidem, 18 Sep 1949, Sinclair, J. 6198 (E); ibidem, Anderson, J.W. 95 (SING); ibidem,
910 m, 29 Oct 1968, Smith, G. 443 (KLU); ibidem, 1290–1330 m, 8 Mar 1939, Spare, G.H. 2114
(SING); Cauleld’s Hill, Wray, L. 625 (K, SING); Gunung Bintang, Bukit Kuala Bintang, 18
Apr 1928, Md Haniff 21088 (SING); Taiping, Gunung Hijau, Sep 1889, Curtis, C. s.n. (SING);
ibidem, 1300 m, 20 Oct 1992, Saw, L.G. FRI37667 (KEP); Selangor: Genting Highlands,
Gunung Bunga Buah, 1090 m, 5 May 1999, Chua, L.S.L. FRI 40785 (KEP); Semangkok Pass,
1909, Ridley, H.N. s.n. (SING); Gombak, Gunung Bungah Buah, Trail to Gunung Bunga Buah,
1250 m, 31 Oct 2010, Yao, T.L., Kiew, R. & Wen, J. FRI65495 (E, KEP); Hulu Langat, Gn.
Nuang, Above Pacat Camp, 1418 m, 12 Dec 2013, Yao, T.L., Imin, K., Mohd Nazri, A. & Kueh,
H.L. FRI77335 (KEP); Terengganu: Ulu Brang, Gunong [Gunung] Padang, Near Kampong
Lallang, 90 m, 16 Sep 1969, Whitmore, T.C. FRI12601 (K, KEP, L, SING).
Notes. This species is most similar to Aeschynanthus speciosus, particularly those
forms with redder owers, but is easily distinguished by the opposite leaves of A.
longiorus and the whorled leaves of A. speciosus.
The calyx pubescence character used by Ridley (1923) to distinguish
Aeschynanthus perakensis from A. longiorus does not hold up to scrutiny and this
character is very variable in the species. As noted by Middleton (2007) the type of
Aeschynanthus perakensis is cited by Ridley as ‘Perak, on Gunong Hijan; Thaiping
Hills, at an altitude of 5,000 feet’. No Ridley material has been found which has this
locality information on the label and only one specimen has been found which could
possibly be original material. This specimen is labelled ‘Maxwell’s Hill’, now known
as Bukit Larut of which Gunung Hijau (the modern name for Gunong Hijan) is a part.
This specimen was lectotypied by Middleton (2007). A second Ridley specimen from
the area cannot be counted as original material as Ridley explicitly says he has seen no
fruiting material and the specimen has fruits.
31
Aeschynanthus in Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia
8. Aeschynanthus obconicus C.B.Clarke in A.DC. & C.DC., Monogr. Phan. 5(1):
50 (1883); Clarke in Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind. 4: 343 (1884); Ridley, J. Linn. Soc.
Bot. 32: 501 (1896); Ridley, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 74 (2): 737 (1909); Ridley, Fl.
Mal. Pen. 2: 500 (1923); Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 47: 243 (1997 [‘1995’]). –
Trichosporum obconicum (C.B.Clarke) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 478 (1891). – TYPE:
Peninsular Malaysia, Selangor, Klang, 26 December 1878, Beccari, O. 36 (holotype
FI [FI013085]). (Fig. 8, 11)
Epiphytic, stems mostly hanging, green, mostly glabrous, occasionally sparsely
puberulent only around nodes. Leaves opposite; petiole 3–10 mm long, glabrous or
rarely sparsely puberulent; blade coriaceous, ovate or elliptic, 2.5–10.7 × 0.9–6 cm,
1.5–3.1 times as long as wide, apex acuminate or acute, base cuneate to rounded, mid
green above, paler beneath, not variegated, glabrous above and beneath, occasionally
with few marginal hairs at margin base, margin entire, sometimes undulate, 4–7 pairs of
secondary veins, weakly visible or obscure, tertiary venation obscure. Inorescences
axillary or subterminal, 1–6-owered; peduncles 4 mm long; bracts elliptic, 1.3–4 mm
long; pedicels 6–12 mm long, dark red, sparsely to densely eglandular puberulent.
Calyx with a tube and short and broad lobes or barely any lobes at all, the whole
broadly cup-shaped, dark red or dark red at base and becoming bright red higher,
sometimes purplish brown, outside densely to sparsely pubescent with red hairs, these
varying degrees of eglandular and glandular, very rarely glabrous, inside sparsely
pubescent to glabrous, total length 8–19 mm long; tube 7–15 mm long which is 74–
94% of total length, 15–27 mm wide at top of tube; lobes semicircular or a weak
curve of the upper rim, erect, spreading or recurved, 0.7–6.5 mm long, 9–16 mm wide,
apices rounded. Corolla 23–35 mm long, tube broad at base, externally bright to dark
red, internally cream, lobes externally bright red with cream at base of lower 3 lobes,
internally red with cream and dark red markings on lower 3 lobes; upper lobes ovate,
oblong or slightly falcate, spreading, 4.2–10 × 1.7–6 mm, sinus between lobes 3–5 mm
deep, apices rounded; lateral lobes ovate to oblong, spreading to reexed, 4.2–12.5 ×
4.2–9.8 mm, apices rounded; lower lobe ovate or elliptic, spreading, 5–11.4 × 5.6–6.7
mm, apex rounded; outside densely pubescent or rarely glabrous except for ciliate
lobes, inside with scattered short glandular hairs with robust base, sessile glands at
lobe sinuses. Stamens not or only slightly exerted, fused in 2 pairs, laments cream
to bright red, papillose, anthers cream or yellow; anterior laments inserted at 9–15
mm from corolla base which is 32–58% of corolla length, laments 15–18.5 mm long,
anthers 2.4–2.7 × 1.2–1.5 mm; posterior laments inserted at 12–17 mm from corolla
base which is 43–63% of corolla length, laments 12.8–16 mm long, anthers 1.6–2.5
× 0.9–1.6 mm; staminode c. 1 mm long. Disk 0.5–1 mm high, a simple annular ring.
Pistil 18.5–36.5 mm long; stipe 6–13 mm long, with few sessile glands or glabrous;
ovary cream to pale green, 9.5–26 mm long, with sessile glands; style 2–7.5 mm long,
glandular pubescent, sometimes these sparse. Capsules 18–41 cm long, 2.8 mm wide.
Seed grain 0.8 mm × 0.3 mm, papillose, bubble cells present at base of hilar appendage;
apical appendage a liform hair, 12.5 mm long; hilar appendage a single liform hair,
10 mm long; appendages not papillose.
Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(1) 2016
32
Distribution. Peninsular Malaysia (Kedah, Kelantan, Kuala Lumpur, Pahang, Perak,
Selangor, Terengganu), Sumatra, Borneo.
Habitat and ecology. Epiphytic in lowland dipterocarp forest, often on trees by rivers,
occasionally in lower montane forest, at 0–1300 m altitude.
Provisional IUCN conservation assessment. Least Concern (LC). This species is
widespread and occurs in a variety of forest types.
Additional Peninsular Malaysian specimens examined. PENINSULAR MALAYSIA:
unknown loc., 21 Nov 1932, unknown collector FMS17068 (K, KEP); unknown state, Belau
Tajor, Wray, L. 1772 (SING); Kedah: Gunong [Gunung] Bintang, 8 Apr 1968, Sidek bin Kiah
S.277 (L, SING); Kelantan: Kpg. Bihai, Sg. Kerchit, 13 Feb 2003, Kiew, R. RK5239 (SING);
Kuala Krai, Stong Tengah FR, Sg. Kenerong, 4 Apr 2009, Imin, K., Phoon, S.N., Ong, P.T. &
Rosdi, M. et al. FRI68188 (KEP); Kuala Lumpur: Feb 1890, Curtis, C. s.n. (SING); Pahang:
Fig. 11. Distribution of Aeschynanthus obconicus C.B.Clarke in Peninsular Malaysia (●).
33
Aeschynanthus in Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia
Sungai Telom, 450 m, 24 Aug 1930, Kiah 23943 (NY, SING); Puku, Kuala Teku, 150 m, 21
Feb 1921, Seimund, E. 459 (SING); Kuala Terla Forest Reserve, Trail from Kg. Sg. Jarik, 540
m, 23 Mar 2007, Julius, A. FRI57451 (KEP, SING); Gunung Tahan, Teku, 21 Jun 1922, Md
Haniff & Md Nur 8046 (SING); Taman Negara, Sg. Tahan, Kem Teku, 283 m, 12 May 2008,
Lim, C.L. & Kueh, H.L. FRI64886 (KEP); Perak: unknown loc., Jan 1886, King’s Collector
10179 (SING); Gunong [Gunung] Inas, Sira Rimau, 27 Dec 1899, Yapp, R.H. 547 (CGE);
Larut Matang, Bkt. Larut, Sungai Bt. Tugoh, 72 m, 28 Jul 2011, Imin, K. & Asmarayani, H.S.
FRI76004 (KEP); Taiping, Bukit Larut, 610 m, 1901, Curtis, C. s.n. (SING); Taiping, Dec
1902, Ridley, H.N. s.n. (SING); ibidem, 25 Aug 1971, Kochummen, K.M. FRI16427 (KEP);
ibidem, 450 m, Sep 1889, Curtis, C. s.n. (SING); ibidem, Jul 1881, King’s Collector 2012
(SING); ibidem, 1000–1300 m, Dec 1882, King’s Collector 3641 (SING); ibidem, Jul 1881,
King’s Collector 2049 (SING); ibidem, 9 Mar 1924, Burkill, H.M. & Md Haniff 12798 (SING);
ibidem, 4 Mar 1965, Hardial, S. & Samsuri Ahmad 290 (SING); ibidem, Mar 1882, King’s
Collector 2849 (SING); ibidem, Mar 1892, Ridley, H.N. 2905 (BM, SING); ibidem, 760–790
m, 16 Sep 1949, Sinclair, J. & Kiah SFN38805 (E, SING); ibidem, 610 m, 25 Aug 1971,
Whitmore, T.C. FRI20392 (K, KEP, L, SING); Gunong [Gunung] Bubu, 600 m, 18 Aug 1966,
Ding Hou 657 (K, KEP, L, SING); ibidem, 610 m, 16 Aug 1966, Chew, W.-L. CWL1213 (K,
KEP, SING); Kampong Sekam, 510 m, 19 Oct 1982, Avé, W. 165 (K, L); Dinding, 1888, Curtis,
C. 1388 (K, SING); Kinta, Kinta Dam, Trail to G. Korbu, 450 m, 10 Jun 2010, Imin, K. et al.
FRI71615 (K, KEP); Gunung Korbu, 610 m, 20 Mar 1913, Robinson, H.C. s.n. (K); Kuala
Dipang Forest Reserve, 30–210 m, 19 Feb 1976, Sidek bin Kiah SK515 (C, KEP, SING); Sg.
Siput, Chior Forest Reserve, Sungai Legap, 180 m, 9 Oct 1967, Ng, F.S.P. FRI5813 (KEP);
Chenderiang, Gunong [Gunung] Bujang Melaka, Sungai Rias, 610 m, 12 Feb 1975, Shah,
M., Ahmad & Mahmud MS3407 (C, KEP, SING); Bujang Melaka, Aug 1898, Curtis, C. 3335
(SING); Batu Kurau, Curtis, C. 2990 (SING); Pondok Tanjong Forest Reserve, 14 Feb 1939,
Spare, G.H. SFN36226 (SING); Sungei Merbau, 10 Dec 1929, Symington, C.F. 21390 (SING);
Bleinja [?Belanjar], Wray, L. 149 (SING); Scortechini, B. 46a (SING); Ijok Forest Reserve,
11 Feb 1939, Aziz Budin 48644 (KEP [2 sheets]); Dinding, Curtis, C. s.n. (SING); Tapah,
Nov 1908, Ridley, H.N. 14063 (SING); Bujang Melaka, Sep 1898, Ridley, H.N. s.n. (SING);
Dinding, 1892, Curtis, C. s.n. (SING); Gunung Bintang, Bukit Kuala Bintang, 17 Apr 1928, Md
Haniff 21074 (SING); Bintang Hijau FR, Sg. Tebing Tinggi, 317 m, 26 Aug 2009, Chan, Y.M.,
Norzamli, A. & Norazmi, A. FRI70603 (KEP); Selangor: Petaling, 5 Jul 1889, Ridley, H.N. s.n.
(SING); Kanching Reserve, 17 Sep 1925, Strugnell, E.J. 10515 (K); Kanching River, 250 m, 3
Oct 1974, Van Balgooy, M.M.J. 2118 (E, L, NY); Templer National Park, Bukit Perangin, 1110
m, Cultivated C7650 (E); Gombak, Bukit Lagong FR, Sg. Kepong, 392 m, 6 Sep 2007, Chan,
Y.M. FRI49298 (KEP); Bukit Lagong Forest Reserve, 300 m, 24 Sep 1980, Kochummen, K.M.
FRI29126 (K, KEP, L, SING); Genting Highlands, Gombak F.R., 580 m, 23 Nov 1939, Wong,
Y.K. KEP93272 (K); Ridge above Gombak Road, 4 Oct 1970, Stone, B.C.M. 9566 (KLU);
Sungei Buloh, Aug 1908, Ridley, H.N. 13372 (BM, SING); ibidem, 80 m, 4 Dec 1960, Poore,
M.E.D. 1064 (KLU); Kanching, Sg. Bangkap, 10 Oct 1974, Stone, B.C.M. & Badaruddin
12068 (BKF, KLU); Genting Sempah ridge, 800 m, 21 May 1982, Stone, B.C.M. 15167 (KLU);
ibidem, 760 m, 6 Mar 1973, Stone, B.C.M. 11091 (KLU); ibidem, 850 m, 18 Aug 1974, Stone,
B.C.M. s.n. (KLU); Terengganu: Ulu Sungei Setiu, 28 Apr 1986, Kiew, R. RK2262 (KEP);
Hulu Terengganu, Tembat Forest Reserve, 364 m, 1 Apr 2009, Mohd. Hairul, M.A. FRI60925
(KEP, SING); Besut, Sungai Kemia, 210 m, 29 Aug 1996, Chua, L.S.L. FRI26700 (KEP).
Notes. This is one of the most readily identied species of Aeschynanthus in Peninsular
Malaysia due to its wide cup-shaped red calyx. It is most similar to Aeschynanthus
Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(1) 2016
34
tricolor Hook. from Borneo but that species mostly has a shorter corolla and has dark
lines extending down the corolla tube (absent in A. obconicus). It is also similar to
Aeschynanthus wallichii but that species has a smaller, more open and green calyx.
9. Aeschynanthus pulcher (Blume) G.Don, Gen. Syst. 4: 656 (1838); A.DC., Prod. 9:
262 (1845); Zollinger, Syst. Verz. 3: 56 (1855); Miquel, Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 721 (1858);
C.B.Clarke in A.DC. & C.DC., Monogr. Phan. 5(1): 43 (1883); Middleton, Edinburgh
J. Bot. 64: 412 (2007); Middleton, Edinburgh J. Bot. 66: 437 (2009). – Trichosporum
pulchrum Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 764 (1826). – TYPE: Indonesia, Java, Blume,
C.L. s.n. (lectotype L [Leiden number 903,307-167], designated by Middleton (2007)).
(Fig. 12, 13)
Aeschynanthus parvifolius R.Br., Cyrtandreae 115 (1839); Brown in Bennett, Pl. Jav.
Rar. 115 (1840); A.DC., Prod. 9: 262 (1845); Miquel, Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 720 (1858);
C.B.Clarke in A.DC. & C.DC., Monogr. Phan. 5(1): 42 (1883); Ridley, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2:
500 (1923); Henderson, Malay. Wild. Fl. Dicot. 342 (1959); Chin, Gard. Bull. Singapore
32: 147 (1979); Stone, Fed. Mus. J. 26 (1): 98 (1981); Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore
45: 92 (1993); Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 47: 243 (1997 [‘1995’]); Smitinand, Thai
Pl. Names ed. 2, 15 (2001). – Trichosporum parvifolium (R.Br.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen.
Pl. 478 (1891). – TYPE: Indonesia, Sumatra, Pulau Bangka, 1813, Horseld, T. s.n.
(lectotype BM [BM000847144], designated by Middleton (2007)).
Aeschynanthus boschianus de Vriese, Ann. Soc. Agric. Bot. Gand 1: 403 (1845); Van
Houtte, Hort. Vanhoutt. 1 (2): 31 (1846). – Trichosporum boschianum (de Vriese)
Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 477 (1891); Merrill, Contr. Arnold Arbor. 8: 151 (1934). –
TYPE: Cultivated plant grown by Jacob-Makoy in Belgium from plant collected on
Mt Gede in Java (untraced).
Aeschynanthus lobbianus Hook., Bot. Mag. 72: t.4260 (1846); Miquel, Fl. Ned. Ind. 2:
721 (1858); C.B.Clarke in A.DC. & C.DC., Monogr. Phan. 5(1): 44 (1883); Clarke in
Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind. 4: 343 (1884); Ridley, J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 32: 501 (1896); Ridley,
J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 44: 16 (1905); Ridley, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 74 (2):
735 (1909). – Trichosporum lobbianum (Hook.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 478 (1891). –
TYPE: Indonesia, Java, Lobb, T. s.n. (holotype K).
Aeschynanthus javanicus Rollinson ex Hook., Bot. Mag. 76: t.4503 (1850); Miquel,
Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 721 (1858); C.B.Clarke in A.DC. & C.DC., Monogr. Phan. 5(1): 44
(1883). – Trichosporum javanicum (Hook.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 477 (1891). –
TYPE: Indonesia, Java, unknown s.n. (holotype K).
Aeschynanthus neesii Zoll. & Moritzi in H.Zollinger, Syst. Verz. 3: 56 (1855), nom.
nud. – Based on Zollinger, H. 1546 (P).
35
Aeschynanthus in Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia
Fig. 12. A–D. Aeschynanthus pulcher (Blume) G.Don showing the variation in ower
morphology and colour, particularly in the calyx. E. Aeschynanthus radicans Jack. F.
Aeschynanthus wallichii R.Br. (Photos: A, David Middleton; B–D, Jana Leong-Škorničková;
E, Preecha Karaket; F, Ali Ibrahim)
Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(1) 2016
36
Aeschynanthus lampongus Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv. 563 (1861); C.B.Clarke in
A.DC. & C.DC., Monogr. Phan. 5(1): 42 (1883). – Trichosporum lampongum (Miq.)
Burkill, Kew Bull. 1935: 319 (1935). – TYPE: Indonesia, Sumatra, Lampung, Radja-
bassa, 910 m, Teijsmann, J.E. HB4482 (lectotype U, designated by Middleton (2009);
isolectotype L).
Aeschynanthus beccarii C.B.Clarke in A.DC. & C.DC., Monogr. Phan. 5(1): 47 (1883).
Trichosporum beccarii (C.B.Clarke) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 477 (1891). – TYPE:
Indonesia, Sumatra, Sumatera Barat, Padang, Beccari, O. 796 (lectotype K, designated
by Middleton (2009); isolectotypes BM [BM000537111], FI n.v., K, MEL).
Aeschynanthus zollingeri C.B.Clarke in A.DC. & C.DC., Monogr. Phan. 5(1): 44
(1883). – Trichosporum zollingeri (C.B.Clarke) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 478 (1891). –
Fig. 13. Distribution of Aeschynanthus pulcher (Blume) G.Don in Singapore and Peninsular
Malaysia (●).
37
Aeschynanthus in Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia
TYPE: Indonesia, Java, Zollinger, H. 1512 (lectotype BM [BM001125703], designated
by Middleton (2009); isolectotypes B [presumably destroyed], P [P00492368]).
Aeschynanthus lanceolatus Ridl., J. Bot. 62: 299 (1924); Ridley, Fl. Malay Penin.
5: 324 (1925); Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 47: 243 (1997 [‘1995’]). – TYPE:
Peninsular Malaysia, Pahang, Fraser’s Hill, 1210–1320 m, 16 October 1922, Burkill,
H.M. & Holttum, R.E. 8418 (holotype K).
Aeschynanthus lampongus var. parvifolius Ridl., Fl. Malay Penin. 5: 324 (1925); Turner,
Gard. Bull. Singapore 47: 243 (1997 [‘1995’]). – TYPE: Peninsular Malaysia, Pahang,
Puku, Kuala Teku, 20 December 1920, Seimund, E. s.n. (lectotype K, designated by
Middleton (2007); isolectotype SING).
Lithophytic or epiphytic, hanging or creeping, stems dark purple to green, sparsely
puberulent to glabrous. Leaves opposite; petiole 1–3(6) mm long, sparsely puberulent
or glabrous; blade coriaceous or slightly eshy, elliptic or ovate, dark green to purplish
above and beneath, not variegated, 0.9–5.9 × 0.25–2.9 cm, 1.3–5.6 times as long as
wide, apex rounded to acuminate, base subcordate to cuneate, glabrous above, glabrous
to very sparsely puberulent all over beneath, margin entire, secondary veins weakly
visible or obscure, c. 3 pairs, tertiary venation obscure. Inorescences subterminal
or axillary, 1–2-owered; peduncle 0–12.5 mm long; bracts elliptic or ovate, 3–6.5 ×
2–5.5 mm; pedicels 6–13 mm long, green, sparsely puberulent to densely long hairy.
Calyx with a tube for most of length and free lobes, dark red to purplish or purplish
brown, mostly sparsely eglandular puberulent, more rarely densely puberulent,
glabrous or with a few hairs only on very tips, 11.5–29 mm long; tube 10–25 mm long,
89–96% of total length, 6–21 mm wide at top of tube; lobes triangular, semicircular
or merely a weak curve of the upper rim, slightly spreading or erect, 1–5 × 4–7 mm,
apex rounded or obtuse. Corolla 42–66 mm long, inated at base, externally tube
dark or bright red, often white at extreme base inside calyx tube, lobes bright red,
internally lobes bright red with cream and dark markings on lower 3 lobes; upper
lobes oblong or ovate, spreading or not, 5.7–13 × 1.9–6.5 mm, sinus 2.2–4.6 mm deep,
apex rounded; lateral lobes deltoid or ovate, spreading or not, 6.1–11.5 × 6.5–10.5
mm, apex rounded; lower lobe elliptic or ovate, spreading or not, 7.6–13 × 6.5–8 mm,
apex rounded; outside sparsely to densely puberulent, inside glabrous or with scattered
papillae or small glandular hairs which are denser in the upper half, sessile glands
below lobes. Stamens reaching end of corolla or slightly exserted, fused in 2 pairs;
laments red, glabrous or with very few sessile glands or papillose; anterior laments
inserted at 29–47 mm from corolla base which is 54–68% of corolla length, laments
21–27 mm long, anthers 2.4–3.3 × 0.8–1.6 mm; posterior laments inserted at 33.5–
41 mm from corolla base which is 60–70% of corolla length, laments 17.5–21 mm
long, anthers 2.3–2.9 × 0.8–1.9 mm; staminode 0.5–1.6 mm long. Disk 0.8–1.5 mm
high, strongly 5-lobed, 5-crenate or a simple annular ring. Pistil 37–58 mm long; stipe
16–27 mm long, puberulent; ovary pale yellow, 14–30 mm long, minutely papillose
or with sessile glands; style pale yellow, 4.5–14 mm long, densely pubescent. Capsule
Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(1) 2016
38
18–40 cm long, 2–4 mm wide. Seed grain 0.6–0.9 × 0.2–0.3 mm, papillose, bubble
cells present at base of hilar appendage; apical appendage a liform hair, 7–9.5 mm
long; hilar appendage a single liform hair, 6–9 mm long; appendages not papillose.
Distribution. Extreme south of Thailand, southern Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia
(Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, Melaka, Negeri Sembilan, Pahang, Penang, Perak, Perlis,
Selangor, Terengganu), Singapore, Sumatra, Java, ?Borneo. See also note below.
Habitat and ecology. Epiphytic or clambering over rocks, most common in lower
montane forest, sometimes in lowland, hill dipterocarp or upper montane forest, in
peat swamp forest or in forest on quartzite or sandstone, at 0–2100 m altitude.
Provisional IUCN conservation assessment. Least Concern (LC). This species is
widespread and locally common. In Singapore it was long thought to be nationally
extinct but has been rediscovered in Nee Soon Swamp (Williams, 2014).
Additional Singaporean and Peninsular Malaysian specimens examined. PENINSULAR
MALAYSIA: unknown loc., Jan 1882, Kunstler, H. 2636 (NY); Johor: unknown loc., May
1924, Franck, C.W. 209 (C); ibidem, 6 Jun 1965, Jumali K2077 (SINU); Pontian, Pengkalan
Raja, 25 Jun 1939, Corner, E.J.H. & Henderson, M.R. SFN36611 (K, P), SFN36612 (SING);
western tip of Gunong [Gunung] Panti West, 560 m, 18 Jul 1981, Maxwell, J.F. 81-166 (AAU,
KLU, SING); Gunong [Gunung] Panti, 1 Aug 1960, unknown s.n. (SINU); ibidem, 480 m, 4
Feb 1981, Collenette, I.S. 2253 (E); ibidem, 520 m, 5 Jul 1970, Samsuri Ahmad S.311 (BKF, C,
G, K, KLU, L [2 sheets], LAE, SING); ibidem, 460 m, 31 Jul 2008, Yao, T.L., Lim, C.L., Rosdi,
M. & Ayau, K. FRI65387 (KEP); Kuala Sedili Road, 26 May 1961, Burkill, H.M. HMB2665 (K,
SING); Kota Tinggi, Kuala Sedili New Road, 23 Jun 1959, Kadim & Noor, M. 135 (E, K, L,
LAE, SING); Mawai-Sedili Road, 8 Feb 1961, Chew, W.-L. CWL224 (C, E, K, L, SING); 8th
mile Mawai-Kuala Sedili New Road, 8 Feb 1961, Sinclair, J. 10568 (E, L, SING); Mersing,
Lombong Batu, 6 Jun 1965, Keng, H. & Jumali K2077 (L); Kulai FR, Gunung Pulai, 29 Jun
1987, Zainudin, A. et al. AZ2438 (UKMB); Penggaram, Nov 1900, Ridley, H.N. s.n. (SING);
Batu Pahat, 1892, Nongchi s.n. (SING); Tanjong Kupang, 1894, Ridley, H.N. s.n. (SING);
Tanah Runto, 14 Feb 1890, Goodenough, J.S. s.n. (SING); ibidem, 22 Apr 1890, Ridley, H.N.
s.n. (SING); Batu Pahat, Nov 1900, Ridley, H.N. s.n. (SING); Tempayang River, Apr 1909,
Ridley, H.N. s.n. (SING); Kulai Hutan Simpan, Gunung Pulai, 24 Apr 1922, Md Nur & Kiah
7783 (SING); Jambu Larang, Oct 1892, Fielding, J. s.n. (SING); Sungei Tukong, 0 m, 20 Dec
1931, Spare, G.H. 991 (SING); Segamat, Gunung Chabang Tiga, Gunung Chabang Tiga South
Peak, 935 m, 25 Aug 2007, Chew, M.Y. & Rosdi, M. FRI55583 (KEP); Gunong [Gunung]
Bekok, 18 Aug 1968, Jumali & Heaslett, E.A. KJ732 (SINU); Gunung Ledang, 7 Dec 2010,
Yeo, C.K. s.n. (SINU); ibidem, 24 Feb 1980, Zainal Mustafa ZM64 (UKMB); ibidem, 26 Apr
1972, Year III students FSC312 (KLU); Gunung Ledang, Above Bukit Besar, 12 Jun 1892,
Ridley, H.N. s.n. (SING); Kedah: unknown loc., 24 Apr 1868, Maingay, A.C. K.D.1218 (K);
Langkawi, Gunong [Gunung] Raya, Sep 1890, Curtis, C. 2503 (SING); Kedah Peak, 1060 m,
Dec 1915, Robinson, H.C. & Kloss, C.B. 5997 (K, SING); ibidem, 910 m, 2 Dec 1915,
Robinson, H.C. & Kloss, C.B. 6049 (K, SING); ibidem, 1000–1400 m, 21 Jan 1983, Davis
69431 (E); ibidem, 1893, Ridley, H.N. s.n. (SING); ibidem, 910–1210 m, 3 Jun 1971, Keng, H.
et al. 67 (SING, SINU); ibidem, Aug 1893, Ridley, H.N. 5513 (BM, SING); Gunung Jerai, 850
m, 12 Feb 1961, Yong KEP99330 (K, KEP); ibidem, 1200 m, 14 Sep 1979, Rao & et al. 167
39
Aeschynanthus in Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia
(L); ibidem, 8 Nov 1962, Samsuri Ahmad 309 (SING); ibidem, 1121 m, 9 Feb 2010, Imin, K.,
Nor Ezzawanis, A.T., Hovenkamp, P. & Angan, A. FRI66493 (KEP); ibidem, 3 Sep 1995, Choo,
J.P.S., Chua, D.W.S., Lian, S.H.L., Lim, P.Y. & Wong, J.Y. PYL2 (SINU); ibidem, 1200 m, 14
Sep 1979, Rao & et al. 167 (SINU); ibidem, 850 m, 15 May 1969, Smith, G. 513 (KLU);
ibidem, 1060 m, 10 Jul 1977, Lo, Y.N. & Mahmud 83 (KLU); ibidem, 1150 m, 13 May 1969,
Stone, B.C.M. & Mahmud 8500 (KLU); Kelantan: S. Lebir, Sungai Terang, 8 Jul 1935,
Henderson, M.R. SFN29643 (K, SING); Gua Musang, 3 Aug 1962, UNESCO limestone
expedition 239 (SING); Gua Musang, Gua Batu Boh, 300 m, 12 Aug 1971, Chin, S.C. 1441 (L);
Kuala Krai, Gunung Stong Utara Forest Reserve, VJR Gunung Stong Utara, 180 m, 19 Jun
2001, Sam, Y.-Y. FRI46602 (KEP); Dabong, Gunung Setong, 15 May 1988, Kiew, R. RK2727
(SING); Melaka: unknown loc., 7 Oct 1865, Maingay, A.C. K.D.1219 (K); Ayer Panas, Nov
1893, Ridley, H.N. 1578 (BM, SING); Jus, Oct 1893, Goodenough, J.S. 1711 (SING); Jasin,
Bkt. Senggeh FR, Batu Lebah, Kg. Bkt. Senggeh, 175 m, 28 Aug 2007, Chan, K.Y. FRI49293
(KEP); Negeri Sembilan: Serting Ulu Forest Reserve, 4 Jun 1992, Saw, L.G. & Mustafa, D.
FRI37514 (K, KEP); Jelebu, Gunung Telapa Buruk, 1000 m, 21 Apr 1988, Kiew, R. RK2641
(KEP); Rembau, Gunung Datuk, 400 m, 10 Jul 1979, Asmah 22 (UKMB); Tampin, Tampin
Forest Reserve, Hutan Lipur G. Tampin, 351 m, 5 May 2009, Chan, K.Y. FRI64737 (KEP,
SING); Jelebu, Bkt Tangga, G. Telapak Burok, 1038 m, 11 Apr 2008, Rosdi, M. & Radah, A.R.
FRI59837 (KEP); Pahang: Genting Highlands, 1150 m, 11 Jun 1978, Stone, B.C.M. 13764
(KLU); ibidem, 25 Nov 1984, Kiew, R. RK1548 (KEP); ibidem, 1450 m, 14 Mar 1982, Stone,
B.C.M. 15134 (KLU); ibidem, 15 Nov 1966, Stone, B.C.M. 6543 (G, KLU, L); ibidem, 910 m,
9 May 1972, Kochummen, K.M. FRI16516 (KEP); Genting Highlands, Gunung Ulu Kali, 1600
m, 9 Apr 1978, Maxwell, J.F. 78-90 (L); Genting Sempah ridge, Nov 1970, Stone, B.C.M. s.n.
(KLU); Kuantan, Bukit Berserah Forest Reserve, 3 Sep 1933, Mahmood KEP17216 (K, KEP,
L); Kwantan [Kuantan], Sep 1889, Durnford, L. s.n. (SING); Pekan, Jul 1917, Evans, J.H.N.
s.n. (K); ibidem, 1 Apr 1890, Haviland, G.D. s.n. (SING); ibidem, 30 Nov 1924, Burkill, H.M.
& Md Haniff 17258 (SING); Bukit Cheras, 150 m, 11 Oct 1931, Henderson, M.R. 25065
(SING); Rompin, 19 May 1919, Gerb 3257 (SING); ibidem, 15 Nov 1929, Mahammud 17178
(SING); Gunung Mengkuang, 29 Mar 1959, unknown KEP78844 (KEP); Temerluh, Krau GR,
Trail to Batu Bergambar from Batu Gajah, 550 m, 4 Jun 2000, Chua, L.S.L., Damahuri, S.,
Ayau, K. & Ramli, P. FRI45633 (KEP); Gunung Senyum, 29 Jul 1929, Henderson, M.R. s.n.
(SING); Fraser’s Hill, 1210 m, 18 Apr 1955, Purseglove, J.W. P4182 (K, L, LAE, SING);
ibidem, 4 Oct 1961, Burkill, H.M. HMB2811 (K, L, LAE, SING); ibidem, 1300 m, 19 Apr
1955, Purseglove, J.W. P4202 (E, K, L, SING); ibidem, 1210 m, 24 Sep 1959, Shah, M. &
Noor, M. MS607 (E, K, SING); ibidem, 16 Jul 2002, Bramley, G. & Sam, Y.-Y. GB27 (E, KEP);
ibidem, 450 m, 16 Apr 1962, Burtt, B.L. & Woods, P.J.B. B1643 (E); ibidem, 22 Dec 1979,
Bremer, B. & Bremer, K. 1808 (KLU, L); ibidem, 1240–1270 m, 3 Oct 1987, Worthington, R.D.
13326 (L); ibidem, 16 Dec 1979, Kiew, R. RK832 (KEP); ibidem, 21 Nov 1980, Kiew, R.
RK1002 (KEP); ibidem, 13 Feb 1986, Kiew, R. RK2160 (KEP); ibidem, 13 Mar 1986, Anthony,
S. SA482 (KEP); ibidem, 10 Nov 1987, Anthony, S. SA897 (KEP); ibidem, 1030 m, Kassim, M.
550 (UKMB); ibidem, 25 Oct 1979, Zainudin, A. AZ40 (UKMB); ibidem, 31 Oct 1991, Kiew,
R. RK3356 (SING); ibidem, 1210 m, 13 Jul 1957, Hawkins, A.S.M. s.n. (SING); ibidem, 1210
m, 25 Aug 1923, Henderson, M.R. FMS11263 (SING); ibidem, 14 Jun 1930, Kalong 22423
(SING); ibidem, 13 Nov 1981, Keng, H. et al. 86 (SING); ibidem, 21 Jun 2006, Phoon, S.N.,
Kamarudin S., Kueh, H.L. & Radah, A.R. FRI51576 (KEP); ibidem, Mendum, M. s.n. (E);
ibidem, 26 Aug 1991, Kiew, R. RK3264 (SING); ibidem, 1240 m, 25 Aug 1959, Burkill, H.M.
HMB1996 (SING); ibidem, 1210–1320 m, 16–30 Sep 1922, Burkill, H.M. & Holttum, R.E. s.n.
(SING); ibidem, 21 Nov 1977, Keng, H. et al. 97 (SINU); ibidem, 5 Nov 1973, Keng, H. et al.
Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(1) 2016
40
54 (SINU); ibidem, 28 Oct 1974, Keng, H. et al. 93 (SINU); ibidem, 13 Nov 1981, Keng, H. et
al. CTV86 (SINU); ibidem, Dec 1970, Mahmud bin Sidek s.n. (KLU); ibidem, Sep 1940,
Addison, G.H. s.n. (SING); ibidem, 1120 m, 29 Aug 1923, Md Nur 11138 (SING); ibidem, 1210
m, 29 Aug 1923, Henderson, M.R. FMS11453 (SING); Fraser’s Hill, Jeriau Road, 1060–1210
m, 20 Aug 1960, Burkill, H.M., Shah, M. & Noor, M. HMB2430 (SING); ibidem, 1090 m, 17
Jun 1972, Stone, B.C.M. 10798 (KLU); Fraser’s Hill, Mager Trail, 1390 m, 3 May 2007, Chew,
M.Y., Imin, K., Kiew, R. & Nooteboom, H.P. FRI53648 (E, KEP, SING); Fraser’s Hill, Jalan
High Pines, 1200 m, 13 Nov 2006, Phoon, S.N. FRI51987 (KEP, KLU, SING); Fraser’s Hill,
Pine tree hill, 1450 m, 19 Sep 1922, Burkill, H.M. & Holttum, R.E. 8549 (SING); Fraser’s Hill,
Richmond, 27 Oct 2010, Imin, K., Utteridge, T.M.A. & Julius, A. FRI71855 (KEP); Fraser’s
Hill, Nuri Trail, 3 Dec 1991, Kiew, R. & Anthony, S. RK3414 (KEP); Fraser’s Hill, Gunong
[Gunung] Peninjau, 1300 m, 26 Aug 1959, Burkill, H.M. HMB2038 (K, SING); Cameron
Highlands, 1450 m, 1 Apr 1930, Henderson, M.R. s.n. (NY, SING); ibidem, 1976, Anthony, S.
SA233 (KEP); ibidem, 1450 m, 18 Jan 1924, Henderson, M.R. 11713 (SING); ibidem, 10 Jul
1979, Everard, B. & Young, D. 94 (K); Cameron Highlands, Tanah Rata, 1450 m, 23 Nov 1925,
Henderson, M.R. SFN17921 (K, SING); Cameron Highlands, Sungai Palas Estate, 1520 m, 8
Sep 1956, Burkill, H.M. HMB856 (K, L, SING); Cameron Highlands, Sungai Ichat, 19 Feb
2008, Radah, A.R., Imin, K. & Ummul Nazrah, A.R. FRI55631 (KEP, SING); Cameron
Highlands, 1 km to Sg. Bisik Waterfall from Ringglet road, 1201 m, 19 Nov 2009, Imin, K.,
Ong, P.T., Kueh, H.L. & Paiman, N. FRI66402 (KEP); Rompin, Endau-Rompin State Park,
Trail to Gunung Keriong, 260 m, 20 Aug 2002, Sam, Y.-Y., Apok, K. & Markandan, M. FRI47150
(KEP); Cameron Highlands, Sungai Ichat, 12 Aug 1931, Jaemat 25181 (KEP); Cameron
Highlands, G. Siku FR, Trail to G. Siku, 1545 m, 21 May 2007, Rosdi, M., Imin, K. & Ummul
Nazrah, A.R. et al. FRI58753 (KEP); Cameron Highlands, Gunung Siku Forest Reserve, 1535
m, 25 Oct 2007, Imin, K. et al. FRI58557 (KEP, SING); Cameron Highlands, Path to Taman
Sedia, 6 Apr 1934, Symington, C.F. 36073 (KEP); Cameron Highlands, Jln Kamunting 44th
mile, 1520 m, 21 Jul 1965, Khoo, R. & Ng, S.M. 074 (KLU); Penang: Government Hill, Jul
1894, Curtis, C. s.n. (SING); Perak: unknown loc., Scortechini, B. 36a (SING); Ulu Kinta, 620
m, 19 Apr 1961, Castle-Smith, P.M. 15 (K); Gunung Korbu, 610 m, 24 Mar 1913, Robinson,
H.C. s.n. (K); Waterfall north of Tana Rata acc. no. 19680649 vouchered as , Cultivated C7431
(E); Kuala Kangsar, Bubu FR, Gunung Bubu, 938 m, 10 Mar 2010, Julius, A., Coode, M.J.E.
& Angan, A. FRI57716 (KEP); Kuala Kangsar, 850 m, 8 Apr 1995, Chua, L.S.L. FRI39082
(KEP); Sunga Ryah, Scortechini, B. 39 (SING); Gunung Batu Puteh, Wray, L. 873 (SING);
Bujang Melaka, 1898, Ridley, H.N. s.n. (SING); Taiping, 910 m, 12 Feb 1917, Md Haniff & Md
Nur 2314 (K, SING); ibidem, Mar 1911, Anderson, J.W. 156 (SING); ibidem, Dec 1902, Ridley,
H.N. s.n. (SING); ibidem, Nov 1952, Carter s.n. (SING); Taiping, Gunung Hijau, 14 Jul 1906,
Ernst, A. 1189 (L); ibidem, 8 Oct 1899, Fox, W. s.n. (SING); Taiping, Bukit Larut, Oct 1908,
Long, F.R. 14 (K); ibidem, 24 Nov 1999, Kiew, R. RK4869 (SING); ibidem, 9 Mar 1939, Spare,
G.H. 2139 (SING); ibidem, 1130–1240 m, 9 Sep 1949, Sinclair, J. SFN38609 (BM, E, K, L,
SING); ibidem, Wray, L. 655 (K, SING); ibidem, 20 Oct 1992, Kamarudin S. FRI34629 (K);
ibidem, Birch Hill, 1330 m, 9 Sep 1977, Lewis, G.P. 251 (K, KEP); ibidem, 1060–1210 m, 3
Dec 1965, Shah, M. & Sidek MS1064 (E, L, SING); ibidem, Sep, Wray, L. 3217 (SING);
ibidem, 1210 m, 22 Nov 1980, Keng, H. et al. 27 (SINU); ibidem, Aug 1967, unknown K6502
(SINU); ibidem, 4 Sep 1995, Heng, H.P. et al. HP12 (SINU); ibidem, 1090 m, 2 Mar 1924,
Burkill, H.M. & Md Haniff 12971 (SING); ibidem, 28 Feb 1924, Burkill, H.M. & Md Haniff
12833 (SING); ibidem, 1210–1360 m, 6 Mar 1939, Spare, G.H. 2018 (SING); ibidem, Mar
1884, Scortechini, B. 291 (SING); ibidem, 1000 m, 29 Oct 1969, Everett, B. FRI13553 (KEP);
ibidem, 16 Jan 1994, Anthonysamy, S. SA1155 (KEP); ibidem, 880–1060 m, 15 May 1992,
41
Aeschynanthus in Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia
Rahimatsah Amat N12 (KEP); ibidem, 1060 m, 23 Oct 1962, Merton, L.F.H. 004194 (KLU);
ibidem, 1080 m, 20 Mar 2007, Julius, A. FRI54942 (KEP, SING); ibidem, Sep 1889, Curtis, C.
s.n. (SING); ibidem, 25 Oct 1972, Hons. Students 1 (SING); ibidem, 910 m, 29 Oct 1968,
Smith, G. 448 (KLU); Perlis: Bukit Bintang Forest Reserve, 7 May 1988, Latiff, A. & Zainudin,
A. ALM2764 (UKMB); Selangor: Klang, Bukit Changgang, 1 Oct 1937, Md Nur SFN33963
(SING); Klang Gates Rridge, 4 Oct 1981, Kiew, R. RK1081 (KEP); Chemara, 3 Jan 1959,
Carrick, J. 607 (KLU); Telok Forest Reserve, 21 Feb 1969, Kochummen, K.M. FRI2654 (KEP);
ibidem, 18 Jul 1963, unknown 4636 (KLU); Sungei Buloh, 30 Nov 1889, Goodenough, J.S. s.n.
(SING); ibidem, 1890, Goodenough, J.S. s.n. (SING); Gunong [Gunung] Bunga Bua, 28 May
1966, Ng, F.S.P. FRI1136 (KEP, SING); Semangkok Pass, Feb 1904, Napier, W. s.n. (SING);
Tanjong Karang, Sungei Tinggi, 30 m, 27 Sep 1975, Samsuri Ahmad SA1125 (SING); Hulu
Langat, Gn. Nuang, Above Pacat Camp, 1416 m, 12 Nov 2013, Yao, T.L., Imin, K., Mohd Nazri,
A. & Kueh, H.L. FRI77328 (KEP); Gombak, Klang Gates Ridge, Quartz Ridge, 270 m, 6 Apr
2007, Syahida-Emiza & Angan, A. FRI55108 (KEP); Kanching, Bukit Takun, 300–400 m, 19
Mar 1972, Chin, S.C. 1812 (KLU); ibidem, 300 m, 11 Jul 1965, Stone, B.C.M. 5889 (KLU);
Ulu Besut, Bukit Tangga, 610 m, 20 Jul 1984, Shah, M. & Mahmud MS4978 (E, SING); Kuala
Selangor, Sg. Karang FR, 26 m, 1 Jul 2013, Lim, C.L. FRI73033 (KEP); Kuala Selangor,
Sungai Tinggi, 14 Oct 1937, Md Nur SFN34079 (BM, K, L, MICH, P, SING); Kanching, Bukit
Takun, 150 m, 3 Nov 1937, Md Nur SFN34400 (K, MICH, SING, US); Telok Forest Reserve,
Mar 1965, Whitmore, T.C. FRI227 (K, KEP, L, SING); Genting Highlands, Gunung Bunga
Buah, 10 May 1991, Tan, W.K. et al. TWK12 (SING); Genting Highlands, Old trail to Gunung
Bunga Buah, 1095 m, 18 Jan 2008, Chan, Y.M. & Kiew, R. et al. FRI60504 (KEP); Genting
Highlands, Ulu Gombak, 910 m, 14 Jun 1973, Mohd Shah & Mohd Ali MS 3046 (C, SING);
Terengganu: Ulu Besut, Bukit Tangga, 910 m, 18 Jul 1984, Shah, M. & Mahmud MS4895 (E,
KEP, SING); Bundi, Feb 1904, Rostado 64 (SING); Hulu Terengganu, Sg. Cicir, 4 Aug 2007,
Jutta, M. & Kueh, H.L. FRI59583 (KEP).
SINGAPORE: Changi, 10 Dec 1889, Ridley, H.N. 2706 (K); MacRitchie Reservoir, 4 Dec
1948, Sinclair, J. 5376 (E); Bukit Timah, 18 May 1964, Hardial, S. & Samsuri Ahmad 18
(C, L, LAE, SING); Krangi, 30 Nov 1899, Ridley, H.N. s.n. (L); Krangi, 1891, Goodenough,
J.S. 2705 (SING); Krangi, 29 Nov 1889, Goodenough, J.S. 2706 (BM, SING); Tuas, 1 May
1891, Goodenough, J.S. s.n. (SING); Chan Chu Kang, May 1889, Corporal s.n. (SING); Bukit
Timah, 7 Jun 1974, Noor, M. MN.1913 (SING); Krangi, 10 Dec 1889, Goodenough, J.S. s.n.
(SING); Tengeh Reservoir, 4 Aug 1890, Goodenough, J.S. s.n. (SING); Krangi, 2 Nov 1889,
Goodenough, J.S. s.n. (SING); Krangi, 7 Dec 1889, Ridley, H.N. s.n. (SING); Krangi, 8 Apr
1890, Goodenough, J.S. s.n. (BM); Krangi, 1909, Ridley, H.N. s.n. (BM); Nee Soon Swamp
Forest, 8 Aug 2010, Gwee, A.T. SING2010-443 (SING); Nee Soon Swamp Forest, 17 Feb 2009,
Staples, G., Leong, P., Chew, P.T. & Ibrahim, A. et al. SING2009-157 (KEP, SING); Nee Soon
Swamp Forest, 17 Apr 2012, Leong, P., Yam, T.W., Liew, D. & Rodda, M. et al. SING2012-165
(SING); Tengeh Reservoir, 1891, Ridley, H.N. 2710 (SING); Mandai Road, Aug 1920, Burkill,
I.H. 6102 (SING); Nee Soon Swamp Forest, 8 May 2013, Ibrahim, H., Lua, H.K. & Saiffudin,
S. SING2013-093 (SING); Nee Soon Swamp Forest, 8 May 2013, Ibrahim, H. & Lua, H.K.
SING-2013-092 (SING).
Notes. This is a very widespread and variable species in both leaf and ower characters.
Although it already has many synonyms further investigation is required as to
whether a number of other species in Borneo should also be included in synonymy. In
Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore this species has most commonly gone by the name
Aeschynanthus parvifolius but was previously synonymised in Middleton (2007) as it
Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(1) 2016
42
falls within the range of variation of the species. Likewise, Aeschynanthus lanceolatus
is not distinct from this variable species.
There are a small number of specimens with pubescent leaves, reminiscent of
Aeschynanthus radicans but with the ovary pubescence of A. pulcher. Further studies
should be undertaken to see if there is any possibility of hybridisation between these
two similar species.
10. Aeschynanthus radicans Jack, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 14: 43 (1823); Brown,
Cyrtandreae 115 (1839); Steudel, Nomencl. Bot. ed. 2, 1: 32 (1840); Brown in Bennett,
Pl. Jav. Rar. 115 (1840); A.DC., Prod. 9: 262 (1845); Zollinger, Syst. Verz. 3: 56 (1855);
Miquel, Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 720 (1858); C.B.Clarke in A.DC. & C.DC., Monogr. Phan.
5(1): 41 (1883); Clarke in Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind. 4: 343 (1884); Ridley, J. Linn. Soc.
Bot. 32: 501 (1896); Ridley, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 74 (2): 736 (1909); Ridley, Fl. Mal.
Pen. 2: 500 (1923); Bakhuizen van den Brink, Blumea 6: 395 (1950); Merrill, J. Arnold
Arb. 33: 214 (1952); Barnett, Fl. Siam. 3 (3): 202 (1962); Backer & Bakhuizen van
den Brink, Fl. Java 2: 524 (1965); Chin, Gard. Bull. Singapore 32: 148 (1979); Turner,
Gard. Bull. Singapore 45: 92 (1993); Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 47: 244 (1997
[‘1995’]); Burtt, Thai Forest Bull., Bot. 29: 84 (2001); Smitinand, Thai Pl. Names ed.
2, 15 (2001); Middleton, Edinburgh J. Bot. 64: 414 (2007). – Trichosporum radicans
(Jack) Nees, Flora 8: 144 (1825); Merrill, Contr. Arnold Arbor. 8: 152 (1934). – TYPE:
Indonesia, Sumatra, Lampung, Gunung Rati Telanggaran, 400 m, 14 November 1921,
Iboet 57 (neotype L, designated by Middleton (2007)). (Fig. 12, 14)
Trichosporum ovatum D.Don ex C.B.Clarke in A.DC. & C.DC., Monogr. Phan. 5(1):
41 (1883), nom. nud.
Aeschynanthus radicans var. robustior C.B.Clarke in A.DC. & C.DC., Monogr. Phan.
5(1): 41 (1883). – TYPE: Kalimantan, Kalimantan Selatan, Banjarmasin, Motley, J.
715 (lectotype K, designated here).
Aeschynanthus radicans var. lanuginosa Ridl., J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 74 (2): 736
(1909); Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 47: 243 (1997 [‘1995’]). – TYPE: Peninsular
Malaysia, Perak, Scortechini, B. 330 (not traced). This variety is placed in synonymy
based on the fact that the characters used to distinguish it are continuously variable in
the species.
Epiphytic and hanging to lithophytic and creeping or even epiphytic and climbing by
adventitious roots on the stem; stems sparsely to densely puberulent or with longer
hairs. Leaves opposite; petiole 1–4.5 mm long, sparsely to densely puberulent; blade
slightly eshy, ovate, mostly green above and beneath, not marbled, orbicular or
elliptic, 1–5 × 0.8–2.6 cm, 1.1–2.6 times as long as wide, apex rounded and apiculate
or acute to acuminate, base subcordate to obtuse; glabrous to sparsely puberulent all
over above, sparsely to densely puberulent all over beneath, margin entire; secondary
43
Aeschynanthus in Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia
Fig. 14. Distribution of Aeschynanthus radicans Jack in Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia
(●).
veins obscure, tertiary venation obscure. Inorescences axillary, generally 1-owered;
peduncle 0–3 mm long, bracts elliptic to ovate, 5–6 mm long; pedicels 7–14 mm long,
sparsely to densely puberulent or with longer hairs. Calyx with a tube for most of
length and free lobes, rarely slightly zygomorphic, purple, green with red veins, or
green, puberulent, sometimes with quite long hairs, 19.5–26 mm long; tube 13–22 mm
long which is 65–91% of total length, 6.5–9 mm wide at top of tube; lobes narrowly
triangular, ovate or oblong, erect, 2–8 × 2.6–5 mm, apex rounded. Corolla 47.5–58
mm long, inated at base, externally tube bright red, lobes bright red, internally tube
yellowish, lobes red with yellowish at base and darker red markings on lower 3 lobes;
upper lobes oblong or ovate, slightly spreading or not, 6.5–10 × 2–4.4 mm, sinus 2.4–
6.7 mm deep, apex rounded; lateral lobes ovate or deltoid, slightly spreading or not,
7–10 × 6.2–7.5 mm, apex rounded; lower lobe elliptic or oblong, slightly spreading or
not, 6.5–10.7 × 5.6–7.7 mm, apex rounded, outside densely puberulent, inside glabrous
Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(1) 2016
44
or with sessile glands and short stalked glandular hairs throughout, sessile glands
below lobes. Stamens reaching to end of upper corolla lobes or slightly exserted, fused
in 2 pairs, laments with very few glandular hairs or sessile glands; anterior laments
inserted at 27–36 mm from corolla base which is 52–63% of corolla length, laments
22–27 mm long, anthers 2.1–3.4 × 1.5–1.9 mm; posterior laments inserted at 31–38.5
mm from corolla base which is 59–70% of corolla length, laments 15.5–21 mm long,
anthers 2.1–3 × 1.2–1.7 mm; staminode 0.5–5 mm long. Disk 1–8 mm high, a simple
annular ring. Pistil 45.5–61 mm long; stipe 18–28 mm long, densely puberulent,
often with a mix of glandular and eglandular hairs; ovary 14–28 mm long, densely
puberulent, often with a mix of glandular and eglandular hairs; style 6–15 mm long,
densely puberulent, often with a mix of glandular and eglandular hairs. Capsule 19–35
mm long, 2.5–3 mm wide. Seed grain 0.8–0.9 × 0.15–0.3 mm, papillose, bubble cells
present at base of hilar appendage; apical appendage a liform hair, 7–8 mm long;
hilar appendage a single liform hair, 6–8 mm long; appendages not papillose.
Distribution. Southern Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia (Johor, Kedah, Kelantan,
Melaka, Negeri Sembilan, Pahang, Penang, Perak, Selangor, Terengganu), Singapore
(but currently considered to be nationally extinct), Sumatra, Borneo.
Habitat and ecology. Epiphytic or clambering over rocks in lowland or hill dipterocarp
forest, often by streams, occasionally in swamp forest, at 0–1000 m altitude.
Provisional IUCN conservation assessment. Least Concern (LC). This species is
widespread and locally common although there are rather few recent collections of it
from Malaysia. The last collection made of this species in Singapore was in 1931 on
Bukit Timah. It has since been listed as nationally extinct by Chong et al. (2009). At
one time Aeschynanthus pulcher was also listed as nationally extinct in Singapore and
has since been rediscovered (Williams, 2014). Aeschynanthus radicans may also still
occur in Singapore in small numbers in the forest canopy or may come back in from
Peninsular Malaysia or Sumatra.
Additional Singaporean and Peninsular Malaysian specimens examined. PENINSULAR
MALAYSIA: Johor: Kota Tinggi, 20 Aug 1954, Sinclair, J. 8151 (E); ibidem, 20 Aug 1954,
Sinclair, J. SFN40358 (SING); Bekok, Endau State Park, Sungai Selai, 200 m, 16 Aug 2002,
Sam, Y.-Y. FRI47104 (KEP); Bekok, Endau State Park, Sungai Selai, 200 m, 16 Aug 2002, Sam,
Y.-Y. FRI47104 (KEP); Kedah: Weng, 3 Aug 1985, Bogner 1699 (M); Gunung Inas Recreation
Park, 29 May 2001, Sam, Y.-Y. FRI46549 (KEP); Baling, Gunung Inas Forest Reserve, Bukit
Iboi, 2 Nov 2007, Imin, K., Kueh, H.L. & Phoon, S.N. et al. FRI58594 (KEP, SING); Kelantan:
Gua Panjang, 7 Aug 1962, UNESCO limestone expedition 440A (K, L, SING); Gua Musang,
Kuala Betis, 8 Oct 1985, Latiff, A. & Zainudin, A. ALM1033 (L); Sg. Ketil, May 1991, Davison,
G.W.H. s.n. (KEP); Jeli, Kuala Yong, 22 Sep 1986, Latiff, A., Zainudin, A. & Miran, S. ALM1644
(UKMB); Kelumpor, 3 Feb 1923, Md Haniff & Md Nur 10390 (SING); Kuala Krai, Stong FR,
8 Aug 2009, Julius, A. & Imin, K. FRI56237 (KEP); Melaka: unknown loc., Cuming, H. 2387
(K); ibidem, Grifth, W. s.n. (K); ibidem, 20 Aug 1916, Burkill, I.H. 2159 (SING); Sungei
Rambei River, Jun 1889, Derry, R. 205 (SING); ibidem, Oct 1889, Derry, R. 305 (SING);
45
Aeschynanthus in Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia
Selandar, Oct 1893, Goodenough, J.S. 1518 (SING); Negeri Sembilan: Gunung Angsi, 7 Sep
1937, Franck, C.W. 1150 (C); Selam Forest Reserve, 27 Nov 1922, Holttum, R.E. 9715 (SING);
Bukit Sutu, 1 Nov 1885, Alvins, M.V. 1942 (SING); Jelebu, Berembun FR, Jeram Toi, 446 m, 8
Apr 2008, Yao, T.L., Angan, A. & Norazmi, A. FRI57913 (KEP); Pahang: Tahan River, 150 m,
8 Sep 1937, Corner, E.J.H. s.n. (L); Sungei Takan, Aug 1891, Ridley, H.N. s.n. (SING); Puku,
Kuala Teku, 21 Dec 1920, Seimund, E. 390 (SING); Sungai Sat, 18 Jul 1929, Henderson, M.R.
SFN21928 (BM, NY, SING); Jerantut, Tekam Forest Reserve, 3 Oct 2002, Sam, Y.-Y. FRI44492
(KEP); Tasek Bera, 16 Mar 1939, Mashall 35847 (KEP); Jerantut, Tekam Forest Reserve, 3 Oct
2002, Sam, Y.-Y. FRI44492 (KEP); Penang: Government Hill, Jul 1894, Curtis, C. s.n. (SING);
Penang Hill, 500 m, 14 Aug 1986, Weber, A. s.n. (KEP); Beside Hill railway, 14 Aug 1925,
Flippance, F. s.n. (SING); Perak: Changkat Mentri, Sep 1918, Kloss, C.B. 6476 (K); Kuala
Kangsar, Bubu Forest Reserve, Sungei Kenas, 410 m, 22 Oct 1992, Saw, L.G. FRI37684 (KEP);
Sunkai, 24 Feb 1987, Anthony, S. SA740 (KEP); Perak River, 14 Jan 1963, Allen, B.M. 4852A
(SING); Sungai Ryah, Scortechini, B. 37 (SING); Temengor, 1909, Ridley, H.N. 14281 (SING);
ibidem, Jul 1909, Ridley, H.N. 14282 (BM); Taiping, Bukit Larut, Sep 1908, Long, F.R. 13 (K);
ibidem, Keng, H. et al. 1 (SINU); Selangor: Ulu Langat, 19 Aug 1959, Gadoh anak Umbai for
A.H. Millard KL1680 (K, KEP, L, SING); ibidem, 23 Aug 1958, Gadoh anak Umbai for A.H.
Millard KL781 (KEP); Genting Sempah, 21 Oct 1921, Hume, H.L. 9228 (SING); Semenyih,
23 Jul 1921, Hume, H.L. 8253 (SING); Genting Highlands, Ulu Gombak, 10 Oct 1921, Hume,
H.L. 8943 (SING); Sungei Buloh, Oct 1899, Goodenough, J.S. s.n. (SING); Terengganu:
Bukit Besar, 760 m, 25 Aug 1901, Annandale, N. & Robinson, H.C. s.n. (CGE, K); ibidem,
910 m, 3 May 1899, Gwynne-Vaughan, D.T. 410 (CGE); Hulu Terengganu, Sg. Cicir, 4 Aug
2007, Jutta, M. & Kueh, H.L. FRI59582 (KEP); Hulu Terengganu, Tembat Forest Reserve, 5
Apr 2010, Mohd Hairul, M.A., Ong, P.T., O’Byrne, P. & Mohd Nazri, A. et al. FRI70936 (KEP);
ibidem, 30 Jul 2009, Rosdi, M., Kamarul Hisham, M. & Angan, A. FRI66336 (KEP).
SINGAPORE: Bukit Timah, 12 Sep 1948, Sinclair, J. s.n. (P); ibidem, 26 Feb 1931, Md Nur
SFN24637 (NY, SING); ibidem, 1891, Ridley, H.N. 2704 (K); ibidem, 12 Sep 1948, Sinclair,
J. 5090 (E); ibidem, 1891, Ridley, H.N. 2704 (SING); ibidem, 1900, Ridley, H.N. s.n. (BM).
Notes. Aeschynanthus radicans is rather similar to rare forms of A. pulcher with hairs
on the leaves but can be distinguished from it by the hairs on the ovary (glands only
in A. pulcher).
11. Aeschynanthus rhododendron Ridl., J. Linn. Soc. 32: 500 (1896); Ridley, J.
Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 44: 15 (1905); Ridley, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 74 (2):
735 (1909); Ridley, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2: 499 (1923); Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 47: 244
(1997 [‘1995’]); Middleton, Edinburgh J. Bot. 64: 418 (2007). – TYPE: Peninsular
Malaysia, Perak, Taiping, Gunung Hijau, 1520 m, 1892, Ridley, H.N. s.n. (lectotype
SING [SING0035553], designated by Middleton (2007)). (Fig. 15, 16)
Aeschynanthus longicalyx Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 44: 16 (1905);
Ridley, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 74 (2): 735 (1909); Ridley, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2: 499 (1923);
Henderson, Malay. Wild. Fl. Dicot. 341 (1959); Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 47: 243
(1997 [‘1995’]). – TYPE: Malaysia, Selangor, Semangkok Pass, February 1904, Burn-
Murdoch s.n. (lectotype SING [SING0035404], designated by Middleton (2007);
isolectotype K).
Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(1) 2016
46
Aeschynanthus longicalyx var. superbus Ridl., J. Fed. Malay States Mus. 5: 43
(1914); Stone, Fed. Mus. J. 26 (1): 98 (1981); Middleton, Edinburgh J. Bot. 64: 422
(2007); Middleton, Edinburgh J. Bot. 66: 440 (2009). – TYPE: Peninsular Malaysia,
Selangor, Gunung Mengkuang Lebah, 1520 m, 4 February 1913, Robinson, H.C. s.n.
(lectotype SING [SING0035408], designated by Middleton (2007); isolectotypes BM
[BM000537105], K [K000831889]).
Epiphyte with erect and arching stems; branchlets glabrous. Leaves opposite; petiole
3–12 mm long, glabrous; blade coriaceous to eshy, mid to dark green above, paler
beneath, not marbled, ovate or elliptic, 2.1–13 × 0.9–5.9 cm, 1.3–5.8 times as long as
wide, apex acuminate, base cuneate to rounded, glabrous above and beneath, punctate
or not beneath, margin entire, secondary veins obscure to clearly visible, 3–5 pairs,
tertiary venation obscure or laxly reticulate. Inorescences axillary or subterminal
with 1–2 owers; peduncle absent; bracts linear, c. 2 mm long; pedicels 8–19 mm
long, glabrous. Calyx with a tube and free lobes, rarely slightly zygomorphic, red,
sometimes with some green at base, glabrous or with a few hairs only on very tips
of lobes, 16–65 mm long; tube 11–37 mm long which is 45–88% of total length,
7.5–27 mm wide at top of tube; lobes triangular or narrowly triangular, erect, 2.3–32 ×
1.8–11 mm, apex acuminate or acute. Corolla 54–102 mm long, tube curved, narrow
at base, externally bright red on tube and lobes, internally red with darker markings
on lower 3 lobes and pale orange at base of lobes and in tube; upper lobes oblong,
slightly spreading to reexed, 9–22 × 8.5–12 mm, sinus 5–11 mm deep, apex rounded;
lateral lobes ovate or orbicular, reexed, 7–18 × 7–16 mm, apex rounded; lower
lobe oblong or obovate, spreading or reexed, 9–21 × 8.5–12 mm, apex rounded;
glabrous to sparsely eglandular puberulent outside, sometimes only around top, inside
with scattered glandular hairs throughout except at base and becoming more dense in
throat, sessile glands inside tube present. Stamens not exserted or only very slightly
exserted beyond upper lobes, fused in 2 pairs; laments bright red, with glandular
hairs; anterior laments inserted in tube at 40–50.5 mm from corolla base which is
48–59% of corolla length, laments 32–41 mm long, anthers 3.6–5 × 1.4–2.5 mm;
posterior laments inserted in tube at 51–56 mm from corolla base which is 62–69%
of corolla length, laments 20–25 mm long, anthers 3–4.5 × 1.1–2.3 mm; staminode
0.7–4 mm long. Disk 0.8–1.5 mm high, a simple annular ring or 5-crenate. Pistil 56–
84 mm long; stipe 18–33 mm long, glabrous; ovary 20–50 mm long, glabrous; style
7–22 mm long, densely glandular and eglandular pubescent. Capsule 11–22 cm long,
4–6 mm wide, with a long stipe. Seed grain 0.8–1.5 × 0.2–0.4 mm, papillose, bubble
cells absent; apical appendage short and stout, 0.7–1.2 mm long; hilar appendage a
single stout appendage, 0.7–1.1 mm long; appendages not papillose.
Distribution. Extreme south of Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia (Kelantan, Pahang,
Perak, Selangor), Sumatra.
Habitat and ecology. Recorded from (90–)1200–2100 m altitude. Almost all collections
of this species have been made in upper montane forest at over 1200 m altitude or in
47
Aeschynanthus in Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia
Fig. 15. Aeschynanthus rhododendron Ridl. A. Flower with larger-lobed calyx from southern
part of range. B. Flower with smaller-lobed calyx from northern part of range. C. Habit showing
the stamens beginning to wither and reex in the ower on the right. D. Flower from the front.
E. Flower dissection. (Photos: A–B, David Middleton; C–E, Jana Leong-Škorničková)
mossy forest at even higher altitudes. However, there is a collection, Mohd Shah &
Sidek MS1073 (E, SING) recorded from much lower altitude, 300–400 feet (90–120
m) at Bukit Larut. This may be a mistake.
Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(1) 2016
48
Fig. 16. Distribution of Aeschynanthus rhododendron Ridl. in Peninsular Malaysia (●).
Provisional IUCN conservation assessment. Least Concern (LC). This species is
widespread and locally common.
Additional Peninsular Malaysian specimens examined. PENINSULAR MALAYSIA:
Kelantan: Kuala Krai, G. Tera, Permatang C, 11 Feb 2007, Yao, T.L., Kiew, R., Chew, M.Y. &
Kamarudin S. FRI55845 (KEP); Pahang: Genting Highlands, 25 Nov 1984, Kiew, R. RK1546
(KEP); ibidem, 15 Feb 1987, Worthington, R.D. 12463 (L, NY); ibidem, 1520 m, 14 Jun 1967,
Whitmore, T.C. FRI3887 (KEP, L, SING); Genting Highlands, Trail to Bt. Tunggul, 1500 m, 18
Jan 1994, Perumal, B., Gan, C.L., Angan, A. & Bedul FRI41661 (KEP); Genting Highlands,
Gunung Ulu Kali, 25 Mar 2008, Phoon, S.N. & O’Byrne, P. et al. FRI60557 (K, KEP); ibidem,
9 May 1991, Tan, W.K. et al. TWK1 (SING); ibidem, 1670 m, 19 Sep 1967, Dranseld, J. s.n.
(KLU); ibidem, 1500 m, 21 Dec 1982, Stone, B.C.M. 15366 (KLU); ibidem, 1767 m, 25 Mar
2008, Phoon, S.N. FRI60496 (K, KEP); ibidem, 1700 m, 24 Sep 1998, Kamarudin S. FRI33755
(KEP); ibidem, 1750 m, 12 Oct 1974, Van Balgooy, M.M.J. 2154 (E, L); ibidem, 1670 m, 18
Mar 1979, Stone, B.C.M. 14045 (KLU, L); ibidem, 1700 m, 4 Jun 1977, Siew Wei Hoe 47 (L);
49
Aeschynanthus in Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia
ibidem, 2 Mar 1996, Van Balgooy, M.M.J. 7133 (K, KEP, L); ibidem, 14 Mar 1982, Stone,
B.C.M. 15071 (BISH); ibidem, 1756 m, 22 Mar 2006, Syahida-Emiza FRI51460 (KEP, SING);
ibidem, 16 Feb 2007, Wilkie, P., Julius, A., Nor Ezzawanis, A.T. & Imin, K. FRI52906 (KEP);
Cameron Highlands, 1976, Anthony, S. SA231 (KEP); ibidem, 30 Mar 1932, Mead, J.P. 27945
(SING); ibidem, 9 Mar 1947, Wyatt-Smith, J. KEP 56945 (K, KEP, L); ibidem, 1820–2000 m,
Aug 1975, Keng, H. et al. K8010 (SINU); ibidem, Batten Pooll, A.H. s.n. (SING); ibidem, 2120
m, 1 Feb 1962, Togashi, M. 622111 (TI); ibidem, 2000 m, 5 Mar 1970, Togashi, M. s.n. (TI);
ibidem, 1820–2000 m, 25–31 Aug 1975, Rao & et al. K8010 (AAU, L); Cameron Highlands,
Ulu Bertam Forest Reserve, 1450 m, 9 Nov 1959, Abbe, E.C., Kadim bin Tassim, Mansor bin
Omar & Abbe, L.B. 9119 (L, NY); Cameron Highlands, Gunung Batu Berinchang, Tarred road
to microwave station descending 11 km to Brinchang, 2000 m, 7 May 2007, Yao, T.L.,
Nooteboom, H.P. & Angan, A. FRI55898 (KEP); Cameron Highlands, Gunung Batu Berinchang,
1620 m, 20 Jan 2010, Mohd Hairul, M.A., Ong, P.T., Siti Munirah, M.Y. & Kueh, H.L. FRI69938
(KEP); ibidem, 1950 m, 20 Jan 2011, Imin, K., Mohd Nazri, A. & Julius, A. et al. FRI71954
(KEP); ibidem, 9 Apr 1987, Saw, L.G. FRI34368 (KEP); ibidem, 22 Aug 1995, Tam Sheh May
TSM2 (KEP); ibidem, 1997 m, 11 Feb 2010, Saw, L.G., Damahuri, S. & Norzamli, A. FRI48241
(BKF, KEP); ibidem, 2020 m, 30 Aug 1970, Chin, S.C. 233 (KLU); ibidem, 1980 m, 22 Mar
2007, Julius, A. FRI56020 (KEP, SING); ibidem, 5 Nov 1960, Poore, M.E.D. 466 (KLU);
ibidem, 30 Jul 1967, Stone, B.C.M. 7218 (KLU); ibidem, 29 Jul 2007, Low, Y.W. LYW140
(KLU); ibidem, 1920 m, 9 Dec 1961, Abdul Samat bin Abdullah 68 (KLU); ibidem, 2024 m, 26
Oct 2007, Imin, K. et al. FRI58570 (K, KEP, SING); ibidem, 1945 m, 21 Feb 2008, Syahida-
Emiza FRI57293 (K, KEP, SING); ibidem, 1910 m, 10 Jun 1961, Castle-Smith, P.M. 42 (K);
ibidem, 17 Mar 1996, Van Balgooy, M.M.J. 7228 (KEP, L); ibidem, 1910 m, 18 Apr 1968,
Woods, P.J.B. 680 (E); ibidem, 1870 m, 26 Jul 2002, Bramley, G. & Neale, S. GB31 (E, K,
KEP); ibidem, 2000 m, 20 Jun 1975, Van Balgooy, M.M.J. 2663 (E, L); ibidem, 13 Sep 1985,
Latiff, A., Zainudin, A. & Miran, S. ALM970 (L); ibidem, 1880 m, 12 Aug 1986, Wong, K.M.
FRI35244 (K, KEP, L, SING); ibidem, 2020 m, 4 Nov 1958, Sinclair, J. 9949 (E, SING);
ibidem, 1970 m, 11 Oct 1963, Chew, W.-L. CWL922 (K, L, SING); ibidem, 2020 m, 7 Mar
1960, Hawkins, A.S.M. 6 (SING); ibidem, 2 Apr 1989, Latiff, A. & Zainudin, A. ALM3121
(UKMB); ibidem, 1520 m, 15 Feb 1975, Mohd Shah MS 3446 (SING); ibidem, 8 Sep 1970,
Whitmore, T.C. FRI15450 (K, KEP, L, SING); ibidem, 1820 m, 9 Apr 1930, Henderson, M.R.
SFN23534 (NY, SING); ibidem, 2020 m, 8 Apr 1960, Abbe, L.B., Abbe, E.C., Kadim bin Tassim
& Mansor bin Omar 9767 (K, L, NY); Gunung Benom, 14 Nov 2009, Mohd Hairul, M.A. &
Mohd Nazri, A. et al. FRI69892 (KEP); Cameron Highlands, Gunung Berembun, 1750 m, 5
Apr 1988, Sabari, D. FRI32715 (KEP); ibidem, 28 Jun 1988, Samsuri Ahmad SA96 (SINU);
ibidem, 9 Aug 2008, Rosdi, M. & Phoon, S.N. et al. FRI59867 (KEP); ibidem, Nov 1908,
Ridley, H.N. 13600 (BM, K, SING); ibidem, 1820 m, 25 Nov 1925, Henderson, M.R. 17988
(SING); ibidem, 4 Apr 1930, Henderson, M.R. s.n. (SING); ibidem, 1820 m, 10 Sep 1970,
Whitmore, T.C. FRI15495 (K, KEP, L, SING); ibidem, 1670 m, 3 Oct 1963, Chew, W.-L.
CWL772 (C, G, K, L, SING); Cameron Highlands, Trail to G. Berembun, 1670 m, 1 Mar 1968,
Ng, F.S.P. FRI5931 (K, KEP, L); Cameron Highlands, near Parit Falls, Mar 1952, Johnston,
A.M. 76 (SING); Cameron Highlands, Break Pressure Tank Hill, 1480 m, 31 Aug 1956, Burkill,
H.M. HMB760 (K, L, LAE, SING); Cameron Highlands, Tanah Rata, 1400–1500 m, 12 Jan
1983, Davis 69248A (E [2 sheets], SING); ibidem, 1440 m, 29 Aug 1956, Burkill, H.M.
HMB730 (K, L, SING); Cameron Highlands, Tanah Rata, Parit Waterfall, 28 Aug 1990, Okada,
H., Darnaedi, D., Akiyama, H., Kawahara, T. & Watano, Y. 1027 (TI); Cameron Highlands,
Robinson’s Falls, 1430 m, 24 Mar 2007, Julius, A., Middleton, D.J. & Lindsay, S. et al.
FRI57483 (KEP); ibidem, 1400–1840 m, 20 Mar 1992, Klackenberg, J. & Lundin, R. 689 (L);
Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(1) 2016
50
ibidem, 9 May 1964, Mahmud bin Sidek 4816 (KLU); ibidem, 14 Apr 1968, Woods, P.J.B.,
Black, M. & Wycherley, P. 615 (E, KEP); Cameron Highlands, Tanah Rata, 1440 m, 29 Aug
1970, Chin, S.C. 165 (KLU); Cameron Highlands, Brinchang Mist Forest, 1670 m, 20 Feb
1962, Poore, M.E.D. 1028 (KLU); Gunung Benom, 31 Jul 1925, unknown s.n. (SING); ibidem,
28 Jul 1925, Federated Malay States Museum Coll s.n. (K); Gunung Mengkuang, 1520 m, 28
Mar 1959, Wyatt-Smith, J. 78808 (KEP); Gunung Tahan, Tangga Duabelas, 1530 m, 24 Mar
1987, Kiew, R. RK2430 (KEP); Above Genting Sempah, 1440 m, 23 Jul 1967, Stone, B.C.M.
7194 (KLU, L); Fraser’s Hill, 15 Nov 1977, Keng, H. et al. 410 (SINU); ibidem, 1450 m, 27
Aug 1923, Henderson, M.R. 11365 (SING); Fraser’s Hill, Pine tree hill, 1450 m, 19 Sep 1922,
Burkill, H.M. & Holttum, R.E. 8531 (SING); ibidem, 1450 m, 27 Aug 1923, Md Nur 11056
(SING); Gunong [Gunung] Gedong, 3 Sep 1928, Holttum, R.E. 20769 (SING); Gunung Tahan,
1911, Ridley, H.N. 16090 (K, SING); Perak: unknown loc., Scortechini, B. s.n. (SING);
Cauleld’s Hill, 1210 m, Apr 1884, Scortechini, B. 388 (SING); ibidem, Aug 1885, Wray, L.
656 (K, SING); Taiping, Scortechini, B. 468b (SING); ibidem, 12 Nov 1889, Curtis, C. s.n.
(SING); Taiping, Gunung Hijau, 1530 m, 7 Jun 1983, Stone, B.C.M. 15497 (KLU); ibidem, 7
Mar 1939, Spare, G.H. 2047 (SING); ibidem, Sep 1889, Curtis, C. s.n. (SING); ibidem, 1448
m, 19 Mar 2007, Julius, A., Middleton, D.J. & Lindsay, S. et al. FRI53302 (KEP, SING);
ibidem, 1448 m, 14 Jul 2006, Kamarul Hisham, M. FRI52054 (KEP); ibidem, 1440 m, 5 Mar
1924, Henderson, M.R. 11829 (SING); ibidem, 1360 m, 14 Feb 1907, Md Haniff & Md Nur
2456 (SING); ibidem, 8 Oct 1899, Fox, W. s.n. (SING); ibidem, 1210 m, Dec 1887, Curtis, C.
1311 (K, SING); ibidem, 1210–1360 m, 4 Dec 1965, Mohd Shah & Sidek MS1110 (SING);
ibidem, 1520 m, 1892, Ridley, H.N. s.n. (SING); ibidem, 1380 m, 11 Sep 1949, Sinclair, J. &
Kiah SFN38670 (BM, E, K, L, P, SING); Sungei Pelus, 1520 m, 1889, Wray, L. s.n. (SING);
Gunong [Gunung] Inas, 1180–1360 m, 9 Dec 1899, Yapp, R.H. 440 (CGE, K); Gunung Batu
Puteh, 1920 m, 26 Feb 1994, Perumal, B., Gan, C.L., Shahril, K.Z. & Angan, A. FRI41602
(KEP, KLU); Gunong [Gunung] Jasar, 23 Aug 1977, Ng, F.S.P. FRI27146 (KEP); Gunong
[Gunung] Jasar, 17 Apr 1968, Woods, P.J.B. 632 (E); Gunung Korbu, 1670 m, 10 Mar 1913,
Robinson, H.C. s.n. (K); Taiping, Bukit Larut, Bukit Bintang Hijau, 1451 m, 1 Mar 2011,
Wilkie, P., Siti Munirah, M.Y., Mohd. Hairul, M.A. & Nazre FRI75005 (E, KEP); ibidem, 16
Aug 1986, Weber, A. s.n. (KEP); ibidem, 90–120 m, 9 Dec 1965, Mohd Shah & Sidek MS 1073
(E, SING); ibidem, 1270 m, 20 Oct 1988, Saw, L.G. FRI36398 (KEP); ibidem, 27 Jun 1984,
Keng, H. et al. D-#5 (SINU); Selangor: Semangkok Pass, Feb 1904, Burn-Murdoch s.n. (K,
SING); Gunung Mengkuang Lebah, 1520 m, 16 Jan 1913, Robinson, H.C. s.n. (K); ibidem,
1520 m, 17 Jan 1913, Robinson, H.C. s.n. (K); ibidem, 1520 m, 4 Feb 1913, Robinson, H.C. s.n.
(BM, K, SING); Bukit Fraser, Jul 1899, Hose, G. 46 (SING); Gunong [Gunung] Bunga Buah,
1360m acc. no. 19680624 vouchered as Cultivated C7315 (E, KEP); Ulu Langat, Feb 1912,
Kloss, C.B. s.n. (K); Hulu Langat, Ulu Langat Forest Reserve, 1440 m, 25 Jan 2003, Sam, Y.-Y.
FRI47208 (KEP); Ulu Langat, Gunung Nuang, 12 May 1940, Symington, C.F. 51762 (KEP);
Gunong [Gunung] Nuang, 15 Aug 1974, Lee, D.W. s.n. (KLU); Ulu Selangor, Gunung Moyang,
3 Nov 1940, Symington, C.F. 56711 (KEP).
Notes. This species is rather variable in the shape of the calyx. The type of the species
is from Gunung Hijau in the Taiping Hills where the calyx is generally narrow and
the lobes small. This is the form also found in Thailand. In the Genting Highlands,
Fraser’s Hill and Gunung Benom the calyx tube ares gently from the base so that the
mouth is wider and the lobes are much larger. This is the plant formerly recognised
as Aeschynanthus longicalyx. The largest calyx seen is from Gunung Ulu Kali in the
Genting Highlands. Material from the Cameron Highlands is rather intermediate.
51
Aeschynanthus in Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia
12. Aeschynanthus speciosus Hook., Bot. Mag. 73: t.4320 (1847); Miquel, Fl. Ned.
Ind. 2: 718 (1858); Clarke in A.DC. & C.DC., Monogr. Phan. 5(1): 33 (1883); Ridley,
J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 32: 499 (1896); Ridley, J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 44: 14
(1905); Ridley, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 74(2): 733 (1909); Ridley, Fl.
Mal. Pen. 2: 498 (1923); Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 47(1): 244 (1997 [‘1995’]);
Burtt, Thai Forest Bull., Bot. 29: 84 (2001); Smitinand, Thai Pl. Names, ed. 2: 15
(2001); Middleton, Edinburgh J. Bot. 64: 420 (2007). – Trichosporum speciosum
(Hook.) Kuntze Revis. Gen. Pl.: 478 (1891). – TYPE: Java, Jawa Barat, Mt Asapan,
Lobb, T. s.n. (lectotype K, designated by Middleton (2007)). (Fig. 17, 18)
Aeschynanthus aucklandiae Low, Sarawak: 386 (1848). – TYPE: Borneo, East
Malaysia, Sarawak, Low, H. s.n. (holotype CGE).
Epiphyte with erect, arching and pendulous stems; branches glabrous. Leaves in whorls
of 3–6; petiole generally wide and at, sometimes slightly winged, 2–12 mm long,
glabrous; blade coriaceous or slightly eshy, mid to dark green above, paler beneath,
not marbled, elliptic or ovate, 3.8–15.3 × 1.2–5.5 cm, 2.3–6.1 times as long as wide,
apex acuminate to caudate, base cuneate to rounded, glabrous above and beneath,
not punctate beneath, margin dentate to entire, often strongly undulate, secondary
veins obscure to weakly visible, c. 7–8 pairs, tertiary venation obscure. Inorescences
terminal with 4–12 owers; peduncle absent; bracts linear, 5–13 mm long; pedicels
7–14.5 mm long, glabrous or sparsely eglandular puberulent. Calyx of separate lobes
free to the base, pale green, yellowish or dark reddish brown and then often ushed with
one of the other colours, glabrous to densely eglandular or glandular puberulent; lobes
narrowly triangular or linear, erect, 6.5–26.3 × 1–2.6 mm, apex acute or acuminate.
Corolla 54–118 mm long, tube narrow at base, externally yellow, yellowish green or
orangish on basal half to two-thirds of tube and orange-red to bright red above, more
rarely bright red all over, lobes orange-red to bright red, internally light yellowish
in tube and red or orangish on upper 2 lobes and red or orangish at the margin with
darker V- or W-shaped markings on lower 3 lobes and yellowish at the base; upper
lobes oblong, not spreading or reexed, 4.5–11 × 3.6–8 mm, sinus 4–8.2 mm deep,
apex rounded; lateral lobes oblong, deltoid or ovate, spreading, 5.7–14 × 5.7–13.5
mm, apex rounded; lower lobe oblong or elliptic, spreading or reexed, 7–15.5 ×
4.5–12 mm, apex retuse to rounded; outside glabrous, slightly papillose or sparsely
glandular puberulent, sometimes only on ciliate lobes, inside with sparse sessile
glands. Stamens long exserted, fused in 2 pairs; laments bright red or white, with
glandular hairs, anthers grey, pale brown or purple-black; anterior laments inserted at
50–96 mm from corolla base which is 67–81% of corolla length, laments 29–46 mm
long, anthers 3.9–7 × 1.3–2.3 mm; posterior laments inserted at 53–100 mm from
corolla base which is 72–85% of corolla length, laments 21–38 mm long, anthers
2.6–5 × 1.2–2.1 mm; staminode 0.3–4 mm long. Disk 1.2–2.5 mm high, 5-dentate
or 5-crenate. Pistil 83–130 mm long; stipe 20–30 mm long, with few sessile glands
or glabrous; ovary 27–44 mm long, with sessile glands, these sometimes very few;
style yellow or green, 14–65 mm long, glandular pubescent, especially in upper half.
Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(1) 2016
52
Capsule 20–45 cm long, 2.3–3.6 mm wide. Seed grain 0.9–1.3 × 0.3–0.4 mm, warty,
bubble cells absent; apical appendage a liform hair, 15–22 mm long; hilar appendage
a single liform hair, 15.5–23 mm long; appendages papillose.
Distribution. Southern Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia (Pahang, Perak, Selangor),
Sumatra, Java, Borneo.
Habitat and ecology. In hill dipterocarp forest habitats at 240–760 m altitude. It has
been recorded to 1900 m altitude in Sumatra and is likely to also occur at higher
altitudes in Peninsular Malaysia.
Provisional IUCN conservation assessment. Least Concern (LC). This species is
remarkably infrequently collected despite having very showy owers such that it is
readily observed in the forest for collection. It is likely to be relatively rare over most
of its range but both the EOO and AOO are much higher than those suggesting a threat
category would be merited.
Peninsular Malaysian specimens examined. PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: Pahang: Bentong
Sg., Naming, 760 m, 18 Jan 1959, unknown KEP93108 (KEP); Rompin, Endau-Rompin State
Park, Ulu Kinchin, Sg. Kinchin, Norain, Raihana & Rosjana 07 (SINU); Perak: Near Ulu
Selama, 8 Jan 1900, Yapp, R.H. 610 (CGE); Bruseh near Bidor, 240 m, 27 Jun 1904, Napier,
W. s.n. (SING); Selangor: Ulu Langat, Gadoh, U. KL1319 (KEP, SING); Serendah Ridge, 300
m, 18 Jul 1957, Hawkins, A.S.M. s.n. (SING); Bukit Elam, Jan 1891, Kelsall, H. s.n. (SING).
Notes. It is possible that Aeschynanthus pseudohybridus Mendum from Borneo is a
synonym of this species but further study is necessary. It differs in the more uniformly
red owers compared to the orange and yellow owers of A. speciosus.
13. Aeschynanthus volubilis Jack, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 14: 42 (1823); Brown,
Cyrtandreae 115 (1839); Steudel, Nomencl. Bot. ed. 2, 1: 32 (1840); Brown in Bennett,
Pl. Jav. Rar. 115 (1840); A.DC., Prod. 9: 262 (1845); Miquel, Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 719
(1858); C.B.Clarke in A.DC. & C.DC., Monogr. Phan. 5(1): 46 (1883); Bakhuizen
van den Brink, Blumea 6: 395 (1950); Merrill, J. Arnold Arb. 33: 214 (1952); Backer
& Bakhuizen van den Brink, Fl. Java 2: 524 (1965); Sinha, Fl. Gt. Nicobar Isl. 329
(1999). – Trichosporum volubile (Jack) Nees, Flora 8: 144 (1825). ‒ TYPE: Plate II,
g. 3 in Jack, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London vol. 14, unnumbered
page between pp. 44 and 45 (1823), lectotype designated here. Epitype: Sumatra, East
Coast [Sumatera Utara], Asahan, Silo Maradja, June 1927, Bartlett 8695 (epitype NY,
designated here; isoepitype MICH). (Fig. 19)
Aeschynanthus obovatus C.B.Clarke in A.DC. & C.DC., Monogr. Phan. 5(1): 47
(1883). – Trichosporum obovatum (C.B.Clarke) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 478 (1891). –
TYPE: Kalimantan, Kalimantan Selatan, Banjarmasin, Motley, J. 1158 (holotype K).
53
Aeschynanthus in Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia
Fig. 17. Aeschynanthus speciosus Hook. A. Habit. B. Flowers, side view. The ower on the
right is older with a much longer style and the stamens beginning to reex (and with one
pair becoming detached). C. Flower dissection with 2 calyx lobes removed to view nectary.
(Photos: Jana Leong-Škorničková)
Aeschynanthus obovatus var. pallidus C.B.Clarke in A.DC. & C.DC., Monogr.
Phan. 5(1): 48 (1883). ‒ TYPE: Java, Zippelius, A. Leiden number 52 (lectotype L
[L0281661], designated here; isolectotypes L [L0281673, L0281674]).
Aeschynanthus hoseanus Kraenzl., J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 37: 284 (1906). – Trichosporum
hoseanum (Kraenzl.) Merr., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. special number: 530
Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(1) 2016
54
(1921). – TYPE: Borneo, East Malaysia, Sarawak, Saribas, 24 Nov 1893, Haviland,
G.D. & Hose, C. 3528 (holotype K; isotype BM [BM000797673]).
Aeschynanthus ippancei Ridl., Bull. Misc. Info. Kew. 1926: 473 (1926); Turner,
Gard. Bull. Singapore 47: 243 (1997 [‘1995’]). ‒ TYPE: Cultivated in Penang
Botanic Gardens but originally from Malaysia, Penang, Balik Pulau, Flippance, F. s.n.
(lectotype K, designated here; isolectotype SING [SING0035633]).
Epiphyte with erect, arching or pendulous stems; stem glabrous. Leaves opposite;
petiole 3‒14 mm long, glabrous or sparsely puberulent; blade coriaceous, mid to dark
green above, paler beneath, elliptic or ovate, 1.8‒5.7 × 0.7–3.2 cm, 1.6–2.7 times as
long as wide, apex obtuse to acuminate, base rounded to cuneate, glabrous above and
beneath, not punctate beneath, not variegated, margin entire, 3–5 pairs of secondary
veins, weakly visible or obscure, tertiary venation obscure. Inorescence subterminal
Fig. 18. Distribution of Aeschynanthus speciosus Hook. in Peninsular Malaysia (●).
55
Aeschynanthus in Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia
or axillary, 3–4-owered; peduncle 3–5 mm long; pedicels 7–12 mm long, glabrous.
Calyx with a tube for most of length and free lobes, tube fairly broad and gently aring
from base, 10–16.5 mm long; tube 8.8–14 mm long, 83–90% of total length, c. 6 mm
wide at top of tube; lobes triangular or semicircular, slightly spreading or erect, 1–2.5
× 2.3–5 mm, apex rounded to acute, rarely acuminate. Corolla 19.5–27 mm long, tube
slightly curved or almost straight, broad at base; upper lobes oblong, not spreading or
reexed, 3.2–4.5 × 2.5 mm, sinus 1.5–2 mm deep, apices rounded; lateral lobes deltoid,
reexed, 3–5.2 × 3.8–4.4 mm, apices rounded; lower lobe oblong, spreading, 4.2–5.5
× 3.2–4 mm, apex rounded; outside glabrous except for ciliate lobes, inside with sparse
glandular hairs in upper part of tube and more densely so on inside of lobes except near
margin. Stamens long exserted, fused in 2 pairs; laments with sparse short stalked
glands throughout; anterior laments inserted at 14–17 mm from corolla base which
is 52–63% of corolla length, laments 16–18 mm long, anthers 2.4 × 1 mm; posterior
laments inserted at 16–19 mm from corolla base which is 48–67% of corolla length,
laments 12.5–13 mm long, anthers 2–2.2 × 1–1.6 mm; staminode 0.4–1.3 mm long.
Disk 1–1.2 mm high, a simple annular ring or 5-crenate. Pistil 18–32 mm long; stipe
1.7–8 mm long, glabrous; ovary 10–16 mm long, with very few sessile glands and
appearing glabrous; style 4–8 mm long, glandular pubescent. Capsule 10–28 cm long,
2.8–3 mm wide. Seed grain 0.5‒0.6 × 0.1–0.2 mm wide, smooth, bubble cells present
at base of hilar end; apical appendage a liform hair, 4‒8.5 mm long; hilar appendage
a single liform hair, 7.5‒9 mm long.
Distribution. Peninsular Malaysia (Penang), Sumatra (but see note below).
Habitat and ecology. None of the collections I have seen of this species from Malaysia
or elsewhere include habitat data or altitudinal range.
Provisional IUCN conservation assessment. Data Decient (DD). The limits of the
species and its distribution are unclear.
Additional Peninsular Malaysian specimens examined. PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: Penang:
Balik Pulau, Flippance, F. s.n. (K, SING); Government Hill, May 1921, Md Haniff s.n. (SING).
Notes. Aeschynanthus volubilis is the type species of the genus. It is known in
Peninsular Malaysia only from a small number of specimens formerly identied as
Aeschynanythus ippancei.
There are a number of species and specimens from Borneo and eastern Malesia
which appear similar to Aeschynanthus volubilis but require further study to ascertain
whether they are synonyms and/or extensions of the distribution of the species.
14. Aeschynanthus wallichii R.Br., Cyrtandreae 116 (1839); Brown in Bennett, Pl.
Jav. Rar. 116 (1840); de Candolle, Prod. 9: 263 (1845); Miquel, Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 722
(1858); C.B.Clarke in A.DC. & C.DC., Monogr. Phan. 5(1): 48 (1883); Clarke in
Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(1) 2016
56
Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind. 4: 343 (1884); Ridley, J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 32: 502 (1896); Ridley,
J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 74 (2): 736 (1909); Ridley, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2: 500 (1923); Turner,
Gard. Bull. Singapore 45: 92 (1993); Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 47: 244 (1997
[‘1995’]). – Aeschynanthus radicans Wall., Num. List no. 798 (1829), nom. nud. –
TYPE: Singapore, 1822, Wallich, N. 798 (lectotype K-W [K001111917], designated
here; isolectotypes CGE, K [K000831885]). (Fig. 12, 19)
Aeschynanthus brevicalyx Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 720 (1858); C.B.Clarke in A.DC. &
C.DC., Monogr. Phan. 5(1): 49 (1883). – Trichosporum brevicalyx (Miq.) Kuntze,
Revis. Gen. Pl. 477 (1891). – TYPE: Indonesia, Sumatra, Sikilieh, Teijsmann, J.E.
HB1194 (lectotype U, designated here; isolectotype L).
Epiphytic; stems glabrous. Leaves opposite; petiole 5–12 mm long, glabrous; blade
coriaceous or slightly eshy, ovate or elliptic, 3.1–10.5 × 0.8–5 cm, 1.7–3.8 times as
long as wide, apex acuminate, base cuneate to subcordate, not marbled, glabrous above
and beneath, not variegated, margin glabrous, entire, 4–5 pairs of secondary veins,
only weakly visible or obscure, tertiary venation obscure. Inorescence subterminal
or axillary, 3–6-owered; peduncles to 2.5 mm long, subglabrous to densely eglandular
puberulent; pedicels 4.2–9 mm long, green, subglabrous to densely eglandular
puberulent. Calyx fused into a wide open cup with lobes semicircular or only as curves
on rim, green or yellow-green, sparsely to densely eglandular puberulent, sparsely
pubescent inside, 2.5–6.5 mm long; tube 1.9–5.5 mm long which is 70–90% of total
length, tube 4–7 mm wide at apex; lobes semicircular or a weak curve of the rim,
spreading or erect, 0.6–1.2 × 3.5–5.5 mm, apices rounded. Corolla 19.5–27 mm long,
tube slightly curved or more or less straight, externally bright or dark red, base of tube
not gibbose, outside sparsely to densely glandular to eglandular puberulent, inside
with short stiff upward pointing hairs near base or throughout, sessile glands at inside
sinuses of lobes; upper lobes orbicular or oblong, not spreading or reexed, 3.8–6.6 ×
3–4.5 mm, sinus 2.2–3.1 mm deep, apices rounded; lateral lobes ovate or deltoid, not
spreading or reexed, 5–8 × 4.2–6.5 mm, apices rounded; lower lobe ovate or orbicular,
not spreading or reexed, 4.7–7 × 4.7–9 mm, apex rounded. Stamens slightly or not
exserted, fused in 2 pairs, laments papillose; anterior laments inserted at 10–12.7
mm from corolla base which is 48–51% of corolla length, laments 14–15 mm long,
anthers 1.9–2.2 × 0.9–1 mm; posterior laments inserted at 11.5–14.5 mm from corolla
base which is 55–58% of corolla length, laments 10–11 mm long, anthers 1.7–2.1 ×
0.9–1 mm; staminodes 1–1.2 mm long. Disk c. 0.9 mm high, a simple annular ring
or 5-crenate. Pistil 16.5–22 mm long; stipe 1.5–4 mm long, glabrous or with few
sessile glands; ovary 12.5–14.7 mm long, with sessile glands; style 2.5–3.3 mm long,
glandular pubescent; stigma circular. Capsule 18–37 cm long, c. 4 mm wide. Seed
grain 0.8–1.2 × 0.2–0.3 mm, papillose, bubble cells present at base of hilar appendage;
apical appendage a liform hair, c. 9 mm long; hilar appendage a single liform hair,
c. 10 mm long; appendages not papillose.
Distribution. Peninsular Malaysia (Johor, Pahang, Perak, Terengganu), Singapore,
Sumatra.
57
Aeschynanthus in Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia
Fig. 19. Distribution of Aeschynanthus volubilis Jack (▼) in Peninsular Malaysia and
Aeschynanthus wallichii R.Br. (●) in Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia.
Habitat and ecology. In lowland dipterocarp forest, or in peat swamp forest at 0–760
m altitude.
Provisional IUCN conservation assessment. Least Concern (LC). This species is
relatively infrequently collected but has an EOO and AOO considerably above levels
considered to be concerning. In Singapore it is considered to be Critically Endangered
and is now conned to Nee Soon Swamp.
Additional Singaporean and Peninsular Malaysian specimens examined. PENINSULAR
MALAYSIA: Johor: 5 miles S of Labis FR, 17 Apr 1966, Whitmore, T.C. KEP207 (KEP);
Mawai-Sedili Road, 24 Jan 1961, Chew, W.-L. CWL222 (C, E, K, L, SING); Kuala Sedili
fresh water swamp forest, 6 m, 26 May 1961, Burkill, H.M. HMB2668 (SING); Kota Tinggi,
Kuala Sedili New Road, 23 Jun 1959, Kadim & Noor, M. 138 (SING); ibidem, 23 Jun 1959,
Kadim & Noor, M. 131 (SING); ibidem, 25 Sep 1959, Shah, M. & Noor, M. MS813 (E, L,
Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(1) 2016
58
SING); ibidem, 23 Jun 1959, Shah, M. 138 (K); Kota Tinggi, Gunung Panti West, 550 m,
19 Jul 1981, Maxwell, J.F. 81-182 (L, SING); Gunung Panti, 520 m, 5 Jul 1970, Samsuri
Ahmad SA318 (SING); ibidem, 4 Mar 1987, Kiew, R. RK2398 (SING); ibidem, 470 m, 24 Aug
1986, Wong, K.M. s.n. (KEP); ibidem, 22 Jan 1994, Kiew, R. RK3775 (KEP); ibidem, 4 Mar
1987, Kiew, R. RK2398 (KEP); ibidem, 460 m, 31 Jul 2008, Yao, T.L., Lim, C.L., Rosdi, M.
& Ayau, K. FRI65386 (KEP); ibidem, 480 m, 5 Feb 1981, Collenette, I.S. 2254 (E); Pontian,
Pengkalan Raja, 28 Jun 1939, Henderson, M.R. SFN36656 (K, SING); Gunung Ledang, Lobb,
T. 111 (K); Alor Bukit, 22 Nov 1966, Hardial, S. 537 (K); Sungai Kayu, 12 Oct 1936, Kiah
SFN32054 (BM, K, LAE, SING); Alor Bukit, 22 Nov 1966, Hardial, S. 537 (SING); Endau,
Sg. Sempanong, 4 Feb 1986, Kiew, R. RK2112 (SING); Ulu Batu Pahat, Kampong Simpai,
1892, Lake & Kelsall, H. s.n. (SING); Sebrau [?Tebrau], Aug 1908, Ridley, H.N. s.n. (SING);
Tempayang River, 1908, Ridley, H.N. s.n. (BM, SING); Tanjong Kupang, Jun 1890, Ridley,
H.N. s.n. (SING); Nov–Dec 1935–1935, Vesterdal, A. 306 (C); Kluang, 20 Nov 1922, Holttum,
R.E. 9489 (SING); ibidem, 7 Mar 2000, Morgany, T., Tan, H.T.W. & Loo, A.H.B. M260 (SINU);
Pahang: Pekan, Pekan Forest Reserve, Sungai Bebar, 21 Apr 2005, Zainon, A.S. FRI50105
(KEP); Rompin, Endau-Rompin State Park, Trail to Gunung Keriong, 20 Aug 2002, Sam, Y.-
Y. FRI47144 (KEP); Perak: Chenderiang, Gunong [Gunung] Bujang Melaka, 120 m, 10 Aug
1959, Mrs. Allen & Kadim 436 (SING); Terengganu: Ulu Brang, 760 m, Jul 1937, Moysey,
L. & Kiah SFN33624 (LAE, SING); Sekayu, 7 May 1988, Kiew, R. RK2696 (KEP); Sakayu,
29 Aug 1986, Anthony, S. SA639 (KEP); Dungun, Pasir Raja Forest Reserve, Hutan Lipur
Cemerung, 18 Oct 2002, Sam, Y.-Y. FRI47158 (KEP); ibidem, 18 Mar 1998, Anonymous s.n.
(SING); Ulu Brang, Terengganu Tambahan FR, Sg. Chih, 360 m, 26 Mar 2013, Imin, K., Ong,
P.T. & Kueh, H.L. FRI77847 (KEP).
SINGAPORE: unknown loc., 1822, Wallich, N. 798 (CGE, K-W); ibidem, unknown s.n.
(SING); Seletar, Gan, J.T.W.M., Hardie, J.A. & Khng, Y.W.K. 1012 (SINU); Seletar, 16 May
1992, Gan, J.T.W.M., Hardie, J.A. & Khng, Y.W.K. 1037 (SINU); Seletar, 2 Oct 1948, Sinclair,
J. SFN38248 (SING); Seletar, 18 Sep 1948, Sinclair, J. SFN38246 (E, NY, P, SING); Jurong
Road 15th mile, 19 Oct 1932, Corner, E.J.H. SFN26034 (K, SING); Nee Soon Swamp Forest,
26 Jan 1995, Karim, N.A. et al. NK206 (SING); ibidem, 5 m, 19 Mar 1982, Maxwell, J.F. 82-
80 (SING); Chan Chu Kang, Jun 1892, Ridley, H.N. s.n. (MEL); Chan Chu Kang, Jan 1892,
Ridley, H.N. s.n. (SING); ibidem, 4 Apr 1890, Goodenough, J.S. s.n. (SING); Krangi [Kranji],
7 Dec 1889, Ridley, H.N. s.n. (SING); ibidem, 1894, Mat s.n. (SING); Mandai Road, 19 Feb
1931, Spare, G.H. F905 (K); Bukit Mandai, Sep 1890, Goodenough, J.S. s.n. (SING).
Notes. This species is most similar to Aeschynanthus obconicus but the owers, and
in particular the calyx, are smaller. The calyx is also green (vs red) and more saucer-
shaped than cup-shaped.
Further study necessary
Radah, A.R. & Nor Ezzawanis, A.T. FRI64274 (KEP) from G. Telapak Burok in
Berembun Forest Reserve, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia, has small opposite leaves, 0.9–
2.1 × 0.6–1.1 cm, and seeds with one long appendage at each end. This combination
of characters is otherwise unknown in Peninsular Malaysia and without owers the
identity of this plant remains a mystery. Aeschynanthus longiorus, which has the
same fruit and seed type, is known from the same locality but it is not known to
59
Aeschynanthus in Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia
have leaves anywhere near as small. FRI64274 is rather reminiscent of Aeschynanthus
fruticosus from Sumatra in leaf shape and seed type but that species always has most
leaves in whorls of three or more.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: I thank Jana Leong-Škorničková (SING) for handling the review
process of this paper and, particularly, for taking many photographs and compiling the plates
for me. I thank Ali Ibrahim (SING), Preecha Karaket (BKF) and Saw Leng Guan (KEP) for
additional photos. I also thank Ruth Kiew (KEP) for her assistance in locating a number of
Malaysian place names; Martin Pullan (E) for both enabling the use of and assistance with the
Padme database; and the Singapore Botanic Gardens’ Herbarium curatorial staff for arranging
loans. Ruth Kiew (KEP) and Gemma Bramley (K) are thanked for their useful comments on
the manuscript.
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Appendix 1. Index of Exsiccatae. The number in parentheses refers to the number of the taxon
in the text.
Abbe, E.C. et al. 9119 (11); Abbe, L.B. et al. 9767 (11); Abdul Samat bin Abdullah 68 (11);
Addison, G.H. s.n. (9); Allen, B.M. 4852A (10); Alvins, M.V. 1942 (10); Anderson,
J.W. 95 (7), 156 (9); Annandale, N. & Robinson, H.C. s.n. (10); Anonymous s.n. (14);
Anthony, S. SA230 (3), SA231 (11), SA233 (9), SA481 (7), SA482 (9), SA639 (14), SA740
(10), SA897 (9); Anthonysamy, S. SA1155 (9); Asmah 22 (9); Avé, W. 165 (8); Aziz Budin
48644 (8).
Barnes, E. s.n. (3); Batten Pooll, A.H. s.n. (11); Beccari, O. 36 (8); Best, G.A. 21255 (6);
Bogner 1699 (10); Bramley, G. & Neale, S. GB31 (11); Bramley, G. & Sam, Y.-Y. GB27
(9); Bremer, B. & Bremer, K. 1808 (9); Burkill, H.M. HMB730 (11), HMB760 (11),
HMB856 (9), HMB868 (3), HMB1996 (9), HMB2038 (9), HMB2665 (9), HMB2668
(14), HMB2811 (9), HMB2812 (7), HMB4221 (3), 8859 (7); Burkill, H.M. & Holttum,
R.E. s.n. (9), 7888 (7), 8418 (9), 8531 (11), 8549 (9); Burkill, H.M. & Md Haniff 12542
(6), 12798 (8), 12833 (9), 12971 (9), 15750 (1), 17258 (9); Burkill, H.M. et al. HMB2430
(9); Burkill, I.H. 2159 (10), 6102 (9); Burn-Murdoch s.n. (11); Burtt, B.L. B1739 (6);
Burtt, B.L. & Woods, P.J.B. B1644 (7), B1739 (6), B1643 (9).
Carrick, J. 607 (9); Carter s.n. (9); Castle-Smith, P.M. 15 (9), 42 (11); Chan, K.Y. FRI49293
(9), FRI64737 (9); Chan, Y.M. FRI49298 (8); Chan, Y.M. & Kiew, R. et al. FRI60504
(9); Chan, Y.M. et al. FRI70603 (8); Chew, M.Y. & Rosdi, M. FRI55583 (9); Chew, M.Y.
et al. FRI53648 (9); Chew, W.-L. CWL222 (14), CWL224 (9), CWL772 (11), CWL922
(11), CWL1213 (8); Chin, S.C. 165 (11), 233 (11), 1441 (9), 1812 (9); Chin, S.C. et
al. 4533 (1); Choo, J.P.S. et al. PYL2 (9); Chua, L.S.L. FRI26700 (8), FRI39082 (9),
FRI40785 (7); Chua, L.S.L. et al. FRI45633 (9); Collenette, I.S. 2253 (9), 2254 (14);
Corner, E.J.H. s.n. (10), SFN26034 (14), s.n. (3); Corner, E.J.H. & Henderson, M.R.
SFN36611 (9), SFN36612 (9); Corporal s.n. (9); Cultivated C4877 (6), C7315 (11),
C7431 (9), C7650 (8); Cuming, H. 2387 (10); Curtis, C. s.n. (11), 1311 (11), 1388 (8),
2142 (6), 2503 (9), 2990 (8), 3335 (8).
Darnaedi, D. et al. 566 (3); Davidson, C. 1292 (1); Davis 69248A (11), 69431 (9); Davison,
G.W.H. s.n. (10); Derry, R. 205 (10), 305 (10); Ding Hou 657 (8); Dranseld, J. s.n.
(11); Durnford, L. s.n. (9).
Ernst, A. 1189 (9); Evans, J.H.N. s.n. (9); Everard, B. & Young, D. 94 (9); Everett, B. FRI13553 (9).
Federated Malay States Museum Coll s.n. (11); Fielding, J. s.n. (9); Flippance, F. s.n. (13);
Fox, W. s.n. (11); Franck, C.W. 209 (9), 1150 (10).
61
Aeschynanthus in Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia
Gadoh anak Umbai for A.H. Millard KL781 (10), KL1680 (10); Gadoh anak Umbai KL1319
(12); Gan, J.T.W.M. et al. 1012 (14), 1037 (14); Gerb 3257 (9); Goodenough, J.S. s.n.
(9), 1518 (10), 1711 (9), 2705 (9), 2706 (9); Grifth, W. s.n. (10); Gwee, A.T. SING2010-
443 (9); Gwynne-Vaughan, D.T. 410 (10).
Hardial, S. 537 (14); Hardial, S. & Samsuri Ahmad 18 (9), 290 (8); Haviland, G.D. s.n. (9);
Hawkins, A.S.M. s.n. (12), 6 (11); Heaslett, E.A. s.n. (1); Henderson, M.R. s.n. (2),
s.n. (11), s.n. (9), FMS11263 (9), 11365 (11), FMS11453 (9), 11713 (9), 11829 (11),
SFN17921 (9), 17988 (11), SFN21928 (10), SFN23534 (11), 25065 (9), SFN29643 (9),
SFN36656 (14); Heng, H.P. et al. HP10 (6), HP12 (9); Holttum, R.E. s.n. (7), 9489 (14),
9715 (10), 15312 (2), 20769 (11), 20772 (3), 21528 (7); Hons. Students 1 (9); Hose, G.
46 (11); Hume, H.L. 8253 (10), 8943 (10), 9228 (10), 9596 (1), 9772 (1).
Ibrahim, H. & Lua, H.K. SING-2013-092 (9); Ibrahim, H. et al. SING2013-093 (9); Imin, K.
& Asmarayani, H.S. FRI76004 (8); Imin, K. & Kueh, H.L. et al. FRI58561 (7); Imin,
K. & Syahida Emiza, S. FRI76065 (3), FRI76073 (3); Imin, K. et al. FRI58557 (9),
FRI58570 (11), FRI58593 (4), FRI58594 (10), FRI66402 (9), FRI66493 (9), FRI68188
(8), FRI71615 (8), FRI71855 (9), FRI71954 (11), FRI77536 (3), FRI77847 (14).
Jaemat 25181 (9); Johnston, A.M. 76 (11); Jong, K. 9017 (1); Julius, A. FRI53313 (1), FRI54942
(9), FRI56020 (11), FRI57451 (8), FRI73605 (7); Julius, A. & Imin, K. FRI56237 (10);
Julius, A. et al. FRI53302 (11), FRI57479 (7), FRI57483 (11), FRI57691 (1), FRI57716
(9); Jumali K2077 (9); Jumali & Heaslett, E.A. KJ732 (9); Jutta, M. & Kueh, H.L.
FRI59582 (10), FRI59583 (9).
Kadim & Noor, M. 131 (14), 135 (9), 138 (14); Kalong 22423 (9); Kamarudin S. FRI34629
(9), FRI33755 (11); Kamarul Hisham, M. FRI52054 (11); Kamarul Hisham, M. et al.
FRI52094 (3); Karim, N.A. et al. NK206 (14); Kassim, M. 550 (9); Kelsall, H. s.n.
(12); Keng, H. & Jumali K2077 (9); Keng, H. et al. K8010 (11), CTV86 (9), D-5 (11),
1 (10), 27 (9), 54 (9), 67 (9), 85 (7), 86 (9), 93 (9), 97 (9), 410 (11), 4755 (7); Khoo, R.
& Ng, S.M. 074 (9); Kiah SFN32054 (14), 23943 (8); Kiew, R. RK832 (9), RK1002 (9),
RK1081 (9), RK1546 (11), RK1548 (9), RK2112 (14), RK2160 (9), RK2262 (8), RK2398
(14), RK2398 (14), RK2430 (11), RK2641 (9), RK2696 (14), RK2727 (9), RK3241 (3),
RK3264 (9), RK3293 (7), RK3356 (9), RK3775 (14), RK4862 (5), RK4869 (9), RK5239
(8), RK5307 (3); Kiew, R. & Anthony, S. RK3414 (9); Kiew, R. et al. FRI57497 (7);
King’s Collector 2012 (8), 2049 (8), 2849 (8), 3641 (8), 4738 (2), 7022 (7), 8314 (7),
10179 (8); Klackenberg, J. & Lundin, R. 689 (11); Kloss, C.B. s.n. (11), 6476 (10);
Kochummen, K.M. FRI2654 (9), FRI16215 (7), FRI16427 (8), FRI16516 (9), FRI16796
(1), FRI29126 (8), FRI29332 (6); Kunstler, H. 2636 (9), 4463 (1).
Lake & Kelsall, H. s.n. (14); Latiff, A. 347 (1); Latiff, A. & Zainudin, A. ALM1033 (10),
ALM2764 (9), ALM3121 (11); Latiff, A. et al. ALM970 (11), ALM1644 (10), ALM1789
(7), ALM1813 (6); Lee, D.W. s.n. (11); Leong, P. SING2010-809 (9); Leong, P. et al.
SING2012-165 (9); Lewis, G.P. 251 (9); Lim, C.L. FRI73033 (9); Lim, C.L. & Kueh,
H.L. FRI64886 (8); Lo, Y.N. & Mahmud 83 (9), 183 (5); Lobb, T. 111 (14); Long, F.R.
13 (10), 14 (9); Low, Y.W. LYW140 (11); Lua, H.K. & Ibrahim, H. SING2015-084 (1).
Mahammud 17178 (9); Mahmood KEP17216 (9); Mahmud bin Sidek s.n. (9), 4816 (11);
Maingay, A.C. K.D.1219 (9), K.D.1218 (9); Mashall 35847 (10); Mat s.n. (14); Maxwell,
J.F. 78-90 (9), 81-166 (9), 81-182 (14), 82-80 (14); Md Haniff s.n. (13), 21074 (8),
21088 (7); Md Haniff & Md Nur 2314 (9), 2347 (3), 2456 (11), 2469 (3), 8046 (8),
10390 (10); Md Nur s.n. (2), 11056 (11), 11138 (9), SFN24637 (10), SFN32980 (3),
SFN33963 (9), SFN34079 (9), SFN34254 (1), SFN34400 (9); Md Nur & Foxworthy,
F.W. 11963 (1); Md Nur & Kiah 7783 (9); Mead, J.P. 27945 (11); Mendum, M. s.n.
Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(1) 2016
62
(9); Merton, L.F.H. 004194 (9); Mitchell s.n. (7); MK & AR 1321 (1); Mohd Hairul,
M.A. & Mohd Nazri, A. et al. FRI69892 (11); Mohd Hairul, M.A. et al. FRI69938 (11),
FRI69946 (7), FRI70936 (10), FRI72324 (1); Mohd Shah MS 3446 (11); Mohd Shah &
Mohd Ali MS 3046 (9); Mohd Shah & Sidek MS 1073 (11), MS1110 (11); Mohd. Hairul,
M.A. FRI60925 (8); Mohd. Kassim bin Rajab 488 (7); Morgany, T. et al. M260 (14);
Moysey, L. & Kiah SFN33624 (14); Mrs. Allen & Kadim 436 (14).
Napier, W. s.n. (12); Ng, F.S.P. FRI1136 (9), FRI5813 (8), FRI5931 (11), FRI27146 (11); Ng,
H.H. & Lok, A.F.S.L. s.n. (1); Nongchi s.n. (9), 8 (1); Noor, M. MN.1913 (9); Norain,
Raihana & Rosjana 07 (12).
Okada, H. et al. 1027 (11), 1050 (3).
Perumal, B. et al. FRI41512 (7), FRI41602 (11), FRI41631 (3), FRI41661 (11); Phoon, S.N.
FRI51987 (9), FRI60496 (11); Phoon, S.N. & Imin, K. FRI60648 (7); Phoon, S.N. &
O’Byrne, P. et al. FRI60557 (11); Phoon, S.N. et al. FRI51576 (9); Poore, M.E.D. 466
(11), 1028 (11), 1064 (8); Purseglove, J.W. P4202 (9), P4182 (9), P4164 (7), P4222 (3).
Quaife s.n. (7).
Radah, A.R. & Nor Ezzawanis, A.T. FRI64274 (1); Radah, A.R. et al. FRI55631 (9);
Rahimatsah Amat N12 (9); Rao & et al. K8010 (11), 167 (9); Ridley, H.N. s.n. (1), 1578
(9), 1700 (6), 2151 (1), 2167 (7), 2704 (10), 2706 (9), 2710 (9), 2905 (8), 5513 (9), 6244
(1), 11447 (7), 13372 (8), 13599 (4), 13600 (11), 13603 (7), 14063 (8), 14280 (6), 14281
(10), 14282 (10), 16090 (11), 16122 (3); Ridley, H.N. & Curtis, C. 7365 (3); Robinson,
H.C. s.n. (7); Robinson, H.C. & Kloss, C.B. 5997 (9), 6049 (9); Rosdi, M. & Phoon, S.N.
et al. FRI59867 (11), FRI59872 (3); Rosdi, M. & Radah, A.R. FRI59837 (9); Rosdi, M.
et al. FRI58753 (9), FRI66272 (7), FRI66336 (10); Rostado 64 (9).
Sabari, D. FRI32715 (11); Sam, Y.-Y. FRI44492 (10), FRI46549 (10), FRI46602 (9), FRI47104
(10), FRI47144 (14), FRI47158 (14), FRI47208 (11); Sam, Y.-Y. et al. FRI47150 (9);
Samsuri Ahmad SA96 (11), 309 (9), S.311 (9), SA318 (14), SA1125 (9); Saw, L.G.
FRI34368 (11), FRI36398 (11), FRI37667 (7), FRI37684 (10); Saw, L.G. & Mohd
Hairul, M.A. FRI48326 (1); Saw, L.G. & Mustafa, D. FRI37514 (9); Saw, L.G. et al.
FRI48241 (11); Scortechini, B. 36a (9), 46a (8), s.n. (11), 468b (11), 35 (6), 37 (10), 39
(9), 291 (9), 330 (10), 388 (11), 1815 (1); Seimund, E. s.n. (9), 390 (10), 459 (8); Shah,
M. 138 (14), 155 (1); Shah, M. & Mahmud MS4895 (9), MS4978 (9); Shah, M. & Noor,
M. MS607 (9), MS813 (14); Shah, M. & Sidek MS1064 (9); Shah, M. et al. MS3407 (8);
Sidek bin Kiah S.277 (8), SK515 (8); Siew Wei Hoe 47 (11); Sinclair, J. s.n. (10), 5090
(10), 5376 (9), 6198 (7), 8151 (10), 9949 (11), 10568 (9), SFN38246 (14), SFN38248
(14), SFN38609 (9), SFN40358 (10); Sinclair, J. & Kiah SFN38670 (11), SFN38800 (7),
SFN38805 (8); Smith, G. 443 (7), 448 (9), 513 (9); Smith, J.W. 63690 (3); Spare, G.H.
F905 (14), 991 (9), 2018 (9), 2047 (11), 2114 (7), 2139 (9), SFN36226 (8); Staples, G. et
al. SING2009-157 (9); Stone, B.C.M. s.n. (8), 5889 (9), 6543 (9), 7194 (11), 7218 (11),
9566 (8), 10798 (9), 11091 (8), 12758 (5), 13764 (9), 14045 (11), 15071 (11), 15134
(9), 15167 (8), 15366 (11), 15497 (11); Stone, B.C.M. & Badaruddin 12068 (8); Stone,
B.C.M. & Mahmud 8500 (9); Strugnell, E.J. 10515 (8); Syahida Emiza, S. FRI51460
(11), FRI57293 (11); Syahida Emiza, S. & Angan, A. FRI55108 (9); Syahida Emiza, S.
& Chew, M.Y. FRI57277 (3); Symington, C.F. 20938 (3), 21390 (8), 36073 (9), 51762
(11), 56711 (11).
Tam Sheh May TSM2 (11); Tan, W.K. et al. TWK1 (11), TWK12 (9); Tay, E.P. 125 (6); Teruya,
Z. 951 (1); Togashi, M. s.n. (11), 622111 (11).
UNESCO limestone expedition 440A (10), 239 (9); unknown FMS17068 (8), KEP78844 (9),
KEP93108 (12), s.n. (11), K6502 (9), s.n. (7), 4636 (9).
63
Aeschynanthus in Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia
Van Balgooy, M.M.J. 2118 (8), 2154 (11), 2658 (3), 2663 (11), 7133 (11), 7149 (3), 7228 (11).
Vesterdal, A. 306 (14).
Wallich, N. 798 (14); Weber, A. s.n. (11); Whitmore, T.C. KEP207 (14), FRI227 (9), FRI3887
(11), FRI12601 (7), FRI15450 (11), FRI15495 (11), FRI20392 (8); Wilkie, P. et al.
FRI52906 (11), FRI75005 (11); Wong, K.M. FRI35244 (11), s.n. (14); Wong, Y.K.
KEP93272 (8); Woods, P.J.B. 616 (3), 632 (11), 634 (3), 680 (11); Woods, P.J.B. et al.
615 (11); Worthington, R.D. 12463 (11), 13326 (9); Wray, L. s.n. (11), 149 (8), 625 (7),
655 (9), 656 (11), 873 (9), 1636 (11), 1772 (8), 3217 (9), 4245 (1); Wray, L. & Robinson,
H.C. 5483 (3); Wyatt-Smith, J. KEP 56945 (11), 78808 (11).
Yao, T.L. FRI65302 (3), FRI57961 (6); Yao, T.L. et al. FRI55845 (11), FRI55898 (11), FRI57913
(10), FRI65386 (14), FRI65387 (9), FRI65495 (7), FRI77328 (9), FRI77335 (7); Yapp,
R.H. 161 (1), 440 (11), 547 (8), 610 (12); Year III students FSC312 (9); Yeo, C.K. s.n.
(9); Yong KEP99330 (9).
Zainal Mustafa ZM64 (9); Zainon, A.S. FRI50105 (14); Zainudin, A. AZ40 (9); Zainudin, A. et
al. AZ2438 (9).
Gard. Bull. Singapore 68(1) 2016
64
... The fruits are capsules, which are long and narrow, containing seeds with one or more appendages at the hilar end, and one at the apical end (Burtt & Woods, 1975;Weber, 2004;Middleton, 2007). The genus comprises approximately 181 species (GRC, 2024), distributed from Sri Lanka and India through southern China and Northeast India to New Guinea and the Solomon Islands (Weber, 2004;Middleton, 2016;Möller et al., 2017). It is the third largest genus of Gesneriaceae in India, with about 24 species. ...
... ex A.DC. in its habit, stems, leaves, and corolla striations, but shows remarkable differences in number of flowers per inflorescence, bracts, calyx lobes, corolla color, staminodes, and disk (Table 1). After consulting relevant literature (Clarke, 1884;Wang et al., 1998;Li & Wang, 2004;Middleton, 2007Middleton, , 2009Middleton, , 2016Mukherjee et al., 2008;Bhattacharyya & Goel, 2014;Datta et al., 2016;Möller et al., 2017) and comparing the collection to herbarium specimens and live images of A. wardii and A. bracteatus, the population from Hunli village was considered too morphologically distinct to be included in either of those two species, and is therefore described and illustrated here as a new species, Aeschynanthus maoi. ...
... The fresh collections were dissected in the field and then processed to make herbarium specimens. The distinctiveness of the species was confirmed by consulting types and other specimens of Aeschynanthus deposited at the following herbaria: ARUN, ASSAM, BM, CAL, CALI, E, K, MA (acronyms follow Thiers, 2024 & continuously updated), as well as relevant protologues and other literature (Clarke, 1884;Merrill, 1941;Middleton, 2007Middleton, , 2009Middleton, , 2016Mukherjee et al., 2008;Bhattacharyya & Goel, 2014;Datta et al., 2016;Möller et al., 2017). Photographs were taken using a SMZ 745T trinocular stereo microscope outfitted with a multi-output digital camera (Nikon, Japan), and a photographic plate was prepared (Fig. 4). ...
Article
Aeschynanthus maoi, a new species of Gesneriaceae from Lower Dibang Valley of Arunachal Pradesh, India, is described and illustrated. It is morphologically similar to A. wardii and A. bracteatus, but differs from the former by its small (3–5 mm long) boat-like bracts, narrowly ovate or triangular calyx lobes, 1–8 flowered inflorescences, and turbinate staminodes. It differs from the latter by caducous green bracts, short peduncles (0.2–0.8 cm long), and narrowly ovate or triangular green calyx lobes. A detailed description of the new species with color photographs and a comparison to similar species are provided. The new species is evaluated for risk of extinction and provisionally assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) according to IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria.
... The common name of this plant is "lipstick plant", the flowers resembling the form of lipstick. The species are widespread from Southern Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, and Borneo (Mendum 2001;Li et al. 2014;Middleton 2016). The leaves of A. radicans are thick, blade slightly fleshy, opposite, orbicular or elliptic, mostly green above and beneath, not marbled. ...
... According to Middleton (2016), all Aeschynanthus species are strongly protandrous, it means that male (stamens) and female (pistils) organs mature at greatly different times. The male organ matures when the flower is at anthesis, and the female organ matures several days after the male organ . ...
... The male organ matures when the flower is at anthesis, and the female organ matures several days after the male organ . This also involves the withering and side-ways movement of the stamens as the pistil elongates and the stigma enlarges (Middleton 2016). Flowers of A. radicans are presumed protandrous, therefore this can be a problem and failure in the process of pollination, any successful natural fruit set must rely on cross-pollination by pollinators. ...
Article
Full-text available
Damayanti F, Garvita RV, Wawangningrum H, Rahayu S. 2021. Flower development, pollen viability and pollen storage test of Aeschynanthus radicans. Biodiversitas 22: 1940-1945. Aeschynanthus radicans Jack. commonly-known as lipstick flowers, is an epiphytic plant in Gesneriaceae family. It has an attractive morphology and is easy to grow. Therefore A. radicans is used as mother species for hybridization by plant breeders. The flowers of A. radicans are dichogamous and strongly protandrous. The pollen matures before the stigma becomes receptive and bends away and down when the stigma becomes receptive. As a thought-after material for hybridization, little is known about the flower development, pollen viability, and storability. The purpose of this study was to observe the development phase of A.radicans flowers, determine the viability of pollen during flower development, and investigate the pollen storability at -20?C. Flower development was observed in phases from small buds to anthesis. Pollen viability was tested in 10%, 15%, and 20% sucrose solution for 4 hours. Pollen storage was tested at -20?C for 77 days and tested for viability every three weeks. The best sucrose concentration for the germination of fresh pollen was 20%. The highest pollen viability was at H0 was 58±3% and gradually decreased with flowerage. The lowest viability was 18±14% at flower stage H5, coinciding with the first day of stigma receptive. Pollen storage at -20?C decreased pollen viability to 30,2±2% after 42 days and to 13,54% after 77 days.
... Aeschynanthus Jack (1823: 42) is a large and variable genus of an epiphytic and/or lithophytic plants belonging to the family Gesneriaceae which is commonly known as 'lipstick plant' (Weber 2004, Middleton 2016. It is represented by approximately 160 species distributed from Sri Lanka and India through southern China and Southeast Asia to New Guinea and the Solomon Islands (Middleton 2007(Middleton , 2016. ...
... Aeschynanthus Jack (1823: 42) is a large and variable genus of an epiphytic and/or lithophytic plants belonging to the family Gesneriaceae which is commonly known as 'lipstick plant' (Weber 2004, Middleton 2016. It is represented by approximately 160 species distributed from Sri Lanka and India through southern China and Southeast Asia to New Guinea and the Solomon Islands (Middleton 2007(Middleton , 2016. In the Philippines, the genus is currently poorly known and is represented by approximately 32 species with 100% endemicity. ...
Article
Recent fieldwork within Zamboanga peninsula revealed the recollection of the poorly known Philippine endemic Gesneriaceae species, Aeschynanthus elmeri. The name is herein lectotypified and a detailed description based on our recent collections, comparison to its closely similar species, ecology, updated geographical distribution information and a provisional IUCN conservation assessment is provided below.
... The genus includes mainly tropical or subtropical evergreen epiphytic herbs and shrubs, and rarely as lithophytes (Weber, 2004;GRC, 2022). Aeschynanthus is mainly distributed in India, southern and southwestern China, New Guinea, Solomon Islands and other Southeast Asian regions (Weber et al., 2013;Middleton, 2016). ...
... Specimens of Aeschynanthus were collected during extensive field surveys in different locations in Mizoram, including Reiek Tlang from 2018 to 2021 (Fig. 1). Relevant literature (Wang et al., 1998;Mendum, 1998Mendum, , 1999Mendum, , 2001Mendum et al., 2001Mendum et al., , 2006Christie and Mendum, 2002;Middleton, 2007Middleton, , 2009Middleton, , 2016Sinha et al., 2012;Bhattacharyya and Goel, 2015;Sinha and Datta, 2016;Olimpos and Mansibang, 2021) including types and protologue of morphologically most similar species available in various herbaria (ARUN, ASSAM, BSHC, CAL, CALI, NEHU, E, K, NY, PE) were consulted to assess the existing recorded species, and for confirming the novelty of the species. Voucher specimens were deposited at ASSAM (Botanical Survey of India, Shillong), MZUH (Mizoram University Herbarium), MUMP (Manipur University Museum of Plants) and CALI (Calicut University Herbarium). ...
Article
Full-text available
A new species of Gesneriaceae, Aeschynanthus reiekensis is described and illustrated from the Mizoram state of Northeast India. It closely resembles A. tengchungensis W.T.Wang in having leathery, linear leaves and axillary to pseudoterminal inflorescences, but differs by its calyx characters, number of flowers per inflorescence, size of pistil and capsule and in the number of seed hilar appendages. It is also compared with two other closely allied species, A. angustissimus (W.T. Wang) W.T. Wang and A. hookeri C. B. Clarke which differs in having smaller size bracts, strongly oblique corolla mouth and tuft of hair being present inside the corolla. The pollen grains of the newly described species are monads, isopolar, small in size, prolate, circular to subangular amb and tricolporate with the exine microreticulate ornamentation. Based on the present data, the new species is provisionally assessed here as Critically Endangered (CR), according to IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria.
... During the Floristic study of Nagaland-Myanmar border, second author (SD) in the year 2022 and 2023, collected an interesting Aeschynanthus sp., having prominently dentate leaves margins and axillary cymes inflorescences in upper portion of branches with flowers in pair. On perusals of relevant literature (Clarke 1874(Clarke , 1883(Clarke , 1884Wang 1975Wang , 1981Wang , 1984Wang et al., 1998;Mendum, 1998Mendum, , 1999Mendum, , 2001Mendum et al., 2001Mendum et al., , 2006Christie and Mendum, 2002;Middleton, 2007Middleton, , 2009Middleton, , 2016Bhattacharyya and Goel, 2015;Sinha and Datta, 2016;Olimpos and Mansibang, 2021), including types and protologue of morphologically most similar species available in various herbaria (ARUN, ASSAM, BSHC, BM, CAL); and by examining the virtual herbarium specimens available at E, K, NY, P, PE, the existing recorded species were assessed, and the novelty of the species was confirmed. ...
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A new species Aeschynanthus clarkei sp. nov. is described and illustrated from the Nagaland state of Northeast India. Morphologically, this species closely resembles to Aeschynanthus lineatus Craib in having sessile inflorescences, but differs in leaves elliptic-lanceolate vs narrowly to broadly elliptic or lanceolate to obovate; calyx lobes linear vs lanceolate-linear to linear-oblanceolate. It also appears to be morphologically similar to Aeschynanthus angustioblongus W.T. Wang in leaves shape but differs in having leaves margin prominently dentate vs margin entire and flowers in pair vs flower solitary. This species is narrowly confined to Kiphire district of Nagaland, in a small population comprising about 35 matured individuals in two localities. The threat status of this new species is provisionally assessed here as "Critically Endangered CRB2ab(III); D)" following the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria version 16 (2024).
... Stamens and pistils ripen at different times; the stamens ripen first, and then after a few days, the pistils will ripen. This implies bidirectional movement of the two organs as the pistil elongates and the stigma enlarges (Middleton 2016). The temporal difference in the maturity of male and female organs is termed dichogamy (Cardoso et al. 2018). ...
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Agustiani A, Garvita RV, Siregar HM, Windarsih G. 2025. Morphological and flowering phenology characterization of wild Begonia (B. hooveriana and B. hijauvenia) collected at Bogor Botanic Gardens, Indonesia. Nusantara Bioscience 17: 1-10. Begonia hooveriana and B. hijauvenia are known for their varied morphology. This study aimed to describe the morphological characteristics of three Begonia accessions and determine their flowering phenology and pollen viability B. hooveriana with green and red color and B. hijauvenia. The Begonia were compared to characterize the plants, stomata on the underside of the leaves were examined, flowering phenology was observed daily during the flowering phase, and pollen viability was observed at the anthesis and post-anthesis phases. Data were recorded and analyzed descriptively. Based on morphological characterization data, the only morphology that distinguishes the two accessions of B. hooveriana is the color. The most prominent difference between B. hijauvenia and the previous two comparators is the type of plant. Accession B. hooveriana has anisocytic stomata, while B. hijauvenia has parasitic stomata. Based on the results of flowering phenology, the two accessions of B. hooveriana have a flowering period of 10-21 days, and B. hijauvenia has a flowering period of 17 days. The highest percentage of pollen viability in both flowering phases was found in B. hooveriana red (anthesis: 96.60±4.08%, post-anthesis:96.30±4.46%). The varied morphological characteristics of these three plants can be used as a basis for plant breeding programs.
... ex Candolle (1845: 263), A. moningerae (Merrill 1921: 677) Chun (1974, and A. pedunculatus Middleton (2009: 433) in its habit, shape and texture of leaves, inflorescence, seeds with single hilar appendage, but shows remarkable differences in corolla, gynoecium and capsule (Table 1). After consulting relevant literature (Clarke 1884, Merril 1941, Chun et al. 1974, Wang et al. 1998, Li & Wang 2004, Middleton 2007, 2009, 2016, Mukherjee et al. 2008, Bhattacharyya & Goel 2014, Möller et al. 2017) and comparing the collection to herbarium specimens and available live images, the population from Chayangtajo village is confirmed as distinct, and is described and illustrated here as a new species, Aeschynanthus chayangtajoensis sp. nov. ...
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Aeschynanthus chayangtajoensis, a new species of Gesneriaceae from East Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh, India, is described and illustrated. It is morphologically similar to A. acuminatus, A. moningerae and A. pedunculatus, in habit, shape and texture of leaves, inflorescence, and seeds with single hilar appendage, but differs from all by gibbous corolla base, completely glabrous gynoecium and much smaller fruit. A detailed description of the new species with color photographs and a comparison table of similar species are provided. The new species is evaluated and provisionally assessed as 'Critically Endangered (CR)' according to IUCN Red List Criteria.
... Relevant taxonomic treatments and protologues of the species of Aeschynanthus were reviewed (Clarke 1883, Elmer 1908, Elmer 1910, Merrill 1915, Schlechter 1923, Merrill 1923, Burtt and Woods 1975, Mendum and Madulid 1995, Mendum 1999, Mendum 2001, Weber 2004, Li and Wang 2005, Weber et al. 2013, Middleton 2007, Middleton 2009, Middleton 2016, Olimpos and Mansibang 2021, and Pelser et al. 2021, supported by examination of Aeschynanthus specimens deposited at A, BM, BRIT, E, GH, HBG, K, L, LY, MO, NY, US, VT, W, and Z; and PNH and PUH visited (Supporting information). After thorough literature review and morphological comparison, it was clear that the species was different from all previously described Aeschynanthus species known in the Philippines and morphologically closest to the Sulawesi species A. batesii Mendum (2004: 324) (diagnosis). ...
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Aeschynanthus pentatrichomatus sp. nov. (Gesneriaceae), a new species from the tropical lower montane rain forests of the Banao Protected Landscape in Luzon Island in the Philippines is described and illustrated. Morphologically, it is most similar to A. batesii in having glabrous vegetative parts, polysepalous calyx, and distinctly mottled internal corolla throat and lobes. However, it differs from this species in its smaller lamina, longer peduncle, smaller calyx lobes, whitish pink external corolla tube, and presence of five tufts of trichomes near the basal portion of the internal surface of the corolla tube. Aeschynanthus pentatrichomatus differs from A. philippinensis by its externally whitish pink, internally white corolla tube with mottled maroon markings throughout the limb and lobes, smaller calyx lobes, and internal surface of corolla tube with five tufts of trichomes basally. Aeschynanthus pentatrichomatus sp. nov . is the 33rd species of lipstick vines to be described in the Philippines. The new species is provisionally assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) following the IUCN criteria.
... Los viveros de los municipios Cuautla, Cuernavaca, Jiutepec y Yautepec se visitaron de enero a abril de 2022. Todo el material obtenido se herborizó y se identificó mediante claves taxonómicas y de apoyo de portales electrónicos (e.g., Wiehler 1983, Ramírez-Roa 1987, 2017, Kriebel 2006, The Gesneriad Society 2022, Middleton 2016, Ramírez-Roa & Cerros-Tlatilpa 2018y Araujo et al. 2022. En particular, para conocer los nombres de las plantas ornamentales se consultó The Gesneriad Society (2022). ...
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... All species of this genus are epiphytic and lithophytic plants. Approximately 160 known species are distributed in India, New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Southeast Asia, southern & southwestern China, and Sri Lanka (Weber 2004;Middleton 2007Middleton , 2009Middleton , 2016Wei 2018;Olimpos and Mansibang 2021;Wei et al. 2022). Like many genera of Gesneriaceae, the genus is widespread, but local endemism at the species level is high (Mendum et al. 2001). ...
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Aeschynanthus smaragdinus F.Wen & J.Q.Qin, a new species of Gesneriaceae from the monsoon rain forest in Mangbang township, Tengchong City, Yunnan Province, China, is described and illustrated here. It morphologically resembles A. chiritoides C.B.Clarke in size, shape and hairs on the leaf blades. But it can easily be distinguished from the latter by the green corolla limb with brownish-red to maroon lower lobes. At the same time, the hairs of the pedicel and calyx lobes, the length of the staminode and the size of the seed grain can also help distinguish both. It is provisionally assessed as Data Deficient (DD), according to the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, because field surveys for this new taxon have not been completed.
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An inventory of Gesneriaceae in Sumatra based on herbarium specimens and field trips resulted in 17 genera. The genus Cyrtandra was the most diverse genus, followed by Aeschynanthus. Here we enumerate the species of Aeschynanthus in Sumatra. Distribution and altitudinal notes on 17 species of Aeschynanthus were made and the late Mary Mendum of the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh added four more species. The only endemic species of Aeschynanthus in Sumatra is A. chrysanthus; two other species, A. albidus and A. wallichii, are widely distributed in Sumatra and the rest of Malesia.
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The species of Aeschynanthus Jack (Gesneriaceae) in Thailand are revised. Twenty species are recognized, a key to the species is given, all names are typified, and detailed descriptions of all species are provided. Conservation assessments are given for all species. Aeschynanthus minutifolius D.J.Middleton is newly described. Micraeschynanthus Ridl. is reduced to synonymy and a new combination is given for its only species: Aeschynanthus dischidioides (Ridl.) D.J.Middleton.
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The species of Aeschynanthus Jack (Gesneriaceae) in Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam are revised. Eighteen species are recognised, keys to the species are given, all names are typified, and detailed descriptions of all species are provided. Conservation assessments are given for all species. Aeschynanthus cambodiensis D.J.Middleton, Aeschynanthus jouyi D.J.Middleton and Aeschynanthus pedunculatus D.J.Middleton are newly described.
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Sulawesi (Celebes) is the largest island in the biogeographic region of Wallacea. The Gesneriaceae of the island are represented by 11 genera, some of which show a very high degree of endemism. Knowledge of the origin and affinities of the flora of this island is important for an understanding of the biogeography of the area. The Gesneriaceae promise to be excellent models for phytogeographic analysis, but before this, basic taxonomic studies must be carried out. A list of the currently known genera and species is provided, and descriptions of new taxa will be published over the coming months.
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 Aeschynanthus Jack, an epiphytic genus with c.160 species, is widespread in SE Asia. We selected 50 species for ITS nrDNA sequencing, to include all biogeographic areas and all infrageneric groupings, which are currently based on seed morphology. Some species were sequenced directly from PCR product; others cloned because of ITS length polymorphisms. The clone sequences were analysed individually and combined in an elision matrix. Results extend earlier findings that Aeschynanthus is divided into two clades, one occurring primarily in mainland SE Asia and the other in Malesia. This pattern is interpreted as indicating an ancient vicariance event followed by dispersal and plate fusion. Clade I has straight or clockwise spiral orientation of the testa cells and clade II anticlockwise spiral orientation. In clade I some species of section Microtrichium form a basal group with other sections being polyphyletic or paraphyletic. In clade II the monophyletic section Aeschynanthus is nested within the paraphyletic basal Microtrichium.
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Perennial or rarely annual herbs, subshrubs, shrubs or rarely small trees; perennial herbs with fibrous roots or with rooting above- or underground stems, rootstocks, rhizomes, scaly rhizomes, or tubers; terrestrial, epiphytic or climbing. Stem erect, ascending, decumbent, creeping, pendulous, or ± absent. Leaves opposite, sometimes in whorls of three or four, or in near-distichous or spiral-alternate arrangement; usually petiolate; stipules absent; lamina usually undivided, rarely lobed or pinnately dissected. Number of leaf pairs sometimes reduced to the cotyledonary pair, with one of the two cotyledons growing up to a large, foliar organ. Indumentum of stem and leaves of glandular and eglandular hairs, rarely absent. Inflorescences a foliose or (rarely) bracteose indeterminate thyrse with axillary pair-flowered cymes; cymes sometimes reduced to solitary flowers; bracteolate or rarely ebracteolate. Flowers usually showy, zoophilous, rarely auto- or cleistogamous, 5- (rarely 4-)merous.
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The current sectional classification of the genus Aeschynanthus Jack, essentially based on seed morphology, presents some problems of species placement. A comparative SEM survey of seed and seed appendages was undertaken in order to assess the value of this classification. Seeds of 99 taxa (that is about two-thirds of the estimated total) were examined and found to fall into two types, A and B. Type A has spiral testa cell orientation, papillae formed from a single cell and short smooth appendages. Type B is recognized by the straight orientation of the testa cells, combined with the presence of papillae formed from the raised ends of two adjacent cells on the long hair-like appendages and usually on the testa. Only six of the investigated species did not fall into either category. Three have straight testa cell orientation combined with single-cell papillae and short smooth appendages; the papillae and appendage characters place them in type A. Three have spiral testa cell orientation and short smooth appendages but the testa cells have slightly raised ends; these are also placed in Type A. The three subtypes in Type A are equivalent to the sections Haplotrichium s.s., Microtrichium and Aeschynanthus, but the divisions are less clear than those within Type B. However, other morphological characters support sectional separation. Type B subdivides into three: two subtypes equivalent to sections Polytrichium and Diplotrichium, and a third encompassing section Xanthanthos together with part of the current sect. Haplotrichium, and here referred to as sect. X. There is sufficient morphological correlation with seed type to make the sectional position of many species clear without recourse to seed, particularly in sects Polytrichium, Diplotrichium, Haplotrichium S.S. and Aeschynanthus. There is strong correlation between seed type and geographical distribution. Sects. Microtrichium and Aeschynanthus, with Type A seed, are essentially Malesian. Groups with Type B seed are largely confined to mainland south and south-east Asia, except for sect. Polytrichium which is more widespread, possibly due to the greater effectiveness of a coma of hairs in wind dispersal. It is suggested that Type A seed, probably sect. Microtrichium, is the least determined and Type B sect. Polytrichium the most derived seed type. Based on these findings a revised key to the sections is provided.