The Feasibility of Algae Building Technology in Sydney

Abstract

This study evaluates the technological, economic, environmental, regulatory and social feasibility of adopting algae building technology in Sydney NSW Australia as a source of renewable energy. Interview with 23 stakeholders in the built environment illustrate the drivers and challenges associated with such technology.

Full text

Sara Wlkinson, Paul Stoller, Peter Ralph, Brenton Hamdorf
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Feasibility of Algae Building
Technology in Sydney
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UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY SYDNEY

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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank all participants for their time and expertise, which is the foundation
of the recommendations of this report:
1. Avtar Lotay Rogers Stirk Harbour & Partners - Architect
2. Andrew Johnson Arup – Engineer
3. Haico Schepers Arup - Engineer
4. Melissa Chandler Lend Lease - Team Leader – Architectural Engineering, BCA Consultant,
Design, Building
5. Matt Williams Lend Lease – Sustainability Manager NSW/ACT, Building
6. Lucy Sharman Lend Lease – Sustainability Education Manager, Ecoconcierge, Barangaroo
South
7. Neil Kendrick Lend Lease – Façade Engineer
8. Doug Rayment AECOM – Associate Director- Quantity Surveyor
9. Gary Lyle AECOM - Associate Director – Electrical
10. Richard Alder Area3 Director – Project Manager
11. Phil Wilkinson AIRAH Executive Manager, Government Relations and Technical Services,
Melbourne Victoria.
12. Steve Hennessey WT Sustainability - Sustainability Consultants for the Built Environment.
Director
13. Mark Willers LandMark White Director Certified Practicing Valuer, Sydney NSW
14. Martin Fisher Burgess Rawson Commercial Property Consultants - Director Property
Management. Sydney NSW
15. Gavin McConnell North Sydney Council - Planner Sydney NSW
16. Professor Peter Ralph – Microalgae expert. UTS Sydney NSW
17. Dr Rowan Braham Laing O’Rourke – bio engineer. Sydney NSW
18. Paul Edwards Mirvac Sustainability Manager Sydney NSW
19. Nik Midlam Carbon Manager City of Sydney
20. Tracey Gramlick Executive Director & CEO AWA Australian Window Association
21. Carlos Flores National Program Manager National Australian Built Environment Rating
System (NABERS)
22. Richard Hamber Sustainability Manager Australian Window Association AWA, Sydney NSW
23. Clive Broadbent Clive Broadbent Associates, Canberra, ACT.
The authors would also like to thank the City of Sydney for funding this research, and thereby
facilitating this structured debate and evaluation of the feasibility of algae building technology in
Sydney. The authors would also like to thank Dr Sabina Belli UTS Science for the artwork and final
formatting of the report.
Cover image: Conceptual rendering of algae panel installation on Alumni Green. Image courtesy
of Atelier Ten.

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Table of Contents
1. NTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 1
1.1 Rationale for the study .......................................................................................................................... 2
1.2 Scope of project and limitations .......................................................................................................... 4
2. ALGAE TECHNOLOGY IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT ....................................................... 5
2.1 Algae explained to non-specialists ....................................................................................................... 6
2.1.1 Algae as a biofuel ............................................................................................................................ 6
2.1.2 Existing Algae Building Technology – BIQ Hamburg ............................................................. 6
2.2 Built environment professionals and other stakeholders ............................................................... 12
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................... 13
4. RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION ................................................................................................. 15
4.1 The drivers and barriers to adoption ................................................................................................ 17
4.1.1 Environmental issues ................................................................................................................... 17
4.1.2 Technological issues ..................................................................................................................... 19
4.1.3 Regulatory and political issues .................................................................................................... 25
4.1.4 Economic issues ........................................................................................................................... 26
4.1.5 Social ............................................................................................................................................... 30
4.1.6 Options for other land uses ........................................................................................................ 30
4.1.7 Potential locations in Australia ................................................................................................... 32
4.1.8 Challenges to Algae Building Technology – The Six Cs ........................................................ 33
4.2 Potential application of algae technology in property in NSW ..................................................... 35
4.2.1 Application of algae technology in the commercial property sector .................................... 35
4.2.2 Application of algae technology in the industrial property sector ........................................ 36
4.2.3 Application of algae technology in the residential property sector ....................................... 36
4.2.4 Application of algae technology in the retail property sector ................................................ 37
4.2.5 Application of algae technology in the airport property sector ............................................. 37
4.2.6 Application of algae technology in property in the public sector ......................................... 38
4.2.7 Application of algae technology in property in other categories .......................................... 39
5. CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................................................................................ 40
6. THE NEXT STEPS ................................................................................................................................... 43
Appendix 1 BIQ Building Technology Information Sheet .............................................................. 44
Appendix 2 Algae sewage treatment plants ........................................................................................ 48
Appendix 3 Semi-structured interview questions .............................................................................. 49
Appendix 4 - Participant Information Sheet ........................................................................................... 51
References .................................................................................................................................................... 52
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Introduction
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1.Introduction
1.1 Rationale for the study
The environmental impact of humans on the natural world manifests in various ways. Greenhouse
gas emissions (GHG) contribute to the greenhouse effect where temperatures increase and the
Earth warms. The total stock of buildings globally and the energy used therein adds significantly to
GHG emissions; and it estimated to be around 30% to 40% of total GHG emissions. Historically
the majority of emissions emanated from developed countries, however it is predicted in the near
future that the level of emissions from buildings in rapidly industrialising countries will surpass
emission levels from buildings in developed countries (UNEP, 2009). As such reduction of building-
related GHG emissions could have a substantial impact on efforts to mitigate the effects of global
warming. Space heating is the main end-use in buildings in developed countries, however appliances
are driving the growth of energy consumption with the most common types of end-uses being:
heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems; water heating; lighting; personal
computers, data centres and electronic appliances; cooking; and refrigerators, freezers, washing
machines, dryers and dishwashers (UNEP, 2009).
There are many ways to reduce building-related greenhouse gas emissions; such as increasing the
energy efficiency so less energy is used through efficient design of the fabric and orientation.
Another option is to convert buildings to use renewable forms of energy such as solar or wind
energy. According to Goldenberg in Rosillo et al. (2016) renewable energy will dominate energy
production in the 21st century. !
Renewable technologies have been around for over 175 years. In 1839, Alexandre Becquerel
discovered the photovoltaic (PV) effect and described how electricity can be generated from
sunlight, when he found that shining light on an electrode submerged in a conductive solution
would create an electric current. However, even after much research and development, energy
generated by PV continued to be inefficient and prohibitively expensive. Until, in 1941, Russell Ohl
invented the solar cell, shortly after the invention of the transistor. Further developments in PV and
supporting technologies such as battery storage and smart electricity grid management, and greatly
reduced costs through commercialisation, have transitioned PV technology from prohibitively
expensive and inefficient to a viable alternative to fossil fuels. In Europe, not only are PV farms
common outside of urban settlements generating energy but they are also found on building facades
and rooftops providing on-site power.
In the 1950s, the price of solar panels was exorbitant, costing AS$2723.32 (£1,350) per watt in
today’s money, the only practical use for them was in space on the US Vanguard 1 satellite launched
in 1958. Slowly, and then swiftly the price of building a solar cell fell and today it is less than
AS$1.14 (£0.55) per watt (The Guardian, 2016). Proliferation of PV panels in Europe, China, US
and India has followed the same curve that lead to the market domination of technologies including
the car, mobile phones and electricity (The Guardian, 2016). A Deloitte report (2015) noted that
sudden, disruptive and largely unpredictable technology shifts occur, making technologies viable and
attractive where previously this was not the case. This shift has occurred with solar; inevitably the
same thing could happen in time for other ‘new’ renewable energy technologies.

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Globally renewables represented 22% of total energy production in 2013 (Rosillo et al., 2016)
although distribution of adoption is very unequal, with the European Union having a 72% share of
renewable energy. Australia is lagging currently in adoption innovation with just 13.5% renewables
in 2014 (Clean Energy Council, 2014.). Of the various renewable energy technologies, hydro
contributes generation (6.2 per cent) to total Australian energy, followed by wind (4.2 per cent),
solar (2.1 per cent) and bioenergy (1 per cent) (Clean Energy Council, 2014).
Bioenergy in Australia has had a tumultuous history with support waxing and waning between
Governments and consumers. Bioenergy encompasses biogas (methane) from landfill, covered
anaerobic ponds, and in vessel waste treatment; and liquid fuels (predominantly biodiesel and
ethanol) from a range of sources. Ho et al. (2014) provide a good overview of the sustainability
issues of a number of these biofuels.
Methane (CH4) as a component of biogas represents only between 50-70% of the gas volume with
most of the remainder being carbon dioxide (30-45% CO2). Biogas also has only half the energy of
natural gas (91% methane; <1% CO2) (http://www.biogas-renewable-
energy.info/biogas_composition.html).
Ethanol has been produced largely via the fermentation of sugars from cane, beets, wheat and more
recently cellulosic sources, whilst biodiesel has been produced from tallow, waste cooking oil, canola
and other oil seeds / plants using a traditional alkali treatment process. Several more recent
developments have included the application of pyrolysis to produce biocrude oil from various
sources – such as mallee timber, food waste and effluent.
Almost with out exception the raw biomass material for liquid fuels have been derived from arable
land or use precious fresh water that could otherwise be used for crop or animal production. Algae
is another form of biomass that has been investigated heavily (particularly in the US and Europe) for
its ability to produce large amounts of biomass with very few inputs. The resultant oil or sugar
components can then be converted into energy. The challenge has been finding the right organisms,
and the right production, processing and extraction processes (Brennan and Owende, 2010).
Global biomass energy production in 2014 reached 88 GW, including 116.1 billion litres of biofuels
(Rosillo et al., 2016); as such bio-energy is no longer a transition energy source. The Clean Energy
Council’s Bioenergy Roadmap (Clean Energy Council 2013) proposes that by 2020 the contribution
from Australian biomass for electricity generation could be 10,624 GWh per year which is six times
the 2013 generation. Long-term potential for electricity from biomass in 2050 could be 72,629
GWh/year, approximately 40 times the 2013 level (Clean Energy Council 2013). CSIRO noted the
potential for second-generation biofuels to replace between 10% and 140% of current petrol only
usage over time (Bio fuels in Australia, RIRDC 2007).
This study explores the potential for algae biomass to provide a renewable source of energy for
buildings in NSW Australia. While energy production is the centre of much of this paper’s
discussion, biomass also can serve many other end uses. Those multiple uses for biomass have been
presented as the 6 Fs:
1. Food
2. Feed
3. Fuel
4. Feedstock
5. Fibre
6. Fertiliser

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Biomass has the potential to meet numerous human needs and globally attention is turning towards
different types of biomass. This study explores the potential for algae to provide a renewable source
of energy for buildings in NSW Australia.
In addition to being able to produce biofuel and heat energy, algae also sequesters carbon (Subhadra
and Grinson-George, 2010). Biomass for energy has an important role to play in climate change
mitigation (Rosillo et al., 2016), with the Worldwatch Institute (2006) noting that algae could be
grown as a biofuel although there are concerns about long-term stock availability (Rosillo et al.,
2016:186). The range of algal products can be used in cosmetics, pharmaceutical products and food
supplements particularly where those algae have high levels of protein (Spolaore et al., 2006.
Subhadra and Grinson-George, 2010).
It is possible that algae building technology may make the intensive culture of algae viable within
urban and industrial environments. To date, one building powered by algae has been designed and
built in 2013 in Hamburg, Germany (Arup, 2013). This is in the northern hemisphere in a cool
climate, whereas Australia (generally warmer climate) has eight climate zones within its borders
making the selection of materials, organisms and products possibly more challenging. The question
arises; is algae building technology feasible in NSW? And if so, what form could it take? And what benefits may it
provide?
1.2 Scope of project and limitations
This report adopted a desktop study of secondary sources to explore the technological, economic,
environmental, social, and regulatory drivers and challenges to algae building technology. This was
followed with some primary research consisting of a series of semi-structured interviews with key
stakeholders to ascertain their perceptions of the potential drivers and challenges with regards to
algae building technology.
The limitations of the study are that this is a very new technology, with only one building designed
and built in 2013 in Hamburg Germany. Participants have no direct experience with the technology
and their perceptions are based on limited impressions of algae buildings in the media and their
experience of applying other newly emerging technologies to the built environment. A further
limitation is that project outputs are based on the empirical evidence from the only one building in
Germany, in a cool temperate climate zone, which may be very different for a number of reasons
highlighted in the report. A demonstration (prototype) algal building panel operated in Australia
would provide additional empirical evidence of production rates from an alternate climate.

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Algae Buildings
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2. Algae Technology in the Built Environment
2.1 Algae explained to non-specialists
Algae are either single-celled microbes (microalgae) or multi-celled organisms (macroalgae or
seaweeds) that photosynthesise. Algae grow from the tropics to the poles, in freshwater, saltwater
and in the soil. For the most part, we are only describing microalgae in this report. Algae need light,
nutrients and CO2 to grow and produce new biomass. The biochemical diversity of cellular products
produced by algae is immense and therefore the products that can be “grown” in these cells can also
be used across a wide range of industries. Algal biomass can be used in biofuels, human food
supplements, functional foods, feedstock for livestock, fishmeal for aquaculture, bioplastics,
industrial enzymes, pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, the list of applications is virtually endless.
2.1.1 Algae as a biofuel
To convert algae from cells growing in water to a final product requires some process engineering.
Firstly, the cultured cells need to be filtered, flocculated or centrifuged (de-watering) once the cells
are more concentrated, usually they need to be ruptured to access the compounds of interest such as
omega-3 oils or proteins. The product must be chemically separated from the cell debris and
purified to the level required for the specific product. To convert the oils (lipids) into a biofuel
requires additional chemical processing such as hydrothermal liquefaction (high temperature and
high pressure conversion of oil to hydrocarbon).
2.1.2 Existing Algae Building Technology – BIQ Hamburg
In 2013, a team of designers including building engineers Arup, Strategic Science Consult of
Germany, and Colt International
designed the BIQ House for an
International Building Exhibition
(IBA) in Hamburg. 200m² of
integrated photo-bioreactors in 120
façade-mounted panels, generate
algal biomass and heat as renewable
energy resources in this low-energy
multifamily residential building (see
Plate 1). The algae façade panel
system also provides additional
benefits such as thermally
controlled microclimate around the
building, noise abatement and
dynamic shading to deliver the full
potential of the technology (Arup,
2013). Arup claim the system is
suitable for new and existing
buildings (Arup, 2013).
Plate 1 BIQ House Hamburg Elevation
Source: Colt 2013

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The microalgae in the facades are
cultivated in flat panel glass bioreactors,
measuring 2,500mm x 700mm x 90mm.
The bioreactors are mounted on the
south-west and south-east elevations of
the four-storey residential building (as
shown in Plates 2 and 3). The biomass
and heat generated by the façade are
transported by a closed loop system to
the energy management centre in the
basement, where the biomass is
harvested through floatation and heat is
recovered from the water-algae solution
by a heat exchanger (See Plate 4). As the
system is integrated with the building services, the excess heat from the photo-bioreactors (PBRs)
can be used to pre-heat domestic hot water, warm the building interiors, or may be stored seasonally
in an aquifer under the building for later use. The algae biomass is taken off-site, converted to
biogas, and the biogas is returned to the building where it helps power a small-scale combined heat
and power micro-turbine, generating electricity and more heat for the building.!
Known as "SolarLeaf", the façade system is the result of three
years of research and development by Colt International
based on a bio-reactor concept developed by SSC Ltd and
design work led by the international design consultant and
engineering firm, Arup (Arup 2013). The German
Government’s “ZukunftBau” research initiative provided
funding for the innovation. SolarLeaf provides around one
third of the total heat demand of the 15 residential units in
the BIQ house.
The advantage of algal biomass is that it can be combusted
for power and heat generation, and it can also be stored with
virtually no energy loss (Arup, 2013). Moreover, cultivating
microalgae in flat panel PBRs requires no additional land-use
and is not unduly affected by weather conditions. In addition,
the carbon required to feed the algae can be taken from any
nearby combustion process, for example from a boiler in a
nearby building. The result is a zero net carbon emission with
no carbon emissions entering the atmosphere and therefore
helping to mitigate climate change (Arup, 2013).
Microalgae absorb sunlight, and therefore the bioreactors act
as dynamic shading devices for the BIQ (as shown in Plate 2).
The amount of sunlight absorbed, and thus shading delivered
to the building, depends on the density of algae inside the
bioreactors. The algae density in turn relies on the algal species, the harvesting regime and available
carbon dioxide. These conditions can be adjusted to suit any installation. Algae density also
Plate 2 BIQ House Hamburg Elevation
Source: Colt 2013
Plate 3
BIQ House Hamburg Elevation
Source: Colt 2013

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depends on available sunlight and on the temperature of the growing solution inside the bioreactors,
both factors of the bioreactor’s specific site and its location in a broader geography and climate.
When there is more sunlight available, the algae grows more rapidly
– providing more shading for the building (Arup, 2013) and this
could make algae building technology more productive in a sunny
country such as Australia.
According to Arup (2013), the flat photo-bioreactors (PBRs) used
on the Hamburg building are highly efficient for algal growth and
need minimal maintenance. The PBRs have four glass layers: a pair
of double glazing units (DGUs) creating between them a 24-litre
capacity cavity for circulating the growing medium. The cavities
within each double glazing unit are filled with argon gas to
minimise heat loss. The outer glazing pane comprises white anti-
reflective glass, while the glazing on the inner face can integrate
decorative glass treatments. The PBR assembly is held together by
steel U-section frames that resist the significant outward static pressure from the water within the
cavity. See Figures 1 and 2.
The growing medium is pumped into the PBR from
below, via tubing that runs along the supporting frame
structure, and similarly it flows out of the top of the panel
and back to the central energy plant. See Figure 2,
section diagram.
At set time intervals compressed air is introduced to the
bottom of each bioreactor. The gas emerges as large air
bubbles and generates an upstream water flow and
turbulence to assist the algae to take up carbon dioxide
(CO2) and move the cells into less bright parts of the
cavity. Simultaneously, water, air and small plastic
scrubbers wash the inner surfaces of the panels (Arup,
2013). All servicing pipes for the inflow and outflow of
the culture medium and the air are integrated into the
panel frames.
Figure 1 PBR diagrammatic view
Source: Colt 2013
Plate 4 BIQ plant room
Source: Colt 2013

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The temperature of the water within the PBRs can be controlled somewhat by the speed of the fluid
flow through the panel, with lower flow rates allowing greater time for the sun to warm the water as
it passes through, and by the amount of heat extracted via heat exchangers in the central plant. The
maximum temperature allowed within the BIQ bioreactors is around 40 degrees Celsius, as higher
levels would harm the microalgae. The system can be operated all year round, although we have
been informed that the system in Hamburg has been shut down over this past winter for
maintenance (Arup Schepers, 2016).
Note that these temperature constraints pose several challenges to applying directly the BIQ system
in Australia. First, the relatively low maximum PBR temperature limits the practical use of the
extracted heat to mainly a pre-heating function for other building systems. Furthermore, the
maximum growing temperature for the kind of algae used in the German panel may limit panel use
to cooler regions of Australia as air temperatures can exceed 40 degrees Celsius in much of the
country. However it is possible also to use other algae types which are able to tolerate higher
temperatures.
According to Arup (2013) the efficiency of the conversion of light to biomass is currently around
10% and available light to heat is roughly 38%. Including additional energy captured from the
biogas generated by the algae, the total solar energy conversion efficiency of the system is 56%.
Note that these figures are all relative to the length of the daylight period and the time that sunlight
is incident on the building facades. The total energy system conversion efficiency is 27% relative to
the full available solar radiation incident on an unobstructed building roof. By comparison, PV
systems yield an efficiency of 12-15% and solar thermal systems 60-65%, when placed optimally to
capture the total available solar radiation. Figures 3 and 4 show estimated yield and conversion for
an algae building façade located in Munich Germany.
Figure 3 shows that where global radiation energy in Munich measures 1250 kWh/m2 p.a half (550
kWh/m2 p.a) this energy is lost due to reflection, exposure and orientation of the algae panel. 220
kWh/m2 p.a. of energy (40%) is produced as heat energy which is distributed for use in a building,
via hydronic heating systems. The biomass component is 50 kWh/m2 p.a (10%) which can be
converted to biogas where 40 kWh/m2 p.a energy is produced. Each component; heat, biomass and
biogas results in CO2 reductions of 0.04 t/m2 p.a, 0.015 t/m2 p.a and 0.014 t/m2 p.a respectively.
Figure 2 Section and elevation of the photo-
bioreactor in the BIQ building
Source: Colt 2013
1. SolarLeaf external louvers
2. Brackets with thermal breaks for the transfer of
loads to the primary structure
3. Pipework for the medium to enter and leave
4. Sub-frame and rolled steel U section
5. Pivot fixing allowing rotation
6. Metal cladding
7. Supply of pressurised air controlled by magnetic
valves.

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Figure 3 shows that where global radiation energy in Munich measures 1250 kWh/m2 p.a half (550
kWh/m2 p.a) this energy is lost due to reflection, exposure and orientation of the algae panel. 220
kWh/m2 p.a. of energy (40%) is produced as heat energy which is distributed for use in a building,
via hydronic heating systems. The biomass component is 50 kWh/m2 p.a (10%) which can be
converted to biogas where 40 kWh/m2 p.a energy is produced. Each component; heat, biomass and
biogas results in CO2 reductions of 0.04 t/m2 p.a, 0.015 t/m2 p.a and 0.014 t/m2 p.a respectively.
Given that the total energy conversion of the BIQ algae system is notably lower than that of
conventional solar hot water panels, the BIQ building’s bio-responsive façade necessarily aims to
provide energy directly to several building services systems, to provide additional energy benefits
through summertime shading, and by providing a biomass stock for additional use.
The BIQ team claim a key to a successful implementation of PBRs on a wider scale will be
cooperation between stakeholders and designers (Arup, 2013). It is a new technology that benefits
from strong interdisciplinary collaboration, combining skills in environmental design, façades,
materials, simulations, services, structural engineering and control systems (Arup 2013). It is also
Figure 3 Estimated calculated energy yield of bioreactor sited in Munich
Source: Colt, 2013

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argued that take up and acceptance of the technology requires an understanding and view of the
systems’ benefits for owners, users, and built environment professional such as planners, surveyors,
project managers, contractors, quantity surveyors, certifiers property managers and facility managers.
Figure 4 Energy efficiencies and conversion rates
Source: Colt 2013

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2.2 Built environment professionals and other stakeholders
Within the built environment various professional practitioners and stakeholders possess knowledge
and skills which they exercise in respect of design, engineering (including structural, mechanical,
electrical, and façade), valuation, property management, cost management and control, planning,
building certification and regulations. Each professional and stakeholder possesses different
expertise and skills, which they exert at different times during the project.
They belong to a variety of professional bodies for example, the Royal Institution of Chartered
Surveyors (RICS), Australian Property Institute (API), Australian Institute of Architects (AIA),
Australian Institute of Quantity Surveyors (AIQS), Australian Institute of Building Surveyors
(AIBS), Chartered Institute of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE) and the Association of
Refrigeration and Heating Engineers (AIRAH). Each professional body sets minimum standards
and educational requirements of members as well as requirements in respect of on going continuing
professional development (CPD). Membership is a mark of the expertise and quality of these
professionals for the clients. Industry bodies represent specific manufacturers and installers; such as
the Australian Window Association (AWA).
Projects commence with inception, which comprises initial plans and ideas to assess economic,
social and environmental feasibility. Planning approvals are sought for permission to develop the
land or site for permitted uses. Valuation surveyors ensure the proposed development will be
economically profitable, and during later phases of a building lifecycle they may be involved in the
sale or leasing of property. Initial designs are explored and viable options worked up in further
details. Depending on the scale of the project structural, façade, electrical and mechanical engineers
will propose and evaluate solutions in respect of the building form and structure, facades, lighting,
heating, ventilation and air conditioning, whilst Architects engage in the overall design and space
planning aspects. Quantity surveyors prepare procurement and tender documents and manage costs
during the construction phase. Fire engineers assess compliance with fire regulations. Depending on
the scope of the project it may be managed by a Project Manager. Within the last decade or so
environmental and sustainability consultants have emerged with regards to design, maintenance and
operation of buildings. These professionals also advise with regards to sustainability rating tools
such as Green Star in Australia. Together with the design team they will affect the types and extent
of sustainable and environmental technologies and specifications adopted in developments.
Some stakeholders work for local authorities and advise at the city scale on regeneration and
planning matters. These stakeholders can influence the types, densities and scale of permissible
developments, which occur in our urban environments. Many city level stakeholders are committed
to sustainability in the built environment and actively encourage new initiatives and ideas. For
example, the City of Sydney target is to reduce emissions from the local government area by 70 per
cent by 2030 based on 2006 levels.
Given the different expertise and educational backgrounds of the many built environment
professionals and the different interests of the various stakeholders, they all have different
knowledge, views and ideas in respect of the technical, regulatory, economic, environmental and
social feasibility of algae building technology in Sydney and NSW.

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Research Methodology
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3. Research methodology
This was a qualitative research study adopting the characteristics of an inductive, holistic and
naturalistic approach as advocated by Silverman (2010) seeking to establish the opinions of the
research population, here experienced professional practitioners and stakeholders in the built
environment (Naoum, 2003: 38-43). The researchers wanted to gain an in-depth overview of the
different issues perceived by various built environment stakeholders with regards to algae building
technology. Time, finance and physical distance allowed the use of data collection via semi-
structured interviews.
The semi-structured interview questions were designed using best practice methods (Moser and
Kalton, 2002; Robson, 2002) and comprised seven sections and lasted up to an hour (see Appendix
3). Questions were generated through a combination of information derived from the desk-top
study, direct consultation with research panels and expert advice. Given the novel nature of the
technology an information sheet (Appendix 1) was sent to potential interviewees to give them some
understanding and background on which to base a reasonable interview. The semi-structured
interview allowed the researcher and interviewee to explore the issues particular to that professional
area covered by the interviewee. For example, the regulatory aspects featured more with the
certifiers and cost aspects more so with quantity surveyors. The semi-structured interview asked
about participant’s background and experience in order to gain an understanding of the participant’s
strengths and practical experience with sustainable technologies both in Australia and overseas.
Interviews were conducted in NSW and Victoria from January and April 2016. The data was
analysed using a content analysis approach (Silverman, 2010). Similarities and differences between
the various stakeholders were identified and grouped.

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Results & Interpretation
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4. Results and interpretation
In total, 23 interviews were conducted with built environment professionals working in NSW and
Victoria from the following professional disciplines:
Architecture
Building construction
Civil engineering
Building certification
Structural engineering
Project Management
Chemical engineering
Building Surveying
Façade engineering
Property Development
Services Engineering
Sustainability Manager
Mechanical Engineering
Valuer
Planning
Quantity surveying
Given the breadth of professional expertise covered by these participants, they were able to reflect
on most aspects of the technology from costs and value, to technology, design, construction and
installation, to maintenance and operation, and to the regulatory and health and safety aspects.
The participants were largely very experienced professionals, who are highly qualified in respect of
vocational educational and professional qualifications. The majority belong to professional bodies
including:
1. The Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA)
2. The Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS)
3. The Planning Institute of Australia (PIA)
4. The Australian Property Institute (API)
5. The Chartered Institute of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE)
6. Association for Project Management (APM)
They also have considerable professional experience ranging from 6 to 40 years, with the median
experience being 29 years. This experience has been gained in Australia as well as overseas. Most
participants have worked overseas particularly in the UK, Middle East and Asia. Significantly, most
have senior management roles in their workplaces. Furthermore, most have had direct experience of
dealing with complex projects and sustainability technologies. In summary, the participants have the
requisite levels of experience that allowed them to reflect on algae building technology and the
possibility of changes that have occurred over time based on their experiences.

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4.1 The drivers and barriers to adoption
Each of the professional groups was asked to consider the technology from their area of
professional practice. In this respect some emphasised technical and engineering aspects, whereas
others focussed on regulation and value aspects. Some were concerned with design, others with
construction and others with the operational phase of the building lifecycle. In this regard the
interviews have managed to capture a broad range of issues from the professional disciplines
/stakeholder groups across the whole lifecycle of buildings.
4.1.1 Environmental issues
The environmental issues can be broadly grouped into positive aspects and concerns.
Carbon abatement
On a positive note all participants commented on the reduction in carbon, which results from algae
absorbing carbon dioxide during photosynthesis. Subhadra and Grinson-George (2010) state that
algae capture ‘2 pounds [0.907 kg] for each pound [0.453 kg] of algae produced’. Adoption of this
technology would lead to lower building related emissions; however some concerns were expressed
about the total carbon associated with design, construction and occupation or the whole life cycle.
There were concerns expressed about the embodied energy of the technology, which would vary
depending on the materials used as well as the life expectancy of the technology.
Innovation
Innovation and development of a new energy source for buildings was seen as a positive. If
implemented on a larger scale some interviewees saw potential for a contribution to the reduction of
the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect. The planner and property manager also saw potential for
reduced loading of the existing energy infrastructure. As urban settlements increase in density the
pressures on the existing infrastructure will mount.
Bio Building Technology
Not surprisingly the bio-engineer noted the need to adopt biology in buildings, which has been
advocated by many in the sustainable building community. The microalgae academic also raised the
possibility of using the biomass for sale to other industries, for example the pharmaceutical
companies or for the manufacture of sustainable fabrics. The issue of food production was raised by
a number of interviewees, however discounted by the microalgae academic because of the amount
of health and safety regulations, which surround food production, although this could change in
future. It is possible that revenue from sales of product could offset energy costs for occupiers and
owners.
Green Building Rating Tools
Another driver for some developers and owners might be to attain innovation points in the Green
Star building-rating tool. However, as a Valuer noted, ‘it’s only green when it’s installed and operating – if
not it’s a white elephant’. A number of interviewees spoke about other new sustainable technologies
adopted in various Australian buildings, and awarded green star points, that had either not
performed as designed or had not performed at all. There are issues about the sustainability of such
innovations. Furthermore, it is a very public statement by an owner to adopt new technologies and
no one wishes to be associated with something that fails to perform as anticipated. This is a risk that

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many will consider very carefully. Therefore, some piloting or proof-of-concept, and performance in
NSW was seen as a good way of minimising risk. Another option is to design part of a building to
accommodate the technology as a trial, and which could be easily removed and replaced with an
alternate façade if required.
Other renewables
A frequently expressed view was that other renewables such as solar, PV and wind power all
produce more energy than algae. The engineers stated that solar produced about 1400 kwh/m2/yr.
in Australia, which is ‘about forty times more than the Hamburg building does currently’. However, a counter
to this argument is that production rates in Australia for algae may be higher because we have more
sun, over longer periods of the year. The Hamburg building is shut down during the winter periods
due to lack of sufficient sunlight for photosynthesis and maintenance, that would not be an issue
here, whereas overheating could be (Colt, 2013). Furthermore, when other renewables were first
introduced, and their costs compared to established technologies such as coal, gas and oil they were
found to be prohibitively expensive (Guardian, 2016). Additionally, as the technology evolves and
greater market penetration occurs over time, economies of scale are realised.
Contamination
Many expressed concerns about contamination and leaks and the technological aspects are covered
below. The issue is that some algae (such as cyanobacteria) contain hepatotoxins and neurotoxins,
which are all deleterious to human health to some extent (Bell and Codd, 1994). Furthermore any
damage or leakage could also cause odours. So whilst there are many environmental benefits arising
from the technology, there are also valid, but not insurmountable concerns which will need to be
addressed. Table 1 summarises the environmental issues raised by participants.

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Table 1 Environmental issues raised by participants (Source: Authors)
1. Biomass and biofuel are good for the environment
2. Develops another fuel source
3. Sequesters carbon
4. Reduces carbon footprint
5. Lower greenhouse gas emissions
6. Mass adoption could help lower urban heat island effect in urban settlements
7. Reduces loads on existing infrastructure
8. Need to adopt biology in built environment
9. Could produce sustainable fabrics as a by product
10. Can claim innovation points in green building rating tools
11. Potential protein source for food production
12. Other renewables produce more energy
13. Leaks and potential contamination
14. Food not viable as many regulations governing production
15. Complexity of biological systems
16. Current environmental benefit is negative within the building lifecycle
4.1.2 Technological issues
Not surprisingly given the technical professional background of the majority of the participants, a
broad range of technological issues and many questions were raised repeatedly.
Climate
Climate was raised as an issue in terms of being different from the Hamburg location and what that
would mean for production rates. Secondly the amount of, and intensity of, the sunlight in NSW
was also expected to result in higher rates of biomass production. This might also result in different
maintenance issues with regards to cleaning, for example, do higher rates of production require
more frequent cleaning of the pipes and glass panels?
Lifespan and durability
There were numerous discussions with regards to the anticipated lifespan and durability of the
technology. For example, there are glazing panels semi-filled with fluid connected by inlets and
outlets. There are also pipes distributing the growth media to the panels and for removing the
growth media (with algae) to the plant room for processing. Within these pipes there will be valves.

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It will be necessary to pump the fluid at certain rates and at certain temperatures to assure optimum
production and to keep the algae alive and to avoid putrification or rotting of the algae. There were
various views expressed in respect of traditional glazing technology lasting for 10 years (engineer) as
an algae-panel and a consensus that a minimum design life should be around 20-25 years. Many
thought that reference to domestic aquarium-based technology would be useful for designers as
there is a history of designing, constructing and maintaining installations filled with water. The
engineer from Arup did note that problems had been experienced with the seals in the Hamburg
building and this, too, is an area requiring further investigation.
Maintenance
Maintenance was raised as an issue and it was noted that as an unknown technology, this would
require a programme of training and education in the trades and professions to ensure maintenance
was undertaken in a timely way to ensure continued optimum performance. There is a perception
that maintenance is going to be fairly onerous, along the lines of maintaining cooling towers where
Legionella bacteria are a health issue for building occupants. This concern may be heightened because
no one yet has direct experience with such technology and installations. The ‘unknown’ tends to
heighten risk awareness. Furthermore, training and education is also needed for Building or Facility
Managers, Property Managers, as well as the production of manuals for these professionals. In
particular, and importantly, there is a need to educate and train Australians with this technology
rather than reliance of overseas professionals.
Competition with other renewables
Many participants raised the issue of unfavourable comparisons in terms of performance and costs
with existing renewable technologies, and this is true at this point in time. However, looking at the
history of the evolution of renewables such as PV, there have been ‘technology shifts’ which move
developments forward at a fast rate, the Tesla battery announced in 2015 is one such example.
Whereby the storage of solar power has been greatly enhanced and has become more viable as are
result. These ‘technology shifts’ result in lower costs and greater efficiency. Furthermore, there is
also a tipping point in terms of adoption where, economies of scale are achieved and this results in
lower costs. There was a view that the technology is so innovative, it would attract much interest
from built environment stakeholders.
Structural issues and façade design
A structural issue raised by participants was that the weight of the algae façade would require
support for dead and live loads, for example, the weight of the panels with their growth media and
for wind loads. The additional weight of the façade may require additional strength and incur
additional costs, in the structural frame or structural wall. One approach to minimising this would be
to explore using lightweight structural materials, where possible, in the façade design.
Building adaptation
The issue of building adaptation came up. In many buildings, adaptation occurs often quite shortly
after construction and occupation. The drivers of adaptation can be technological, economic, social,
environmental, locational or regulatory (Wilkinson, 2014). This is known as obsolescence and the
drivers can be unpredictable in many instances. Alterations to building facades are less common
because of the costs involved, but it is an issue to bear in mind (Remoy & Wilkinson, 2015). One
way to reduce the consequence of obsolescence and the need for adaptation is to design
components so that they can be disassembled and relocated when no longer needed. The notion of

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reuse is familiar to the industry though not adopted as often as it could be. There is an opportunity
here to demonstrate leadership in this aspect of design.
Algal production rates
With production rates, participants generally felt that because NSW has a sunnier warmer climate
than Hamburg algal production should be higher. However, a few also raised concerns about over
production or heat gain into the building. The Services Engineer noted that the panels might cause
radiating heat to pass into the building causing internal temperatures to increase, if the panels were
designed to grow algae in a solution temperature higher than normal peak ambient temperatures. A
potential solution suggested to address the issue of excess heat gain from sunlight might be to
introduce a louvre or shading system outside the panels, or an additional glass layer; this approach
could have the additional consequence of slowing down production rates. This solution would also
add costs and time to construction and costs to maintenance budgets, although benefits may
outweigh these issues, and; this is another aspect requiring further investigation and trialling.
Another solution proposed may be to use the triple glazing approach and an air barrier (on the
innermost layer) as both a limiter on heat and noise transfer.
The shading issue may also be addressed by looking at double skin façade technology, such as that
applied to 1 Bligh St, Sydney. This is a 6 Star (the highest score possible) Green Star building
completed in 2009. It is the first building in Sydney to adopt a double skin technology. The double-
skin façade is a system of building comprising two skins positioned in such a way that air flows in
the intermediate cavity. The ventilation of the cavity can be natural, fan supported or mechanical.
Double skin façade design is predicated on the idea that external walls respond dynamically to
varying ambient conditions, and can incorporate a range of integrated sun-shading, natural
ventilation, and thermal insulation devices or strategies. Early solar passive design is perceived as a
precursor to modern double skin systems and the technology is acclaimed as environmentally
responsible design.
Another variation in façade design is where the internal spaces are designed in such a way that one
side of the building is given over to vertical transportation, such as lifts and stairs and rooms which
do not require window openings. 88 Phillip Street in Sydney, a Renzo Piano award winning building,
has such a façade. This design might offer a large wall area for panels where radiant heat gain may
not impact immediately on occupants. Or a light coloured wall surface would diminish heat gain into
the building.
Blueprints and guidelines
All stakeholders noted the absence of a ‘blueprint’ to follow. Therefore algae panel information and
design guidelines are needed by the industry at all stages of the building development process:
inception, feasibility, construction, commissioning, occupation, adaptation, decommissioning and
demolition. This will give stakeholders and professionals a framework to adopt, reducing their
exposure to risk. To be adopted widely, awareness will need to be raised and design information
will have to be disseminated widely across all property stakeholders, from owners to designers to
installers to site staff.
Performance Clauses In Green Leases
The Valuer made a good point regarding performance clauses in green leases. There is a move
across the industry in Australia and internationally through work led by the Sydney Better Buildings,

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to formalise and adopt so called green leases. These green leases focus on collaborative goal-setting,
management and upgrade of the building to improve performance. This focus can include
performance requirements for building owners and tenants alike in terms of carbon emissions and
water and energy consumption (Bright et al., 2015). They are in the early stages of development and
often include voluntary actions rather than binding requirements. Research conducted by the Better
Buildings Partnership shows that take up is focused mostly in the top tier of the commercial office
market, though 62% of leases include some form of green lease clause (Dawson, Bailey and
Thomas, 2014). Green leases have been adopted also in other sectors such as retail. If the living
algae building technology is adopted in sectors with green leases, then owners and Facility Managers
may be tied into meeting performance standards. If there is any likelihood that algae system
performance may vary significantly due to weather or other variables, this may deter these owners
from adopting algae technologies. Although another option is to pro-rata production to incoming
sunlight, so the Green Lease performance targets are rated on the performance of the algae system
not the changes in weather.
Intentional and accidental damage
One design technology consideration that was mentioned universally was resistance to accidental
and intentional damage. This could be achieved by using impact resistant glazing at ground floor
level or by using metal screening that allows vision of the panels but also protects it.
Cleaning (exterior and interior surfaces)
Cleaning of the glazing panels and pipes was another technical consideration. This could be
achieved by looking at measures taken in aquarium design for example, where magnetic scrubbers
are used to clean the inner face of the glass. The microalgae scientist suggested this is best
undertaken manually as a visual check on the panels can take place at the same time, and it will be
possible to check whether there is any excessive accumulation of algae in corners or areas where
insufficient water flow is occurring. Such manual cleaning on the upper floors of a multi-storey
building would add to maintenance costs. One suggestion to reduce cleaning liability is to specify
special glazing with low a friction coefficient, which will reduce algae biofilm formation. In addition,
regular and possibly computer monitoring of the system should ensure optimum operating
environments are maintained. There may be opportunities for innovation in glazing technology as a
result.
Education of stakeholders
Another technology related issue is the availability of sufficiently educated professionals in Australia
to design, build and maintain algae buildings. Furthermore, manufacture of the components for the
façades may occur overseas and therefore lead-in times for construction projects will be affected.
Such circumstances may deter some owners or developers from adopting the technology, if time
and delivery of the finished building or replacement panels is a key issue.
Green wash
There is in the built environment a phenomenon referred to as ‘green wash’. Green washing is the
practice of making an unsubstantiated or misleading claim about the environmental benefits of a
product, service, technology or company practice. Green washing can make a company appear to be
more environmentally friendly than it really is. There is a danger that algae system technology,
because of its’ novelty, is perceived as ‘green wash’ by the community and wider industry. A
program of awareness raising and transparency regarding performance would address this aspect.

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Therefore, if a building were to adopt this technology, a commitment to research and dissemination
of results may overcome suspicions in this respect. Many participants recollected instances of a
number of Sydney buildings that had adopted new sustainable technology, along with much
promotion and marketing, only to find performance had fallen way below expectations. In some
cases, the technologies had been decommissioned as a result of non-performance. Such practices
reduce peoples’ belief in sustainability in buildings and this aspect needs to be managed so that
expectations are realistic.
Reliability
Reliability of the installations was raised by the bio-engineer, for example what happens if there a
number of cloudy days in a row, controls are inaccurately calibrated and fail, or a unit fails? He
stated that ‘there are inherent problems with biological systems and that’s reliability’. Following this
logic, algae technology would need to approach the reliability of static systems, performing
consistently, for the technology as a whole to succeed.
The services engineer discussed the different properties of water in different regions, whereby some
have hard or soft water. Where hard water exists, scale or calcium is deposited and builds up in
pipes reducing flow and possibly production rates, although these are considered mostly manageable
problems. This may be an issue in some locations, or water may require treatment before
introduction to the system.
Complexity
A number of the participants summed up the combination of technological issues as that of
‘complexity’. This is largely because the technology is new and unknown; no one has direct
experience of the technology on which to draw. There is no similar technology that can be used as a
reference point at present. Table 2 summarises the technological issues raised by participants.

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Table 2 Technological issues raised by participants
1. Climate – Hamburg is different to Sydney
2. Lifespan of the technology such as glazing units and seals
3. Seals and sealants
4. Maintenance
5. Technology shifts
6. Structural capacity
7. Building adaptation
8. Production rates
9. No blueprints to follow
10. Knowledge of industry
11. Performance clauses in leases
12. Double skin façade technology
13. Dead façade technology
14. Durability
15. Cleaning
16. Access to façade
17. Glazing technology
18. Lead in times for getting materials / units to Australia or capacity to build in Australia
19. Perception of ‘green wash’
20. Reliability
21. Accidental or intentional damage to panels resulting in gas or seepage of algae
22. Inadequate maintenance leading to rotting algae
23. Complexity
24. Water quality affecting algae production rates and scaling pipes

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4.1.3 Regulatory and political issues
Power of vested interests
The overarching political issue within the Australian context according to the participants is the
power and political influence of the coal and gas industries. Politically, these groups make donations
to political parties and lobby government to maintain their vested interests. This power is significant
and evidenced by the inconsistent support for and thus take-up of solar and other renewable
technologies in Australia, compared to European and other countries.
Incentivising technology
In terms of planning regulation it was suggested that the market could be incentivised to develop
renewable on-site energy technology, including biomass, by making it a requirement of certain types
of development. For example, large residential developments on existing brownfield sites create a
considerable extra energy loads through the new buildings for existing infrastructure to
accommodate; requiring these developments to be partially energy self-sufficient would encourage
adoption of renewables in urban settlements. A further aspect related to planning which arises, is the
loss of net lettable area (NLA) within buildings as a result of the façade area and plant room
requirements. For example a 1000m2 floor plate might lose 60m2 per floor, and developers would
want to ‘recover’ this area with additional height allowances to make the development meet ‘highest
and best use’ objectives. A directive from the Department of Planning NSW would be useful in this
respect to encourage adoption of the technology initially.
Building certification
With regards to building certification this technology would require an alternate solution approach
to building code compliance, which is expensive and time consuming. In this paradigm, the
designers are required to demonstrate the alternate design meets all requirements of the Building
Code of Australia. This is usually achieved through calculations and professional reports providing
evidence of compliance. An alternative approach might be to consider exemptions for any one new
technology incorporated into a building. In this paradigm, the owner/ developer would also conduct
research and disseminate performance data to the broader community to maintain that exemption.
This would be one way to gather real data on new technologies for the building industry.
Health and safety
In terms of maintenance, commissioning, and operation, directives and guidelines in respect of
Health and Safety would be required to ensure the safety of building operators, occupants, and
people passing by. There may also be a requirement for certification of the installation from Health
and Safety officers. The bio-engineer noted that robust regulations and maintenance were needed to
cover health and safety to ensure systems do not fail.
Participants noted a need for guidelines for planners, building certifiers and other bodies such as
Sydney Water, Department of Health NSW to reassure their officers that they are giving appropriate
advice to applicants.
Retrofit issues
The Valuer and Property Manager raised the legal issue with retrofitting buildings where the original
structure is built to boundary line because the retrofit façade would overhang boundary line. It is
possible to negotiate with the authorities for permission to overhang the boundary for a fixed

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period. However, this process adds time and cost to projects, and some developers and owners
would seek to avoid additional unnecessary legal arrangements with third parties if the resulting
technology did not add substantially to capital or rental values.
Public Relations
One way of overcoming reticence in respect of being the first in the market to adopt the technology
might be through grass roots promotion to the public to help with acceptance of technology –
possibly through the adoption of the technology on public buildings as a starting point. Table 3
summarises the regulatory and political issues highlighted in the interviews.
Table 3 Regulatory and political issues raised by participants (Source: Authors)
1. Politics around protection of existing coal and oil industries keeping renewables as fringe.
2. Health and safety certification.
3. Could incentivise by making some proportion of on-site renewable energy (including
biomass) a requirement of planning permission for some developments, possibly at precinct
level.
4. Requires alternate solution approach to building code compliance, which is expensive and
time consuming.
5. Need guidelines for planners, building certifiers and other bodies such as Sydney Water,
Department of Health NSW.
6. Requires robust regulations and maintenance to ensure systems do not fail.
7. Top down directive from Department of Planning would be useful.
8. Grass roots promotion to public would help with acceptance of technology – possibly
adoption on public buildings is a good starting point.
9. Planning gain, where developers are able to obtain additional floor area in a building, would
be required to compensate owners for loss of Net Lettable Area caused by accommodating
thickness of façade and plant room within the curtilage of the site.
10. Legal issue with retrofit where built to boundary line as façade would overhang boundary
line.
4.1.4 Economic issues
There were many economic issues raised by all participants, and they often reflected the background
of the participant. For example, the Quantity Surveyors and Project Manager focussed on the design
and construction, whereas the Property Manager and Valuer focussed on the operational phase and
the points of leasing or sale.
Value Of The End Product
One question arose about the value of the end product. This would vary depending on whether the
end product (algae biomass) was sold to a third party, an industrial chemical company for example,

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or used for energy production on site. Further research is required to evaluate the economic case for
a number of end-product options.
The cost of production
The cost of the algae panels and associated plant is very expensive compared to other renewables
such as PV and this point came up frequently. This is acknowledged and inevitable in the early
stages of innovation and development. As discussed above with innovation, incentivisation,
evolution of design and technology, and with economies of scale, the costs of production will fall. A
comparison with the PV market shows those products 20 years ago were very expensive compared
to alternative technologies available at the time and also less efficient.
Scalability
One unknown is the scale or size of installation needed to make living algae building economically
viable. Currently it is not clear whether an installation covering 100 metres squared or 500 metres
squared is viable? Would a larger installation generally make living algae technology more
economically viable, for example applying across a precinct rather than a single building, was
another regularly asked question that needs an answer. The relative costs of the centralised and
shared system elements (energy recovery plant room and algae harvesting systems) will influence
scalability.
Costs
For most participants cost is the main barrier to algae system development and adoption. The
Quantity Surveyor stated that goal for hospital façades in Australia is around AS $350 m2. The cost
of the façade on the German building was US $2,200-2,300 m2 or approximately AS$ 3,300, nearly
ten times more expensive. This is a substantial barrier to overcome, even with offsets through sales
of product to third parties and energy savings. However this technology will position NSW and
Australia in a low-carbon economy. It is clear that ways need to be found to reduce overall
construction costs by standardising the product and developing and adopting a viable business
model.
Additional costs would be incurred in the design phase, researching developing and communicating
the technology to the design team. Further costs would be incurred during construction, appointing
contractors able to construct and install the technology. Contractors are likely to add a premium to
their tenders to cover unforeseen costs associated with a new and unknown technology. Finally,
additional costs arise during operation with the maintenance contract. Sourcing replacement
components may be a challenge and result in higher costs, especially if required at short notice,
although the use of standardised and easily replaceable components would help keep costs down.
A related cost issue is that there is only one complete building to inform the industry or probable
costs for this technology. Only after several buildings are completed using this technology will there
be sufficient cost data to draw reliable conclusions about costs. Without reliable data, cost
management risks are significantly higher, a factor that is a barrier to adoption all by itself.
Capital value
On a positive note, the Valuer stated that capital value of algae buildings could be higher as it is a
unique technology. However, if it is perceived by the market as too complex, too expensive, an
example of green wash or a white elephant then capital value will be affected negatively. A Valuer

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takes into account three key factors when conducting a valuation: income, expenditure and risk. For
all of those factors, some benchmarks are needed as valuation is backward looking rather than
forward-looking. For income, the Valuer looks for rental comparisons to other similar buildings in
the area, which may be tenanted or owner occupied. If they’re rented, then the income stream is
rental income. They look at what rental income is achieved and how it compares to other nearby
similar buildings; if income is lower, the sustainability technology is at risk of being understood to be
the cause of this problem. If income is higher, and there is evidence that this is due to the
sustainability features, then the sustainability premium feature can be considered to add value. For
example, if there were evidence that tenants leased a building specifically because they wanted to be
involved in a living algae scheme and pay a 10% premium relative to comparable properties nearby,
the algae systems would be linked to the asset value. However, the Valuer needs to try to get to the
bottom of why there is that 10% premium to make sure it is related to the sustainability features and
not something else. They look at things like average floor areas between the apartments that can be
compared on a like-for-like basis. The same process applies to commercial buildings when valuing,
rents on a per square metre basis, the Valuer looks at the technology and fit-out, similar standards of
accommodation, as they want to be confident as Valuers that any premium relates to technology
rather than to anything else.
When asked how the Sydney market would react to something like a living algae building, the Valuer
said he thought the market would be sceptical, and wondered who would fund something like this.
It is likely to be a major developer, but would that developer hold the building and manage it, or sell
it? Either way, the developer would be nervous as holding the building means they are responsible
for the longevity of the technology and the expenditure of maintaining it. If they sell the building,
they would be nervous about the same factors, as buyers will be thinking about these issues and
have the same concerns. The problem is there are no local precedents, so the Valuer cannot
determine reliably system whole of life costs. Accordingly, developers would want guarantees from
the installer and designer of the technology that it would last for a certain number of years and also
that the companies are going to be around in 20 years’ time (for maintenance and upgrade).
Some participants noted that there are long-term cost savings as the technology produces on-site
energy and energy costs will increase over time. Another view was it would be more attractive to the
market in terms of value, if the technology can provide power, light, heat and cool buildings.
As noted in the regulatory section, energy cost variability - including the possibility of a reintroduced
carbon tax - make it difficult to assess definitively the financial attractiveness of this kind of system.
The economic loss of Net Lettable Area (NLA) from the additional thickness of the façade and the
plant room also makes the technology less economically attractive; and, compensation in respect of
additional height allowances or development ratios is needed to redress this loss.
The economic payback period, the term in which the technology pays for itself, in years is unknown.
The payback period needs to be reasonable and within the lifecycle of the building and a term of 25
years was suggested by a number of participants, while others suggest that a shorter payback would
be required to be commercially viable.
There are some clients who may pay more to show their green credentials and that they are market
leaders and innovators. However, they will want proof-of-concept and innovation to be first into the

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market with the technology. Possibly a small-scale installation on part of a building or development
may reduce risk and encourage adoption.
Finally, the issue of warranty arose in respect of whether one exists and if so, how long does it last?
A warranty would reassure owners and developers that their exposure to risk was reduced
somewhat. Table 4 summarises the economic issues raised.
Table 4 Economic issues raised by participants (Source: Authors)
1. What is the value of end product?
2. Production is very expensive compared to other renewables such as PV.
3. What scale is needed to make it viable? 10 metres square or 100 metres square? What is the
return on energy production?
4. Cost was the main barrier to development and adoption.
5. Potential revenue from other industries – e.g. industrial chemicals or sustainable materials.
6. Façade cost of German building was US $2,200-2,300 m2 compared to Australian hospital
facades which are around AS $350 m2.
7. Cost of PV 20-25 years ago was prohibitive.
8. Additional Costs – design.
9. Additional Costs – construction.
10. Additional Costs – maintenance and operation.
11. Capital value could be higher as unique technology or, lower if perceived as too complex,
expensive, green wash or a white elephant.
12. Long-term cost savings as it produces on site energy and energy costs will increase.
13. Would be more attractive to market (in value) if technology can power, light, heat and cool
buildings.
14. Valuer assesses income, maintenance and capital expenditure (Cap Ex); needs benchmarks.
15. This technology assists NSW towards a low carbon economy.
16. Loss of Net Lettable Area (NLA) from additional thickness of the façade and plant room
makes it less economically attractive.
17. Payback period is unknown and needs to be reasonable within lifecycle of building i.e. 25
years.
18. Some clients may pay more to show green credentials, proof of concept and innovation to
be first into the market.
19. Warranty – Is there one, and how long does it last?

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4.1.5 Social
Surprisingly the social factors concerned participants the least in the interviews.
Slime
Inevitably some mentioned the negative perception of algae as ‘slime’, which would be associated
with odours. Most were concerned about potential impacts to health caused by leakage or damage;
however many are familiar with the designing, building and operating of buildings with cooling
tower where Legionella bacteria can potentially cause fatalities. This risk has been managed
successfully in the majority of buildings over time, and on this basis most were reassured that algae
building technology would adopt similar approaches to risk management.
Innovation
In respect of positive perceptions most were of the view the innovation was exciting and should be
explored to its fullest extent. Global problems and climate change has reached such a stage that all
options should be investigated. They particularly liked the aesthetic and the potential for red, purple
or blue green algae facades. Only one participant commented that the green light from the panels is
unattractive for occupants. Importantly they felt this technology would engage people’s minds about
biomass and renewable energy – although large scale production may be better in peri-urban
locations it is important to educate and to remind the wider community about these technologies.
The algae façade is a very visual statement of sustainability in the built environment. Table 5
summarised the social aspects raised by participants.
Table 5 Social issues raised by participants (Source: Authors)
1. Negative perception of algae as slime.
2. Interesting and new and innovative.
3. Aesthetically different – potential for red, purple or blue green algae façades.
4. Engage people’s minds about biomass and renewable energy.
5. Very visual statement of sustainability in the built environment.
6. Concerns about health and safety and contamination through leaks.
7. Green light from panels is unattractive.
8. This is attractive technology
1.6 Options for other land uses
Throughout the interviews, the potential for diverse locations of the technology was discussed, both
on and off of buildings. Though the German developers had used the technology on a residential
building, participants explored other land use types that might be better options in Australia. The
issues driving these suggestions were availability of façade space, value of property, scale district or
building, access and maintenance. Table 6 illustrates the ideas proposed, which professional or
stakeholder made the suggestion and they reason they thought it was worthy of consideration.

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Table 6 Other potential land use options (Source: Authors)
Other potential land
use options
Suggested by
Reason
Motorway
Quantity Surveyor
Unused space
Outback land
open space
Quantity Surveyor
Large areas of low value land could
provide power
Precinct or district level
Architect
Property Management
Surveyor
Valuer
Utilise economies of scale
Shopping Centre/
Big box retail
Quantity Surveyor
Valuer
Large areas of blank walls
Airports
Quantity Surveyor
Large areas of blank walls on
hangers and land adjoining runways
have no other uses currently.
Residential
(large precinct scale)
Valuer
Utilise economies of scale
Hospitals
Quantity Surveyor
Services Engineer
Can have large number of buildings
with wall/roof area available
Car parks
Quantity Surveyor
Large areas of wall unused currently
Industrial
Property Management
Surveyor
Valuer
Bio Engineer
Large areas of blank walls, lower
value land.
Brewery
Micro-algae specialist
Net emitters of CO2 due to yeast
fermentation may allow
environmental brewers to offset
emissions
Abbatoirs
Services Engineer
Large areas of blank walls, lower
value land.
Dry cleaners
Services Engineer
Associated with contamination due
to chemicals used in cleaning
process may offset environmental
harm caused.

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Another question arose around which group was most likely to adopt this technology, most
participants believed that public bodies and major developers were deemed most likely to explore
algae building initially in Australia.
4.1.7 Potential locations in Australia
All participants commented that the building in Hamburg is located in a very different climate
region to that of Sydney. Hamburg has a cool temperate climate zone with a predominant need for
heat energy, whereas Sydney is located in warm temperate zone with a predominant need for cooling
energy for most of the year (BOM, 2016). Australia has eight climate zones in all ranging from the
coolest, alpine, to the hottest, tropical, which has a high humidity summer and warm winter.
Depending on the building type and location, only some buildings in some locations require heating
during winter, and often for only short periods of time. Broadly within buildings, heating energy
needs are found in Victoria, Tasmania and the ACT, whereas cooling power is required in Sydney,
SA, WA, NT and Queensland. See figure 6.
Although climates vary between the States and Territories in Australia, it also varies within States
and Figure 7 shows the climate map for NSW.
Figure 5 Climate zone map Australia
Source: Dowell ThermaLine

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4.1.8 Challenges to Algae Building Technology – The Six Cs
Overall six themes emerged from the 24 interviews undertaken in respect of challenges to adoption
of the technology in Australia. These are, not in order of importance; contamination, cleaning, cost,
conversion, complexity and competition. The challenges are summarised in Table 7.
Figure 6 Climate zone map NSW
Source: Dowell ThermaLine

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Table 7 Summary of the six challenges for algae building technology (Source: Authors)
Challenge and nature of issue
Means of resolution
Contamination caused by leakage
of algae (accidental and deliberate)
Can be overcome by specifying less toxic alga, protection of
glazing at lower levels from impact – via screens, and/or
toughened glass.
Cleaning (and maintenance)
Overcome by having clear instructions and training
regarding cleaning and maintenance.
Also panel and system design should optimise ease of
cleaning and maintenance.
Costs (construction, operation and
payback)
Overcome by training and education, development of
specialist installers and commissioning engineers.
Economies of scale and shifts in technology will reduce
construction and operating costs over time – thereby
reducing payback periods.
In the short-term technology is not cost effective, with
payback likely to exceed lifecycle.
Lessons to be learned from aquarium technology regarding
seals.
Conversion (how much energy is
produced especially compared to
other renewables)
Overcome by innovation. PV initially was not as efficient as
it is now, however technology shifts and innovation
occurred to improve efficiency. Same is likely in long term
with algae technology too.
Complexity (makes it more
difficult to build and install,
commission and more likely to
break down)
Overcome by innovation and design. As more actors enter
the market technology shifts and innovations will occur to
reduce complexity.
Competition (from other
technologies)
Overcome by innovation and through trail and pilot
schemes being supported in the sector by stakeholders.
Eventually economies of scale may make this technology
competitive with other renewables.
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4.2 Potential application of algae technology in property in
NSW
During the interviews participants were asked what they thought might be potential applications of
the technology in property in NSW. Participants were asked to consider the commercial, industrial,
residential, retail and other property sectors in their considerations. The following sections indicate
the drivers and challenges for the adoption of algae building technology in each of the sectors.
4.2.1 Application of algae technology in the commercial property
sector
Table 7 Commercial Building/Land Uses - Drivers and Challenges (Source: Authors)
Building /
Land use
type
Drivers
Challenges
Commercial
High-end tenants often want
to showcase new technology
as part of sustainability
commitment.
Outside CBD located office
towers, many workplace
buildings have large flat and
easily accessible facades and
roofs for locating the
technology.
Significant share potential of
algae panels suits programme
need for diffuse, controlled
daylight.
Potential of algae panels to
reduce urban heat island
effect due to office buildings.
CBD commercial buildings are often high-rise,
with facades largely located too high for easy
system inspection and maintenance.
Building owners are often different than tenants
and typically do not have a business model that
involves running specialised energy or industrial
production systems.
Commercial buildings typically have little use for
heat produced by living algae systems.

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4.2.2 Application of algae technology in the industrial property
sector
Table 8 Industrial Building/Land Uses – Drivers and Challenges (Source: Authors)
Building/
Land use type
Drivers
Challenges
Industrial/
warehousing
Buildings often have large, flat and
easily accessible facades and roofs
for cost-effective installation and
scaling of the technology.
Some warehouse or industrial
facility owners, such as micro-
breweries, have experience running
complex technical systems.
Often industrial buildings have no
additional structural capacity to support
rooftop or façade algae systems.
Typical business model for industrial
buildings does not allow for design
innovation.
Typically industrial buildings have no
use for heat produced by algae panel
system.
4.2.3 Application of algae technology in the residential property
sector
Table 9 Residential Building/Land Uses –Drivers and Challenges (Source: Authors)
Building/
Land use type
Drivers
Challenges
Medium/high
density units,
including hotels
Residential buildings can use much
of the heat produced by algae panel
system for pre-heating domestic
hot water.
Residential buildings in mixed-use
settings often support restaurants
in their ground stories, which can
use algae as a food product.
Residential strata laws deeply
complicate ownership of centralized
building energy systems.
Low density
housing
Residential buildings can use much
of the heat produced by algae panel
system for pre-heating domestic
hot water.
For a technologically minded
homeowner, algae system can
provide energy, food, and product
to sell.
Most homeowners are incapable of
operating a system as complex as a
living algae building façade.
Residential property valuation -- more
than any other property type -- fails to
account for sustainability features and
energy efficiency.

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4.2.4 Application of algae technology in the retail property sector
Table 10 Retail Building/Land Uses – Drivers and Challenges (Source: Authors)
Building / Land use
type
Drivers
Challenges
Retail – regional
centres/big box
retail
Major retail centre owners,
especially those in urban centres,
increasingly have ambitious
sustainability commitments that
will make them more interested
in adopting innovative
technology, particular visible
technology, that reduced
environmental footprint.
Retail centres increasingly are
featuring food and beverage
tenancies that can make direct
use of algae as locally grown
food for consumption on-
premises.
Retail centres with food and
beverage component have a
high demand for heat produced
by algae systems.
Retail centres are typically an
amalgamation of building and
system types and vintages, making
wholesale adoption of a new energy
or other technology very difficult.
Retail centres other than those
managed by leading brands often
have minimally trained and
resourced operations staff, living
algae systems would be beyond
their operational ability.
4.2.5 Application of algae technology in the airport property sector
Table 11 Airport Building/Land Uses – Drivers and Challenges (Source: Authors)
Building / Land use
type
Drivers
Challenges
Airport aircraft
hangers
While airport hangers have little
demand for heat produced by
algae systems, airport terminals
with food & beverage tenants
have a high demand for heat.
Airports typically are owned and
operated by sophisticated
organisations with capability for
managing complex systems.
Airport business models would
need to be revamped to
accommodate selling algae
products.
Airports have stringent glare
criteria that may limit placement
or orientation of reflective glass
algae panels.

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4.2.6 Application of algae technology in property in the public
sector
Table 12 Public Sector Building/Land Uses – Drivers and Challenges (Source: Authors)
Building / Land use
type
Drivers
Challenges
Public sector
Major public sector clients,
especially those in urban centres,
increasingly have ambitious
sustainability commitments that
will make them more interested
in adopting innovative
technology, particular visible
technology, that reduced
environmental footprint.
Public realm increasingly
features food and beverage
tenancies to activate places.
These can make direct use of
algae as locally grown food for
consumption on-premises.
Other public place types
(swimming pools, botanic
gardens with greenhouses) have
a high demand for heat captured
by living algae systems.
Food and beverage outlets have
a high demand for heat
produced by algae systems.
Public sector building operations
range from very good, and capable
of managing a living algae system,
to appalling, and unable to
manage complex systems.
Operational capability must be
carefully considered before
applying this technology.
Some public sector organizations
are risk averse, so would not be
well-suited for trial application of
new technologies like Living Algae
Systems.

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4.2.7 Application of algae technology in property in other categories
Table 13 ‘Other’ Building/Land Uses – Drivers and Challenges (Source: Authors)
Building / Land use
type
Drivers
Challenges
Kiosks, small scale
public pavilions
Small-scale public building
accessible by the wider
community might be a good
pilot of the technology. With
information panel, this would
raise awareness among wider
society.
The hot water needs can be met
through the algae technology.
Also energy needs for lighting
are likely to be low so may be
supplied with algae technology
too.
Could be vulnerable to impact damage
or vandalism if not protected.

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Conclusions & Next Steps
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5. Conclusions
The overall conclusions and recommendations from the study are reported here. Renewable energy
will dominate energy production in the 21st Century, and Australia currently lags in terms of
innovation and adoption. As such there are opportunities to engage in renewable innovations and to
explore ways of once again leading in the adoption of renewable technologies, or at least the
adoption of energy efficient technologies. Looking at other renewables, initial high costs of
production and low levels of performance transform over time as the technology shifts and
economies of scale are realised.
This feasibility study has canvassed the opinions and perceptions of a substantial group of highly
experienced and well-educated professional stakeholders in the Australian built environment sector
on the prospects of living algae building systems. Considerable discussion was undertaken in respect
of a broad range of drivers and challenges for the technologies. Their views are summarised in terms
of technological, economic, environmental, social and regulatory factors in relation to algae building
technology.
Technological factors include the need to develop panels and bioreactors suited to the Australian
climate, which vary from cool to tropical. Thus the mix of heating energy and cooling energy loads
will vary. Further considerations are the mechanics of the systems, the cleaning and maintenance
requirements, along with a suitably trained workforce. Accidental leakage and potential
contamination needs to be addressed; however experience with Legionella bacteria in cooling towers
demonstrates that it is possible to successfully manage microorganisms that are deleterious to
human health. A further unknown is the amount of production that can be derived from algae
panels in an Australian location; given that there are more sunlight hours over a longer period of
time per year compared to Hamburg, it could be higher. Piloting and testing of different algae and
panel types is recommended to ascertain production levels. From this it would be possible to model
whether precinct-scale adoption is preferred over single building technologies. Other suggestions
included algae towers or roof mounted panels rather than façade technology, as well as designing
panels so that they can be easily detached for cleaning, maintenance, repair or replacement. The
potential with a modular system is also that different sized systems can be set up according to client
needs. Furthermore standardisation will dramatically reduce per unit costs.
Economic factors weighed heavily in all cases and there was consensus that early adopters will be
faced with high costs of development and research, as well as high costs of production and
manufacture. However, there is an opportunity to develop expertise in both areas that may become
an exportable expertise and commodity in future years. The operating and maintenance costs also
need to be quantified and analysed. Again, until prototypes are developed this analysis cannot be
undertaken. Demolition costs will also be higher given the need to dispose of the algae safely and to
engage people with this expertise. There may be cost savings in operational energy costs as a result
of the on-site energy generation from the panels to building users but this will largely depend on the
type and scale of co-generation equipment being utilised. An anaerobic digester can utilise algal
biomass to produce biogas (methane), which can then be used to generate power and heat for the
building, but all have operational costs, which may or may not make the system commercially or
sustainably viable. To the wider community, there are savings and benefits in respect of the total
costs of providing energy infrastructure; as energy and heating from algae, its digestion or electricity
cogeneration that can take a precinct level development partially off grid. An anaerobic digester

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could also treat putrescible food wastes, so there are additional benefits to the installation of such a
system, beyond just treating or utilising algal biomass.
Environmental factors were strong drivers for adoption and development of the technology
amongst the participants, especially the argument for carbon sequestration and the opportunity to
reduce the high levels of greenhouse gas emissions from the built environment. The opportunity for
solar heat and hot water production, biofuel production and sewerage treatment were perceived very
favourably. Opportunities for acoustic insulation featured less, though the potential in some areas
for additional thermal performance of the building skin was commented on. Negative
environmental issues related to potential for odours and contamination, which would have to be
managed through design and operation and best practices in maintenance management.
Social considerations included the aesthetics; most participants thought the panels looked very
different and attractive. A few felt the green colour was not particularly attractive, especially if the
sun behind it created a green shadow internally and there are ways to design facades to ensure this
does not occur. Some felt there might be a negative perception if people associated algae with slime,
and if the panels were not maintained properly and algae biofilms appeared. Again maintenance and
cleaning is paramount to ensure this does not happen.
Regulatory issues were discussed in respect of the need to for guidelines to be produced to help
planners, certifiers and health and safety officials to ensure they are satisfied that they have
undertaken thorough due diligence. Again the introduction of other technologies previously ‘new’
provides a blue print in respect of ensuring all the requisite guidance and information is provided for
the regulators. This is paramount and, of course, relates ultimately to insurance premium levels for
buildings.
Underpinning all of these factors, there remains insufficient system performance and cost
information about algae building technology. This information is needed by the property and
construction industries to complete the business case feasibility studies, which enable technology
adoption. Similarly, there is very little design guidance available to help design teams work through
the complexities of developing this system technology. The compilation of this basic business case
information through further research will help industry assess the value of this technology and guide
the appropriate and successful uptake by the property industry.
This study has resulted in some ‘lessons learned for Australia’ which include we have year-round
growing temperatures and year-round growing sunlight. There are possibilities of overheating of
water, and the algae choice is critical in this respect. Depending on geographical location, shade and
daylight control benefits more valuable in most of the country compared to heating benefits.
Overall, there are clear drivers and challenges for innovation and development of this technology.
Acknowledging the challenges will ensure the innovation is more likely to result in viable outcomes.
Undoubtedly, it is complex and costly, but so too was development of photovoltaic technologies
and; as the old Chinese proverb goes, ‘the journey of a thousand miles starts with a single step’.

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6. The next steps
The next logical step and main recommendation is to design and fabricate a demonstration
prototype panel in Sydney to gather empirical data on algae panel performance when operated in the
city. A number of participants expressed interest and have expertise to offer in this respect. The
Algae Manifesto is as follows:
1. Develop a prototype panel to demonstrate proof-of-concept and production rates for NSW.
2. Design and develop education programmes for various trades’ people, professionals in
TAFEs and Universities in engineering, construction, planning, design, architecture and
property disciplines.
3. Develop series of guidelines for regulators and certifiers.
4. Answer industry need for basic information on:
a. Potential for on-site energy source and carbon sink in Australia.
b. Potential for on-site agriculture.
c. Potential on-site industrial product generation.
d. Experiential, aesthetic potential.
e. Quantify costs and value.
f. Identify development or application scenarios for algae systems most likely to
succeed.
g. Gain maintenance and operation experience necessary to assess whole of life costs.

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Appendices
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Appendix 1 BIQ Building Technology Information Sheet
How it works
• Biomass is grown in reactors located on the façade.
• Renewable energy sources include generation of biomass and collection of solar heat for on-
site use.
Project Data
• Project Data 61 S-Bahn Wilhelmsburg Exhibition Wilhelmsburg Central
• Project partner Otto Wulff Bauunternehmung, Strategic Science Consult
• Project costs approx. 3.4 million Euro
• Size of site approx. 839 m2 Gross floor area approx. 1,600 m2
• Size of the utilisation units approx. 50 to 120 m2
• Architecture SPLITTERWERK, Arup GmbH, B+G Engineers, Immosolar
• Beginning of construction December 2011 Completion March 2013
• Energy standard Passive house
• Energy supply Integrated Energy Network Wilhelmsburg Central
• Building is a four-storey residential apartment block.
• The engineers were Arup, panel fabricators were Colt International.
Technology/physical attributes
Bio fuel production
• A bio-adaptive facade comprises flat panel photo-bioreactors filled with water in which algae
grow.
• A fast-growing algae, Chlorella, was selected to maximise production rates.
• The alga responds to certain conditions, i.e. more biomass is produced on sunny days. No
production occurs during the winter as there is insufficient sunlight and so maintenance is
undertaken.
• Nutrients and carbon dioxide are also adding to grow the algae.
• The algae biomass is harvested and used to produce energy.
• Algae is removed from the photo bioreactors automatically by means of flotation. In an off-
site facility biomass is transformed into methane.
• The facade panels move to provide shade for occupants when required.
• Façade panels or photo-bioreactors are also known as solar conversion louvers.
• 129 photo bioreactors, 2600 mm high x 700 mm wide x 90 mm deep, are fixed to the
building facades.

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• The photo-bioreactors are sited on the south-west and south-east facing sides of the
buildings for access to full northern hemisphere sunlight. (In the southern hemisphere, these
panels would be sited on north-east and north-west facing elevations.)
• Thickness of panels is important with respect to production rates (exposure to sunlight) and
cleaning.
• Externally laminated safety glass is provided to protect against damage and breakage of the
panels.
• Three cavities, 17 mm wide are filled with water. Glazing is 6.5mm thick.
• Panels were manufactured by Colt International, Hampshire, UK.
Solar heat production
• Some solar energy not absorbed by the algae in photosynthesis is absorbed on the surface of
the algae, increasing the temperature in the water.
• The heat from the photobioreactor water is captured for use on site.
• Heat exchangers remove heat from the photo bioreactors and move it into a separate
heating water loop that provides space heating for the building and pre-heating for domestic
hot water.
• Surplus heat is stored in geo thermal boreholes and recovered when demand for heat
increases.
• Heat pumps supplement the heating needs not supplied by algae technology, including
regular top-up of domestic hot water to safe storage and supply temperature.
• Solar thermal heat is 150kWh/m2/yr
• Photo bioreactors can operate all year round, but the biochemical process requires certain
levels of sunlight. Therefor it is more effective in summer.
• In Sydney it is likely that sufficient energy could be produced year round.

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Table 15 Summary of Environmental, economic and social attributes of algae building
technology
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Attributes
Positive
Negative
Environmental
Very low carbon energy is possible
through short cycling of carbon
dioxide: CO2 is cycled between energy
generation, when it is released, and
algae growth, when it is captured.
Potential contamination and algae
eutrophication if growing conditions
(temperature and water flow) not
maintained.
Thermal insulation is also provided by
the panels when panel temperatures
are closer to internal conditions than
ambient extremes –winter nights and
hot summer days, in Sydney
Some algae produce toxins which are
potentially harmful to humans and
animals. Mainly occur in slow moving
bodies of water where algae is present.
Not all algae have toxins though.
Acoustic buffering from ambient
noise is provided by the mass of liquid
in the external panels, although the
panels themselves make a quiet noise
as air bubbles through the water.
Can smell malodorous – when the
cells die (maintenance issue)
Exposure to health risks can occur
through ingestion, inhalation and
engaging in activities where toxic algae
are present.
Economic
Price will drop as more manufactured
and adoption rates increase.
Operational complexity
Industrial properties and hotels are
thought to be ideal because they
generate a lot of carbon dioxide.
Requires new business model for
some application scenario
High first costs, US$2,300 – 3,300 /
m2 currently, and dependant on size of
the project and economies of scale.
Social
Can pollute water – affects taste, smell
/ odour, toxic (possibly carcinogenic
and possibly causing neurological
disease. Has killed humans exposed to
harmful algal blooms. Some algae
contain cytotoxins, hepatotoxins or
neurotoxins.

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Appendix 2 Algae sewage treatment plants
• Increased urbanisation creates increased need for wastewater or sewage treatment plants.
• Include on-site wastewater treatment using algae, some algae taxa are known to purify water
bodies
• Over the last 50 years, they have been used in biological purification of wastewater; algae
accumulate plant nutrients, heavy metals, pesticides, organic and inorganic toxic substances
and radioactive matters in their cells.
• They are an effective and low cost alternative to chemical and other treatments.
• The question is can algae treatment work effectively as an on-site form of waste water treatment, recycling
the wastewater from the building for distribution to the mains system or for re-use in toilet flushing and other
non-potable uses?
• Algae harvested from treatment ponds can be used as a nitrogen and phosphorous
supplement for agriculture purposes;
o is there potential to either close the loop further with on-site food production possibly at rooftop level?
o and/or; to sell the nitrogen and phosphorous supplement to local growers?
• Finally the algae can be fermented to produce methane for energy use in the building as
described for the façade panels above.
See Figure 2 schematic.
Image courtesy of Atelierten.

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Appendix 3 Semi-structured interview questions
Algae Building Technology Feasibility Study – Semi-structured Interviews
Introduce self and project: This project explores the technical, economic, environmental,
social and regulatory feasibility of introducing algae building technology into Australia.
Refer to consent form and information sheet details
Ask if comfortable and ready to begin
FACTUAL INFORMATION
1. Name of interviewee
2. Name of employer
3. Background and qualifications
4. Experience
5. Experience of sustainable built environment technology (direct/indirect).
Explanation of the technology – you tube video of the Hamburg building.
Part 1 Technological drivers and barriers to adoption.
In your view, what are the technological drivers to adopting technology?
In your view, what are the technological barriers to adopting technology?
Part 2 Economic drivers and barriers to adoption.
In your view, what are the economic drivers to adopting this algae technology?
In your view, what are the economic barriers to adopting this algae technology?
Part 3 Social drivers and barriers to adoption.
In your view, what are the social drivers to adopting this algae technology?
In your view, what are the social barriers to adopting this algae technology?
Part 4 Environmental drivers and barriers to adoption.
In your view, what are the environmental drivers to adopting this algae technology?
In your view, what are the environmental barriers to adopting this algae technology?
Part 5 Regulatory drivers and barriers to adoption.
In your view, what are the regulatory drivers to adopting this algae technology?
In your view, what are the regulatory barriers to adopting this algae technology?
Do you think mandation would be an option?

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Part 6a Overall – thinking of the economic, environmental, social, regulatory and technological
drivers – please rank in order which you think is the strongest reason to adopt algae building
technology:
Drivers for algae building technology
Rank order 1 = strongest reason/driver for ABT
Economic
Environmental
Social
Regulatory
Technological
Part 6b Overall – thinking of the economic, environmental, social, regulatory and technological
barriers – please rank in and is order which you think is the strongest reason not to adopt algae
building technology
Barriers for algae building technology
Rank order 1 = strongest reason not to adopt/or a
barrier for ABT
Economic
Environmental
Social
Regulatory
Technological
Thank you for your time.

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Appendix 4 - Participant Information Sheet
INFORMATION SHEET
Feasibility of Algae Building Technology in Sydney
(UTS APPROVAL NUMBER 2014000598)
WHO IS DOING THE RESEARCH?
My name is Dr Sara J Wilkinson and I am an academic at UTS.
WHAT IS THIS RESEARCH ABOUT?
This research is to evaluate feasibility of adopting Algae building technology in Australia. The study
explores the technological, economic, environmental, social, legal and political aspects of algae building technology in
Australia and investigates the drivers and barriers to adoption amongst key stakeholders.
IF I SAY YES, WHAT WILL IT INVOLVE?
I will ask you to participate in a one hour semi structured interview at a place of your choice,
typically your office which may be audio recorded.
ARE THERE ANY RISKS/INCONVENIENCE?
Yes, there are some risks/inconvenience. They are that the research will take up 60 minutes of your
time.
WHY HAVE I BEEN ASKED?
You are able to give me the information I need to find out about sustainable conversion
adaptations.
DO I HAVE TO SAY YES?
No you don’t have to say yes.
WHAT WILL HAPPEN IF I SAY NO?
Nothing. I will thank you for your time so far and won’t contact you about this research again.
IF I SAY YES, CAN I CHANGE MY MIND LATER?
You can change your mind at any time and you don’t have to say why. I will thank you for your
time so far and won’t contact you about this research again.
WHAT IF I HAVE CONCERNS OR A COMPLAINT?
If you have concerns about the research that you think I can help you with, please feel free to
contact me on 02 9514 8631 or 0432 357 213.
If you would like to talk to someone who is not connected with the research, you may contact the
Research Ethics Officer on 02 9514 9772, and quote this number (give UTS HREC Approval Number)

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References
Arup, (2013) World’s first microalgae façade goes ‘live’ retrieved on 4th February 2016 from
http://www.arup.com/News/2013_04_April/25_April_World_first_microalgae_facade_goes_live.aspx
Arup 2016. How Solar Leaf Works. Retrieved on 4th February 2016 from
http://www.arup.com/Projects/SolarLeaf/Details.aspx
Bell, S. G., and Codd, G. A., 1994. Cyanobacterial toxins and human health. Medicial Microbiology.
Biogas Composition. http://www.biogas-renewable-energy.info/biogas_composition.html. Accessed 26th
April 2016.
Campbell Matthew N, 2008; Biodiesel: Algae as a Renewable Source for Liquid Fuel, Guelph University,
Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada; Guelph Engineering Journal, (1), 2 - 7. ISSN: 1916-1107.
Clean Energy Council, 2014. Clean Energy Australia Report.
file:///Users/113984/Downloads/Clean-Energy-Australia-Report-2014.pdf
Colt International http://www.colt-info.de/solarleaf.html Accessed 8th May 2015.
Dept of Infrastructure and Regional Development 2014 State of Australian Cities 2013
http://www.infrastructure.gov.au/infrastructure/pab/soac/ Accessed 18th March 2014.
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Key Contact:
Associate Professor Sara Wilkinson
Faculty of Design, Architecture and Building
University of Technology Sydney
PO Box 123 Broadway NSW 2007 AUSTRALIA
Phone: +61 02 9514-8631
Sara.Wilkinson@uts.edu.au
http://www.uts.edu.au/about/faculty-design-architecture-and-building
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