ChapterPDF Available

Role of vitamin B6 in skin health and diseases

Authors:

Abstract and Figures

Vitamin B6 has been believed to be essential for skin development and maintenance. Additionally, vitamin B6 has long been considered to have an important role in amino acids metabolism as a coenzyme. Vitamin B6 deficiency has been known to be associated with dermatitis, while contact allergy to vitamin B6 is generally rare. There is accumulating evidence that dietary vitamin B6 has protective roles in cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Recent studies have further highlighted the important protective role of vitamin B6 in carcinogenesis, especially colon carcinogenesis. For skin cancer, a recent study has underlined that dietary supplemental vitamin B6 to a low vitamin B6 diet enhanced UV-irradiated skin tumorigenesis in hairless mice. However, dietary vitamin B6 caused no influence on carcinogen-induced skin tumorigenesis in mice. Topical application of vitamin B6 has been reported to exaggerate UV-irradiated skin phototoxicity. The toxic properties of irradiated vitamin B6 compounds have been also demonstrated for human fibroblasts. Thus, there is concern that excessive dose or abuse of vitamin B6 might cause adverse effect on skin health under certain conditions such as strong sunlight despite its essential roles for skin maintenance.
Content may be subject to copyright.
58 Handbook of diet, nutrition and the skin
Key facts
t
A substantial proportion of the population of USA, European countries and Japan appears not to meet
currently recommended daily intake of vitamin B6.
tVitamin B6 has an anti-dermatitis factor, and contact allergy to vitamin B6 is generally rare.
tVitamin B6 has the anti-oxidative, anti-glycation, anti-inflammation and anti-angiogenesis activities.
tVitamin B6 has protective roles against several diseases including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, brain
diseases and colon cancer.
t
For skin cancer, higher consumption of vitamin B6 enhances UV-induced skin tumorigenesis, but not in
carcinogen-induced skin tumorigenesis.
tVitamin B6 has a phototoxic activity under UV exposure.
Summary points
t
Vitamin B6 was discovered as an anti-dermatitis factor, and has been believed to be essential for skin
development and maintenance.
tVitamin B6 inadequacy appears to be a global problem, and recently much attention has been paid to the
role of vitamin B6 in the development of certain diseases, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes and
colon cancer.
tRecent studies have underlined that higher intake of vitamin B6 enhances UV-irradiated skin tumorigenesis,
but not carcinogen induced skin tumorigenesis.
tThere is evidence that pharmacological dose of vitamin B6 causes phototoxicity under UV-irradiation.
t
Thus, it is our recommendation that under strong sunlight, higher dose or abuse of vitamin B6 for skin
maintenance should be avoided despite its essentiality for skin health.
59
4. Role of vitamin B6 in skin health and diseases
N. Kato
Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University,
Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan; nkato@hiroshima-u.ac.jp
Abstract
Vitamin B6 has been believed to be essential for skin development and maintenance. Additionally,
vitamin B6 has long been considered to have an important role in amino acids metabolism as a
coenzyme. Vitamin B6 deciency has been known to be associated with dermatitis, while contact
allergy to vitamin B6 is generally rare. ere is accumulating evidence that dietary vitamin B6 has
protective roles in cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Recent studies have further highlighted
the important protective role of vitamin B6 in carcinogenesis, especially colon carcinogenesis.
For skin cancer, a recent study has underlined that dietary supplemental vitamin B6 to a low
vitamin B6 diet enhanced UV-irradiated skin tumorigenesis in hairless mice. However, dietary
vitamin B6 caused no inuence on carcinogen-induced skin tumorigenesis in mice. Topical
application of vitamin B6 has been reported to exaggerate UV-irradiated skin phototoxicity. e
toxic properties of irradiated vitamin B6 compounds have been also demonstrated for human
broblasts. us, there is concern that excessive dose or abuse of vitamin B6 might cause adverse
eect on skin health under certain conditions such as strong sunlight despite its essential roles
for skin maintenance.
Keywords: vitamin B6, dermatitis, cancer, skin, phototoxicity
V.R. Preedy (ed.), Handbook of diet, nutrition and the skin
DOI 10.3920/978-90-8686-729-5_4, © Wageningen Academic Publishers 2012
, Human Health Handbooks no. 2,
60 Handbook of diet, nutrition and the skin
N. Kato
Abbreviations
AGEs Advanced glycation endproducts
AOM Azoxymethane
DMBA Dimethylbezanthracene
PL Pyridoxal
PLP Pyridoxal 5’-phosphate
PM Pyridoxamine
PN Pyridoxine
ROS Reactive oxygen species
TBARS iobarbituric acid-reactive substances
TPA 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate
UV Ultraviolet
4.1 Introduction
In 1932, Paul György discovered vitamin B6 as an anti-dermatitis factor (György and Eckardt,
1932). In the ensuing decades, vitamin B6 in the form of pyridoxal 5’-phosphate had been
discovered to serve as a coenzyme in many reactions of human intermediary metabolisms.
Tremendous advances have been made in the eld of vitamin B6 enzymology during more than
half century (Merrill and Henderson, 1987). Beyond the role of vitamin B6 as a coenzyme, recent
discovery of potential functions of vitamin B6 such as antioxidant (as radical scavenger), anti-
glycation and anti-inammation activities re-awakened interest in the protective roles of vitamin
B6 in certain diseases, including vascular disease, diabetes and cancers (Clayton, 2006). On the
other hand, recent growing evidence has suggested that excessive dose of vitamin B6 can cause
adverse eect on skin health despite its anti-dermatitis role. is review surveys the utilization
of B6 in the treatment of skin health and diseases.
4.2 B6 vitamers and their nutrition
All three forms of vitamin B6, PN, PL and PM, are precursors of an activated compound known
as PLP, which plays a vital role as the co-factor of a large number of essential enzymes in the
human body (Figure 4.1). Enzymes dependent on PLP focus a wide variety of chemical reactions
mainly involving amino acids. Vitamin B6 is obtained from various dietary sources (cereals, meat,
sh, poultry, soy and some fruits such as bananas and avocado, etc.), although bioavailability can
vary considerably. Foods contain three types of B6 vitamers, PN, PM, and PL. PN is plentiful
in plants and readily converted to other forms of vitamin B6 compounds aer absorption from
the human intestine. PLP accounts for at least 60% of the circulating vitamin B6 in humans.
Pharmacologic formulations of vitamin B6 include PN and PN hydrochloride in various dosages.
Handbook of diet, nutrition and the skin 61
4. Role of vitamin B6 in skin health and diseases
Higher intakes of vitamin B6 are required in pregnancy and lactation and possibly also in the
elderly (Merrill and Henderson, 1987). Alcohol consumption and high protein intake elevate
the requirement of vitamin B6. A substantial proportion of the population of USA, European
countries and Japan appears not to meet currently recommended daily intake. Despite the close
link of vitamin B6 with human health, vitamin B6 inadequacy is not widely recognized as a
problem. ere is little evidence that pharmacological doses of vitamin B6 have any benecial
eect. Extremely high intakes (in excess of 500 mg/day) have been reported to cause neurological
damage (Clayton, 2006).
Vitamin B6 deciency is associated with elevation in blood homocysteine, a risk factor for
cardiovascular disease, by impairing homocysteine metabolism. Low vitamin B6 status is linked
to inammation, a risk factor of cardiovascular disease (Friso et al., 2001). PN has been reported
to have a potent radical scavenger activity (Bilski et al., 2000). PM has an inhibitory activity
for glycation (Voziyan and Hudson, 2005). AGEs are marker and predictors of progression of
diabetic complications. Large doses of PM appear to be benecial for the treatment of diabetic
nephropathy.
4.3 Vitamin B6 and dermatitis
Skin lesions were the rst symptoms identied with vitamin B6 deciency in rats (György and
Eckardt, 1932). Seborrheic dermatitis was subsequently observed in vitamin B6 deciency in
humans (Prasad et al., 1983). e dermatitis caused by this vitamin deciency has been suggested
to be due to impaired collagen biosynthesis (Prasad et al., 1983; Merrill and Henderson, 1987). A
role of vitamin B6 in the anti-inammatory response might also partially relate to the dermatitis
Figure 4.1. Chemical structures of vitamin B6 compounds.
PL: pyridoxal, PN: pyridoxine, PM: pyridoxamine and PLP: pyridoxal 5’-phosphate.
HO
N
R1
R2
H3C
Vitamin B6
compound R1 R2
PL –CHO –OH
PN –CH2OH –OH
PM –CH2NH2 –OH
PLP –CHO
O
–O–P–OH
OH
62 Handbook of diet, nutrition and the skin
N. Kato
(Friso et al., 2001). PLP is important as a cofactor in the decarboxylation reactions by which
skin produces biogenic amines such as catecholamines, histamine and serotonin (Slominski
and Wortsman, 2000). Contact allergy to vitamin B6 is generally rare, and there have been a
few reports for hypersensitivity to vitamin B6 (Yoshikawa et al., 1985; Friedman et al., 1986;
Camarasa et al., 1990).
4.4 Vitamin B6 and cancers
4.4.1 Skin cancer
Vitamin B6 is important for skin development and maintenance. Vitamin B6 deciency is
associated with skin dermatitis. Additionally, vitamin B6 has been reported to have a strong
antioxidant eect (Bilski et al., 2000). erefore, adequate intake of vitamin B6 has been believed
to be essential for skin health and maintenance.
UV radiation, particularly UVB wavelengths (280-320 nm), results in an increased generation of
ROS that overwhelms the antioxidant defense mechanisms of the skin. ROS are associated with
the initiation, promotion and progression of skin cancer. Vitamin B6 has a strong antioxidant
eect like a singlet oxygen quencher (Bilski et al., 2000) and prevents lipid peroxidation (Kannan
and Jain, 2004). From these facts, vitamin B6 might be benecial for the skin exposed to UV.
us, Lu et al. (2008) have examined the eect of dietary vitamin B6 on UVB-induced skin
tumorigenesis. Surprisingly, they have found the exacerbation of UV-induced skin tumorigenesis
by dietary vitamin B6. e data of tumor incidence and tumor multiplicity indicated that dietary
supplementation of vitamin B6 to a low vitamin B6 diet enhances UV-induced skin tumorigenesis
in hairless mice treated with DMBA (Figure 4.2). In their experiment, PN hydrochloride (HCl)
was supplemented to the basal diet at the dose of 1 mg/kg (the minimum level required for
preventing the growth depression by this vitamin deciency), 7 mg/kg (the recommended level)
or 35 mg/kg. e skin levels of oxidative stress markers such as lipid peroxides (TBARS) and
protein carbonyls (a marker of protein oxidation) were unaected by dietary level of vitamin B6
(Table 4.1). Vitamin B6 has gained widespread acceptance as being nontoxic, with large doses
being given to treat various disease states. eir study indicates that compared with the low
vitamin B6 diet, UV-induced skin tumorigenesis is enhanced by the 35 mg PN HCl/kg diet,
which is far lower than any acute toxic level (>500 mg PN HCl/kg diet). is adverse eect
of dietary vitamin B6 on UV-induced tumorigenesis appears to be similar to the exacerbation
of UV-induced carcinogenesis by treatment of β-carotene (a singlet oxygen quencher). Very
recently, Kato et al. have studied the inuence of dietary level of vitamin B6 on DMBA-treated,
TPA-induced skin tumorigenesis in mice (unpublished data, 2010). ere was no signicant
dierence in the tumor incidence and number among the groups fed 1, 7 and 35 mg PN HCl/kg
diet in TPA-induced skin tumorigenesis (Table 4.2). us, a higher incidence of skin tumor with a
higher vitamin B6 intake appears to be observed in the UV-induced, but not in the TPA-induced
skin tumorigenesis. Taken together, these results suggest that an interaction between vitamin B6
and UV-radiation might be responsible for higher carcinogenic process in skin.
Handbook of diet, nutrition and the skin 63
4. Role of vitamin B6 in skin health and diseases
Vitamin B6 had been discovered as an anti-dermatitis factor, and has long been believed to
be essential for skin development and maintenance. On the basis of such information, vitamin
B6 has been oen incorporated into various supplements and skin creams for skin care and
maintenance. However, it is possible that dietary supplemental vitamin B6 potentiates UV-
induced skin tumorigenesis at the dose being far lower than acute toxic level. is raises concern
that higher dose of vitamin B6 might be harmful for the skin under strong UV exposure.
Figure 4.2. Effect of dietary level of vitamin B6 on the cumulative skin tumor multiplicity (skin tumors/mouse) in
DMBA-UV treated mice. Values from 15 mice per group are shown. *Significantly different (Pooled SEM = 0.170
and 0.134 at 17 weeks and 18 weeks, respectively, Scheffe’s multiple-range test, P<0.05). (From Lu et al., 2008:
with permission from Center for Academic Publications Japan)
Skin tumors/mouse (n)
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Wk of UVB irradiation
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
35 mg PN HCl/kg
7 mg PN HCl/kg
1 mg PN HCl/kg
*
*
**
Table 4.1. Effect of dietary vitamin B6 on skin oxidative stress markers, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances
(TBARS) and protein carbonyls and PLP status in DMBA-UV treated hairless mice (From Lu et al. 2008: with
permission from Center for Academic Publications Japan).
Dietary pyridoxine HCl
1 mg/kg 7 mg/kg 35 mg/kg
Skin TBARS (nmol/mg protein) 2.35±0.50 1.95±0.32 1.16±0.25
Skin carbonyls (nmol/mg protein) 4.04±0.61 3.92±0.71 4.74±0.79
Skin PLP (nmol/g tissue) 2.61±0.10 2.46±0.18 2.66±0.06
Serum PLP (nmol/l) 124±8b157±10a151±7ab
The data indicate means ± SE (n=5). Means in a row not sharing a superscript letter are significantly different
(Scheffe’s multiple-rang test, P<0.05).
64 Handbook of diet, nutrition and the skin
N. Kato
4.4.2 Colon and other cancers
ere have been many epidemiological studies indicating an inverse association between vitamin
B6 status and the risk of colon cancer. Larsson et al. (2010) have recently reviewed and conducted
meta-analysis of several previous studies. eir results showed that the blood PLP levels were
inversely associated with the risk of colorectal cancer in the meta-analysis. Consistent with these
studies, Komatsu et al. (2001) strikingly demonstrated that compared with a low vitamin B6 diet,
a moderate dose of dietary vitamin B6 caused a marked reduction in colon tumorigenesis in mice
received azoxymethane. It has been suggested that the anti-colon tumor eect is mediated by
suppression in colon epithelium cell proliferation, oxidative stress, inammation and angiogenesis
(Komatsu et al., 2003).
ere have been limited studies of epidemiological studies on the relation between B6 status
and other cancers. For lung cancer, case control study and cohort study in European countries
have both indicated a signicant association between serum B6 status and incidence of the
cancer (Hartman et al., 2001; Johansson et al., 2010). ere has been controversy over the role of
vitamin B6 in breast cancer (Zhang et al., 2008, 2003) and prostate cancer (Weinstein et al., 2003;
Weinstein et al., 2006). Studies on the relation of vitamin B6 status and other cancers, including
bladder, pancreatic, ovarian, gastric, bladder, endometrical, oral cancers, etc., are sparse and
currently under intense investigation.
4.5 Vitamin B6 and phototoxicity
ere have been a few reports of photosensitivity due to PN HCl in pharmacological doses. In
1986, Friedman and coworkers (1986) reported a phototoxic reaction with pyridoxine abuse.
Murata et al. (1998) have described photosensitive dermatitis caused by PN HCl. It has been
Table 4.2. Effect of dietary vitamin B6 on the incidence (%) and number (n) of skin tumors in DMBA-TPA treated
mice.
Dietary pyridoxine HCl 7 weeks 9 weeks 11 weeks
%N %N %N
1 mg/kg 1510.75±0.10* 45 4.0±1.2 85 11.1±2.2
7 mg/kg 15 0.75±0.10 50 2.3±1.0 85 10.1±2.1
14 mg/kg 5 0.25±0.10 60 2.5±0.5 90 10.0±1.5
35 mg/kg 19 0.95±0.05 75 4.5±2.1 85 15.3±2.6
1The data indicate the percentage (%) of mice with tumors from 20 mice per group, and means ± SE (n=20) of
the number (n) of tumors per mice.
Handbook of diet, nutrition and the skin 65
4. Role of vitamin B6 in skin health and diseases
reported that vitamin B6 has a strong cytotoxic eect aer UV-irradiation in cell culture system
of human skin broblasts (Wondrak et al., 2004). ese studies suggest that UV-induced vitamin
B6 cytotoxicity is caused by toxic photoproducts resulting from irradiated vitamin B6. Wondrak
et al. (2004) have reported that the cytotoxic eects of UV-irradiated B6 vitamers include
inhibition of cell proliferation, elevation of protein photocross-linking, peptide photooxidation
and intracellular peroxide formation. e addition of several types of antioxidants do not revert
UV-irradiated PN eects, implying that ROS formation appears not to be essential for skin
phototoxicity of B6 vitamers (Wondrak et al., 2004). Although the mechanism of phototoxicity
of vitamin B6 is still unclear, the higher development of skin tumors with higher intake of vitamin
B6 mentioned above might be ascribed to the phototoxicity of vitamin B6.
References
Bajaj, A.K., Rastogi, S., Misra, A., Misra, K. and Bajaj, S., 2001. Occupational and systemic contact dermatitis with
photosensitivity due to vitamin B6. Contact Dermatitis 44, 184.
Bilski, P., Li M.Y., Ehrensha, M., Daub, M.E. and Chignell C.F., 2000. Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) and its derivatives
are ecient singlet oxygen quenchers and potential fungal antioxidants. Photochemistry and Photobiology
71, 129-134.
Black, H.S., 2004. Pro-carcinogenic activity of beta-carotene, a putative systemic photoprotectant. Photochemical
and Photobiological Sciences 3, 753-758.
Camarasa, J.G., Serra-Baldrich, E. and Lluch, M., 1990. Contact allergy to vitamin B6. Contact Dermatitis 23, 115.
Clayton, P.T., 2006. B6-responsive disorders: A model of vitamin dependency. Journal of Inherited Metabolic
Disease 29, 317-326.
Cohen, P.A. Schneidman, K., Ginsberg-Fellner, F., Sturman, J.A., Knittle, J. and Gaull G.E., 1973. High pyridoxine
diet in the rat: possible implications for megavitamin therapy. e Journal of Nutrition 103, 143-151.
DiSorbo, D.M. and Nathanson, L., 1983. High-dose pyridoxal supplemented culture medium inhibits the growth
of a human malignant melanoma cell line. Nutrition and Cancer 5, 10-15.
Friedman, M.A. Resnick, J.S. and Baer, R.L.,
1986. Subepidermal vesicular dermatosis and sensory peripheral
neuropathy caused by pyridoxine abuse. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 14, 915-917.
Friso, S., Jacques, P.F., Wilson, P.W.F., Rosenberg, I.H. and Selhub, J., 2001. Low circulating vitamin B6 is associated
with elevation of the inammation marker C-reactive protein independently of plasma homocysteine levels.
Circulation 103, 2788-2791.
György P. and Eckardt R.E., 1932. Vitamin B6 and skin lesions. Nature 144, 512.
Hartman, T.J., Woodson, K., Stolzenberg-Solomon, R., Virtamo, J., Selhub, J., Barrett, J.M. and Albanes, D., 2001.
Association of the B-vitamins pyridoxal 5’-phosphate (B(6)), B(12), and folate with lung cancer risk in older
men. American Journal of Epidemiology 153, 688-694.
Johansson, M., Relton, C., Ueland, P.M., Vollset, S.E., Midttun, Ø., Nygård, O., Slimani, N., Boetta, P., Jenab, M.,
Clavel-Chapelon, F., Boutron-Ruault, M.C., Fagherazzi, G., Kaaks, R., Rohrmann, S., Boeing, H., Weikert, C.,
Bueno-de-Mesquita, H.B., Ros, M.M., Van Gils, C.H., Peeters, P.H., Agudo, A., Barricarte, A., Navarro, C.,
Rodríguez, L., Sánchez, M.J., Larrañaga, N., Khaw, K.T., Wareham, N., Allen, N.E., Crowe, F., Gallo, V., Norat,
66 Handbook of diet, nutrition and the skin
N. Kato
T., Krogh, V., Masala, G., Panico, S., Sacerdote, C., Tumino, R., Trichopoulou, A., Lagiou, P., Trichopoulos, D.,
Rasmuson, T., Hallmans, G., Riboli, E., Vineis, P. and Brennan, P., 2010. Serum B vitamin levels and risk of lung
cancer. Journal of American Medical Association 303, 2377-2385.
Kannan, K. and Jain, S.K., 2004. Eect of vitamin B6 on oxygen radicals, mitochondrial membrane potential, and
lipid peroxidation in H2O2-treated U937 monocytes. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 36, 423-428.
Komatsu, S. Watanabe,
H., Oka, K., Tsuge, H., Nii, H. and Kato, N., 2001. Vitamin B-6-supplemented diets compared
with a low vitamin B-6 diet suppress azoxymethane-induced colon tumorigenesis in mice by reducing cell
proliferation. e Journal of Nutrition 131, 2204-2207.
Komatsu, S. Yanaka, N., Matsubara, K. and Kato, N., 2003. Antitumor eect of vitamin B6 and its mechanisms.
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1647, 127-130.
Larsson, S.C., Orsini, N. and Wolk, A., 2010. Vitamin B6 and risk of colorectal cancer, A meta-analysis of prospective
studies. Journal of American Medical Association 303, 1077-1083.
Lu, T., Xu, Y., Monttinen, E.S. and Kato, N., 2008. Supplemental vitamin B6 to a low vitamin B6 diet exaggerates UVB-
induced skin tumorigenesis in DMBA-treated hairless mice. Journal Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 54,
262-265.
Merrill Jr., A.H. and Henderson, J.M., 1987. Diseases associated with defects in vitamin B6 metabolism and
nutrition. Annual Reviews of Nutrition 7, 137-156.
Murata, Y. Kumano, K., Ueda, T., Araki, N., Nakamura, T. and Tani, M., 1998. Photosensitive dermatitis caused by
pyridoxine hydrochloride. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 39, 314-317.
Prasad, R., Lakshmi, A.V. and Bamji, M.S., 1983. Impaired collagen maturity in vitamins B-2 and B-6 deciency -
probable molecular basis of skin lesions. Biochemical Medicine 30, 333-341.
Slominski, A. and Wortsman, J., 2000. Neuroendocrinology of the skin. Endocrine Reviews 21, 457-487.
Tworoger, S.S. Hecht, J.L., Giovannucci E. and Hankinson, S.E., 2006. Intake of folate and related nutrients in
relation to risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. American Journal of Epidemiology 163, 1101-1111.
Voziyan, P.A. and Hudson, B.G., 2005. Pyridoxamine as a multifunctional pharmaceutical: targeting pathogenic
glycation and oxidative damage. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 62, 1671-1681.
Weinstein, S.J., Hartman, T.J., Stolzenberg-Solomon, R., Pietinen, P., Barrett, M.J., Taylor, P.R., Virtamo, J. and
Albanes, D., 2003. Null association between prostate cancer and serum folate, vitamin B(6), vitamin B(12), and
homocysteine. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention 12, 1271-1272.
Weinstein, S.J., Stolzenberg-Solomon, R., Pietinen, P., Taylor, P.R., Virtamo, J. and Albanes D., 2006. Dietary factors
of one-carbon metabolism and prostate cancer risk. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 84, 929-935.
Wondrak, G.T., Roberts, M.J., Jacobson, M.K. and Jacobson, E.L., 2004. 3-Hydroxypyridine chromophores are
endogenous sensitizers of photooxidative stress in human skin cells. e Journal of Biological Chemistry 279,
30009-30020.
Yoshikawa, K., Watanabe, K. and Mizuno, N., 1985. Contact allergy to hydrocortisone 17-butyrate and pyridoxine
hydrochloride. Contact Dermatitis 12, 55-56.
Zhang, S.M., Cook, N.R., Albert, C.M., Gaziano, J.M., Buring, J.E. and Manson, J.E., 2008. Eect of combined folic
acid, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 on cancer risk in women. A randomized trial. Journal of American Medical
Association 300, 2012-2021.
Zhang, S.M. Willett, W.C., Selhub, J. Hunter, D.J., Giovannucci, E.L., Holmes, M.D., Colditz, G.A. and Hankinson,
S.E., 2003. Plasma folate, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, homocysteine, and risk of breast cancer. Journal of the
National Cancer Institute 95, 373-380.
... Recent studies reported that supplementation of PY significantly relieves the worse health conditions associated with Covid-19 patients, such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, hypertension, etc. (Huang et al. 2021) (Stach et al. 2021). PY is essential for maintaining healthy skin, and its deficiency may cause dermatitis (Kato 2012). Hence vitamin B6 has been used as a supplement to treat dermatitis and other skin diseases (Wright et al. 1943) (Mabin et al. 1995). ...
Article
Unlabelled: This work describes the synthesis and characterization of a polymeric film of 3,5-diamino 1,2,4-triazole on a pencil graphite electrode for the selective sensing of pyridoxine (PY). The PGE was modified using the electropolymerization process by the potentiodynamic method. The polymerized electrode (PDAT/PGE) was characterized by IR, SEM, AFM, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. PY undergoes irreversible oxidation at 0.79 V on PDAT/PGE in phosphate buffer of pH 5. Using the differential pulse voltammetric technique (DPV), PY showed a linear range from 5 to 950 μM with a lower detection limit of 2.96 μM. The PDAT/PGE was applied for the analytical determination of PY in pharmaceutical tablets with good recovery. Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11696-023-02777-5.
... Vitamin B 6 is involved in amino acid metabolism. It has also been identified as an anti-dermatitis factor and seemed to play a protective role against several diseases including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, brain diseases and colon cancer [61,62]. The values of Vitamin E in the substituted cookies (0.30 mg/100 -0.90 mg/100 g) are higher than the value obtained from the control (0.27 mg/100 g). ...
Article
Cookies were developed from composite flour of wheat, African Walnut and Carrot. The wheat flour was substituted at levels of 5%, 10%, 15%, & 20% with African Walnut flour for samples, B, C, D and E, respectively, and with 5% of Carrot flour. The moisture content of the cookies reduced with increase in substitution with walnut flour and carrot flour but there was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the values obtained. The ash content and protein content of the cookies also increased with increased substitution whereas fat content of the substituted cookies samples increased and significantly differed (p˂ 0.05) from the control. The physical attributes are as follows:11.28 g - 13.09 g for Weight, 45.80 mm - 52.68 mm for Diameter, 6.85 mm - 9.45 mm for thickness, and 5.12 - 7.44 for spread ratio. The values of the Minerals obtained are 29.38 mg/100 g – 50.46 mg/100 g, 3.75 mg/100 g – 11.36 mg/100 g, 14.11 mg/100 g – 15.47 mg/100 g and 49.20 mg/100 g – 58.90 mg/100 g for Calcium, iron, Sodium, and Potassium, respectively. The Bioavailability was highest in sodium(57.07%-84.86%), and potassium(69.55% - 72.31%).The highest values for Vitamin C (13.85 mg/100 g), Vitamin E (0.90), and Invitro protein digestibility (59.64%) were recorded in sample E while the highest Carotenoids (257.40 mg/100 g) was observed in sample C. Sensory evaluation confirmed that there was no significant difference (p˃0.05) between Samples A (control sample) and the substituted samples in terms of appearance, taste and aroma, and although sample A had highest overall general acceptability value, the samples produced compared favorably with the control.
... Витамин B6 участвует в формировании здоровья кожи: дефицит пиридоксина связан с нарушением био-синтеза коллагена и развитием дерматитов [42]. Дефицит витамина B6 также связан с системным воспалением и нарушенным обменом гомоцистеина, которые являются факторами риска развития сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний. ...
Article
Full-text available
Data on 16 components of the anti-age system for the diet enriching with the Famvital are presented. Information about fundamental and clinical researches on the anti-aging role of the complex components are presented. The anti-age effects of plant extracts, vitamins and trace elements included in the morning and evening capsules of the Famvital system are analyzed in detail.
... Vitamin B6 is involved in amino acid metabolism, was identified as an anti-dermatitis factor and seemed to play a protective role against several diseases including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, brain diseases and colon cancer (Bender, 1989;Kato, 2012), while lutein and zeaxanthin may reduce the risk and progression of age-related macular degeneration (Arnold, Jentsch, Dawczynski, & Böhm, 2013;SanGiovanni & Neuringer, 2012). ...
Article
Full-text available
The concentrations of B-vitamins, carotenoids and tocopherols in nuts may differ between species and might be influenced by roasting. Thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine, lutein, zeaxanthin, β-carotene and α-/γ-tocopherol were determined in different varieties of raw and roasted nuts using HPLC (fluorescence/UV–vis detection). The analysis revealed remarkable concentrations of thiamine and pyridoxine in pistachios (57%, 79% of the recommended daily intake/100 g (RDI), respectively) and riboflavin in almonds (119% of the RDI). Pistachios were rich in lutein/zeaxanthin and contained highest β-carotene levels among nuts. Almonds and hazelnuts were abundant in α-tocopherol (>4-fold the RDI for tocopherol equivalents) while pistachios and walnuts were rich in γ-tocopherol. Roasting had a diminishing effect on thiamine, carotenoids and tocopherols especially in almonds and walnuts. Nuts could make a valuable contribution to a healthy diet in regard to B-vitamins, lutein/zeaxanthin and tocopherols. A reduction in micronutrient content by roasting is reliant on the nut variety and specific micronutrient.
Article
Full-text available
Physical activity, combined with adequate nutrition, is considered a protective factor against cardiovascular disease, musculoskeletal disorders, and intestinal dysbiosis. Achieving optimal performance requires a significantly high energy expenditure, which must be correctly supplied to avoid the occurrence of diseases such as muscle injuries, oxidative stress, and heart pathologies, and a decrease in physical performance during competition. Moreover, in sports activities, the replenishment of water, vitamins, and minerals consumed during training is essential for safeguarding athletes’ health. In this scenario, vitamins play a pivotal role in numerous metabolic reactions and some muscle biochemical adaptation processes induced by sports activity. Vitamins are introduced to the diet because the human body is unable to produce these micronutrients. The aim of this review is to highlight the fundamental role of vitamin supplementation in physical activity. Above all, we focus on the roles of vitamins A, B6, D, E, and K in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disorders, muscle injuries, and regulation of the microbiome.
Article
Full-text available
B vitamins and factors related to 1-carbon metabolism help to maintain DNA integrity and regulate gene expression and may affect cancer risk. To investigate if 1-carbon metabolism factors are associated with onset of lung cancer. The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) recruited 519,978 participants from 10 countries between 1992 and 2000, of whom 385,747 donated blood. By 2006, 899 lung cancer cases were identified and 1770 control participants were individually matched by country, sex, date of birth, and date of blood collection. Serum levels were measured for 6 factors of 1-carbon metabolism and cotinine. Odds ratios (ORs) of lung cancer by serum levels of 4 B vitamins (B(2), B(6), folate [B(9)], and B(12)), methionine, and homocysteine. Within the entire EPIC cohort, the age-standardized incidence rates of lung cancer (standardized to the world population, aged 35-79 years) were 6.6, 44.9, and 156.1 per 100,000 person-years among never, former, and current smokers for men, respectively. The corresponding incidence rates for women were 7.1, 23.9, and 100.9 per 100,000 person-years, respectively. After accounting for smoking, a lower risk for lung cancer was seen for elevated serum levels of B(6) (fourth vs first quartile OR, 0.44; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.33-0.60; P for trend <.000001), as well as for serum methionine (fourth vs first quartile OR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.39-0.69; P for trend <.000001). Similar and consistent decreases in risk were observed in never, former, and current smokers, indicating that results were not due to confounding by smoking. The magnitude of risk was also constant with increasing length of follow-up, indicating that the associations were not explained by preclinical disease. A lower risk was also seen for serum folate (fourth vs first quartile OR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.51-0.90; P for trend = .001), although this was apparent only for former and current smokers. When participants were classified by median levels of serum methionine and B(6), having above-median levels of both was associated with a lower lung cancer risk overall (OR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.31-0.54), as well as separately among never (OR, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.18-0.72), former (OR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.34-0.76), and current smokers (OR, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.27-0.65). Serum levels of vitamin B(6) and methionine were inversely associated with risk of lung cancer.
Article
Full-text available
Mounting evidence indicates that vitamin B(6), a coenzyme involved in nearly 100 enzymatic reactions, may reduce the risk of colorectal cancer. To conduct a systematic review with meta-analysis of prospective studies assessing the association of vitamin B(6) intake or blood levels of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP; the active form of vitamin B(6)) with risk of colorectal cancer. Relevant studies were identified by a search of MEDLINE and EMBASE databases to February 2010, with no restrictions. We also reviewed reference lists from retrieved articles. We included prospective studies that reported relative risk (RR) estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between vitamin B(6) intake or blood PLP levels and the risk of colorectal, colon, or rectal cancer. Two authors independently extracted data and assessed study quality. Study-specific RRs were pooled using a random-effects model. Nine studies on vitamin B(6) intake and 4 studies on blood PLP levels were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled RRs of colorectal cancer for the highest vs lowest category of vitamin B(6) intake and blood PLP levels were 0.90 (95% CI, 0.75-1.07) and 0.52 (95% CI, 0.38-0.71), respectively. There was heterogeneity among studies of vitamin B(6) intake (P = .01) but not among studies of blood PLP levels (P = .95). Omitting 1 study that contributed substantially to the heterogeneity among studies of vitamin B(6) intake yielded a pooled RR of 0.80 (95% CI, 0.69-0.92). The risk of colorectal cancer decreased by 49% for every 100-pmol/mL increase (approximately 2 SDs) in blood PLP levels (RR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.38-0.69). Vitamin B(6) intake and blood PLP levels were inversely associated with the risk of colorectal cancer in this meta-analysis.
Article
7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-treated hairless mice exposed to UVB radiation were used to examine the effect of graded levels of vitamin B(6) [1, 7 or 35 mg pyridoxine (PN) HCl/kg] on skin tumorigenesis for 18 wk. Compared to the 1 mg PN HCl/kg diet, the 35 mg PN HCl/kg diet significantly elevated the incidence and multiplicity of skin tumors, while there was no difference in skin tumorigenesis between the 7 and 35 mg PN HCl/kg diets. Skin levels of oxidative stress markers (lipid peroxides and protein carbonyls) were unaffected by dietary treatment. Compared to the 1 mg PN HCl/kg diet, the 7 and 35 mg PN HCl/kg diets significantly elevated serum pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) without affecting the skin level of PLP. The results suggest that dietary supplemental vitamin B(6) exaggerates UVB-induced skin tumorigenesis in hairless mice without affecting oxidative stress in the skin.
Article
Folate, vitamin B(6), and vitamin B(12) are thought to play an important role in cancer prevention. To evaluate the effect of combined folic acid, vitamin B(6), and vitamin B(12) treatment on cancer risk in women at high risk for cardiovascular disease. In the Women's Antioxidant and Folic Acid Cardiovascular Study, 5442 US female health professionals aged 42 years or older, with preexisting cardiovascular disease or 3 or more coronary risk factors, were randomly assigned to receive either a daily combination of folic acid, vitamin B(6), and vitamin B(12) or a matching placebo. They were treated for 7.3 years from April 1998 through July 31, 2005. Daily supplementation of a combination of 2.5 mg of folic acid, 50 mg of vitamin B(6), and 1 mg of vitamin B(12) (n = 2721) or placebo (n = 2721). Confirmed newly diagnosed total invasive cancer or breast cancer. A total of 379 women developed invasive cancer (187 in the active treatment group and 192 in the placebo group). Compared with placebo, women receiving the active treatment had similar risk of developing total invasive cancer (101.1/10,000 person-years for the active treatment group vs 104.3/10,000 person-years for placebo group; hazard ratio [HR], 0.97; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.79-1.18; P = .75), breast cancer (37.8/10,000 person-years vs 45.6/10,000 person-years, respectively; HR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.60-1.14; P = .24), or any cancer death (24.6/10,000 person-years vs 30.1/10,000 person-years, respectively; HR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.56-1.21; P = .32). Combined folic acid, vitamin B(6), and vitamin B(12) treatment had no significant effect on overall risk of total invasive cancer or breast cancer among women during the folic acid fortification era. clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00000541.
Article
A woman who had ingested 2 gm of pyridoxine (vitamin B6) daily for 2 years for menstrual water retention developed a subepidermal vesicular eruption on the dorsa of the hands and toes, as well as a sensory peripheral neuropathy. The cutaneous and neurologic manifestations subsided about 2 months after discontinuation of the pyridoxine. The possible relationship of subepidermal vesicular eruptions caused by pyridoxine abuse to epidermolysis bullosa acquisita is discussed.
Article
It is clear that many diseases are known to involve defects in vitamin B6 metabolism, but that even more await definitive studies. Furthermore, some functions of vitamin B6, such as its role in glucocorticoid action (21), have been discovered so recently that the medical implications have not yet been fully explored.
Article
Large amounts of pyridoxine in the diet had no effect on appetite but resulted in a 20% increase in body weight and 40% in liver weight compared to pair-fed controls. The percentage of protein in liver was unchanged despite the increased liver weight, and the percentage of lipid was decreased. The weights of brain, pancreas and kidney were unaffected. There appeared to be an increase in peritoneal fat; however, the epididymal fat pads were significantly smaller in the high pyridoxine group because of smaller cell size rather than decreased cell number. Concentrations of free amino acids were unchanged as were the activities of cystathionine synthase and cystathionase. Incorporation of ³⁵S from both methionine and cystine into the proteins of various organs was also unchanged. In the rats on high pyridoxine diets there was greater incorporation of ³⁵S from cystine into reduced glutathione and less into oxidized glutathione. Since the amount of pyridoxine consumed by the experimental group was of the order of magnitude as that currently used in the treatment of homocystinuria, further studies are needed before it can be assumed that massive doses of water-soluble vitamins can be used with impunity.