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Consumer-Centered Energy System for Electric Vehicles and the Smart Grid
Abstract
This article proposes the consumer-centered energy system (CCES), a cyber-physical-social system that integrates the power grid (physical), communications and computing (cyber), and consumer interactions (social). The authors introduce some basic features of the CCES, provide a CCES architecture for electric vehicles and smart grid, and propose a request-and-schedule energy management protocol.
... There are different types of studies on smart grid, e.g., some cover only one aspect such as social [80,81,[86][87][88][89] or economic [46,90,91], or technological, while others cover multiple aspects such as socio-economic [85,92], or socio-technical [93], or techno-economic [28], or all three aspects [74,83]. Although this paper does not cover the technological aspect in detail, other existing research examines this technological aspect spanning various areas such as PV systems, VPPs, storage, DERs, and demand-side management. ...
... Social context drives energy-related behavior, and pro-environmental social norms highly influence energy conservation [88]. Likewise, in the human collaboration aspect, human and social dimensions in an energy system should not be ignored [89]. Consequently, in one research work, the authors incorporate the social domain aspect in their proposed consumer-centered energy system architecture [89]. ...
... Likewise, in the human collaboration aspect, human and social dimensions in an energy system should not be ignored [89]. Consequently, in one research work, the authors incorporate the social domain aspect in their proposed consumer-centered energy system architecture [89]. ...
Smart grids are robust, self-healing networks that allow bidirectional propagation of energy and information within the utility grid. This introduces a new type of energy user who consumes, produces, stores and shares energy with other grid users. Such a user is called a “prosumer.” Prosumers’ participation in the smart grid is critical for the sustainability and long-term efficiency of the energy sharing process. Thus, prosumer management has attracted increasing attention among researchers in recent years. This paper systematically examines the literature on prosumer community based smart grid by reviewing relevant literature published from 2009 to 2018 in reputed energy and technology journals. We specifically focus on two dimensions namely prosumer community groups and prosumer relationships. Based on the evaluated literature, we present eight propositions and thoroughly describe several future research directions.
... The bidirectional charger has enabled the EVs to discharge their energy back to the grid and even exchange it with other EVs. This has paved the way for the emergence of new concepts such as vehicle-to-grid (V2G) [4][5][6] and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) energy sharing [7], [8]. The concept of V2G studies the EV integration with the power grid where the EV can act as energy storage units capable of supplying the grid with energy when needed, thus reducing the potential overloading of the grid [9]. ...
... 1) Data Security and Privacy: The personal information of the EV users must be well protected since the system needs to access them for the later stages of processing and optimization. Therefore, to protect EV users from potential cyber-attacks and also prevent hackers from accessing and stealing the societal and personal information of users, the transmitted data must be encrypted and secured from any hostile agents, especially if the system relies on real-time processing, such as in [4]. Moreover, distributed edge servers, where all the necessary information can be gathered and stored locally, are advantageous, since they have the computational power to perform some of the preprocessing, thus reducing the load on the cloud. ...
The proliferation of electric vehicles (EVs), owing to their advantages over internal combustion engine vehicles, has introduced many challenges, due to the lack of charging infrastructure that can handle such a large surge of EVs. Therefore, alternative feasible charging solutions, such as EV-to-Grid (V2G) and EV-to-EV (V2V) charging have gained prominence thanks to the bidirectional charger. However, there are several challenges hindering the adoption of V2V energy sharing solutions. The existing frameworks that detail the main aspects in energy management protocols emphasize solely on the EV integration with the grid, with the assumption of the grid availability and capability of supporting V2V energy sharing. In this paper, a novel holistic energy management framework for an efficient V2V energy sharing is proposed. The proposed framework offers a complete overview of the different stages in the V2V charging problem and introduces possible solutions for each stage and its integration with other stages to form a comprehensive V2V solution, that is not only cost-effective but also maximizes user satisfaction and social welfare, while simultaneously fulfills the highest number of energy demands.
... From this viewpoint, adaptive topology design, self-configured implementation, and plug-and-play agents turn out to be significant in the hierarchical architecture of ICPSs. This urgent requirement also applies to vehicular CPS and smart grid contexts [22][31] [38]. It is interesting to notice that [38] proposed to integrate vehicular CPSs and the smart grid in a unified architecture of consumer-centered energy systems. ...
... This urgent requirement also applies to vehicular CPS and smart grid contexts [22][31] [38]. It is interesting to notice that [38] proposed to integrate vehicular CPSs and the smart grid in a unified architecture of consumer-centered energy systems. ...
Industrial cyberphysical systems (ICPSs) are the cornerstone research subject in the era of Industry 4.0 [1]. The study of ICPSs has, therefore, become a worldwide research focus [2]-[4]. ICPSs integrate physical entities with cyber networks to build systems that can work more harmoniously, benefiting from integrated design and system-wide optimization [5]. The safety and performance of industrial systems can be improved by developing specific information infrastructure, monitoring, and control approaches aimed at maintaining controllability under external disturbances and unexpected faults [6]. Based on these observations, the design and deployment of ICPSs have both theoretical and practical significance.
... It was also concluded by the authors that improved communication infrastructure in the system is very vital as its data communication, privacy and security will give a better opportunity to combine testbeds with different capabilities. The only two models that studied energy in cyber-physical systems in a social view point was found in Cheng, Zhang, and Yang (2016) and Zhang, Xu, and Yu (2018) as also documented in Table 1. A consumer-centred energy system is proposed in Cheng et al. (2016) where a cyber-physical social system combines a physical component which is the power grid and the cyber component which involves computing, communications and consumer interactions (social). ...
... The only two models that studied energy in cyber-physical systems in a social view point was found in Cheng, Zhang, and Yang (2016) and Zhang, Xu, and Yu (2018) as also documented in Table 1. A consumer-centred energy system is proposed in Cheng et al. (2016) where a cyber-physical social system combines a physical component which is the power grid and the cyber component which involves computing, communications and consumer interactions (social). The importance of consumer-centred energy system with respect to effective energy utilization was also discussed and an architecture capable of achieving flexible and intelligent energy management for smart grids was also presented. ...
Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) is a new generation of digital technology that is concerned with the integration and inter-dependencies of cyber and physical world alongside computational elements. As a new and leading technology, its applications are seen in different projects involving energy and this has however generated lots of interest from the industry, researchers in academia and the government. This paper presents an extensive overview and modernistic research on the applications relating to energy CPS and the security issues and challenges revolving around this research path. In order to achieve this, a systematic literature review was carried out which enabled the analysing and classifying of different applications and security issues described in selected publications. Furthermore, the systematic review permitted the discourse stringing these research areas as well as providing future lines of research. Also, results from the review show the paths where there are increasing research focus and expected research trend in the future years to come. These results will not only be useful in serving as a guide to researchers but will also create new research paths to more experienced researchers to actively follow. Classification: Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Computer Engineering, Energy Engineering, Communication Systems, Distributed and Embedded Systems.
... The fast growing mobile computing and communication applications of electric vehicles (EVs), such as electric cars, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and electromobiles, accelerate the development of the internet of intelligent vehicles (IoIV) [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6]. To enable the EVs to access to the IoIV anytime and anywhere, the batteries of EVs should be able to support their operations all the time [7], [8], [9]. However, refilling the EVs' batteries faces the challenges of battery capacity limitation and power supply availability. ...
... Wired charging is inconvenient, because users have to seek for a power output and wait a long time for charging. Therefore, wireless charging or wireless power transfer (WPT) attracts great attention to provide perpetual energy supplies for EVs virtually [3], [8], [10], [11]. ...
To enable electric vehicles (EVs) to access to the internet of intelligent vehicles (IoIV), charging EVs wirelessly anytime and anywhere becomes an urgent need. The resonant beam charging (RBC) technology can provide high-power and long-range wireless energy for EVs. However, the RBC system is unefficient. To improve the RBC power transmission efficiency, the adaptive resonant beam charging (ARBC) technology was introduced. In this paper, after analyzing the modular model of the ARBC system, we obtain the closed-form formula of the end-to-end power transmission efficiency. Then, we prove that the optimal power transmission efficiency uniquely exists. Moreover, we analyze the relationships among the optimal power transmission efficiency, the source power, the output power, and the beam transmission efficiency, which provide the guidelines for the optimal ARBC system design and implementation. Hence, perpetual energy can be supplied to EVs in IoIV virtually.
... Secondly, there could be trade-offs to be achieved by allowing more services to be implemented versus protecting the data from these services from unauthorised use. Thirdly, energy harvesting needs not to take up much equipment space whilst allowing for adequate utilisation of renewable energy, enabling other performance indicators and their evaluation to be considered [10]. ...
Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) is the backbone of the next generation smart city and smart grid, it not only provides near real-time two-way communication between the consumers and the energy systems but also enables third parties to provide relevant value-added services to the consumers to improve user satisfaction. However, the existing services are implemented in a centralised manner which has potential and associated security and privacy risks also increased with Internet-of-things (IoT) devices. To better balance the quality of the services and ensure users' privacy, a third-party AMI service model based on differentially private federated learning is proposed in this paper. Instead of sending the private energy data to the cloud server, the proposed service model trains the neural network models locally, and only model parameters are shared with the central server. Moreover, the identity of individuals is eliminated by adding random Gaussian noise during the secure aggregation. Furthermore, an attention-based bidirectional long short-term memory neural network model is adopted to solve the long-range dependency problem of conventional neural networks. In the case study, a residential short-term load forecasting task is implemented to evaluate the performance of the proposed model. Compared with other state-of-the-art energy service models, the proposed one can achieve similar accuracy as the typical centralized model and balances the trade-off between privacy loss and prediction accuracy flexibly. Index Terms-Advanced metering infrastructure, federated service, energy cyber physical social system, differential pri
... These various types of EMSs become essential components of the whole smart city [173]. Specifically, from the viewpoint of future popularization and controllability, EVs are expected to be used for power system operation including the Vehicle to Grid (V2G) scheme [174][175][176][177][178][179][180][181][182]. ...
Smart cities will be an important component for the construction of a sustainable future society. This paper focuses on the functionalities of smart cities from the perspective of electric power systems and reviews recent works on the various types of energy management systems (EMSs), particularly those focusing on the interaction among systems distributed in a city. Furthermore, this paper describes the idea of a platform for evaluating cooperative EMS technologies distributed in a city. The related research and demonstration of the EMS technology in real cities that were evaluated using the proposed platform are presented. © 2020 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
... WET technology has developed rapidly in the last decade [18,19], and it is identified as the key technology solution for 6G [20]. As a matter of fact, most existing WET technologies such as inductive coupling, magnetic resonance coupling, and radio frequency, face major issues related to e.g., charging safety, power, and distance [21][22][23]. ...
Resonant Beam Charging (RBC) is the Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) technology, which can provide high-power, long-distance, mobile, and safe wireless charging for Internet of Things (IoT) devices. Supporting multiple IoT devices charging simultaneously is a significant feature of the RBC system. To optimize the multi-user charging performance, the transmitting power should be scheduled for charging all IoT devices simultaneously. In order to keep all IoT devices working as long as possible for fairness, we propose the First Access First Charge (FAFC) scheduling algorithm. Then, we formulate the scheduling parameters quantitatively for algorithm implementation. Finally, we analyze the performance of FAFC scheduling algorithm considering the impacts of the receiver number, the transmitting power and the charging time. Based on the analysis, we summarize the methods of improving the WPT performance for multiple IoT devices, which include limiting the receiver number, increasing the transmitting power, prolonging the charging time and improving the single-user's charging efficiency. The FAFC scheduling algorithm design and analysis provide a fair WPT solution for the multi-user RBC system.
... tributed generations (DG), distributed storage and electric vehicles (EV)[85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93]. Con-sidering the environmental friendly nature of renewable generations, the increased energy efficiency using co-generation of combined heat and power (CHP), and the governmental promotion and incentive policies to support distributed generations, more consumers may be willing to deploy DG. ...
Most of the current game-theoretic demand-side management methods focus primarily on the scheduling of home appliances, and the related numerical experiments are analyzed under various scenarios to achieve the corresponding Nash-equilibrium (NE) and optimal results. However, not much work is conducted for academic or commercial buildings. The methods for optimizing academic-buildings are distinct from the optimal methods for home appliances. In my study, we address a novel methodology to control the operation of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system (HVAC). With the development of Artificial Intelligence and computer technologies, reinforcement learning (RL) can be implemented in multiple realistic scenarios and help people to solve thousands of real-world problems. Reinforcement Learning, which is considered as the art of future AI, builds the bridge between agents and environments through Markov Decision Chain or Neural Network and has seldom been used in power system. The art of RL is that once the simulator for a specific environment is built, the algorithm can keep learning from the environment. Therefore, RL is capable of dealing with constantly changing simulator inputs such as power demand, the condition of power system and outdoor temperature, etc. Compared with the existing distribution power system planning mechanisms and the related game theoretical methodologies, our proposed algorithm can plan and optimize the hourly energy usage, and have the ability to corporate with even shorter time window if needed.
... Moreover, equipped with RES, a smart community (SC) can be considered as an important component of the IoE, which enables the internal energy generation, storage, and distribution and can exchange energy with external energy entities, e.g., the power grid and EVs [10]- [12]. In the presence of SC, it is desirable to charge a group of EVs using the distributed RES in a cost effective way [13]- [15]. ...
The smart community (SC), as an important part of the Internet of energy (IoE), can facilitate integration of distributed renewable energy sources (RES) and electric vehicles (EVs) in the smart grid. However, due to the potential security and privacy issues caused by untrusted and opaque energy markets, it becomes a great challenge to optimally schedule the charging behaviors of EVs with distinct energy consumption preferences in SC. In this paper, we propose a contract based energy blockchain for secure EV charging in SC. Firstly, a permissioned energy blockchain system is introduced to implement secure charging services for EVs with the execution of smart contracts. Secondly, a reputation based delegated Byzantine fault tolerance (DBFT) consensus algorithm is proposed to efficiently achieve the consensus in the permissioned blockchain. Thirdly, based on the contract theory, the optimal contracts are analyzed and designed to satisfy EVs’ individual needs for energy sources while maximizing the operator’s utility. Furthermore, a novel energy allocation mechanism is proposed to allocate the limited renewable energy for EVs. Finally, extensive numerical results are carried out to evaluate and demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed scheme through comparison with other conventional schemes. IEEE
... With ever increasing concerns on environmental issues and clean energy, electric vehicles (EVs) have attracted more and more attention from governments, industries, and costumers [2]. EVs are regarded as one of the most effective strategies to reduce the oil dependence and gas emission, and to increase the efficiency of energy conversion [3]- [5]. When integrated with the power grid based on charging and/or discharging operations, EVs become energy storage units, and can not only serve as a transportation tool but also act as controllable loads and distributed sources for the power grid [6], [7]. ...
In this paper, we investigate flexible power transfer among electric vehicles (EVs) from a cooperative perspective in an EV system. First, the concept of cooperative EV-to-EV (V2V) charging is introduced, which enables active cooperation via charging/discharging operations between EVs as energy consumers and EVs as energy providers. Then, based on the cooperative V2V charging concept, a flexible energy management protocol with different V2V matching algorithms is proposed, which can help the EVs achieve more flexible and smarter charging/discharging behaviors. In the proposed energy management protocol, we define the utilities of the EVs based on the cost and profit through cooperative V2V charging and employ the bipartite graph to model the charging/discharging cooperation between EVs as energy consumers and EVs as energy providers. Based on the constructed bipartite graph, a max-weight V2V matching algorithm is proposed in order to optimize the network social welfare. Moreover, taking individual rationality into consideration, we further introduce the stable matching concepts and propose two stable V2V matching algorithms, which can yield the EV-consumer-optimal and EV-provider-optimal stable V2V matchings, respectively. Simulation results verify the efficiency of our proposed cooperative V2V charging based energy management protocol in improving the EV utilities and the network social welfare as well as reducing the energy consumption of the EVs.
... Therefore, the development and applications of new dispatching tools are of great practical significance. 7) In electricity transmission systems, emerging remote sensing devices, such as synchrophasor measurement units, can provide the operators more detailed real-time information about the system. However, the amount of data is too large for the operator to interpret manually. ...
Modern power systems are evolving into sociotechnical systems with massive complexity, whose real-time operation and dispatch go beyond human capability. Thus, the need for developing and applying new intelligent power system dispatch tools are of great practical significance. In this paper, we introduce the overall business model of power system dispatch, the top level design approach of an intelligent dispatch system, and the parallel intelligent technology with its dispatch applications. We expect that a new dispatch paradigm, namely the parallel dispatch, can be established by incorporating various intelligent technologies, especially the parallel intelligent technology, to enable secure operation of complex power grids, extend system operators U+02BC capabilities, suggest optimal dispatch strategies, and to provide decision-making recommendations according to power system operational goals.
... Smart grid is a modernized electrical grid, and it applies information and communications technologies to collect the information of operating grids to promote the efficiency of generation, transmission, and distribution of energy [19]. Compared with conventional grids, smart grids have the following features on energy distribution: Smart grids apply advanced energy measuring technologies and facilities (e.g., smart meters) to monitor energy consumption conditions of users and power generation of power suppliers. ...
Recent advances in renewable energy generation and the Internet of things (IoT) has urged energy management to enter the era of the Internet of energy (IoE). The IoE adopts a huge number of distributed energy-generating facilities, distributed energy storage facilities, and IoT technologies to implement energy sharing, promote utilization of electrical grids, and maintain safety of electrical grids. Rapid economic and social development makes energy shortage tend to be increasingly serious. Most cases of energy shortage occur during the peak energy load, and hence the previous works focused on shifting peak load to address energy shortage. However, few of these works took the IoE framework into account. Consequently, this work aims to consider the IoE framework to investigate the peak load shifting problem in which end-users in the energy market can adopt their respective energy storage facilities to charge and discharge energy to minimize the total operating costs. In such a problem setting, each end-user can not only be a demander but also be a supplier in the energy market, so that operating costs are concerned; the energies from both conventional electrical grids and distributed renewable energy sources can be stored in energy storage facilities; real-time price of energy will be applied adequately to affect energy distribution of supply and demand. Simulation results on a case study show that the proposed model can obtain the optimal result, and achieve peak load shifting.
The energy sector is undergoing an enormous transition with new market mechanisms affecting the market and the traders. In the smart grid environment, an auction‐based market can be useful to ensure trading between electric vehicles (EVs) and distribution companies (DisComs). However, the participation of EVs in the energy market poses specific issues. The first one is the involvement of aggregator/ auctioneer in trading procedures, which affects the energy trading as well as privacy of the EV owners. Second one is the auction mechanism should fulfill all critical economic properties, strategic and non‐strategic constraints. In order to address these issues, a novel aggregator free mechanism is proposed in this paper allowing EVs to securely participate in the ancillary services market. A smart contract deployed in Blockchain is used for market‐clearing. This paper proposes two kinds of implementation of auction‐based ancillary services market in the distribution system. Through an extensive study performed on a hypothetical group of 76 561 EVs and 13 DisComs, it is found that the performance of the proposed scheme is superior in decentralized implementation compared to centralized implementation. This paper deals with the development of blockchain‐based aggregator free e‐market framework for energy trading from electric vehicles (EVs) to distribution companies (DisComs) for ancillary services. The use of blockchain in building smart contracts for provides an aggregator free and safe energy trading platform. In the proposed approach, losers also will be benefited by serving as miners of blockchain.
It is the overriding trend of the present-day world that traditional systems and mobile devices are currently transforming into intelligent systems and smart devices. Against this backdrop, cyber-physical systems (CPSs) and Internet-of-Things (IoT) emerge as the times require. To achieve the parallel interactions between the human world and the computer network, IoT along with wireless mobile communication and computing open up some future opportunities as well as challenges for constructing a novel cyber-physical-social system (CPSS) that takes human factors into account during the system operation and management. In this article, a brief comprehensive survey is provided on some of the current research work that contributes to enabling CPSSs. Some crucial aspects of CPSSs are identified, including: the development from CPSs to CPSSs, architecture design, applications, standards, real-world case studies, enabling techniques and networks for CPSSs. To lay a foundation for the development of the upcoming smart world, we further propose a virtualization architecture and an integrated framework of caching, computing and networking for CPSSs. Simulations verify the performance improvement of the proposals. At last, some research issues with challenges and possible solutions are unearthed for researchers in the related research areas.
This paper introduces a smart cyber physical multi-source energy system for electric vehicle applications. This system is realized in order to increase the autonomy of the vehicle as well as a good self-dispatch energy system. In this paper, three energy sources have modeled and integrated in the energy conversion chain of the vehicle. Moreover, the design of cyber energy dispatching system is proposed based on the genetic algorithm NSGA-II. Finally, the simulation and experimental results are demonstrated.
Resonant Beam Charging (RBC) is a long-range, high-power, mobile, and safe Wireless Energy Transfer (WET) technology, which can provide wireless power for mobile devices like Wi-Fi communications. Due to the wireless energy transmission decay in RBC systems, the charging power received per device relies on the distance-dependent energy transmission channel. To extend battery life of all devices, this paper develops a Channel-Dependent Charge (CDC) scheduling algorithm to control receivers’ charging power, order and duration. Each receiver is assigned a dynamic scheduling coefficient, which is the product of the battery's remaining energy and the energy transmission channel. The resultant optimal charging order is to charge the receiver with the minimum scheduling coefficient first per equal unit-length time slot. It is shown analytically and experimentally that the CDC algorithm achieves higher charging performance than other scheduling algorithms including the Round-Robin Charge (RRC) scheduling algorithms. In a word, the CDC scheduling algorithm offers a viable approach to extending mobile devices’ battery life while accounting for varying RBC transmission channels.
The increasing integration of electric vehicles (EVs) is adding higher future potentials for the smart grid because the residual energy stored in EV batteries can be discharged to support the grid when needed. However, the stochasticity of EV user behaviors pose challenges to the regulators of distribution systems. How the regulators decide upon a control strategy for the vehicle to grid and how EV users respond to the strategy will significantly influence the variation of load profiles in the planning horizon. In this paper, a comprehensive cost analysis is performed to obtain the optimal planning scheme, considering the variation in EV penetration, charging preference, and customer damage cost. The economics and stability of the planned distribution system are assessed with real-world travel records and cost statistics to quantitatively show the effectiveness of the optimization algorithm and the importance of user behavior concern.
The current age is witnessing speedy revolution of vehicles from the hundred-year old moving metal box on four wheels into a new species with dazzling intelligence. To enable such intelligence, the nervous system heavily hinges upon the connectivity among vehicles as well as between vehicles and the transportation infrastructure. With such intelligence, humans would be relieved from the driving duties and naturally convert the vehicle into moving offices or entertainment rooms, thus imposing unprecedented burden to the connectivity to the world beyond the vehicle. Due to the mobile nature of vehicles, wireless naturally becomes the rescue. However, though wireless has been, to some extent, deployed on vehicles for more than half a century, the current wireless-vehicle interactions are, to the best, a mere combination, in which the wireless systems are designed accounting for the mobile environment, but do not have much to do with the vehicle core functions. In this paper, we will discuss the challenges, progresses and perspectives of the present-to-the-near-future vehicular wireless channels, wireless-vehicle combination, as well as the more demanding wireless-vehicle integration.
Since Karl Benz invented motor cars more than 130 years ago, automobiles have undergone probably the most significant leap from their ancestors − the intelligent vehicles (IVs), particularly those with self-driving capability, are receiving unprecedented attention. A crucial driving force in this development is the wireless communication technology, which has matured since Marconi’s first demonstration 120 years ago [1].
While the wireless-vehicle combination intends to increase the efficiency of link-level and network-level data transmissions to fulfill the communication requirements in vehicular applications, the wireless-vehicle integration focuses on exploring the core functions of vehicles that are evolving more and more towards being highly intelligent and electrified. Surrounding the core vehicle functions, in this chapter, the requirements on the supporting wireless infrastructure and how to achieve these requirements will be discussed from the wireless-vehicle integration perspective. Specifically, we will focus on some interesting VCN-based vehicular applications including electric vehicles, distributed data storage, and physical layer security. As for the next leap, VCN-based autonomous driving is also discussed.
Internet of Vehicle (IoV) is an important paradigm to realize the intelligent transportation system. However, with the increasing number of vehicular applications, how to satisfy the ubiquitous requirements of communication and computation is challenging. Fog computing provides the real-time transportation services to local users timely through close-proximity data processing, rather than routing data to a remote central data center in the cloud. More importantly, the fog computing will facilitate the Autonomous Driving (AD) revolutionarily. This paper investigates the problem of Optimal Deployment and Dimensioning (ODD) of fog computing-based IoV infrastructure for AD. For the ODD problem, we present two diverse architecture modes, i.e. the coupling mode and the decoupling mode, and formulate the ODD problem into two Integer Linear Programming (ILP) formulations with the objective of minimizing the deployment cost. A heuristic algorithm is also proposed to achieve the sub-optimal deployment solution for large-scale fog computing-based IoV. Numerical results show that the decoupling mode is more cost-effective and flexible than the coupling mode for deployment in practice.
To enable electric vehicles (EVs) to access to the internet of intelligent vehicles (IoIV), charging EVs wirelessly anytime and anywhere becomes an urgent need. The resonant beam charging (RBC) technology can provide high-power and long-range wireless energy for EVs. However, the RBC system is unefficient. To improve the RBC power transmission efficiency, the adaptive resonant beam charging (ARBC) technology was introduced. In this paper, after analyzing the modular model of the ARBC system, we obtain the closed-form formula of the end-to-end power transmission efficiency. Then, we prove that the optimal power transmission efficiency uniquely exists. Moreover, we analyze the relationships among the optimal power transmission efficiency, the source power, the output power, and the beam transmission efficiency, which provide the guidelines for the optimal ARBC system design and implementation. Hence, perpetual energy can be supplied to EVs in IoIV virtually.
The inherent nature of energy, i.e., physicality, sociality and informatization, implies the inevitable and intensive interaction between energy systems and social systems. From this perspective, we define U+201C social energy U+201D as a complex sociotechnical system of energy systems, social systems and the derived artificial virtual systems which characterize the intense intersystem and intra-system interactions. The recent advancement in intelligent technology, including artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies, sensing and communication in Internet of Things technologies, and massive high performance computing and extreme-scale data analytics technologies, enables the possibility of substantial advancement in socio-technical system optimization, scheduling, control and management. In this paper, we provide a discussion on the nature of energy, and then propose the concept and intention of social energy systems for electrical power. A general methodology of establishing and investigating social energy is proposed, which is based on the ACP approach, i.e., U+201C artificial systems U+201D U+0028 A U+0029, U+201C computational experiments U+201D U+0028 C U+0029 and U+201C parallel execution U+201D U+0028 P U+0029, and parallel system methodology. A case study on the University of Denver U+0028 DU U+0029 campus grid is provided and studied to demonstrate the social energy concept. In the concluding remarks, we discuss the technical pathway, in both social and nature sciences, to social energy, and our vision on its future.
Vehicular network communication technology is currently attracting a considerable amount of attention. We consider a scenario in which vehicular communication nodes share the same spectrum resources and generate interference with other nodes. Compared with traditional interference-avoiding vehicular communications, this paper aims to increase the number of accessed communication links under the premise of satisfying the required QoS. In our research, communication nodes have opportunities to select relay nodes to both help improve their data transmissions and reduce their transmit power in order to decrease interference with other links while still satisfying their QoS requirements. Based on these objectives, we propose an innovative interference management method that considers link selection, power adaption, and communication mode selection simultaneously to maximize the number of communication links with the lowest power cost. Compared with traditional link-selection and power-adaption interference management schemes, the proposed scheme improves QoS satisfaction with high energy efficiency. Simulation results demonstrate both the efficiency and the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
As one of the most popular social media platforms today, Twitter provides people with an effective way to communicate and interact with each other. Through these interactions, influence among users gradually emerges and changes people's opinions. Although previous work has studied interpersonal influence as the probability of activating others during information diffusion, they ignore an important fact that information diffusion is the result of influence, while dynamic interactions among users produce influence. In this article, the authors propose a novel temporal influence model to learn users' opinion behaviors regarding a specific topic by exploring how influence emerges during communications. The experiments show that their model performs better than other influence models with different influence assumptions when predicting users' future opinions, especially for the users with high opinion diversity.
With the rapid development of EVs and their penetration in our modern society, the energy management issues in the smart grid integrated with EVs are attracting more and more research interest. Most of the existing literature only involves two-sided interactions between the EVs and the power grid or the smart home/buildings in the DSM investigation. In fact, however, similar to EVs, when equipped with distributed renewable energy sources and electricity storage facilities, SCs can also be regarded as either energy consumers or energy providers with their individual rationality. This can lead to increased?exibility of the energy management and power trading in the power system involving both EVs and SCs. In this article, we propose a three-party architecture for the smart grid integrated with EVs, involving complex and?exible interactions among the power grid, EVs, and SCs. Based on the proposed three-party architecture, we introduce two interesting systems, SC-centered and EV-centered systems, and further propose a schedule-upon-request energy management framework to achieve effective and intelligent energy management in the power system involving both EVs and SCs. Feasible optimization methods for energy management problems in this framework are also summarized.
Vehicle electrification is envisioned to be a significant component of the forthcoming smart grid. In this paper, a smart grid vision of the electric vehicles for the next 30 years and beyond is presented from six perspectives pertinent to intelligent transportation systems: 1) vehicles; 2) infrastructure; 3) travelers; 4) systems, operations, and scenarios; 5) communications; and 6) social, economic, and political.
Electric vehicles (EVs) are regarded as one of the most effective tools to reduce the oil demands and gas emissions. And they are welcome in the near future for general road transportation. When EVs are connected to the power grid for charging and/or discharging, they become gridable EVs (GEVs). These GEVs will bring a great impact to our society and thus human life. This paper investigates and discusses the opportunities and challenges of GEVs connecting with the grid, namely, the vehicle-to-home (V2H), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technologies. The key is to provide the methodologies, approaches, and foresights for the emerging technologies of V2H, V2V, and V2G.
This paper presents an architecture for a future electric power distribution system that is suitable for plug-and-play of distributed renewable energy and distributed energy storage devices. Motivated by the success of the (information) Internet, the architecture described in this paper was proposed by the NSF FREEDM Systems Center, Raleigh, NC, as a roadmap for a future automated and flexible electric power distribution system. In the envisioned “Energy Internet,” a system that enables flexible energy sharing is proposed for consumers in a residential distribution system. The key technologies required to achieve such a vision are presented in this paper as a result of the research partnership of the FREEDM Systems Center.
Cyber-physical energy systems require the integration of a heterogeneous physical layers and decision control networks, mediated by decentralized and distributed local sensing/actuation structures backed by an information layer. With the North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) Critical Infrastructure Protection (CIP) [1] requirements and president's visions of more secure, reliable and controllable cyber-physical system, a new paradigm for modeling and research investigation is needed. In this paper, we present common challenges and our vision of solutions to design advanced Cyber-physical energy systems with embedded security and distributed control. Finally, we present a survey of our research results in this domain.
Cyber-physical systems (CPS) can potentially benefit a wide array of applications and areas. Here, the authors look at some of the challenges surrounding CPS, and consider a feasible solution for creating a robust, secure, and cost-effective architecture.
With the more stringent regulations on emissions and fuel economy, global warming, and constraints on energy resources, the electric, hybrid, and fuel cell vehicles have attracted more and more attention by automakers, governments, and customers. Research and development efforts have been focused on developing novel concepts, low-cost systems, and reliable hybrid electric powertrain. This paper reviews the state of the art of electric, hybrid, and fuel cell vehicles. The topologies for each category and the enabling technologies are discussed