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Why systems of people and nature are not just social and ecological systems
... Intrinsically intertwined with place attachment is a community's culture, which is a socially constructed and transmitted constellation of practices, competencies, ideas, schemas, symbols, values, norms, institutions, goals, constitutive rules, artifacts, and modifications of the physical environment [60]. Culture takes such various forms as language, oral stories, myths, and metaphors through which people develop guides to action for coping with the threat of disasters [61,62]. Culture, like place attachment, has conflicting implications for resilience. ...
... Culture, like place attachment, has conflicting implications for resilience. On the one hand, it can motivate people to self-organize in the aftermath of a disaster [62] and catalyze hazard mitigation actions [63]. For example, the coastal communities of Aceh have preserved their ecological traditions of building the Uteun Bangka (mangrove forest) and Uteun Pasie (coastal forest) that act as buffers for protecting paddy fields and dwellings from storms and coastal erosion [64,65]. ...
... In addition, people viewed their fellow villagers as brothers and sisters with whom they worked collaboratively to attain shared goals in the face of disruptions. In particular, the residents' strong social cohesion and sense of community-promoted by the well-preserved traditions of slametan and Labuhan Merapi-helped empower the community to self-organize in the aftermath of volcanic eruptions [62]. This explains why community members maintained social unity through gotong royong (mutual help), during the emergency response and disaster recovery phases. ...
... The remember influence occurs when processes cascade down to a lower level, and a more conservative change, or memory, serves to sustain or renew a smaller, faster cycle (Holling, 2001). Westley, Carpenter, Brock, Holling, and Gunderson (2002) point out that as a society, we are more attuned to responding to changes cascading up from smaller, faster cycles (such as commodity prices) and struggle to integrate larger, slower changes (such as rising sea levels) in our decision making, hence the nature of management failures tci address systems change. ...
... This interdependent structure of adaptive cycles, with its embedded concepts of efficiency or brittleness, flexibility, and resilience (Holling, 2001 ), can help us to understand processes of innovation and transformation within the supply chain as a social-ecological system. Change may be fast or slow and takes place across scales of time, space, and meaning Westley et al., 2002). Considering adaptive cycles, and the influences between adaptive cycles at different levels, enables an understanding of the transition from a linear to circular economy within a broader "system of systems" context. ...
... Tesla introduced a new supply chain model integrating technology, manufacturing, charging infrastructure, and direct-to-consumer sales and service. Consistent with its forward-looking behavior (Westley et al., 2002;Wieland, 2021), the company also expanded its role as a hardware supplier to other auto manufacturers, as well as a developer of solar and battery systems for homes and businesses. From a panarchical perspective, the success of Tesla's supply chain model has brought new cross-level linkages. ...
... Moreover, individual resilience, or psychological resilience, might play a role, as it might be necessary to openly disagree and face backlash from annoyed or scared neighbors, or from bureaucrats unwilling to question procedures. The cases also indicate that self-organization is a manifestation of social resilience, but not necessarily the only one, and that formal support of self-organization in governance, either through procedures of observation and acceptance (a posteriori), or through predefined spaces for participation and self-organization (a priori) can make a difference for managing the coupling between social and ecological systems [74]. What will emerge as positive for enhancing social and ecological resilience is not always predictable, and new local observation and organization can create new couplings that can help to find such synergies. ...
... Processes of self-organization leading to more complexity and by this, to more resilience are features of social and ecological systems. However, if we want to develop the theory of SES, and grasp better what social resilience could mean, and how it relates to ecological resilience, how it could, thus, boost social-ecological resilience, we need to re-emphasize that self-organization in ecosystems, and in social systems, differ fundamentally [74]. An ecosystem is seen as a knowable structure with structuring processes [42], while the social system is the dynamic and contingent product of ideology, discourse, and institutionalization. ...
Social resilience and ecological resilience are related and distinguished, and the potential of social resilience to enhance resilience of encompassing social-ecological systems is discussed. The value of resilience thinking is recognized, yet social resilience needs to be better understood in its distinctive qualities, while resisting identification of social resilience with one particular form of governance or organization. Emerging self-organizing citizen’s initiatives in the Netherlands, initiatives involving re-relating to nature in the living environment, are analyzed, using a systems theoretical framework which resists reduction of nature to culture or vice versa. It is argued that space for self-organization needs to be cultivated, that local self-organization and mobilization around themes of nature in daily life and space have the potential to re-link social and ecological systems in a more resilient manner, yet that maintaining the diversity of forms of knowing and organizing in the overall governance system is essential to the maintenance of social resilience and of diverse capacities to know human-environment relations and to reorganize them in an adaptive manner. Conclusions are drawn in the light of the new Biodiversity Strategy.
... Thus, the biophysical conditions of the landscape in which species adapt to and interact have been modified in their most basic structure and composition, changing the evolutionary trajectories of biological communities and affecting ecosystem processes in their biotic and abiotic components. This could potentially lead to changes never seen before [2,3]. ...
... In other words, ecosystem functions important for both human well-being and the rest of nature. 3 Quilombola is the generic term to refer to black individuals participating in quilombos. These, in turn, were identified as African descendent rural isolated communities living off extractivism often originated by escaped or freed enslaved people. ...
Historical ecology is an important tool in deciphering human–environment interactions imprinted on landscapes throughout time. However, gaps of knowledge still remain regarding the land use legacies hidden in the current Atlantic Forest landscape; and also regarding how this information can help management of the remaining forest cover. The social-ecological systems framework was applied to understand charcoal production in the urban forests of Rio de Janeiro, from the nineteenth to mid-twentieth century, and their current social-ecological legacies. Charcoal production carried out by former enslaved populations, allowed for rapid forest regeneration. Forest thinning instead of forest felling was carried out by small groups in these urban remnant forests, sparing large native trees and facilitating natural regeneration. Currently, more than one thousand former charcoal production sites are accounted for hidden underneath the forest cover. The forest landscape of today is a result of novel forest successional trajectories that recovered structural and functional attributes of the forest ecosystem. However, this came at the cost of social invisibility and marginalization of these populations. The management practices of charcoal production dispersed in the landscape is one of Rio de Janeiro's most important, albeit hidden, land use legacies. Currently, the forested landscape is comprised of regenerated forests, both structurally and functionally sound, though with significant changes in species composition including the introduction of exotic species throughout recent centuries. These urban forests are today a complex mosaic of novel ecosystems, with rich biocultural diversity, and together with managed lands and well conserved forest tracts, provide not only livelihood and sustenance for forest dwelling families, but also important ecosystem services for the entire population of Rio de Janeiro. We believe that these concepts and frameworks can offer practical solutions for urban forest management, taking into account the biocultural diversity of Rio de Janeiro, increasing awareness of sustainability and promoting food security.
... The paradigm shift introduced by the panarchy theory entails transitioning from interpreting the SC as a static system to interpreting it as a becoming, socio-ecological system (Nilsson and Gammelgaard, 2012;Wieland, 2021). From this perspective, the SC should not be optimised but instead driven along desirable paths, in which any change would produce effects in other connected parts and systems in response (Biggs et al., 2010;Westley et al., 2002). Through a "dancing" process, the SC can transform itself towards more desirable trajectories, as a socio-ecological system would do (Wieland, 2021). ...
Purpose
This study builds on the panarchy theory by viewing the supply chain as a socio-ecological system and further expands it by considering the within-level linkages internal to the supply chain level. Three types of linkages are considered: the two cross-level linkages with the planetary and the political-economic levels and the supply chain within-level linkages. The research questions are addressed using the data gathered by the Carbon Disclosure Project within its Supply Chain Programme.
Design/methodology/approach
This work aims to study, applying the lens of panarchy theory, how the planetary and the political-economic levels affect the supply chain within-level linkages for sustainability. Furthermore, the difference in how these cross-level linkages influence focal firms and first-tier suppliers is explored.
Findings
The results show that considering the planetary-supply chain linkage, climate change risk exposure is likelier to foster within-level linkages with buyers than with suppliers. Further, climate change mitigation investments have different roles in the different tiers: focal firms are pushed to strengthen the linkages with their suppliers when they lose efficacy in improving their carbon performance, whereas first-tier suppliers exploit investments to gain legitimacy. Discussing the political-economic level effect, perceptions from first-tier suppliers could be two-fold: they could perceive a mandating power mechanism or exploit policymakers’ knowledge to advance their capabilities.
Originality/value
The results contribute to the sustainable supply chain management literature by providing empirical evidence of the cross-level linkages theorised by the panarchy theory. Moreover, the concept of within-level linkages is proposed to apply the theory in this field.
... Para ello, conviene tener presente que los disturbios no son necesariamente eventos excepcionales, especialmente aquellos de connotación "natural". La gran mayoría de ellos son cíclicos y los ecosistemas los han endogenizado como parte habitual de sus procesos; aquellos que se presentan de manera imprevisible, son los que llegan a causar mayores efectos negativos, así como mayores tiempos de recuperación (Westley et al., 2002). Al tener conciencia de que los disturbios son parte normal (y necesaria) para la evolución de los territorios en sus diferentes dimensiones, tener identificados los disturbios que se presentan de manera cíclica y recoger la experiencia de quienes han vivido o presenciado dichos eventos, permite la toma de decisiones asertivas que permitan la preparación antes de que se presente, el manejo durante el disturbio y la recuperación posterior. ...
Los territorios de Nuestra América han estado sometidos a dinámicas naturales y sociopolíticas que los ponen en riesgo. Sin embargo, las autoridades gubernamentales han preferido implementar estrategias de países considerados desarrollados, en lugar de aprender de las experiencias pasadas y emplear el conocimiento local. Por tanto, a partir de la necesidad de reflexionar sobre la importancia de construir propuestas para la resiliencia integral de los territorios, teniendo en cuenta las características y potencialidades ecosistémicas y socioculturales locales, se destacan las particularidades históricas y los aspectos de ecología política a considerar al pensar en la construcción o fortalecimiento de resiliencia en Nuestra América.
... Accordingly, SES are affected by and influence social, environmental and political processes. The theoretical landscape surrounding SES is diverse and has been extensively discussed, even questioning the necessity of the approach (Binder et al., 2013;Westley et al., 2002). With respect to CBC and the history of Namibia's indigenous population, SES provide an excellent opportunity to re-contextualize the formerly decoupled population with their environmental context (Hoole, 2008). ...
The COVID-19 pandemic severely affected wildlife areas in Namibia, where the collapse of tourism threatened community-based natural resource management programs. This study conceptualizes community conservan-cies as social-ecological systems and links this framework to an evolutionary regional resilience perspective. Qualitative interviews reveal the vulnerability of conservancies in the Zambezi region due to their heavy reliance on tourism revenues. While adaptation processes and donor support have mitigated negative impacts, the prioritisation of conservation over rural development risks undermining the long-term adaptive capacity of the region. Continued donor support, policy improvements and diversification efforts are essential to strengthen the resilience of community-based conservation.
... The social subsystem consists of practices, rules, institutions, knowledge, perceptions, and the representations of actors that determine the type of resource management from an ecological subsystem (Berkes et al. 2002;Levin et al. 2016). This ecological subsystem is defined by a set of interactive biological and physical processes that produce complex and dynamic structures (Westley et al. 2002). Interactions and feedbacks can be internal to each subsystem, between the two subsystems, or from outside the SES. ...
Since the 1990s, the overexploitation of marine resources has led to the degradation of the fisheries’ social-ecological systems (SES). In response to these collapses, scientific fishery studies have tried to develop multiple approaches to improve sustainability of the systems. The purpose of this study is to understand how the scientific literature conceives of the conceptual responses of the fisheries systems to social-ecological changes. Our research, based on a systematic literature review, builds a conceptual framework and highlights the level of importance scientific discourse which has conferred to the notions of uncertainty, resilience, adaptation, and governance in a context of changes in fisheries. The scientific discourse emphasizes relevant paradigms such as social and environmental justice associated with the distribution of resources, consideration of ecological knowledge, and the value associated with marine resources. Conversely, scientific discourse only marginally considers notions of equity, the ecosystem approach, and precaution. In addition to highlighting scientific paradigms framing fisheries systems in the face of social-ecological changes, this study discusses the influence of scientific knowledge-building mechanisms on scientific discourse.
... Visually and conceptually, the framework was based on research by Grimm et al. (2000) on change in land use and land cover, and on research by Ostrom (2007) Theoretically, our research group used structuration theory from the social sciences to explain social CASs (Giddens, 1984;Stones, 2005), because humans can and do act with foresight and intent, meaning that social and ecological systems are fundamentally different in terms of the drivers of self-organization (Walker et al., 2006). Structuration theory had been identified by others as suitable for linking social and ecological systems (Bebbington, 1999;Scoones, 1999;Scheffer et al., 2002;Westley et al., 2002), and we elaborated on and updated their contributions to include revisions to structuration theory made by Stones (2005). "A defining characteristic of structuration theory is that through recursive social practice or action, social systems (structures) influence the activity of individuals, who in turn, produce, transform, or otherwise reaffirm those same structures constantly producing and reproducing society" (Morse et al., 2013. ...
This article presents a mini review of systems and resilience approaches to tourism analysis and to protected area management, and of how the Social-Ecological Complex Adaptive Systems (SECAS) framework can help link them together. SECAS is a unique framework that integrates social theories (structuration) and ecological theories (hierarchical patch dynamics) and examines inputs, outputs, and feedback across a variety of hierarchically nested social and ecological systems. After an introduction to the need for continued theoretical development, this article continues with a review of the origins and previous applications of the SECAS framework. I subsequently highlight how complex adaptive systems and resilience have been presented in the literature as a way to separately study (1) protected area management, (2) protected area tourism/ecotourism, and (3) land-use change in adjacent forest and agricultural landscapes. The purpose of this article is to build on the frameworks described in this literature and link them through the SECAS framework. I populate the SECAS framework with components identified in the literature on protected area management, ecotourism, and land-use change to present an example of a full systems perspective. Each component also represents a hierarchically nested system, such as a governance system, health system, or transportation system. I conclude with a three-step (5-part) multi-scale and temporal method for SECAS research derived from hierarchy and structuration theories.
... Not all participants perceived the same benefits of species, and benefits of some species changed with time since land abandonment (e.g. A. adenophora). Socio-ecological resilience theory integrates the connectedness of social and ecological systems and an understanding of the patterns and processes of time, space and meaning Westley et al., 2002). The theory assumes that inter-connected socio-ecological systems are progressing through adaptive cycles of renewal and adjustment, and that disturbance is part of the process of re-organisation and renewal Plieninger & Bieling, 2012). ...
Out-migration from small-scale agricultural holdings in Nepal’s middle hills is resulting in forest succession on abandoned land. Such early landscape transitions are often guided by policy to maintain a productivist path. However, farming households in rural Nepal are themselves transitioning from their dependence and attachment to the land. The walk and talk methodology was selected to follow up socioecological surveys with farmers in the middle hills to understand perceptions of forest succession on abandoned agricultural land. This participatory research methodology engages people in their own socio-ecological context – with farmers leading researchers along paths that advances dialogue over the course of the interview. Based on analysis of the discussions and observations of attitudes, perceptions of changing landuse and benefits associated with forest succession evolved with time since land abandonment. Early stage perceptions that focused on the loss of previously productive land developed over time to include attitudes of tolerance, acceptance and even commendation of the rewards gained from tree resources. The results infer that adaptation to the changing landscape is a continuous process that requires reflexive policies and supporting institutions that enable stages of adjustment during transition. Transition management that anticipates actors’ concerns from the outset could assist transformation of agricultural landscapes and improve resilience in the socio-ecological system for sustainable livelihood outcomes. Opportunities within each stage of transition, which include the promotion of successional agroforestry systems, require different forms of support as farmers adapt their outlooks to alternative landscapes and livelihoods that can create resilience through diversity.
... Le SES comprend l'ensemble des interactions entre un écosystème, des ressources et leurs relations avec le milieu naturel, et une société, composée de règles et de normes qui encadrent les pratiques humaines (Ommer et al., 2011 ;Berkes et al., 2002 ;Berkes et Folke, 1998). Au sein du SES, l'écosystème fournit à la société des services dits écosystémiques (services de support, de régulation, culturels, et d'approvisionnement) qui favorisent le développement économique et social et le bien-être des communautés côtières (Ommer et al., 2011 ;Westley et al., 2002). Le cadre de ce développement est marqué, depuis les années 80, par une dégradation sans précédent des ressources halieutiques à l'échelle mondiale, conséquence majeure de la surpêche (Revéret et Weber, 1997). ...
Commercial redfish fishery, which has been under a moratorium since 1995 in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, is about to reopen. Since the 1990s, the social-ecological system (SES) of redfish (Sebastes spp.) fishery in Quebec has undergone many changes: abundance of available resources, climate change, warming waters, new fisheries management principles, market transformation, et cetera. In order not to reproduce the mistakes of the second half of the 20th century leading to overexploitation of groundfish, including redfish, the actors that make up this SES must develop new practices to respond to changes. In this context, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 34 actors involved in the SES of redfish fishery in Quebec and identified the practices implemented to respond to changes. Interpreting the practices of the actors makes it possible to understand their social representations of redfish fishing. These representations determine a paradigmatic framework in which the actions of the actors take place, reflecting the behaviour of the SES in the face of disturbances. Our study reveals the absence of transformation of the SES, through the anchoring of an extractive and sectoral model concerning the use of natural resources in Canada. It also highlights a naturalistic approach preventing the establishment of an intrinsic value assigned to the ecosystems, and an omnipresence of technical innovation to the detriment of social innovation in the fisheries sector.
... The working definition for ESD, as used in this study, is founded on social-ecological systems thinking (e.g. Holling & Gunderson, 2002), is centred on sustainable-development ideals (e.g. Clark, 2010), and embraces adaptive management (e.g. ...
... Attempts to work within a social-ecological model require concepts that extend between the two spheres, the social world and the ecological world, which have previously been separated by academic disciplines, research programs, and language (Liu et al. 2007;Redman 1999;Redman et al. 2004;Westley et al. 2002). The result of this separation is that researchers have neglected the relationship between the two (Redman et al. 2004) until very recently, when it has become increasingly obvious that to study ecological and social systems in isolation from one another produces trivial or useless results, particularly when these results are used to shape policy Kinzig 2001;Krieger 2008;Low et al. 1999;Redman 1999). ...
This study was developed in order to arrive at a set of interrelated concepts and empirical ways of measuring social-ecological resilience that are concretely applicable for policy, as well as for
developing intervening programs for social change. The outcome of this research is a set of empirical indicators to measure the concept of social-ecological resilience. The measurement model is developed and applied to U.S. Caribbean and Pacific small island communities and U.S. Gulf of Mexico coastal counties (n=229), but is intended to be applicable across different types of communities with minor adjustments for the specific context.
The first phase of this research resulted in a conceptual framework for the social ecological system and the property of resilience. Next, multiple methodological approaches to indicator construction were applied and directly compared. An iterative methodology was selected and applied to arrive at seven composite indicators of social-ecological resilience: Land cover and use, Waste accumulation and treatment, Housing adequacy, Economic security, Access to support services, Education, and Population diversity. Upon construction, the indicators were applied with two distinct samples of communities. Finally, the indicators were used to construct a community typology to account for the different strengths and weaknesses of small island and coastal communities as assessed by the indicators of social-ecological resilience.
Communities with high scores on social dimensions of resilience have a greater likelihood of having low scores on ecological dimensions. This finding adds evidence to the notion that social and ecological systems are oppositional, but also provides a counterpoint – there are communities that manage to score well in both areas. While societal development and ecological condition may operate with a firm tension, communities are navigating the tension and finding ways to successfully maintain characteristics of resilience. This research is a necessary first step to investigating how some communities are able to balance their social-ecological system while others are not. Ultimately, the measurement of resilience can provide communities of island and coastal states with a way of evaluating their ability to implement, adapt, and/or support policies for change.
http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/25800/
... is conceptually problematic and normatively contested (see Westley et al., 2002) for several reasons. First, people have agency and their actions are goal-oriented and intentional. ...
Purpose
This article seeks to broaden how researchers in supply chain management view supply chain resilience by drawing on and integrating insights from other disciplines – in particular, the literature on the resilience of social-ecological systems.
Design/methodology/approach
Before the authors import new notions of resilience from outside the discipline, the current state of the art in supply chain resilience research is first briefly reviewed and summarized. Drawing on five practical examples of disruptive events and challenges to supply chain practice, the authors assess how these examples expose gaps in the current theoretical lenses. These examples are used to motivate and justify the need to expand our theoretical frameworks by drawing on insights from the literature on social-ecological systems.
Findings
The supply chain resilience literature has predominantly focused on minimizing the consequences of a disruption and on returning to some form of steady state (often assumed to be identical to the state that existed prior to the disruption) implicitly assuming the supply chain behaves like an engineered system. This article broadens the debate around supply chain resilience using literature on social-ecological systems that puts forward three manifestations of resilience: (1) persistence, which is akin to an engineering-based view, (2) adaptation and (3) transformation. Furthermore, it introduces seven principles of resilience thinking that can be readily applied to supply chains.
Research limitations/implications
A social-ecological interpretation of supply chains presents many new avenues of research, which may rely on the use of innovative research methods to further our understanding of supply chain resilience.
Practical implications
The article encourages managers to think differently about supply chains and to consider what this means for their resilience. The three manifestations of resilience are not mutually exclusive. For example, while persistence may be needed in the initial aftermath of a disruption, adaptation and transformation may be required in the longer term.
Originality/value
The article challenges traditional assumptions about supply chains behaving like engineered systems and puts forward an alternative perspective of supply chains as being dynamic and complex social-ecological systems that are impossible to entirely control.
... The dominant processes driving national leakage patterns are wealth, governance, and socio-economic status, while infrastructure, municipal management practices, and local hydrology are more important locally (Jambeck et al., 2015;Lebreton et al., 2017;Thushari and Senevirathna, 2020). Spatial and temporal scales are often linked, with change occurring faster at finer scales (Westley et al., 2002). Current-driven accumulation of MPP in oceanographic gyres is a global pattern-process relationship occurring on the time scale of years to decades, while finer scale patterns are driven by smaller and faster oceanographic processes-wave action, eddies, or tides (Eriksen et al., 2014;Brignac et al., 2019). ...
Marine plastic pollution (MPP) has emerged as a global sustainability challenge with environmental, social, and economic consequences. This has inspired action at every scale of governance—from the local level to international institutions. However, policy and management efforts have been reactive and ad hoc, resulting in concerns about their efficacy, cost, and unintended consequences. To adequately address MPP and its global impacts, a systematic, evidence-based approach is needed. Seascape ecology, a subdiscipline of landscape ecology, is an interdisciplinary system science focused on the reciprocal relationship between the patterns and processes that shape seascapes. In this paper, we define the plastic-scape as all the social-ecological systems that interact with plastic (as a product and pollutant), the drivers and pathways of MPP, and the natural and human environments impacted by MPP. We then demonstrate the ways in which principles, methods, tools, and transdisciplinary research approaches from seascape ecology can be applied to better understand the plastic-scape, inform future MPP research and improve management strategies.
... Adaptive governance systems often self-organize as social networks with teams and actor groups [6]. Sound water resource management systems lead to the sustainability of water resources and well being of the people in the country [7]. The supply governance organize the institutional arrangements to be effective public water supply management in Rakhine State? and lastly (5) What is the role of the community's self-regulated water supply system in Rakhine State? ...
This study aims to analyze the actors and institutions for public water supply governance in armed conflict areas of Rakhine State, Myanmar. Using Stakeholder Salience Theory and Institutional Analysis of data collected from four participatory workshops and interviews with 160 water stakeholders from the four townships in Rakhine State, the findings revealed that although the water supply system is managed and governed by the state water authorities with the involvement of many administrative, political, and sectoral technical agencies and organizations, the non-formal community organizations such as ethnic armed military and religious institutions also have a strong interest in water supply and are considered dangerous actors in the water supply governance process. Diverse water actors held different perspectives and perceptions of water supply quality and quantity because of their different power holdings and political and economic interests. The state actors seemed biased on their positive performance, demonstrating their satisfaction with the current water supply governance, while community, private sectors, and household water users instead showed their dissatisfaction with the quality and quantity of the current water supply system, but they stayed neutral about the water supply governance performance. The research showed the complexity and dynamics of water actors’ powers and interests in armed conflict areas. In addition, there is a lack of socio-technical and financial capacity for the investment and maintenance of water distribution and collection infrastructure and facility, as well as water quality and quantity monitoring and evaluation. The study appeals to the development and peacebuilding organizations working in conflict areas to promote adaptive governance for community learning and adaptation to social-political and environmental change over time.
... The concepts underlying adaptive governance are rooted in ecology, but when applied to a social context, it is necessary to acknowledge the active role of humans in shaping and responding to challenges in SES (Davoudi, 2012). This is crucial because the social/human aspects of SES add fundamentally different traits-such as reflexivity and consideration of the future-that are absent from purely ecological systems (Westley et al., 2002). There are, however, exceptions to this tendency in the SES governance literature, including work from adjacent interdisciplinary sustainability research communities: for example, research on the normativity of the preferred outcomes of SES governance-who governs, whose system framings are prioritized, and who benefits (e.g., Smith & Stirling, 2010, Helfgott, 2018. ...
In recent decades, foresight has been connected to various disciplines that engage with complex societal problems, leading to specific interpretations of foresight. We offer an interdisciplinary perspective on foresight's increasing use for governance of social-ecological systems (SES). We seek to strengthen the use of foresight in this domain by bridging to insights from other disciplines that can help overcome its limitations. Participatory foresight for SES governance offers potential to elicit thinking about uncertainty and complexity, facilitate dialogue between stakeholders, and improve inclusiveness of governance processes, but often fails to be sufficiently reflexive and politically aware to be truly impactful and inclusive. It can be strengthened, we argue, by a more thorough integration with adjacent research fields: critical futures studies, critical systems theory and environmental governance. We distill key insights from these fields, including the importance of being politically reflexive about whose perspectives are considered, whom foresight processes should benefit, and the importance of co-producing methodology and outcomes. We encourage scholars and practitioners to further explore integration with these fields, highlighting the importance of inter- and transdisciplinary teams. Finally, we offer an example for how limitations of foresight as used in a particular field can be overcome through interdisciplinary integration.
... Some publications describe a ball moving over the topography, where the ball location corresponds to the system state [42]. Social resilience is seen as a natural extension of ecological resilience, where social systems involving humans exhibit equivalently shaped topographies with multiple domains of attraction [73][74][75][76]. Terms introduced such as latitude, resistance, precariousness, and panarchy [42], in attempting to understand resilience, would generally not be able to be determined or would be very difficult to determine for actual systems. ...
This paper presents, from a systems orientation, a review of the resilience literature since its emergence as an ecological concept in academic parlance in 1973. It argues that much of the resilience literature covers existing ground in that existing engineering systems stability ideas are being reinvented. The review follows modern control systems theory as the comparison framework, where each system, irrespective of its disciplinary association, is represented in terms of inputs, state, and outputs. Modern control systems theory is adopted because of its cohesiveness and universality. The review reveals that resilience can be thought of in terms of adaptive systems and adaptation, where the system has the ability to respond to perturbations and changes through passive and active feedback mechanisms—returning the system state or system form to a starting position or transitioning to another suitable state or form. This systematic and cross-disciplinary review offers the potential for a greater understanding of resilience and the elimination of overlap in the literature, particularly related to terminology. View Full-Text
Keywords: resilience; resilience definitions; engineering resilience; socio-ecological resilience; resilience engineering; system thinking; adaptive control systems; state-space approach
... The term social-ecological networks stresses that the delineation between social and ecological networks is artificial and arbitrary. Social-ecological systems are neither humans embedded in an ecological system nor ecosystems embedded in human systems (Westley et al., 2002). Although the social and ecological principles are identifiable, they cannot easily be parsed for either analytic or practical purposes. ...
... In contrast to ecological TPs, social and social-ecological TPs have received less attention, also in SES research, as the use of concepts like resilience, regime change, and thresholds in social systems are often met with scepticism in social science (NUTTALL 2012;FERNÁNDEZ-GIMÉNEZ et al. 2017;MILKOREIT et al. 2018). Human system dynamics differ from those of ecosystems as they include human capacity for selfreflection, forward thinking, and creation of symbolic meaning, or culture (WESTLEY et al. 2003;FERNÁNDEZ-GIMÉNEZ et al. 2017). Nevertheless, as rangelands are tightly coupled SES, a regime shift in either the social or the ecological subsystem can lead to a regime shift in the other (WALKER & MEYERS 2004). ...
In the face of looming desertification and ongoing climate change, semi-arid rangelands are under increasing pressure. In Namibia, the driest country in Sub-Saharan Africa, more than one third of the land is used as cattle rangeland. Since rangelands are considerably vulnerable to interlinked socioeconomic and biophysical changes, degradation processes put fodder resources of livestock and farmers’ livelihoods at stake. Therefore, farmers are forced to apply short-term risk coping and long-term risk mitigation strategies. The thesis at hand aims to identify land use and land cover changes as well as their drivers and related effects in Namibia’s Waterberg Region over the past 60 years. Addressing the complexity of rangelands as social-ecological systems, a mixed method approach combining remote sensing methods with semi-structured interviews is chosen. Results show that proximate causes of land use and land cover changes appear to be underpinned and shaped by synergistically acting underlying socio-economic and biophysical drivers. Climatic trigger events prove to play a key role regarding land cover changes interlinked with short- and long-term land use changes. Eventually, sustainable future land use may be achieved with a combination of small-scale selective bush control and aftercare measures, the full utilisation of removed shrubs, further on-farm diversification, strategic decisionmaking, and proactive management. This thesis and related research on semi-arid rangelands serve as vital entry points to strengthen and deepen the understanding of land use and land cover changes and related drivers and effects in order to sustain rangelands in the face of rapid global environmental change.
... Our short review illustrates how the practices of the Americana Geraizeiro form a complex, diverse, and fluid agrosilvopastoral management system that not only draws from and connects to knowledges, practices, and relations, but also extends across all domains of the biophysical environment: it constitutes, in effect, a social-ecological system (Westley et al., 2002). We have also sought to show how farmers are adapting to change and external shocks by creatively transforming elements within the system, and how this ability itself hinges on a sophisticated understanding of their lived environment, of its transformability, and the importance of diversity and adaptability as ways to manage risk and uncertainty. ...
We examine the ongoing transformation of the livestock raising component of a complex agrosilvopastoral management system associated with the Geraizeiro of northern Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Increasing droughts and regional climate change, associated with large-scale corporate enclosures of upland rangelands and conversion to eucalyptus plantations for industrial charcoal production have undermined solta, a customary form of extensive cattle raising and centerpiece of Geraizeiro lifeways. In response, farmers are adapting and transforming another, more intense form of livestock raising associated with managed agroforestry in lower-lying areas, manga. Using a social-ecological systems approach and drawing on extensive interviews and ecological inventories, we consider such changes within the overall integrity of the system, suggesting the need to reconsider the role of the Geraizeiros and their use of cattle and fire as a potentially useful tool in reconciling livelihoods and conservation, particularly amidst accelerating social and environmental change and the concomitant threats to the savanna biocultural biome.
... Instead, the present thesis bases itself on the conceptualisation of complex adaptive systems of Holling, Gunderson and associated researchers, with feedbacks resulting in discontinuous change, nonlinear behaviour and surprises (see above). It conceives of social systems as qualitatively different from ecosystems, considering complex and "dynamic causation" between them Holling et al., 2002;Westley et al., 2002). Finally, Capra´s ´web of life´ adds a spiritual dimension that embraces the interdependence of humans and ´nature´ bound together in the circular causality of living systems of networks and communities, in which humans are but one partner (Capra, 1996, see also 4.4.2). ...
The thesis offers in-depth empirical insights into diverse factors that foster or hinder collective capacities of actors to address sustainability challenges at the water-land nexus. It focuses on how relations, knowledge, and practices in diverse organisations and professions engaged in governance and social learning processes in the Syr and Upper Sûre river basins in Luxembourg have changed following the entering into force of the EU Water Framework Directive in 2000. Finding that contradictions in water and land systems grow while spaces for self-organisation and meaning-making shrink, the thesis raises fundamental questions concerning both dominant supply- and productivity-oriented paradigms and managerial approaches to sustainability. New governance approaches are needed to foster social learning and actionable knowledge, embracing interrelations between ecological and social dimensions of sustainability.
... c) Assess Social-Ecological Interactions. Following past work in resilience, humans and social processes play a crucial role in the resilience of SES, and human and non-human components should not be assessed separately (Folke et al., 2010;Walker et al., 2004;Westley et al., 2002). An operational approach to resilience should adopt methods that query both aspects of the system and particularly where humans and non-humans interact directly. ...
For several decades resilience thinking has served as a major theoretical lens for social‐ecological research, with geographers playing important roles in both advancing the theory and offering meaningful critique. In recent years resilience thinking has also emerged as a promising tool for the assessment of food systems, yet there is significant disagreement among scholars as to the best way to apply resilience thinking to food systems. At the heart of these disagreements lie a set of conceptual tensions that have long existed in the resilience community regarding best practices for operationalizing resilience and the extent to which resilience thinking can (or should) engage with issues of social justice and power dynamics. Geographers, particularly those working in the fields of political ecology and critical physical geography, are well positioned to navigate these tensions and contribute to the growing scholarship on food system resilience through what I call an instrumental‐reflexive approach to resilience thinking. Drawing on scholarship on the role of environmental science in political ecology and critical physical geography, I develop an approach to resilience that deploys empirical assessments to provide instrumental knowledge of food systems, but also engages reflexively with empirical findings to consider how they interact with entrenched power relations across multiple scales—practices that have a long tradition in geographic scholarship. In so doing, I chart an approach to resilience that, provides significant utility for farmers and food system workers, and gives support (though not the ultimate justification) for dismantling unjust and exploitative structures in our current food systems.
... An interpretive literature review could integrate several subjective perspectives-that is, simultaneously focus on more than one actor. Interpretive scholars argue that an individual creates a "virtual reality" around them (Fabbe-Costes et al., 2020;Westley et al., 2002). This aligns well with the contemporary definition of the supply chain as a complex adaptive system that is "bounded by the visible horizon of the focal agent" (Carter et al., 2015, p. 93). ...
Purpose
The discipline's most common uses for literature reviews—identifying gaps, developing research agendas, and categorizing the literature—too often fail to challenge, change or advance theoretical perspectives. The authors offer guidance to theorization through literature reviews. The key to theory advancement is consistency between the state of theory and the chosen review type.
Design/methodology/approach
A conceptual approach is taken. The authors identify shortcomings in literature reviews of logistics and supply chain management (L&SCM) research and develop a framework to aid theorization from literature.
Findings
Literature review types are categorized as inductive theory building, contextualized explanations, theory testing and interpretive sensemaking. The authors argue that the effectiveness of a review type depends on the prior state of theory, which ranges from nascent, to intermediate, to mature. The authors propose the interpretive sensemaking review as a novel review type rooted in the interpretive paradigm.
Practical implications
This study should be of immediate interest and value to logistics and supply chain management scholars—as well as scholars in other fields—because it offers a pathway to theory development through literature reviews. Appropriate applications of the proposed review types will result in more comprehensive theories.
Originality/value
This article lays down arguments for the need to change the way L&SCM scholars use literature reviews. It extends earlier work from the authors (Durach et al. , 2017; A New Paradigm for Systematic Literature Reviews in Supply Chain Management, Journal of Supply Chain Management) by outlining four review types, and offering further insights to theorization, as is typically the goal in the synthesis step of literature reviews.
... The working definition for ESD, as used in this study, is founded on social-ecological systems thinking (e.g. Holling & Gunderson, 2002), is centred on sustainable-development ideals (e.g. Clark, 2010), and embraces adaptive management (e.g. ...
This publication was made possible with support from Sida and NIRAS Natura who supported the
International Training Programme (ITP) on Education for Sustainable Development in Higher
Education . The ITP on ESD-HE was developed in a partnership framework
between UNEP MESA, NIRAS (a Swedish company involved in ESD), Rhodes University (in South Africa) and Tonji University (in China). The partnership was established to strengthen capacity development and environmental innovation through practical education, training and networking in African universities through Education for Sustainable Development initiatives.
The book focuses on the Africa component, and the change projects produced by participants from universities in Africa. Since 2008 a total of 139 change projects were produced
by 280 participants from 106 institutions in 35 countries. In Africa 81 change projects were produced by 162 participants from 66 Higher Education Institutions in 23 countries. In Asia 58 change projects were produced by 118 participants from 39 institutions in 12 countries (NIRAS, 2015).
The chapter (17) highlights our efforts to mainstream Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) into the Department of Home Economics Education in the Alexandria University in Egypt. The main aim of the project is to reorient and develop the curriculum of household management and family sciences for both undergraduate and postgraduate students to provide a greater focus on sustainable development and sustainable innovation. The sustainable development strategy of the Home Economics Education Department emphasises the role that education can play in both raising awareness among students about sustainable development and giving them the skills to put sustainable development into practice. It places priority on the development of sustainability literacy as a core competence for graduates, training them to be transformative agents of Education for Sustainable Development (ESD). I believe that active home economists should work towards improvement of their community through economic participation, social inclusion, and other efforts to improve life for all citizens. The objective of this Change Project is to mainstream and implement the idea of sustainability in the household management education programme at the Faculty of Specific Education in Alexandria University. ESD is implemented by reorienting existing courses to emphasis sustainable development, by developing new courses on both undergraduate and postgraduate level, by holding an information day for all students, and by integrating sustainability concerns into the scientific research plan of the Faculty of Specific Education.
Reference
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- Kotter, J. P. (2012). Leading Change. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
- Lichtenstein, A. H., & Ludwig, D. S. (2010). Bring back home economics education. JAMA, 303(18). Retrieved from http://jama.ama-assn.org/content/303/18.toc.
- Nawar, I. (2005). C.f. Abdelgalil, M. Madhy, N.& Nawar,I. Approach to family sciences. Alexandria: Bostan El-Maarefa Press.
- Togo, M., & Lotz-Sisitka, H. (2009).Unit-based Sustainability Assessment Tool. A resource book to complement the UNEP Mainstreaming Environment and Sustainability in African Universities Partnership. Howick:
https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/11265/Mainstreaming_Environment_and_Sustainability_in_African_Universities_Stories_of_Change_2015.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
... This requires features of the social sciences to be taken into account. In particular, symbolic construction or meaning plays a crucial role in a system that contains social actors (Westley et al., 2002;Wieland, 2021), such as a supply chain. Westley and her coauthors (2002) demonstrate that four elements of this dimension are helpful in understanding differences between ecological and social-ecological systems: ...
More than a decade ago, other fields started to challenge the equilibrium‐focused meaning of resilience. They suggested that resilience does not just relate to the ability of a system to “bounce back” after an impeding event, but also to the capacity to adapt and transform. The operations and supply chain management literature remains surprisingly disconnected from these debates. This essay sets out to further our theoretical knowledge of what resilience means (or means to others) by disentangling two prominent perspectives of resilience—engineering resilience and social‐ecological resilience—and offering an updated definition of supply chain resilience. We integrate and discuss these perspectives in the context of our understanding of the supply chain as a system. The goal is to outline the potential links and inconsistencies of these perspectives with supply chain management (SCM). From there, we seek to develop a more comprehensive understanding of what resilience means in SCM. Supply chain resilience is then no longer understood in terms of stability, but in terms of adaptation and transformation.
... Protected areas are increasingly studied and managed as socialecological systems (SES) where people and ecological systems form complex interactions instead of the traditional view of nature and society being separated (Westley et al., 2002;Ostrom, 2009;Levin et al., 2013). This view calls for new approaches in landscape management that reflect on the multiplicity of views among stakeholders on the one hand and inherent, unpredictable variability of ecosystems on the other (Carlsson and Berkes, 2005;Folke et al., 2005). ...
While a landscape usually provides a wide range of benefits, the ecological and spatial entanglement of the processes behind ecosystem services does not allow maximizing benefits from all services at the same time. Different stakeholders relying on different services might therefore prefer different policies and management for the wider area where they operate. Trade-offs, disagreements and mutual interests are rooted in ecological processes but are manifested in the social sphere. Social networks were shown to have a significant impact on the management of ecosystem services. In this paper we show that ecosystem services also influence the structure of management-networks and power-relations among stakeholders, thus ecological factors set the stage for (local-regional) political discourse. We used social network analysis (SNA) to show how ecological processes become agents of social-ecological systems (SES), this method is also useful for finding those players who can adopt a mediator role in the social sphere, having a special position in the web of competing interests. Our research shows how mutual influence between social and ecological elements shapes management strategies in five protected areas in Central and Eastern Europe. The most voluminous and profitable ecosystem services (primarily timber production in our cases) define which stakeholders are the most powerful in management networks—this eminent position allows these players to make decisions unilaterally. Other, smaller players tend to negotiate with a diverse set of counterparts with whom they share and co-manage often multiple services. Power relations that emerge as a consequence of production differences among ecosystem services often do not allow participatory management methods. These situations lead to over-utilization of natural resources with a narrow interpretation of sustainability which decreases resilience for the whole social-ecological system. Our results contribute to the theoretical understanding of political discourses in SES and showcase how SNA can be applied as a tool to facilitate participatory landscape-management. We show how ecological factors co-create the social sphere where decisions are made about sustainable land-use.
... Managing wetlands in the Anthropocene, with humanmediated transformations, requires analytical approaches that consider integrated systems of human and nature as a unit of analysis (Berkes 2017), overcoming the human-nature dualism, which has hitherto underpinned conservation approaches (Paterson 2006;Linnell et al. 2015). There is an emerging scholarship that encourages a coupled view of ecological and social systems (Schoon and van der Leeuw 2015), whereby they are neither socio-ecological (humans embedded in ecological systems), nor eco-social (ecological systems embedded within human systems; Westley et al. 2002). Rather, they are integrated complex adaptive systems with extensive feedbacks among their components (Olsson et al. 2006;Berkes 2010). ...
Ecological character and wise use are central tenets underpinning the Ramsar Convention’s global wetland ambitions. In this paper, we postulate that, given on-going and progressive degradation and destruction of wetlands, these concepts require reframing. So as to overcome the human–nature dualism, which underpins current wetland conservation, we propose that wetlands need to be placed within a social–ecological framing that can accommodate a plurality of worldviews and value systems. This reframing broadens the definition of wetland ecological character and replaces it with a more inclusive and comprehensive term ‘wetland character’. Wise use, consequently, becomes maintenance of wetland character. Further considerations on maintaining wetland character under this construct are presented.
... As a socio-ecological phenomenon, wildfire refers to the complex interactions of people and nature during all wildfire phases, connecting people and their communities to the places they live in and the impacts they have on those environments (Alexander, 1993;Westley et al., 2002;Kendra, 2007;Coughlan and Petty, 2012;Coughlan, 2013;Prior and Eriksen, 2013). This complies with the necessary understanding that in all the phases of the wildfire process, there is an interaction between ecological and human determinants, and sometimes, the latest are the most important factors (Vilimek and Spilkova, 2009). ...
This paper presents the results of an explorative survey, based on a questionnaire sent by email, about how wildfire experts, operating in different countries, perceive wildfire and express their mindset by defining "wildfire" from a list of 14 terms and how they justify their preference for the term selected as the most important. Using a five-point Likert Scale, results from 221 valid replies indicate a general convergence toward a reduced number of terms. Six of them exhibit a mean >3.20 (Disturbance, Natural hazard, Climate-sensitive hazard, Socio-ecological hazard, Socio-ecological disturbance, and Social-ecological hazard). The three most preferred terms (i.e., Disturbance, Natural hazard, and Climate-sensitive hazard) reflect wildfire as a natural process or phenomenon (about 59% of the replies). The three terms characterized by both the social and ecological adjectives (i.e., Socio-ecological hazard, Socio-ecological disturbance, Social-ecological hazard) occupy relatively less favorable positions in the ranking. For each term, a synthesis of the explanations given by the respondents is provided, together with a critical comment. Our findings show very different perceptions of wildfires inclusively within the same disciplinary field. In addition, for the same term selected, different definitions are often presented. This reflects sectorial, disciplinary, and personal perspectives of the wildfire phenomenon and the lack of a common understanding of wildfire "nature" (i.e., its own identity). The different perceptions on wildfire concept influence the knowledge that can be used by decision makers to improve wildfire management policies. This work puts into perspective one of the most widespread problems in science: the lack of appropriate and similar terminology across different scientific fields dealing with the same problem. A common conceptualization of the nature of wildfires and the creation of a common language across different scientific fields related to wildfires is of paramount importance to address the complexity of the existing problems, and enhance an interactive communication not only among scientific community but also with stakeholders and citizens.
... One of these approaches, rooted in ecology, is panarchy theory . A panarchy provides a structure for understanding how a system follows the movements of adaptive cycles on scales of time, space, and meaning (see Holling, 2001;Westley et al., 2002). This theory has proven to be extremely powerful in other fields, helping researchers overcome static and reductionist assumptions (Davoudi, 2012). ...
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Most of the theories that have dominated supply chain management (SCM) take a reductionist and static view on the supply chain and its management, promoting a global hunt for cheap labor and resources. As a result, supply chains tend to be operated without much concern for their broader contextual environment. This perspective overlooks that supply chains have become both vulnerable and harmful systems. Recent and ongoing crises have emphasized that the structures and processes of supply chains are fluid and interwoven with political-economic and planetary phenomena. Building on panarchy theory, this article reinterprets the supply chain as a social-ecological system and leaves behind a modernist view of SCM, replacing it with a more contemporary vision of “dancing the supply chain.” A panarchy is a structure of adaptive cycles that are linked across different levels on scales of time, space, and meaning. It represents the world’s complexities more effectively than reductionist and static theories ever could, providing the basis for transformative SCM. | Keywords: social-ecological system; socio-ecological systems; supply chain resilience; panarchy; adaptive cycle; adaptation; transformation
... Hence, the tendency will be for farmers to always request support as we found in this study. These demands for support breed a culture of dependency thereby leading to further vulnerabilities in the absence of the support as corroborated by Westley et al. (2002) and Spear et al. (2015). ...
This paper examined coping and adaptation strategies employed by smallholder farmers and their efficacy in response to climate change in Zango and Kofa communities in North-Western Nigeria. Three focus group discussions with 51 participants comprising men, women, and the youth, and 15 follow-up interviews were conducted in this study to understand the influence of cultural beliefs on climate change adaptation. Results show that to adapt, farmers borrow food from neighbours to repay in good season, use early maturing crops, sell livestock and other assets, engage in other businesses. Farmers also offer prayers and sacrifices based on the belief that climate change is caused by God. Thus, offering prayer and making sacrifices were very pronounced and found to be the dominant strategies farmers adopt in both communities which could potentially lead to less adaptation action thereby indirectly exposing the vulnerable communities to additional shocks. We found that most (50% and above) of the participating farmers in both communities had no access to any formal education which could affect their adaptation decisions. We concluded that farmers’ cultural beliefs and practices such as prayer influences their adaptation behaviour and therefore adaptation designs need to address cultural influences to avoid future maladaptive responses consequently exacerbating vulnerability.
... However, there is relatively little theorization of "social" or "natural" in this school of thought, or of how these two spheres are interrelated. Westley, Carpenter, Brock, Holling, and Gunderson (2002) and Holling (2001) discuss a number of distinctive features of social (or human) systems not found in ecological systems, such as foresight, intentionality, reflexivity, and technology. Furthermore, while it could be argued that at least some of these features may also apply to other intelligent species (see for example, Andrews & Beck, 2017;Lurz, 2009), the authors frame social systems as fundamentally different from ecosystems despite the assertion that the general properties of CAS such as self-organizational capacities and "panarchical relationships across scales" (Holling, Gunderson, & Peterson, 2002, pp. ...
In human geography and beyond, assemblage thinking has increasingly gained attention as a perspective from which to investigate the emergence and dynamics of more‐than‐human entanglements. Similarly, in the interdisciplinary field of social‐ecological systems analysis, theories of complex adaptive systems have been employed to investigate how social and ecological dynamics and actors interact with each other on different scales. Nonetheless, despite the success of these conceptual perspectives in their respective research fields, there have been few attempts so far to bring these theoretical strands together to explore their common ground and investigate how they could cross‐fertilize each other. This contribution seeks to address this gap, by investigating the ontological compatibility of these two approaches and exploring the potential for meaningful syntheses that could be utilized for integrative research—combining perspectives, approaches, and methods taken from social and environmental sciences for the analysis of human‐environmental relations. Based on a comparative discussion of four selected “guiding principles” found in assemblage thinking and complex adaptive systems, namely, socio‐nature, emergence/historicity, relationality, and self‐organization, we find not only significant common ground between the two perspectives but also discrepancies that may be utilized for cross‐fertilization. In particular, we argue complex adaptive systems would benefit from a deeper engagement with society‐nature theorizations found in the assemblage literature, while assemblage thinking could borrow from complex adaptive systems to broaden its conception of how elements relate to and co‐function with each other.
... The working definition for ESD, as used in this study, is founded on social-ecological systems thinking (e.g. Holling & Gunderson, 2002), is centred on sustainable-development ideals (e.g. Clark, 2010), and embraces adaptive management (e.g. ...
The Ethiopian Ministry of Education clearly articulates the need for the integration of the issue of environment and sustainable development into the curricula at all levels of the education system. This move is backed by the country’s plan of a Climate-Resilient Green Economy (CRGE) initiative to protect the country from the adverse effects of climate change and to build a green economy that will help realize its ambition of reaching
middle-income status before 2025. This chapter describes how an ESD Change Project, supported by Sida’s International Training Programmes, has been successfully implemented in a teacher education programme of the Educational and Behavioral Sciences Faculty of Bahir Dar University. The chapter illustrates the contextual factors that contribute to the successful implementation of the Change Project. Moreover, it highlights how important it is for higher officials in institutions, like universities, to be well aware of ESD related issues in order to minimise the challenges and constraints one could face in realising Change Projects.
As a civilized society, we need to become operationally aware that Homo sapiens is part of nature and that Humanity depends on the integrity and the proper functioning of our planet's natural bio-physico-chemical processes. The first module (chapters) of the three composing the book provides a basic introduction into the matter and a synthesis of what needs to be known about sustainable development, cities and eco-cities—before delving into the core method.
In this module, I describe a set of generalized models that are borne in practice and further consolidated by abstract analysis and by being confronted with the extant literature and other practical experiences.
Neera Kapur-Dromson’s From Jelum to Tana (2007) and Parita Mukta’s Shards of Memory (2002) chronicle the determination and pioneering spirit of their forebears, South Asians who migrated to British East Africa to work on the railway or to set up shops and small businesses. Both authors highlight the resilience, traditions, and community spirit of these early migrants. The combination of a conservative outlook and hold on traditions has suggested a socio-ecological link between perennial plants and the migrants’ strong belief systems and ability to survive on the bare minimum.
Eine genauere Betrachtung der beiden systemdynamischen Perspektiven „Resilienz“ und „Transition“ zeigt, dass es trotz offensichtlicher Gegensätze Anknüpfungspunkte zwischen beiden Feldern gibt. Die vorliegende Arbeit identifiziert diese Anknüpfungspunkte und integriert ausgewählte Frameworks aus der Resilienz- und Transitionsliteratur. Dabei werden sowohl der jeweilige Systembegriff als auch die implizite Normativität der einzelnen Konzepte offengelegt und diskutiert.
Der Beitrag diskutiert, wie Resilienz als Beobachtungsperspektive genutzt werden kann, um nichtlineare soziale und soziohistorische Prozesse zwischen Kontinuität und Diskontinuität zu analysieren. In Rückgriff auf die Arbeiten von Norbert Elias zeigt er – kritisch veranschaulicht am Beispiel der sozialökologischen Resilienzmodelle des „Adaptive Cycle“ und der „Panarchy“ – die zentrale Bedeutung der Aspekte der Prozessualität, der Relationalität und der Konstruktionalität für einen soziologischen Resilienzansatz auf.
Collaborative governance between ecological environment and climate change is a novel signature in China’s policy agenda. However, such coordination remains understudied, especially at the local level. Using the principal component analysis, entropy evaluation methods, and the Coupling Coordination Degree Model (CCDM), we evaluated the level of coordination between carbon and air quality mitigation from 34 low-carbon pilot cities in China. We also illustrated the mechanism and policy formation that leads to different coupling patterns at the local level using three case studies. We found that most pilot cities perform a medium level of coupling coordination between low carbon development and air quality. The result reveals that most low-carbon pilot cities score relatively well in low-carbon development. Further, there is a significant cleavage in air quality between cities in the North and those in the South, indicating pilot cities in the South coordinate better than those in the North. In particular, pilot programs in the Southwest and Southeast coastal region perform well in collaborative governance, while the Beijing−Tianjin−Hebei region is rated poorly because of the gap between air quality and low carbon development. Also, we found that the same low-carbon policy might have heterogeneous effects on different air pollutants and across different regions. The local government should adopt low-carbon development policies that address local level specific environmental and economic conditions to maximize their air pollution mitigation benefits.
The original version of the SECAS model with a much longer and more detailed case study of PES in Costa Rica.
Morse, W. C. (2007). Chapter 2: Social Ecological Structuration. In: Payments for environmental services in Costa Rica: Conservation and production decisions within the San Juan – La Selva Biological Corridor. Dissertation. University of Idaho & Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigatión y Enseñaza (CATIE) in Costa Rica. Pages, 8-69.
Este libro, con título Estado actual y perspectivas de la ganadería extensiva en la Sierra de Manantlán en el Occidente de México, representa el trabajo de investiga-
� PREFACIO
11
Estado actual y perspectivas de la ganadería extensiva en la Sierra de Manantlán...
dores del Instituto Manantlán de Ecología y Conservación de la Biodiver- sidad de la Universidad de Guadalajara por más de 10 años, sin embargo, el estudio de la ganadería se concentra con mayor intensidad entre 1996 y 2003, en donde se conformó un grupo de estudiosos de diferentes disciplinas tales como agroecología, sociología rural, fauna silvestre, botánica, ecología �� �������� ������� �� ����������� ���������� ������ � ������ �� �������� alrededor de un proyecto enfocado a entender la interacción de la actividad de la ganadería extensiva en el contexto integral del manejo de los recursos naturales de la Sierra de Manantlán. Esta investigación se organizó alre- ����� �� ��� ���������� ��������� �� ������������� �� ��� ����������� � ����- taciones dentro de las comunidades rurales para el manejo de sus recursos naturales; la evaluación de las prácticas actuales sobre el manejo de ganado y recursos naturales y en el desarrollo de alternativas; y el fomento de la par- ���������� ����� �� ������� �� ������������ ��� ��� �� ���������
En este libro se da una importante atención a la vinculación de la diver- sidad biológica con la diversidad social, a través de las múltiples relaciones que existen entre los campesinos y la naturaleza viva, además de analizar el papel que juegan los campesinos en este proceso de producción, así como las respuestas activas de campesinos frente a condiciones locales ecológicas, socioeconómicas y políticas.
The Resilience Assessment of the panarchy (European Union /Union for the Mediterranean/Middle East and North Africa member states), using the prescriptions of the Resilience Assessment Workbook, requires detailed information of the focal system and its history over the period of assessment (1972–2008). This chapter details the events in the region defining the focal systems (North Africa and the Middle East), and points to significant disturbances during this period. The consequences for the assessment are summarised as used in the assessment presented in Chap. 8.
This chapter presents a background to the research and covers recent theoretical developments in IR to address complexity in the international system. The methodology, based on General Systems Theory and the concept of panarchy, for the analysis of those interactions, is presented, as well the conceptual framework, which underpin the relationship between the EU and the North African and Middle Eastern states. Of particular note is the influence of neoliberalism as it stands in contraindication to African value systems.
This chapter describes in detail the theoretical framework of dynamic systems, specifically complexity theory and complex adaptive systems as it will be applied particularly in Chaps. 7 and 8 in the Resilience Assessment Workbook for Practitioners. Unlike more recent trends to separate complexity theory from other kinds of systems theories, this chapter sets out why it should be still be considered part of the wider general systems theory lineage. It also shows how this approach is particularly useful in applying it to modelling contemporary international relations.
Obwohl sich Resilienz- und Gedächtnisforschung sozialwissenschaftlicher und soziologischer Provenienz mit verwandten Fragestellungen beschäftigen, liegen bisher keine Ansätze vor Überlegungen der beiden disziplinären Felder komplementär zu integrieren. Diesem Desiderat wird mit dem vorliegenden Beitrag Rechnung getragen, indem eine Heuristik vorgestellt wird, die sowohl Resilienz als auch das soziale Gedächtnis ex aequo als analytische Bausteine versteht. Um die empirische Tragfähigkeit einer solchen Forschungsheuristik zu demonstrieren, soll diese anhand einer empirischen Analyse erprobt werden. Ausgangspunkt hierfür bildet eine wissenssoziologische Studie, im Zuge derer unter anderem der Frage nach den Verwendungsweisen des Stichworts ‚Resilienz‘ in entwicklungspolitischen Zusammenhängen in Deutschland nachgegangen wird. Der Resilienzbegriff wird damit in zweifacher Weise thematisch: in wissenssoziologischer Perspektive als empirischer Untersuchungsgegenstand, in resilienz- und gedächtnissoziologischer Perspektive als Teil einer komplementären Heuristik.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.