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RESEARCH ARTICLE
WATER QUALITY INDEX (WQI) OF THREE HISTORICAL LAKES IN MAHOBA DISTRICT OF
BUNDELKHAND REGION, UTTAR PRADESH, INDIA
*Amit Pal, Annu Kumari and Jamshed Zaidi
Institute of Environment and Development Studies, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi- 284128, U.P., India
ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT
The area Bundelkhand region comes under semi arid climate with low precipitation (900 mm/yr) and
higher evaporation rate (1800 mm/yr). Surface water is the main source of water for domestic, irrigation
and other purposes for local inhabitants. After treatment, the surface water is supplying to various areas
through pipelines for municipal uses also. So the surface water is very much valuable resource for this
region. The present works have been carried out on the three historical lakes of Mahoba district of Uttar
Pradesh. These lakes are nearly thousand year old and come under the category of sacred lakes and are
unique in terms of religious and ecological significance. Eutrophication, anthropogenic pressure, holy
rituals and tourism have been the major factors which have contributed to its damage, deterioration and
degradation with a consequent adverse impact on the lake water quality. For the present work five
sampling sites were identified in each lake and the water quality was analyzed for physico-chemical
characteristics (Temperature, pH, EC, Nitrate, DO, Turbidity, TS, TDS, TSS, Fluoride, Total Hardness,
BOD and Iron) on a monthly basis over a period of six months. Water Quality index (WQI) indicate
that the lakes are moderately and slightly polluted and may not be used for domestic purpose without
treatment but may used for irrigation.
Copyright © 2013 Amit Pal, et al., This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use,
distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
INTRODUCTION
India’s environment is becoming fragile and environmental
pollution is one of the undesirable side effects of
industrialization, urbanization, population growth and
unconscious attitude towards the environment (Singh and
Chandel, 2006). Water, the most important natural resource in
the Earth, has the unique property of dissolving and carrying
in the suspension a huge variety of chemicals and hence water
can easily become contaminated (Tiwari and Ali, 1988). Water
is one of the most indispensable and is the most vital resource
for the life support system. Approximately 97.2% water lies in
oceans as salt water. While 2.15% in frozen ice form and the
remaining 0.65% remain as fresh either on surface or ground
water. Available fresh water resources are very limited. The
demand for fresh water has increased day by day and will
increase with the rapid growth of population, agriculture and
industry. As a result the fresh water reserve depletes day by
day too. The requirement of clean water per person is about
2.7 lt. per day. Global requirements of water about 5 billion
cu.m. only for drinking purpose, agriculture is also one of the
major consumers of fresh water resources (Zaidi, et al., 2011).
Several factors, like discharge of agriculture, domestic and
industrial wastes land use practices, geological formation,
*Corresponding author: Amit Pal
Institute of Environment and Development Studies, Bundelkhand
University, Jhansi- 284128, U.P., India
rainfall patterns and infiltration rate are reported to affect and
the quality of ground and surface water in an area. WHO
estimate that about 80% of water pollution in developing
country like India is responsible for domestic wastes. The
improper management of water systems may cause serious
problems in availability and quality of water.
Our environment has witnessed a continuous and rapid
deterioration which cause pollution in all its abiotic and biotic
components. Now-a-days water pollution is burning issue all
over the world. Like other developing countries water
pollution in India also reach in alarming situation due to lack
of proper management policies. Hence the quality and quantity
of utilizable lake water decreases which ultimately results in
water crisis. So there is need for continuous evaluation of
water quality and pollution level in order to promote better
living condition around the reservoirs and to save the
reservoirs before there extreme worst condition of
eutrophication (Anu et al., 2011). The physico-chemical
parameters of water and the dependence of all life process of
these factors make it desirable to take as an environ (Manjare
et al., 2010). The quality of surface water is largely affected by
natural processes (weathering and soil erosion) as well as
anthropogenic inputs (municipal and industrial waste water
discharge). The anthropogenic discharge represents a constant
polluting source; whereas surface runoff is a seasonal
phenomenon, largely affected by climatic conditions. Several
studies have been conducted so far to understand the physic-
ISSN: 0976-3376
Asian Journal of Science and Technology
Vol. 4, Issue 10, pp.048-053, October, 2013
Available Onl
ine at
http://www.journalajst.com
ASIAN JOURNAL OF
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Article History:
Received 19th July, 2013
Received in revised form
30th August, 2013
Accepted 04th September, 2013
Published online
04
th
October, 2013
Key words:
Bundelkhand region,
Physico-chemical properties and
Water quality index.
chemical properties of lake, pond and reservoirs (Jain et al.,
1996; Sreenivasa and Kotaiah, 2000; Thorat and Masarrat,
2000; Datta and Sharma, 2001; Shastri and Pendse, 2001,
Kumar et al., 2010). Although several reports on the
assessment of water quality based on physico-chemical and
biological parameters have been published by several workers
in India (Lettia and Dan, 2008; Sheikh et al., 2013) but water
quality monitoring in aquatic bodies of Bundelkhand region is
neglected (Kumar et al., 2010; Zaidi et al., 2011; Kumar and
Pal, 2012) . The present proposed study has been undertaken
for examine the water quality of three historical lakes namely -
Kalian sagar, Madan sagar and Keerat sagar in Mahoba
district, Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh, as nobody has
any research work in these lakes and to assess –
the status of water quality of lakes as well as its fringing
characteristics,
to find out seasonal and spatial variation in water
chemistry, and
to provide a base line data for the formulation of future
conservation and management policies.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Study area
Mahoba is well known district of Bundelkhand region of Uttar
Pradesh with a geographical area of 2884 sq. km. (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Location of Study area
The name Mahoba is derived from ‘Mahotsav Nagar’, the city
of great festivals, which were celebrated here by Chandra-
Verman, the traditional founder of the Chandella Dynasty.
Among the later Chandella rulers whose names are particularly
associated with the local historical monuments are King Vijai
Pal (1035 - 1045 AD) who built the lake Kalian Sagar. The
lake Keerat Sagar was built by King Keerti-Verman (1060-
1100 AD); and Madan Sagar was built by King Madan-
Verman (1128-1164 AD) respectively. The district Mahoba is
situated in the South West corner of the region at 25º01'30”N -
25º39'40” N latitude and 79º15'00”E - 80º10'30” E longitudes.
The southern area of the district is covered with hillocks. The
average annual rainfall is 864 mm. The climate is typical
subtropical punctuated by long and intense summer. About
87% of the annual rainfall is received from South-West
monsoon. May is the hottest month with temperature shooting
up to 47.50C. With the advance of monsoon by about mid
June, temperature starts decreasing. January is usually the
coldest month with the temperature going up to 8.30C. The
relative humidity is highest during south-west monsoon
ranging between 80% to 85% with its lowest around 30%
during peak summer months of April and May. Monthly water
sample have been collected from 5 different points of every
Lakes.
Analytical design
Physical and chemical properties of water have been done
according to standard methods (APHA, 2005) and using Hi-
Media (WT 023) Kit and their specific range for water analysis
are presented below (Table 1).
Water Quality Index (WQI)
Eight water parameters were considered for calculation of
water quality index (Harkins, 1974; Tiwari et al., 1986;
Padmanabha and Belagalli, 2005).
Water Quality I index (WQI) = ∑qiwi
Where qi (water quality rating) = 100 x (Va- Vi) / (Vs-Vi),
When Va = actual value present in the water sample
Vi = ideal value (0 for all parameters except pH and DO which
are 7.0 and 14.6 mg l-1 respectively).
Vs = standard value.
If quality rating qi = 0 means complete absence of pollutants,
While 0< qi <100 implies that, the pollutants are within the
prescribed standard
When qi > 100 implies that, the pollutants are above the
standards.
Wi (unit weight) = K / Sn
Sn = ‘n’ number of standard values.
According to Sinha et al. 2004 category wise water quality
should be
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The average recorded value of physico-chemical properties of
lakes Keerat, Madan and Kalian sagar have been presented in
Table – 2, 3 and 4 respectively and are as follows:
Temperature
Temperature and photoperiod are important factors which
control the behavior, physiology and distribution of organisms.
During the present study, the water temperature ranged from
12.9 0C to 31.6 0C. Water temperature was highest at Madan
Sagar and lowest at Kalian Sagar for the entire period of study.
I If, water quality index (WQI) is less than 50 such water
is slightly polluted and fit for human consumption
II WQI between 51-80- moderately polluted
III WQI between 80-100- excessively polluted and WQI-
severely polluted.
049 Asian Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 4, Issue 10, pp.048-053, October, 2013
Month
Parameters
WHO
Standard
Wi (unit
weight) January February March April May June Average
Water
Quality
WiQi
Temperature (
º
C) ------- ------ 13.2±.18 18.26±.21 20.5±.26 25.48±.08 29.4±.19 30.74±.37 22.93 ------
pH 6.6-8.5 ------- 6.6±.12 7.5±.09 7.9±.14 8.32±.12 8.46±.08 8.6±.13 7.89 --------
EC (µs /cm) ------ ------ 732.6±3.5 750.6±3.4 761±4.05 778.2±5.3 794.6±6.6 803.4±7.2 770.06 -------
Nitrate (mg/l) 45 .0019 10±.01 10±.01 10±.02 10±.04 10±.02 10±.019 10 0.042222
DO(mg/l) 5 .0177 8.44±.06 7.48±.14 6.76±.18 6.34±.05 6.26±.07 5.82±.037 6.724 1.4514
Turbidity (NTU) 5 .0177 7.6±.40 8.2±.37 8.4±.40 8.2±.37 9.2±.37 10.2±.37 8.633 3.0562
TS (mg/l) 500 .0001 500±2.65 508±1 528±1.5 563.4±3.44 577±2.63 604±2.39 546.7 0.010935
TDS (mg/l) 500 .0001 456±2.34 462±.5 473±4.2 502±1.6 507±1.9 515±2.3 485.8 0.009717
TSS (mg/l) 500 .0001 44±.91 46±.66 55±1.7 61.2±1.85 70±3.5 89±2.35 60.9 0.001218
Fluoride (mg/l) 1.5 .059 .54±.04 .68±.02 .96±.04 1.2±.12 1.1±.1 1.5±.01 0.9 3.920222
Total Hardness (mg/l) 500 .0001 151±.37 154±.41 163±.21 174±1.85 196±1.60 205±5.05 173.8 0.003477
BOD (mg/l) 6 .0147 4.24±.05 3.92±.09 3.74±.08 3.48±.05 3.3±.05 2.8±.07 3.58 8.8247
Iron (mg/l) .1 .8879 .1±.001 .12±.02 .16±.02 .16±.02 .16±.02 .16±.02 0.046 40.8434
Water Quality Index
( ∑WiQi 58.19
Month
Parameters
WHO
Standard
Wi (unit
weight) January February March April May June Average
Water
Quality
WiQi
Temperature (
º
C) ------- ------ 13.8±.09 19.10±.18 20.8±.14 24.6±.15 28.3±.31 31.6±.42 23.03 ------
pH 6.6-8.5 ------- 6.2±.16 7.1±.1 7.4±.12 7.9±.17 8.1±.04 8.2±.11 7.48 --------
EC (µs /cm) ------- ------ 518.2±6.8 532.5±9.1 562±8.3 571±2.3 578±7.7 593±6.8 559.1 ---------
Nitrate (mg/l) 45 .0019 10±.12 10.7±.14 11±.21 11±.10 10±.15 10±.18 10.45 0.044122
DO(mg/l) 5 .0177 8.02±.04 7.68±.23 7.14±.37 6.76±.03 6.41±.05 6.02±.021 7.005 1.4002
Turbidity (NTU) 5 .0177 10.8±.53 12±.41 8.8±.27 8.7±.45 9.0±.51 11.4±.22 10.1 3.5813
TS (mg/l) 500 .0001 287±3.87 315±5.21 332±1.97 357±2.8 378±5.66 395±3.4 344 0.00688
TDS (mg/l) 500 .0001 232±2.81 241±.8 263±3.6 275±5.9 292±4.7 306±5.8 268.1 0.005363
TSS (mg/l) 500 .0001 55±1.9 74±1.6 89±2.7 82±3.8 86±2.7 89±.54 79.1 0.001583
Fluoride (mg/l) 1.5 .059 .64±.02 .78±.06 1.2±.01 1.0±.17 1.3±.08 1.0±.02 0.98 3.880889
Total Hardness (mg/l) 500 .0001 171±.32 184±.51 188±.38 194±1.67 206±1.92 221±6.13 194 0.00388
BOD (mg/l) 6 .0147 3.84±.01 3.45±.06 3.24±.02 3.18±.08 3.03±.06 3.08±.05 3.30 8.142717
Iron (mg/l) .1 .8879 .14±.012 .17±.02 .13±.02 .15±.015 .12±.018 .18±.017 0.028 25.00918
Water Quality Index
( ∑WiQi ) 41.748
Table 3. Water Quality of Madan Sagar
Table 4. Water Quality of Kalian Sagar
Table 1. Hi Media Kit and their specific range of water analysis
S.No. Type of test Range Reagent Provided
1. pH pH test strips of range 2.0 to 10.5
2. Turbidity (visual comparision method) 0-25 NTU standards 5 Bottles : bottle marked sample bottle for standards of
0, 5, 10, and 25 NTU for turbidity comprison.
3. Chloride (Titration method) ---- 4 reagent bottles: marked CHL-A, CHL-B, CHL-C (2
bottles)
4. Total hardness (Titration method) 25-600 mg/l (ppm)CaCo3 4 reagent bottles: marked TH-A, TH-B, TH-C (2
bottles)
5. Fluoride (visual colour comparision method) 0-2.5 mg/l (ppm) 2 Reagent bottles: marked reagent FL-A, FL-B
6. Nitrate (visual colour comparision method) 0-100 mg/l (ppm) One reagent bottle : marked reagent N
7. Residual free chlorine (Titration method) 0-3 mg/l (ppm) 4 Reagent bottles: marked reagent RCL-A, RCL-B,
RCL-C
8. Iron (visual colour comparision method) 0-2 mg/l (ppm) One reagent bottle : marked reagent fe
Table 2. Water Quality of Keerat Sagar
050 Asian Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 4, Issue 10, pp.048-053, October, 2013
Figure 2. Comparision of water quality of Keerat Sagar, Madan
Sagar and Kalian Sagar
It showed that higher Temperature in summer and relatively
lower during winter. Similar observation was also showed by
Jayabhaye et al., (2008); Salve and Hiware, (2008) and Kumar
et al., (2010) in their respective studies.
pH
In the majority of studies conducted on water bodies, the pH
value is generally reported between 6 to 9. The pH range,
which is not directely lethal to fish in 5 to 9 , however the
tixicity of several common pollutants is markedly affected by
pH changes with in this range increasing acidity or alkalinity
may make these poision more toxic. In persent study pH
ranges have been recorded between 6.2 to 8.6. Generally, pH
range between 7 to 8 has been considered good for fish
culture. Maximum pH was recorded at Keerat Sagar and
lowest at Madan Sagar.
Conductivity (EC)
The conductiity mainly depends on ionic concentration or
dissolved inorganic subtance. Electrical conductivity (EC) also
can be used to give a rough estimate of the total amount of
dissolved solid(TDS) in water. Typically, the TDS value in
mg/l is about half of the EC(µs/cm). In the persent study,
maximum conductivity was recorded 823 (µs/cm) at Kalian
Sagar and lowest 518 (µs/cm) at Madan Sagar.
Total Hardness (TH)
Calcium and magnesium, the two most dominant cations play
a major role in determining the hardness of the water.
Hardness may be due to the persence of Ca++ and Mg++ salt
from detergents and soaps used for laundering on the bank of
the water body precipitated as calcium carbonate. During the
study maximum total hardness was recorded at Kalian sagar
(231 mg/l) and minimum (151 mg/l) at Keerat Sagar.
Nitrate
The concentration of nitrate contained in fresh water seems to
be increased agricultural waste and sewage contamination.
Such increase may be due to rapid decomposition of organic
matter (Ali et al., 1999). It also emphasized that when the dead
organic matter decomposes in water, it forms complex proteins
which get converted into nitrogenous organic matter and
finally to nitrate by bacterial activity. In the persent
investigation maximum nitrate was recorded at Kalian Sagar
(11.2 mg/l) and minimum at Keerat Sagar (10 mg/l). Higher
level of nitrate in Kalian Sagar and Madan Sagar may be due
to agricultural run off from surrounding farm lands.
Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
Dissolved oxygen is of great important in all aquatic
ecosystems as it regulates most of metabolic processes of
organism and also the community architecture as a whole. The
main sources of dissolved oxygen in water are diffusion of
oxygen from air and photosynthetic activity taking place in
water. The diffusion of oxygen from air mainly dependent on
temperature, salinity, total dissolved salt and water movements
etc. (Kumar et al., 2010). In the persent study, the Dissolved
Oxygen ranged from 5.8 mg/l to 8.4 mg/l and maximum DO
was recorded at Madan Sagar and minimum DO was observed
at Keerat Sagar.
Turbidity
The Turbidity of any water sample is the reduction of
transparency due to the presence of particulate matter such as
clay or silt, finely divided organic matter, plankton and other
microscopic organisms. Turbidity is commonly linked to total
suspended solids (TSS) because water with high TSS levels
typically looks murkier and have higher turbidity
measurements. Common suspended solids are clay, silt, and
sand from soils, phytoplankton (suspended algae), bits of
decaying vegetation, industrial wastes and sewage. Typically,
after rainfall, the turbidity of the lake increases with higher
runoff rates. In present study turbidity recorded higher amount
in Kalian Sagar (15 NTU) and minimum was found at Keerat
Sagar (7.6 NTU) during winter.
Total solid (TS)
Total solids are a measure of the suspended and dissolved
solids in water. Total solids are those that can be retained on a
water filter and are capable of settling out of the water column
into the stream bottom when stream velocities are low. They
include silt, clay, plankton, organic wastes, and inorganic
precipitates such as those from acid mine drainage. Dissolved
solids are those that pass through a water filter. They include
some organic materials, as well as salts, inorganic nutrients,
and toxins. During the present investigation maximum total
solid was recorded at Kalian Sagar (627 mg/l) and lowest at
Madan Sagar (287 mg/l).
Total Suspended Solid (TSS)
The suspended solids determination is particularly useful in
the analysis of sewage and other waste waters and also
indicates significant relationship as BOD determination. It is
used to evaluate the strength of domestic waste waters and
efficiency of treatment units. Suspended solids containing
much organic matter may cause putrefaction i.e.,
decomposition and consequently the water body may be
devoid of dissolved oxygen. In the present study, maximum
TSS was recorded at Kalian Sagar (123 mg/l) and minimum
was found at Keerat Sagar (44 mg/l).
Total dissolved Solid (TDS)
In natural water dissolved solids are consists of inorganic salts,
small amount of organic matter and dissolved materials.
Dissolved solids are mainly due to carbonates, chlorides,
051 Asian Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 4, Issue 10, pp.048-053, October, 2013
sulphates, nitrates, phosphates, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe, Mn, etc. In
the present study, maximum TDS was rercorded at Kalian
Sagar (537 mg/l ) and minimum TDS was recorded at Keerat
Sagar (256 mg/l).
Fluoride
Fluoride is a trace element typically present in water at levels
from 0.1 to 1.5 mg/l. It may be added excess to water as a
measure to prevent tooth decay in humans (0.7 to 1.2 mg/l).
Levels at or above 3 mg/l are reported to cause losses of some
fish species, depending upon complex water conditions.
During the present investigation maximum and minimum
range of average Fluoride was recorded 0.98 mg/l in Madan
Sagar and 0.66 mg/l in Kalian Sagar respectively.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
BOD determines the amount of oxygen required for biological
oxidation of organic matter with the help of microbial
activities. The highest value of BOD was recorded (20 mg/l) in
river Purna in Maharashtra due to highly pollution load by
organic enrichment, decay of plant and animal matter in the
river (Fokmare and Musaddiq, 2002). In the present study,
maximum and minimum BOD was recorded 4.2 mg/l and 2.8
mg/l respectivly at Keerat sagar .
Iron
The conecentration of Fe was found to be very high in water
samples collected from different sampling sites, mainly due to
the inflow of surface run off from hill torrents and agricultural
wastes (agricultural and rocks). The results of iron are also
consistent with other studies on river water (Da Silva and
Sacomani, 2001; Ikem et al, 2003). Exchangeable fe usually
relates to the adsorbed metals on the sediment surface can be
easily remobilized into the Lake water. In the present study,
maximum Iron was recorded 0.2 mg/l at Madan sagar lake
water and minimum has been observed in Keerat Sagar i.e.
0.10 mg/l.
Conclusion
From the observations it may be concluded that among three
lakes the water quality of Madan sagar is slightly polluted and
Keerat sagar is more polluted and Kalian sagar is moderate
polluted. The lakes are also productive and will support
diverse number of organism from planktons, benthos to fishes
and macrophytes going by the abundance of chemical ions
needed for inter-conversion of energy and production of
organic materials present in the lakes. The only threat to it
productivity was the case of cultural eutrophication, which
was observed in the lakes. The results of the physico-chemical
examination of this could be helpful in the management of the
lake for its water quality and fisheries. The data obtained in
this lake could be used as a baseline and reference point when
assessing further changes caused by nature or man in these
lakes, since there has not been published information of data
on these important lakes.
Acknowledgement
Authors are thankful to University Grant Commission, New
Delhi for financial support to carry out this research work.
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053 Asian Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 4, Issue 10, pp.048-053, October, 2013
