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American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 14 (10): 1058-1066, 2014
ISSN 1818-6769
© IDOSI Publications, 2014
DOI: 10.5829/idosi.aejaes.2014.14.10.12416
Corresponding Author: Jonathan De La Cruz Torres , Laboratorio De Zoología De La Facultad De Estudios Superiores Iztacala,
Universidad Nacional Autónoma De México, Avenida De Los Barrios No 1,
Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, Mexico CP54090 AP Mexico.
1058
Biological and Ecological Aspects of Trichiurus lepturus Linnaeus, 1758
(Perciformes: Trichiuridae) in Boca Del Rio, Veracruz, Mexico
J. De la Cruz-Torres, J.A. Martínez-Pérez, J. Franco-López and A.J. Ramírez-Villalobos
1 12 1
Laboratorio De Zoologíay
1
Laboratorio De Ecología De La Facultad De Estudios Superiores Iztacala,
2
Universidad Nacional Autónoma De México, Avenida De Los Barrios No 1,
Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, Mexico CP54090 AP Mexico
Abstract: Trichiurus lepturus is a coastal species of cosmopolitan distribution, with commercial importance
in different regions of the world. It is ranked in the sixth place of landing volume worldwide, but in Mexico there
is no formally established fishery, in addition to the limited information on aspects of its biology in this area.
This work was developed in order to study the biological and ecological aspects of this species in Boca del Rio,
Veracruz. The basic meristic measures (TL, LC, MH, ED and body weight and weight of gonads and
hepatopancreas) and the Gonosomatic index (GSI) and Hepato-somatic index (HSI) were estimated, with which
weight - length relationship, the type of growth and condition index were estimated. The sex ratio (F:M), in the
windy season was 4:1, 1.86:1 in the dry season and 1.5:1 in the rainy season, with higher values for the GSI in
the windy season January to March, 1.98. The growth for this species is negative allometric in rainy season and
positive allometric for the rest of the year. It is a predominantly piscivorous species including cannibalism.
There were no differences in body proportions between males and females, so that the estimated relations can
only be considered for the differentiation of this species and not for separation of sexes.
Key words: Trichiurus lepturus GSI HSI Fisheries
INTRODUCTION Apart from its commercial importance in some
Trichiurus lepturus Linnaeus, 1758, is a
benthopelagic and anphidromous species of widely
distribution in warm and temperate waters of the world,
with maximum depths of 350 m [1].
The Atlantic cutlassfish has been studies on its
reproductive and life cycle in Asia [2,3]; and South
America [4, 5]; whereas, [5-7] reported feeding data of the
species; Haimovici and Martins [4] presented the age
distribution groups in areas of the continental shelf of
Brazil. Also it has been studied aspects of its distribution
in relation to environmental conditions such [8] in South
West Africa, in Japan [9,10,11,12],in Taiwan [13], in Korea
[14] and in China [3]. The weight-length relationship has
been reported by Dawson [15] for the northern Gulf of
Mexico.
regions of the world, this species is notable for the
tropic position in coastal areas, where it behaves as a
carnivorous species [7].
In the western Atlantic is distributed from the Cape
Cod, Massachusetts (40° N) to the Río de la Plata (37° S),
in Argentina. In southern Brazil is abundant despite being
near the limit of their distribution. Their abundance in the
region was associated with adaptations of feeding on a
wide size range of benthic and pelagic organisms [16].
On the shores of the South Atlantic in Rio Grande
do Sul, Brazil, it has been recognized that females and
pre-adults of this species remain within the limits of the
continental platform during the winter for feeding,
while adults are located outside the continental
platform [4]. Regarding this [4,7] consider that coastal
areas are suited to meet the energy needs associated with
growth conditions, reproduction and spawning.
Am-Euras. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 14 (10): 1058-1066, 2014
1059
In some countries it represents an exploitable fish GSI= Gw/W x 100
resource, while in others it is not consumed. Commercial HSI= Lw/W x 100
capture of this species is ranked in the sixth place of
landing volume worldwide, with areas in the Asian Pacific, The sex ratio was estimated for season, from the
China and Japan, with the largest volumes of capture, with number of males and females in each age recorded [23,24].
85% of the global statistics [16,17]. The weight-length relationship was calculated for
In some areas of the Gulf of Mexico, the each sex and for each season using the equation of Ricker
exploitation of this species is performed locally [39], which adjusts the values through a potential
using small boats or fishing lines. On the shores of the relationship was used weight relative to the length of the
United States, it is reported, since registration began individual, from the equation:
in 1991 to date, a capture of 290 tonnes [18], but in
Mexico, in the state of Tabasco since the year of W = a L
2000, the catching reports volumes ranging from 40 to
300 tonnes per year [19]. It should be mentioned that where,
even when they benefit in some parts of the Gulf of W = Weight (g)
Mexico, there is no formally established fishery for L = Length (cm)
this species [20], besides there is no information on a = Intercept
aspects of its biology in this area. Therefore, the b = Slope factor (allometry)
present work was developed in order to study aspects
such as the size distribution, length-weight relationship, The growth rate was determined using the
sex ratio, gonosomatic and hepato-somatic indices, "t"-student test, between the value of the weight-length
condition index and feeding in Boca del Rio, Veracruz, ratio (b) as an allometric coefficient and b=3, as an
Mexico. isometric growth using the following equation:
MATERIALS AND METHODS according to the values obtained from the weight-length
Six sampling events were done in the Boca del Rio season, according to the following relationship:
beach of Municipality, Veracruz, México, during the study
period from March 2011 to March 2013. Specimens of K = W / L *100
Trichiurus lepturus was obtained directly from the
commercial catch, which uses hooks and line early where,
morning (6:00 to 10:00 hrs) along the coastline and K = Condition index
the mouth of the estuary at no more than 30 m deep. W = Average weight (g)
The collected specimens were transported in coolers to L = Average length (cm)
the Laboratorio de Zoología of the FES- Iztacala, UNAM, B = Slope of the weight-length relationship
for analysis.
In the laboratory the specimens were identified using In order to determine whether there are differences
the keys of De la Cruz -Torres, et al. [21] and McEachran between the morphometric measurements recorded for
and Flechhelm [22]. The following morphometric this species, a Student’s t-test was performed to
measurements were recorded for each individual: compare the measurements results of males and
Total length (TL), Cephalic length (CL), maximum height females, as well as a Fisher’s F-test of variance of
(MH) and eye diameter (ED) with the help of a measuring the measurements obtained between males and
board (precision 0.1 mm) plus the weight (W) by using a females.
beam balance (accuracy 0.1 g). The stomach content analysis was performed by
Organisms were dissected to remove the gonads, removing the digestive tract and identifying each food
hepatopancreas and stomach contents. Both the weight item to the lowest taxonomic level using a stereoscopic
of the gonad (Gw) and hepatopancreas (Lw), were microscope and using hard structures such as otoliths,
measured by using a semi-analytical balance (0.01 g of bones of the jaw and skull and calcareous structures [25].
accuracy) to estimate the Gonosomatic (GSI) and The results were processed using the relative importance
hepato-somatic (HSI) indices using the expressions: index adjusting its estimate to 100%.
b
The Fulton condition index (k) was calculated
relationship, was calculated for each species and for each
b
(p <0.05)
(p <0.05)
Am-Euras. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 14 (10): 1058-1066, 2014
1060
RESULTS Of all individuals captured, 147 organisms were used
A total of 168 organisms belonging to as well as the condition index for the different seasons for
T. lepturus were caught, of which 70 were obtained females and males. The results obtained are shown in
during the windy season, 63 in the dry season and Table 3, (Fig. 2).
35 in the rainy season. The sex ratio (F:M), was 4:1 in the The weight-length relationship estimated for each
windy season, 1.86:1 in the dry and 1.5:1 in the rainy sex, annual and combination demonstrate the results
season. shown in Fig. 3, 4 and 5.
The size and weight ranges recorded for this species The growth rate estimated from the weight-length
along the study are similar for both sexes in the different relationship, taking into account the Student's t-test,
seasons, as shown in Table 1. which considers isometric growth (b = 3, p <0.05), shows
The results of the t-tests comparing the results that growth for this species is positive allometric, in windy
(p <0.05)
of cephalic length t = 0.864 p <0.05, maximum and dry seasons, while in the rainy season is negative
(99,0.05)
height t = 1.783 p <0.05 and diameter eye t = allometric, as shown in Table 4.
(99,0.05) (99,0.05)
0.117 p <0.05 between the sexes showed no significant Finally, in the records of stomach contents was found
differences. Like the Fisher test for cephalic length, that the main food types for this species were
F = 1.194, p <0.05, maximum height F = 1.273, Engraulidae, Sciaenidae and Clupeidae fish families and
(55, 44) (55, 44)
p <0.05 and eye diameter F = 1.243, p <0.05, cannibalism of young individuals. Crustaceans such as
(55, 44)
indicating no significant difference between the shrimp and juveniles of the family Portunidae were also
measurements for both sexes. Accordingly, the present at varying proportions in the diet at different
linearrelationships for the various measurements per sex times of the year, according to the abundances of these
and mixed are shown in Table 2 and Fig. 1. species in the area.
to calculate the gonosomatic and hepato-somatic indices
Table 1: Values of height (cm) and weight (g) by sex and season to Trichiurus lepturus in Boca del Rio, Veracruz.
SEASON SIZE (cm) Average WEIGHT (g) Average N
WINDY 70
FEMALES 26.8 - 88 71.15 11.78 7.8- 521 259.86 ± 84.091
MALES 40.4 - 97. 5 71.57 ± 11.34 35.4 - 680.3 287.56 ± 49.71
DRY 63
FEMALES 55.6 - 85 67.4 ± 11.42 94.4 - 428.7 200.6 ± 55.28
MALES 52 - 78.7 66.07±15.27 83.9-318.6 187.8 ± 49.6
RAINY 35
FEMALES 51.2 - 81 67.7 ± 17.4 21-391 233.63 ± 63.0
MALES 54 -78.3 68.9 ± 19.5 101- 322.8 231.38 ± 40.74
Table 2: Morphometric relationships for Trichiurus lepturus in Boca del Rio, Veracruz
Relation Equation R2
Total Length vs Cephalic Length
Females CL=0.149 TL -1.1019 0.901
Males CL=0.154 TL -1.301 0.943
ALL CL=0.150 TL -1.136 0.914
Total-Length vs Maximum Height
Females MH=0.75 TL -0.483 0.880
Males MH=0.073 TL -0.414 0.884
ALL MH=0.0747 TL -0.4741 0.879
Total-Length vs Diameter Eye
Females DE=0.016 TL +0.218 0.860
Males DE=0.017 TL +0.165 0.934
ALL DE=0.0166 TL +0.2018 0.864
where: TL = Total Length, CL = Cephalic Length, MH = Maximum Height and DE = Diameter Eye.
Am-Euras. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 14 (10): 1058-1066, 2014
1061
Table 3: Values of the gonosomatic, hepato-somatic and condition indices for Trichiurus lepturus
INDEX WINDY DRY RAINY
GSI FEMALES 1.635367281 1.197726744 3.509106679
MALES 0.434084636 0.589201676 0.78338852
HSI FEMALES 0.796023183 0.577209294 1.591258213
MALES 0.543341836 0.415066983 0.513191545
CI FEMALES 0.01533221 0.04535187 0.44810015
MALES 0.01751989 0.02985851 0.46843411
Table 4: Values Weight-Length Relationship and Student t values by sex and season
Trichiurus lepturus
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
b a Rt n
2calc
WINDY FEMALES 3.3724 0.000134 0.981 52.894 (2.012) 56
MALES 3.3513 0.000150 0.986 28.873 (2.145) 14
TOTAL 3.3682 0.000137 0.982 60.559 (1.994) 70
DRY FEMALES 3.0870 0.000436 0.956 29.199 (2.021) 41
MALES 3.1868 0.000286 0.958 21.324 (2.074) 22
TOTAL 3.1246 0.000372 0.957 36.845 (2.000) 63
RAINY FEMALES 3.1466 0.000389 0.973 25.924 (2.080) 21
MALES 2.6502 0.003196 0.984 26.918 (2.145) 14
TOTAL 2.972 0.000816 0.969 32.394 (2.032) 35
(a) (b)
(c)
Fig. 1: Total Length vs. Cephalic Length (a), Total Length vs. Maximum Height (b) Total Length vs Diameter Eye (c) for
Trichiurus lepturus
Am-Euras. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 14 (10): 1058-1066, 2014
1062
Fig. 2: Somatic indices for Trichiurus lepturus in different seasons: GSI = gonosomatic index, HSI = hepato-somatic
index and CI = condition index
Fig. 3: Weight-length relationship for females of Trichiurus lepturus (annual)
Fig. 4: Weight-length relationship for males of Trichiurus lepturus (annual)
Am-Euras. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 14 (10): 1058-1066, 2014
1063
Fig. 5: Weight-length relationship for Trichiurus lepturus both sexes (annual)
DISCUSSION respectively, where the sex proportion mentioned is
This species was found demerso-pelagic habits, gear used to catch them, finding that those organisms
pre-adult and juvenile stages in the shallow waters of the obtained by trawl and size under 25 cm, are predominantly
continental shelf up to sizes that allow them to migrate to male, while the organisms caught with lures presented
deeper areas. About this, Haimovici and Ávila-da-Silva larger sizes to 80 cm, are mainly females [28].
[26] both mention that this species in Brazilian coast In recent decades, the use of morphometric characters
youth organisms registered 5-30 cm, subadults 30 to 70 cm has increased to identify the various species of fish
and adults over 70 cm in total length, in this study sizes stocks [32,33]. Among the measures considered
ranging from 26 to 97 cm were registered, suggesting that concerning the anatomy of fish, are the length of the
stages are found in the area for growth and as adults who head, body height, eye diameter, length of the upper and
serve as opportunistic feeders, as reported by [4,7]. lower jaw, length of the fins (pectoral, pelvic, dorsal and
According to Froese and Pauly [27], the catch sizes anal), height caudal peduncle, to name a few [34]. In this
of this species should be related to the sexual maturity regard, Volpedo and Thompson [35] mention that there
size, so for Cuba it was reported a size of 75 cm of total may be gender and life stages morphometric differences
length, while for Brazil, a size of 99 cm in total length. For of the species. In our case, the measurements registered
Mexico there is no information on this aspect, we at Trichiurus lepturus, allowed us to recognize that there
observed that in the different seasons of the study, the are no differences in measures of cephalic length,
average size captured were below of the reported by the maximum height and diameter of the eye, between the
authors regarding the size of sexual maturity to other sexes, so that the estimated relationships may be
locations in the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic. This is considered as distinctive for this species in the area.
considered important because the information obtained The behavior of the gonosomatic (GSI),
shows that the catch in this area will be done on hepato-somatic (HSI) and condition indices (CI) for this
individuals who have not been yet reproduced, which species has been linked to the seasonal cycle of
could affect fishery yield and maintaining adequate gonadal development and reproductive stages.
populations of this species. Accordingly, Al-Nahdi, et al. [29] mention that the
The sex ratio was favorable for females at different highest values of the GSI for this species, registered in the
times of the year, with values ranging from 4 to 1 in the Oman coast, was close to three, a value that set the
windy to 1.5 to 1 in the rainy, this pattern is consistent breeding season in the months of May and June. In the
with that reported by [28-31], in localities of South Florida, present study the highest GSI values corresponded to the
Oman Coasts, South China Coasts and Cuba Coasts windy season (January to March), with 1.98, coinciding
favorable for females. This proportion relate to the fishing
Am-Euras. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 14 (10): 1058-1066, 2014
1064
with that reported [28] in the coast of Florida, who also This behavior is consistent with that reported [5,6,7], who
registered the highest values in the months of January to reported that T. lepturus is a predominantly piscivorous
March. Meanwhile HSI, showed a similar behavior, species that includes the practice of cannibalism and
although their values ranged from 0.87 in windy to 0.43 in where penaeid crustaceans and cephalopods are part of
dry for females and 0.47 to 0.30 for males, about this Al- their diet.
Nahdi, et al. [29] mention that the declining value of the Several authors recognize that the behavior of
HSI after the breeding season, may be the result of energy piscivorous species primarily associated with the
consumed in the spawning season, resulting in a consumption of pelagic organisms may be a strategy to
depletion of the resources of the liver, which could explain minimize search time, which stimulate increased energy
the values of this index for this species in the study area. and to meet their nutritional requirements. Of the various
Meanwhile, the condition factor in both sexes was recognized dams for this species, in Brazil and Taiwan
higher in the rainy season, with 0.44 for females and coasts, [4,6] mentioned that variations in the specific
0.46 for males, decreasing towards the windy season. composition of the diet may reflect faunal composition
This behavior is in concordance with that reported by between different geographic areas that compose the
Al-Nahdi, et al. [29], who noticed that the decrease in the distribution of this species.
condition index for this species can be explained by the
redirection of the available energy reserves from fat and CONCLUSIONS
muscle tissue to the gonads for their maturation. The
decrease in the condition factor as the reproductive cycle Trichiurus lepturus has a cosmopolitan distribution
proceeds is explained by the fact that the reproductive and has therefore been an accessible resource for many
activity involves high energetic cost for the organisms countries; in Mexico is not considered as a resource to be
[36]. exploited in large fisheries, although it is well appreciated
The behavior of the weight-length relationship in various locations in Veracruz, from artisanal fisheries
helped to identify differences between both sexes, with and local trade. Presents an allometric positive growth
the highest values of the coefficient growth rate for throughout the year and without large variation in the
females (3.3292), compared to that obtained for males somatics index (GSI, HSI and CI). The GSI, in females,
(3.2146) and obtaining a value of (3.2904) for all increases during the rainy season, suggesting a
individuals in the present study, a similar behavior is reproductive season between rainy and windy. There are
registered [29,37,38], in the India and Oman coasts, who no differences in body proportions between males and
attributed the high values of the coefficient "b" as related females so that the estimated relationships can’t be
to dietary habits of individuals Trichiurus lepturus. Thus, considered for sexual separation, although yes for the
to determine the rate of growth for each sex and applying differentiation of this species.
the student’s t-test, in all three cases was allometric
positive to give the value of the coefficient "b " > 3, ACKNOWLEGMENTS
however to implement its determination sex and season,
the growth rate was positive allometric for females and We thank Tomás Corro Ferreira, fishing
males in the windy and dry seasons and only turned technician, for his support for the completion of the
negative allometric for males in the rainy season. sampling, also to the many fishermen from the cooperative
As mentioned above, the behavior of somatic indices Boca del Río who collaborated with us to obtain the
and the type of growth are related to reproductive and material.
alimentary behavior, being an opportunistic predator
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