Content uploaded by Salimah Valiani
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Salimah Valiani on Jan 21, 2019
Content may be subject to copyright.
3
6208-098_Goldring-4082_01Pages.indd 55 2/1/2013 11:39:56 AM
Permanent Migration and Family Reunication: 1940–1970
Material Shift, 1980s: From Permanent Migration to Temporary
Labour Migration
6208-098_Goldring-4082_01Pages.indd 56 2/1/2013 11:39:56 AM
Table 3.1. Permanent Migration and Family Reunification, 1966–1979
Immigrant Workers* Immigrant Non-workers**
1966 99,210 95,533
1967 119,539 103,337
1968 95,446 88,528
1969 84,349 77,182
1970 77,723 69,990
1971 61,282 60,618
1972 59,432 62,574
1973 92,228 91,972
1974 106,083 112,382
1975 81,189 106,692
1976 61,461 87,968
1977 47,625 67,289
1978 35,211 51,102
1979 48,234 63,862
Source: Department of Manpower and Immigration Canada (2005);
Employment and Immigration Canada (2005)
*Counted by “intended occupational groups.”
**Includes spouses, children, students, and others.
6208-098_Goldring-4082_01Pages.indd 57 2/1/2013 11:39:56 AM
Table 3.2. The Rise of Temporary Migration: Immigrant Workers and Temporary Migrant
Workers Compared, 1980–1989
Immigrant Workers*
Employment Authorizations,
Long-Term**
1980 63,745 29,181
1981 56,969 44,990
1982 55,472 n/a***
1983 37,109 n/a
1984 38,500 n/a
1985 38,453 69,953
1986 48,200 78,244
1987 76,712 97,624
1988 76,350 126,313
1989 98,227 n/a****
Source: Employment and Immigration Canada (2005)
*Counted by “intended occupational groups.”
**Includes workers employed in Canada on temporary work authorizations for more
than one year (as defined in Immigration Regulations, 1978 and Immigration Act,
Government of Canada, 1976, cited in Employment and Immigration Canada, 2005).
***For the years 1982–1984, only aggregated figures are available: long-term and
short-term employment authorizations combined. They are excluded here due to the
extremely high number of short-term (i.e., less than one year) work authorizations.
****Without explanation, from 1989 to 1996, data on temporary residents cease to be
included in immigration statistic archives.
6208-098_Goldring-4082_01Pages.indd 58 2/1/2013 11:39:56 AM
Table 3.3. Skilled Workers and Temporary Migrant Workers Compared, 1999–2009*
Skilled Workers, Principal
Applicants
Employment Authorizations,
Short and Long Term**
1999 41,544 107,139
2000 52,123 116,565
2001 58,911 119,714
2002 52,974 110,915
2003 45,377 103,239
2004 47,894 112,553
2005 52,269 122,723
2006 44,161 139,103
2007 41,251 164,905
2008 43,360 192,519
2009 40,729 178,640
Source: Citizenship and Immigration Canada (CIC) (2009b, 2010d)
*In the most recent official statistical compilations available, for the years 1984–1998,
skilled workers are counted as part of the “economic immigrant” category rather than
as a distinct category. In order to maintain a consistent pattern of comparison with the
earlier period featured in Table 3.2, Table 3.3 begins with the year 1999, from which
time disaggregated figures for skilled workers as principal applicants are available.
**Unlike in the earlier period, disaggregated figures are unavailable for short- and long-
term temporary work authorizations. The figures included here represent initial entries
and re-entries of temporary migrant workers on both long- and short-term employment
authorizations. Given the lack of disaggregation, these numbers risk overstating, to a
certain extent, the proportion of temporary migrant workers employed in Canada for
one year or more.
6208-098_Goldring-4082_01Pages.indd 59 2/1/2013 11:39:56 AM
6208-098_Goldring-4082_01Pages.indd 60 2/1/2013 11:39:56 AM
6208-098_Goldring-4082_01Pages.indd 61 2/1/2013 11:39:56 AM
The Early-Twenty-First-Century Policy Shift: From Public to Private
Decision Making around Permanent Residency
6208-098_Goldring-4082_01Pages.indd 62 2/1/2013 11:39:56 AM
with signi-
cant skilled work experienceshown that they can succeed in Canada, that
they have overcome many of the traditional barriers to integration
have formed aachments to theirjobs
6208-098_Goldring-4082_01Pages.indd 63 2/1/2013 11:39:56 AM
Unheeded Lessons of Canada’s First Employer-Driven Immigration
Program
Table 3.4. Permanent Residents Nominated through Provincial and Territorial Nominee
Programs, 1997–2009
Year
Provincial/Territorial Nominees
(Principal Applicants)
1997 23
1998 0
1999 151
2000 368
2001 411
2002 680
2003 1, 417
2004 2, 086
2005 2, 643
2006 4, 672
2007 6, 329
2008 8,343
2009 11,801
Source: CIC (2008b, 2010d).
6208-098_Goldring-4082_01Pages.indd 64 2/1/2013 11:39:56 AM
6208-098_Goldring-4082_01Pages.indd 65 2/1/2013 11:39:56 AM
Table 3.5. Initial Entry and Permanent Residency of Live-in Caregivers, 2003–2007
(Raw Data)
Year
Initial Entry, Live-in Caregivers
(all Canada)
Permanent Residency, Live-in
Caregivers, Principal Applicants
(all Canada)
2003 5,110 2,230
2004 6,741 2,496
2005 7,221 3,063
2006 9,387 3,547
2007 13,840 3,433
Source: CIC (2008b). Reproduced from Valiani (2009, p. 11)
6208-098_Goldring-4082_01Pages.indd 66 2/1/2013 11:39:56 AM
Table 3.6. Estimated Retention Rates (ERR) over Time, Live-in
Caregiver Program, 2003–2007
ERR 2003* 60%
ERR 2004** 40%
ERR 2005*** 28%
Source: Reproduced from Valiani (2009, p. 12)
* This ratio is based on the assumption that all live-in caregivers entering in
2003 attained permanent resident status in 2005, as per the official expectations
underlying the LCP design. Given the weaknesses of this assumption, this ratio is an
overestimation.
** This ratio allows for the widely known fact that not all live-in caregivers are able to
fulfil the twenty-four-month requirement within two years.
*** This ratio allows for the possibility that some live-in caregivers complete the twenty-
four-month requirement over a period of three to four years.
6208-098_Goldring-4082_01Pages.indd 67 2/1/2013 11:39:56 AM
Figure 3.1. Family Reunification, Labour Force Expansion, Live-in Caregivers
Source: CIC (2008b)
Conclusion
6208-098_Goldring-4082_01Pages.indd 68 2/1/2013 11:39:57 AM
Figure 3.2. Family Reunification, Labour Force Expansion, Skilled and Self-
Employed Workers
Source: CIC (2009b)
6208-098_Goldring-4082_01Pages.indd 69 2/1/2013 11:39:57 AM
Home Economics.
6208-098_Goldring-4082_01Pages.indd 70 2/1/2013 11:39:57 AM
