مفهوم الوضوحوخصائصه في التعبير عن الارادة التعاقدية

Abstract

نحاول من خلال هذا البحث القاء الضوء على مفهوم الوضوح في الجوانب القانونية، والمقارنة فيما بين التشريعات بهذا الصدد لأجل التوصل الى بيان مفهومه و معرفة خصائصه، و التمييز بين وضوح التعبير و وضوح الارادة، وبيان موقف المشرع العراقي في هذا الصدد في ضوء الاتجاهات الفقهية المقارنة.

Full text

ﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﺠﻣﺔﻴﻧﺎﺴﻧﻻ - ﻞﻴﺑﺭﺍ /ﻦﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﺡﻼﺻ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺎﻫﺭﺪﺼﺗ - ) ﺩﺪﻌﻟﺍ٤٤ﺔﻨﺴﻟ (٢٠١٠
٣٠١
ﺔﻳﺩﻗﺎﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺍﺭﻻﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺭﻳﺑﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺻﺋﺎﺻﺧﻭ ﺡﻭﺿﻭﻟﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻣ
- ﻥﺭﺎﻘﻣ ﻲﻠﻳﻠﺣﺗ ﺙﺣﺑ-
ﻥﺎﻣﻳﻠﺳ ﺯﻳﺯﻋ ﺩﺍﺯﺭﻳﺷ .ﺩ
ﺹﺎﺧﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺱﺭﺩﻣ
ﻥﻳﺩﻟﺍ ﺡﻼﺻ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ- ﻝﻳﺑﺭﺍ
ﺔﻣﺩﻘﻣﻟﺍ
ﺕﺭﻬﻅ ﺔﻳﻧﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺡﻭﺿﻭﻟﺎﺑ ﻱﺩﺎﻧﺗ ﺔﻛﺭﺣ ﻲﺿﺎﻣﻟﺍ ﻥﺭﻘﻟﺍ ﻥﻣ ﺕﺎﻳﻧﻳﻌﺑﺳﻟﺍ ﻲﻓﺗﻣﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﻻﻭﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﺻﻭﺻﺧ ، ﺙﻳﺣ ،ﺔﻳﻛﻳﺭﻣﻻﺍ ﺓﺩﺣﻝﻌﺟ
) ﺭﺗﺭﺎﻛ ﻲﻛﻳﺭﻣﻻﺍ ﺱﻳﺋﺭﻟﺍCarter ( ﻲﻓ ﺎﻳﺫﻳﻔﻧﺗ ﺍﺭﻣﺍ ﺭﺩﺻﺃ ﻪﺣﺷﺭﺗ ﺩﻌﺑﻭ ،ﺔﻳﺑﺎﺧﺗﻧﻻﺍ ﻪﺗﻠﻣﺣ ﺞﻣﺍﺭﺑ ﻥﻣﺿ ﺔﻳﻧﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺹﻭﺻﻧﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺡﻭﺿﻭﻟﺍ ﺔﻟﺄﺳﻣ
ﺔﻧﺳ١٩٧٨ ﻥﻛﻣﺃ ﺎﻣﺛﻳﺣ ﺔﻳﻟﺍﺭﺩﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﻅﻧﻻﺍ ﺢﻳﺿﻭﺗﻭ ﻁﻳﺳﺑﺗ ﻰﻟﺍ ﻪﻳﻓ ﻪﺟﻭﻳ
١
.
ﻰﻟﺍ ﻲﺿﺎﻣﻟﺍ ﻥﺭﻘﻟﺍ ﻥﻣ ﺕﺎﻧﻳﻌﺑﺳﻟﺍ ﻑﺻﺗﻧﻣ ﻲﻓﻭﻥﺭﻘﻟﺍ ﺱﻔﻧ ﻥﻣ ﺕﺎﻧﻳﻧﺎﻣﺛﻟﺍ ﻑﺻﺗﻧﻣ ﺕﺭﺩﺻﺃ ﺏﻠﻏﺍﺔﻳﻛﻳﺭﻣﻷﺍ ﺓﺩﺣﺗﻣﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﻻﻭﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻳﺭﺷﺗ
ﺔﻳﻛﻼﻬﺗﺳﻻﺍ ﺩﻭﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﺄﺷ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻳﺯﻳﻠﺟﻧﻻﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺡﻭﺿﻭ
٢
.
ﺓﺭﺗﻔﻟﺍ ﻙﻠﺗ ﻥﻣ ﺕﺎﻳﻧﻳﻌﺳﺗﻟﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺕﻧﺎﻛ ﻣﻟﺍ ﺏﻠﻏﺍﻝﺎﻣﻋﻻﺎﺑ ﻥﻳﻠﻐﺗﺷﻣﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻣﻅﻧ ﺢﺑﺻﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻟﺍ ،ﺓﺩﻳﺩﻋ ﺔﻳﻠﻣﻋ ﺏﺎﺑﺳﻷ ﺔﺣﺿﺍﻭﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺎﺑ ﻥﻳﻣﺗﻬﻣ
ﺡﻭﺿﻭﻟﺍﻥﻳﻧﻁﺍﻭﻣﻠﻟ ﺔﻳﻧﺩﻣﻟﺍ ﻕﻭﻘﺣﻟﺍ ﻥﻣﺿ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ‘Plain Language is a civil right’ ﻪﺗﺎﺣﻳﺭﺻﺗ ﻯﺩﺣﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻭﻛ ﻝﺁ ﻪﻳﻟﺍ ﺏﻫﺫ ﺎﻣ ﺏﺳﺣ
٣
.
ﻟ ﺔﻳﻌﻳﺭﺷﺗﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﻌﻣﺟﻟﺍ ﺕﺭﺩﺻﺍ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺔﻳﻻﻭﺃ)ﺎﺗﺭﻳﺑﻟ( ﻲﻟﺎﻣﻟﺍ ﻙﻼﻬﺗﺳﻻﺍ ﻥﻭﻧﺎﻗ ﺔﻳﺩﻧﻛﻟﺍFinancial Consumers Act ﺓﺩﺎﻣﻟﺍ ﻱﻭﺗﺣﻳ ﻱﺫﻟﺍﻭ
١٣ ﺎﻣﻌﺗﺳﺍ ﺏﺟﺍﻭﺑ ﻖﻠﻌﺗﻣﻟﺍ.ﺔﺣﺿﺍﻭﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻝ

ﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﺠﻣﺔﻴﻧﺎﺴﻧﻻ - ﻞﻴﺑﺭﺍ /ﻦﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﺡﻼﺻ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺎﻫﺭﺪﺼﺗ - ) ﺩﺪﻌﻟﺍ٤٤ﺔﻨﺴﻟ (٢٠١٠
٣٠٢
ﻳﺑﺭﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﻳﻧﺍﻭﻘﻟﺍ ﺎﻣﺍﺡﻭﺿﻭﻟﺍ ﺔﻟﺄﺳﻣ ﺕﺟﻟﺎﻋ ﺩﻘﻓ ﺔ ﺓﺩﺎﻣﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺭﺻﻣﻟﺍ ﻲﻧﺩﻣﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺎﻛ ﻲﻧﺩﻣﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺭﺍﻭﻟﺍ ﺭﻳﺳﻔﺗﻟﺍ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻗ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻥﻣ
)١٥٠-١٥١ .ﺦﻟﺍ...ﻭ ﻲﺗﻳﻭﻛﻟﺍ ﻲﻧﺩﻣﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍﻭ (
:ﺙﺣﺑﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﻛﺷﻣ
ﻧﺍﻭﻘﻟﺍﻭ ﻲﻗﺍﺭﻌﻟﺍ ﻲﻧﺩﻣﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻥﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺙﺣﺑﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﻛﺷﻣ ﻝﺛﻣﺗﺗﻻﺍ ﺔﻳﺑﺭﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﻧﺩﻣﻟﺍ ﻥﻳ ﺎﻣﻣ ،ﺔﻟﺄﺳﻣﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻝﻭﺣ ﺔﺗﻛﺎﺳ ﻯﺭﺧﺃ ﻥﻳﺑ ﺎﻣﻳﻓ ﻑﻼﺧﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﺛ
.ﺔﻳﻧﺩﻣﻟﺍ ﻥﻳﻧﺍﻭﻘﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺡﻭﺿﻭﻟﺎﺑ ﺩﻭﺻﻘﻣﻟﺍ ﻝﻭﺣ ﻥﻳﺛﺣﺎﺑﻟﺍﻪﺟﻭﺗﺗ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻘﺗﻧﻻﺍ ﻥﻣ ﺭﻳﺛﻛﻟﺍ ﻥﺍﻭ ﺎﻣﻛ ﻰﻟﺍ ﻡﻫﺭﺎﻘﺗﻓﺍ ﺙﻳﺣ ﻥﻣ ،ﻥﻳﻳﻧﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻥﻳﻐﺋﺎﺻﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺍ
ﺔﻏﺎﻳﺻﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﻣ
٤
ﻭﻠﻁﻣﻟﺍ ﺡﻭﺿﻭﻟﺎﺑ ﻝﻼﺧﻻﺍ ﻰﻟﺍ ﻱﺩﺅﻳ ﺎﻣﻣ ،ﺗﻟﺎﺑﻭ ،ﺔﻳﺩﻗﺎﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺍﺭﻻﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺭﻳﺑﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺔﻟﺄﺳﻣﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻝﻭﺣ ﺕﺎﻋﺍﺯﻧ ﺭﻭﻬﻅ ﻲﻟﺎ ﻪﻳﻠﻋ
ﺔﻳﺩﻗﺎﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺍﺭﻻﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺭﻳﺑﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺻﺋﺎﺻﺧﻭ ﺡﻭﺿﻭﻟﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻣ" : ﻥﺍﻭﻧﻋ ﺕﺣﺗ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩﻟﺎﺑ ﻉﻭﺿﻭﻣﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻝﻭﺎﻧﺗﻧ ﻥﺍ ﺎﻧﻳﺄﺗﺭﺇ ﺩﻘﻓ– ﺔﻳﻠﻳﻠﺣﺗ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩ
."ﺔﻧﺭﺎﻘﻣ
:ﺙﺣﺑﻟﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺍ
ﻘﻟﺍ ﺙﺣﺑﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻥﻣ ﻝﻭﺎﺣﻧ ﻝﺟﻷ ﺩﺩﺻﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﺑ ﺕﺎﻌﻳﺭﺷﺗﻟﺍ ﻥﻳﺑ ﺎﻣﻳﻓ ﺔﻧﺭﺎﻘﻣﻟﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻳﻧﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺏﻧﺍﻭﺟﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺡﻭﺿﻭﻟﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ءﻭﺿﻟﺍ ءﺎ
ﻲﻓ ﺩﺩﺻﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻗﺍﺭﻌﻟﺍ ﻉﺭﺷﻣﻟﺍ ﻑﻗﻭﻣ ﻥﺎﻳﺑﻭ ،ﺓﺩﺍﺭﻻﺍ ﺡﻭﺿﻭ ﻭ ﺭﻳﺑﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﺡﻭﺿﻭ ﻥﻳﺑ ﺯﻳﻳﻣﺗﻟﺍ ﻭ ،ﻪﺻﺋﺎﺻﺧ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻣ ﻭ ﻪﻣﻭﻬﻔﻣ ﻥﺎﻳﺑ ﻰﻟﺍ ﻝﺻﻭﺗﻟﺍ
.ﺔﻧﺭﺎﻘﻣﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﻬﻘﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻫﺎﺟﺗﻻﺍ ءﻭﺿ
ﻣﻫﺃﻉﻭﺿﻭﻣﻟﺍ ﺔﻳ
ﺓﺩﺍﺭﻻﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺭﻳﺑﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺡﻭﺿﻭﻟﺍ ﻥﺍ ﻕﻭﻘﺣﻟﺍ ﻉﺎﻳﺿ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺡﺎﻳﺗﺭﻻﺎﺑ ﺭﻭﻌﺷﻟﺎﺑ ﻡﺳﺗﻳ ﻝﻛﺷﺑ ﻝﺻﺍﻭﺗﻟﺍﻭ ﻡﻫﺎﻔﺗﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﻠﻣﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﻙﺷ ﻼﺑ، ﺩﻋﺎﺳﻳ
ﻓﺎﺣﻣﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻡﻬﻗﻭﻘﺣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻝﻭﺻﺣﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻔﻳﻌﺿﻟﺍ ﻑﺍﺭﻁﻸﻟ ﺎﻧﻭﻋ ﻥﻭﻛﻳﻭ ،ءﺍﻭﺳ ﺩﺣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺩﻗﺎﻌﺗﻣﻟﺍ ﻑﺍﺭﻁﻻﺍ ﻖﺗﺎﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻊﻘﺗ ﻲﺗﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﺍﺯﺗﻟﻻﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻣﻭ ﺔﻅ
.ﺓﺩﻗﺎﻌﺗﻣﻟﺍ ﻑﺍﺭﻁﻻﺍ ﻥﻳﺑ ﺎﻣﻳﻓ ﺔﻳﻧﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺯﺎﻧﻣﻟﺍ ﻝﻳﻠﻘﺗﻟ ﺎﺑﺑﺳ ﻥﻭﻛﻳ ﻪﻧﺍﻭ ﺎﻣﻛ ،ﻉﺎﻳﺿﻟﺍ ﻥﻣ ﺎﻬﻳﻠﻋ
ﻟﺍ ﻯﻭﺎﻋﺩﻟﺍ ﺔﺑﺳﻧ ﻥﺄﺑ ﻑﺭﺎﺻﻣﻟﺍﻭ ﻥﻳﻣﺄﺗﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻛﺭﺷ ﺕﺳﺣﺍ ﺩﻘﻓﺡﻭﺿﻭﻟﺍ ﺏﺑﺳﺑ ﺕﺿﻔﺧﻧﺍ ﺎﻬﻳﻠﻋ ﺔﻋﻭﻓﺭﻣ
٥
. ﺎﻣﻛ ﺕﺍﻭﻧﺳﻟﺍ ﺏﺭﺎﺟﺗ ﺕﺗﺑﺛﺍ ﺩﻗﻭ
ﻠﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﻣﻌﺗﺳﺍ ﻥﺄﺑ ﺔﻳﺑﺭﻐﻟﺍ ﻝﻭﺩﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻳﺿﺎﻣﻟﺍ ﻥﻳﺭﺷﻌﻟﺍ ﺹﺧﻳ ﺎﻣﻳﻔﻓ .ءﺍﻭﺳ ﺩﺣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻳﻛﻠﻬﺗﺳﻣﻟﺍﻭ ﻝﺎﻣﻋﻻﺍ ﻝﺎﺟﺭﻟ ﺓﺩﻳﻔﻣ ﻕﺍﻭﺳﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺣﺿﺍﻭﻟﺍ ﺔﻐ
.ﻥﻳﻛﻠﻬﺗﺳﻣﻟﺍ ﻊﻣ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﻣﻧﺗﻭ ،ﺕﺎﻘﻔﻧﻟﺍ ﺭﻳﻓﻭﺗﻭ ،ﺹﺻﺣﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻳﺯ ﻰﻟﺍ ﻯﺩﺍ ﻝﺎﻣﻋﻻﺍ ﻝﺎﺟﺭ ﻭ ﻡﻫﺎﺿﺭ ﺭﻳﻭﻧﺗ ﻰﻟﺍ ﻯﺩﺃ ﻥﻳﻛﻠﻬﺗﺳﻣﻟﺍ ﺹﺧﻳ ﺎﻣﻳﻓ ﻭ
ﻥﻣ ﻡﻬﺗﻳﺎﻣﺣﻭ ﻉﻭﻗﻭﻟﺍ ﺍﺩﺧﻧﻻﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﺣ ﻥﻣ ﻝﻳﻠﻘﺗﻟﺍﻭ ،ﻁﻠﻐﻟﺍ ﻲﻓﻉ
٦
.

ﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﺠﻣﺔﻴﻧﺎﺴﻧﻻ - ﻞﻴﺑﺭﺍ /ﻦﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﺡﻼﺻ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺎﻫﺭﺪﺼﺗ - ) ﺩﺪﻌﻟﺍ٤٤ﺔﻨﺴﻟ (٢٠١٠
٣٠٣
ﺗﺑﺛﺍ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺎﻣﻛـﺗﻟﺍ ﺕـﺟﻣ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﺻﻟﺍ ﺭﻳﺭﺎﻘـﻛﻳﺍ ﺔﻠـﻳﻣﻭﻧﻭـﺕﺳ (The Economist) ) ﺔﻳﻧﺎﻁﻳﺭﺑﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﻧﺩﻣﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﺩﺧﻟﺍ ﻥﺄﺑthe British Civil
Service( ﻘﻣ ﺕﺭﻓﻭ ﺭﺍﺩ١٥ ﻪﻳﻧﺟ ﻥﻭﻳﻠﻣﺇ ﻲﻣﺎﻋ ﻥﻳﺑﺎﻣ ﻲﻧﻳﻟﺭﺗﺳ١٩٨٢-١٩٩٠ ) ﺎﺗﻳﺑﺎﻛ ﺔﺳﺳﺅﻣ ﺎﻳﻟﺍﺭﺗﺳﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ .ﺕﺎﻳﻠﻛﺷﻟﺍ ﻁﻳﺳﺑﺗ ﺔﺟﻳﺗﻧCapita
Corporation( ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﻠﺻﺣ٢٠٠ ﺩﺟﻭﻭ ،ﺓﺎﻳﺣﻟﺍ ﻯﺩﻣ ﺏﺗﺭﻣﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺭﺎﻣﺛﺗﺳﻻﺍ ﻭ ﻲﺻﺧﺷﻟﺍ ﻥﻳﻣﺄﺗﻟﺎﺑ ﻖﻠﻌﺗﺗ ﺕﻧﺎﻛ ﺎﻬﻧﻣ ﺭﺷﻋ ﺔﻌﺑﺭﺍ ،ﻱﺭﺍﺩﺍ ﺩﻧﺳ
،ﺕﺍﺩﻧﺳﻟﺍ ﻙﻠﺗ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻳﺗﺎﻣﻭﻠﻌﻣ ﺄﻁﺧ ﻥﻳﺗﺳﻭ ﺔﺋﺎﻣﺳﻣﺧﻭ ﻑﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻳﻓ ﻥﺄﺑ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩﻟﺍ ﺩﻧﻋ ﺔﺣﺿﺍﻭﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ءﺍﺭﺑﺧﻭ ﺓﺭﻣ ﺎﻬﺗﺑﺎﺗﻛ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺍﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻳﻓﻼﺗ ﺍﻭﻟﻭﺎﺣ ﺩﻗ
ﻻﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻡﻬﻔﻠﻛﻭ ﻯﺭﺧﺃﺏﺭﺎﻘﻳﺎﻣ ﺭﻳﻓﻭﺗ ﻰﻟﺍ ﻯﺩﺍ ﻪﻧﻛﻟﻭ ،ﺭﻻﻭﺩ ﻑﻟﺍ ﺔﺋﺎﻣ ﺭﻣ٤٠٠٠٠٠ ﺎﻳﻭﻧﺳ ﺭﻻﻭﺩ
٧
.
:ﻪﺗﻳﺟﻬﻧﻣﻭ ﺙﺣﺑﻟﺍ ﺔﻁﺧ
ﻡﺿﺗ ﺔﻁﺧ ﻖﻓﻭ ﺔﻳﺑﺭﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﻛﻳﺭﻣﻻﺍ ﺎﺻﻭﺻﺧﻭ ﻥﻳﻧﺍﻭﻘﻟﺍ ﻥﻳﺑ ﺎﻣﻳﻓ ﺔﻧﺭﺎﻘﻣﻟﺍﻭ ﻲﻠﻳﻠﺣﺗﻟﺍ ﺞﻬﻧﻣﻟﺍ ﻖﻓﻭ ﻉﻭﺿﻭﻣﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩ ﺎﻧﻟﻭﺎﺣ ﻥﻳﺛﺣﺑﻣ
ﻧﺗﺳﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻣﺗﺎﺧﻟﺍ ﺎﻣﻬﻳﻠﺗﻭ ﺔﻣﺩﻘﻣﻟﺍ ﺎﻣﻬﻘﺑﺳﺗ ﻥﻳﻳﺳﻳﺋﺭ:ﻲﻟﺎﺗﻟﺍ ﻪﺟﻭﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ﺕﺎﺟﺎﺗ
ﻩﺭﻳﻳﺎﻌﻣﻭ ﺔﻳﺩﻗﺎﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺍﺭﻻﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺭﻳﺑﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺡﻭﺿﻭﻟﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻣ :ﻝﻭﻻﺍ ﺙﺣﺑﻣﻟﺍ
ﺍ ﺓﺩﺍﺭﻻﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺭﻳﺑﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺡﻭﺿﻭﻟﺍ ﺹﺋﺎﺻﺧ :ﻲﻧﺎﺛﻟﺍ ﺙﺣﺑﻣﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺩﻗﺎﻌﺗﻟ.
ﻝﻭﻻﺍ ﺙﺣﺑﻣﻟﺍ
ﻩﺭﻳﻳﺎﻌﻣﻭ ﺔﻳﺩﻗﺎﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺍﺭﻻﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺭﻳﺑﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺡﻭﺿﻭﻟﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻣ
ﺡﻭﺿﻭﻟﺍ ﻑﻳﺭﻌﺗ ﺙﺣﺑﻣﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﻝﻭﺎﻧﺗﻧﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺍﺭﻻﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺭﻳﺑﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﻲﻓﺎ ﻲﻓﻭ ﻝﻭﻻﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻣﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻙﻟﺫﻭ ،ﻥﻳﻳﻧﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ءﺎﻬﻘﻔﻟﺍ ﺭﻅﻧ ﺔﻬﺟﻭ ﻥﻣ ﺔﻳﺩﻗ
.ﻲﻧﺎﺛﻟﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻣﻟﺍ ﻪﻟ ﺎﻧﺻﺻﺧ ﺎﻣ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺎﻬﺣﻭﺿﻭﻭ ﺓﺭﺎﺑﻌﻟﺍ ﺽﻭﻣﻏ ﺩﻳﺩﺣﺗﻟ ﺔﻳﻧﺩﻣﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻳﺭﺷﺗﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﺑﺗﻣﻟﺍ ﺭﻳﻳﺎﻌﻣﻟﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺙﺣﺑﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﻭﺗﻧ ﻲﻧﺎﺛﻟﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻣﻟﺍ

ﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﺠﻣﺔﻴﻧﺎﺴﻧﻻ - ﻞﻴﺑﺭﺍ /ﻦﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﺡﻼﺻ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺎﻫﺭﺪﺼﺗ - ) ﺩﺪﻌﻟﺍ٤٤ﺔﻨﺴﻟ (٢٠١٠
٣٠٤
ﻝﻭﻻﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻣﻟﺍ
ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻣ ﺡﻭﺿﻭﻟﺍ ﻋ ﺭﻳﺑﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﻲﻓﺔﻳﺩﻗﺎﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺍﺭﻻﺍ ﻥ
ﻑﺭﻌﺗCheryl Stephens
٨
:ﺎﻬﻟﻭﻘﺑ ﺔﺣﺿﺍﻭﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻬﻣﻬﻓ ﻥﻛﻣﻣﻟﺍ ﻥﻣ ﻲﺗﻟﺍ ﺔﺑﺎﺗﻛﻟﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺔﺣﺿﺍﻭﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ )) ﻝﺑﻗ ﻥﻣ ﻰﻟﻭﻷﺍ ﺓءﺍﺭﻘﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎ
ﺍﻥﻭﺑﺯﻟ، ﻲﻧﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ، ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻘﻟﺍ ﻡﺩﺧﺗﺳﻳﻭ ،ﺽﻣﺎﻏ ﺭﻳﻏﻭ ﺭﺻﺗﺧﻣ ،ﺎﺿﻳﺍ ﺎﻳﻘﻁﻧﻣ ﻡﻅﻧﻣ ﻪﻧﻛﻟﻭ ﺎﻧﻭﻧﺎﻗ ﻡﺯﻠﻣ ﻭﻬﻓ ،ﻲﺿﺎﻘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﻭﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﻳﺗﻋﻻﺍ ﺃ ،ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻳﻌﻣﻟﺍﻭ
) ﺭﻳﺑﻛﺗﻟﺍﻭ ﻡﻳﻗﺭﺗﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﻼﻋﻭcapitalization ،ﺔﻳﻧﻫﺫﻟﺍ ﻪﺗﻟﺎﺣﻭ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻣ ﻯﻭﺗﺳﻣ ﻲﻋﺍﺭﻳ ﻭﻫﻭ ،( ﺎﻓﺭﺗﺣﻣ ﺎﺑﻭﻠﺳﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﺑﻧ ﻡﺩﺧﺗﺳﻳ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺙﻳﺣﺑ
ﻊﻣ ﺏﺳﺎﻧﺗﻳ ﺍﺧﺗﺳﻳ ﻭ ﻑﻭﺭﻅﻟﺭﻳﺑﺎﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﻡﺩ ﺭﻳﻏ.((ﺔﻳﻧﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﺑﺎﺗﻛﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺔﺑﺍﺫﺟﻟﺍ
ﺎﻬﻣﻬﻓ ﻥﻛﻣﺗ ﻥﺍ ﻝﺟﻷ ﺔﻁﺳﺑﻣ ﺔﻐﻟ)) :ﺎﻬﻧﺄﺑ ﻥﻭﺭﺧﺁ ﻪﻓﺭﻌﻳﻭ ،ﺔﻳﺭﻭﺭﺿﻟﺍ ﺭﻳﻏ ﺕﺍﺩﻳﻘﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺩﺭﺟﻣ ﺔﻐﻟ ﺎﻬﻧﺍ ،ﺩﺎﺗﻌﻣﻟﺍ ﺹﺧﺷﻟﺍ ﻝﺑﻗ ﻥﻣ
((ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺯﻛﺭﺗ ﺔﻐﻟ ﻲﻬﻓ ،ﻊﺋﺎﺷ ﻯﻭﺗﺳﻣ ﻰﻧﺩﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﻛﺗ ﺩﻗ ﺔﻐﻟ ﺎﻬﻧﺍ .ﺏﻭﻠﺳﻻﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺩﺭﺟﺗﺗ ﻻ ﺎﻬﻧﻛﻟﻭ
٩
.
ﺭﻭﺳﻳﻓﻭﺭﺑﻟﺍ ﻑﺻﻳﻭRobert Eagleson )) :ﻪﻟﻭﻘﺑ ﺔﺣﺿﺍﻭﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺯﻳﻠﻛﻧﻻﺍﻲﻫ ﻭ ﺔﻔﻳﻅﻧﻟﺍﺭﻳﺑﻌﺗ ﺎﻬﻳﻓ ﻓ ﻡﺩﺧﺗﺳﺗ ،ﺢﻳﺭﺻ ﻥﻣ ﺩﺩﻋ ﻁﻘ
ﺕﺳﻳﻟ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺎﻣﻛ ،ﺔﻳﻧﺎﻳﺑﺻ ﺔﻐﻟ ﺕﺳﻳﻟ ﻲﻫﻭ .ﺏﻳﻛﺭﺗﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﻘﻌﻣﻟﺍ ﻝﻣﺟﻟﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻧﺎﻧﺭﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻣﻟﺍﻭ ،ﺽﻭﻣﻐﻟﺍ ﻰﺷﺎﺣﺗﺗ ﺔﻐﻟ ﻲﻫﻭ ،ﺔﻳﺭﻭﺭﺿ ﻲﻫ ﻲﺗﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺑﻌﻟﺍ
((ﺔﻳﺯﻳﻠﻛﻧﻻﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟ ﺎﻁﺳﺑﻣ ﺍﺭﺍﺩﺻﺍ
١٠
.
ﻳﺩﺭﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﻠﻛﻟﺍ ﻝﺍﺩﺑﺗﺳﺍ ﺕﺳﻳﻟ ﺎﻬﻧﺍﻭ ﺎﻣﻛ ،ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻣ ﺔﻳﺿﻗ ﺕﺳﻳﻟ ﺔﺣﺿﺍﻭﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻥﺄﺑ ﻯﺭﻳ ﻥﻣ ﻙﺎﻧﻫﻭ ﻥﻭﻛﺗ ﺩﻗ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻣﻟﺎﻓ ،ﺓﺩﻳﺟ ﻯﺭﺧﺎﺑ ﺔﺋ
َ
ﻛﺷﻣﺗﺳﺍ ﻥﻛﻣﻣﻟﺍ ﻥﻣ ﻥﻛﻟﻭ ،ﺔﻠﻳ ﻙﺎﺑﺗﺭﻻﺍﻭ ﻑﻭﺧﻟﺍ ﺩﻟﻭﻳ ﻱﺫﻟﺎﻓ ،ﺎﻬﻟﺎﻣﻌﺗﺳﺍ ﻥﻛﻣﻣﻟﺍ ﻥﻣﻓ ،ﺩﻧﺳﻟﺍ ﻰﻧﻌﻣﻟ ﺔﻳﺭﻫﻭﺟ ﺔﻳﻧﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺣﻠﻁﺻﻣﻟﺍ ﺕﻧﺎﻛ ﺍﺫﺍﻭ ،ﺎﻬﺑﺎﻌ
ﻝﻛﺎﺷﻣ ﺎﻬﻟ ﺱﺎﻧﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﺎﻋ ﻥﺄﺑ ﺙﺎﺣﺑﻷﺍ ﺕﺗﺑﺛﺍﻭ .ﺔﻳﻧﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺣﻼﻁﺻﻻﺍ ﻥﻣ ﺭﺛﻛﺃ ﻲﻧﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﺑﺎﺗﻛﻟﺍ ﺏﻭﻠﺳﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺩﻧﺳﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺹﻧﻠﻟ ﻑﻭﻟﺄﻣﻟﺍ ﺭﻳﻏ ﻡﻳﻅﻧﺗﻟﺍ ﻊﻣ
ﺔﻳﻧﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻣﻟﺍ ﻊﻣ ﻝﻛﺎﺷﻣﻟﺍ ﻥﻣ ﺎﻬﻟ ﺎﻣﻋ ﻕﺎﻳﺳﻟﺍ ﻥﻣﺿ ﺭﺗﺑﻟﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻠﻣﺟﻟﺍ ﺔﺑﻳﻛﺭﺗﻭ ،ﻲﻧﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ
١١
.
ﻱﺃﺭﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﺃ ﻡﻏﺭ ،ﺔﻠ
َ
ﻛﺷﻣﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻣﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﻣﻫﺃ ﻥﻣ ﻝﻠﻘﻳ ﺎﻣﻧﻳﺑ ،ﺕﺎﻣﻠﻛﻟﺍ ﻡﻳﻅﻧﺗ ﺔﻳﻔﻳﻛﻭ ﺔﻳﻏﺎﻳﺻﻟﺍ ﺏﻧﺍﻭﺟﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺯﻳﻛﺭﺗﻟﺍ ﻝﻭﺎﺣﻳ ﺩﻭﺟﻭ ﺕﺎﻣﻠﻛﻟﺍ
ﺷﻣﻟﺍﺔﻠ
َ
ﻛ ﻳ ﺩﻗ ﺩﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ.ﻉﺍﺯﻧﻟﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﺣ ﻥﻣ ﻝﻳﻠﻘﺗﻟﺍ ﻪﻧﻣ ﺩﺍﺭﻳ ﻱﺫﻟﺍ ﺡﻭﺿﻭﻟﺍ ﻥﻣ ﻑﺩﻬﻟﺍ ﻊﻣ ﻰﻓﺎﻧﺗﻳ ﺎﻣ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ،ﻉﺍﺯﻧ ﻰﻟﺍ ﻱﺩﺅ
ﻧﺄﺑ ﻥﻭﺭﺧﺁ ﻯﺭﻳﻭﺍ)) :ﻪﻝﻗﺃ ﻻﻭ ﺭﺛﻛﺃ ﺱﻳﻟ ،ﺭﺛﺅﻣﻭ ﺢﺿﺍﻭ ﻝﺻﺍﻭﺗ ﻖﻓﻭ ﻝﻣﻌﻟ((
١٢
. ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻳﻛﺄﺗﻟﺍ ﻯﻭﺳ ﻪﻧﻣ ﺞﺗﻧﺗﺳﻳ ﻻ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻑﻳﺭﻌﺗ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ
.ﺡﻭﺿﻭﻟﺍ
) ﺭﻧﺭﺎﻛ ﻥﺎﻳﺭﺑ ﻑﺻﻳﻭ ﺎﻣﻛBryan Garner ((ﺔﻣﻳﻅﻋ ﺓﻭﻗ ﻭﺫﻭ ﺔﻌﻳﻓﺭ ...ﺎﻣﺎﻣﺗ ﺔﻣﺋﻼﻣﻭ ﺔﺑﺫﻋ)) :ﺎﻬﻧﺄﺑ ﺔﺣﺿﺍﻭﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﺑﻌﻟﺍ (
١٣
. ﺍﺫﻫﻭ
.ﻪﺗﻠﻣﺟ ﻲﻓ ﺡﻭﺿﻭﻟﺍ ﻪﻳﻧﻌﻳ ﺎﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺍ ﻱﺩﺅﻳ ﻻﻭ ﻲﻧﻭﻧﺎﻗ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻣﻣ ﺭﺛﻛﺃ ﻲﺑﺩﺃ ﻑﺻﻭ

ﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﺠﻣﺔﻴﻧﺎﺴﻧﻻ - ﻞﻴﺑﺭﺍ /ﻦﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﺡﻼﺻ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺎﻫﺭﺪﺼﺗ - ) ﺩﺪﻌﻟﺍ٤٤ﺔﻨﺴﻟ (٢٠١٠
٣٠٥
ﻭﻠﻌﻣ ﻡﻳﻅﻧﺗ ﺔﻳﻧﻘﺗ ﻲﻫ ﺔﺣﺿﺍﻭ ﺔﻐﻠﺑ ﺔﺑﺎﺗﻛﻟﺍ)) :ﻝﻭﻘﻳ ﻱﺩﻧﻛﻟﺍ ﺔﻧﻁﺍﻭﻣﻟﺍﻭ ﻲﻓﺎﻘﺛﻟﺍ ﺩﺩﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺯﻭ ﺏﺗﻛﻣ ﻭ ﻭﻬﻓ ،ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻠﻟ ﻰﻧﻌﻣ ﻝﻛﺷﺗ ﺔﻘﻳﺭﻁﺑ ﺕﺎﻣ
((...،ﺔﻓﻭﻟﺄﻣﻭ ،ﺔﻳﺗﻳﺭﻛﻧﻭﻛ ،ﺔﻣﻳﻘﺗﺳﻣ ﺎﻅﺎﻔﻟﺍ ﻡﺩﺧﺗﺳﻳ
١٤
.
) ﻥﺎﻣﺑﺎﺷﺗ ﻲﺛﺎﻛ ﻝﻭﻘﺗ ﺎﻣﻧﻳﺑCathy Chapman ﻥﺃﻭ ،ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻠﻟ ﻰﻧﻌﻣ ﻲﻁﻌﺗ ﺔﻘﻳﺭﻁﺑ ﺕﺎﻣﻭﻠﻌﻣ ﻡﻳﻅﻧﺗ ﺔﻳﻧﻘﺗ ﻲﻫ ﺔﺣﺿﺍﻭﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ)) :ﻥﺄﺑ (
ﻣ ﺔﺑﺳﺎﻧﺗﻣ ﺔﻐﻟ ﻡﺩﺧﺗﺳﺗ ﻥﺃﻭ ،ﺔﻳﺍﺩﺑﻟﺍ ﺫﻧﻣﻭ ﻻﻭﺃ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻛﻔﺗ((ﻥﻳﻘﻠﺗﻣﻟﺍ ﻯﺩﻟ ﺓءﺍﺭﻘﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﻣ ﻊ
١٥
.
) ﺓﺩﺣﺗﻣﻟﺍ ﺔﻛﻠﻣﻣﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺣﺿﺍﻭﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻣﺗﻬﻣﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﻅﻧﻣﻟﺍ ﺎﻣﺍThe United Kingdom ﻲﺗﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺔﺣﺿﺍﻭﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺯﻳﻠﻛﻧﻻﺍ)) :ﻥﺄﺑ ﻝﻭﻘﺗﻓ (
((ﻰﻟﻭﻻﺍ ﺓءﺍﺭﻘﻟﺍ ﻥﻣ ﻪﺑﺟﻭﻣﺑ ﻝﻣﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﺩﻭﺻﻘﻣﻟﺍ ﻲﻘﻠﺗﻣﻟﺍ ﻝﺑﻗ ﻥﻣ ﺎﻬﻣﻬﻓ ﻥﻛﻣﻳ
١٦
.
ﻣ ﻝﻛﻟﺍ ﺔﻔﻟﺎﺳﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻔﻳﺭﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻖﻠﻌﺗﻳ ﺭﻣﺃ ﺡﻭﺿﻭﻟﺍ ﻥﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻖﻔﺗﺗ ﺎﻬﻧﺍ ﻭﻫ ﻡﺎﻣﺗﻫﻺﻟ ﺭﻳﺛﻣﻟﺍ ﻥﻛﻟﻭ ﺡﻭﺿﻭﻟﺍ ﺏﻧﺍﻭﺟ ﻥﻣ ﺏﻧﺎﺟ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺯﻛﺭﺗ ﺎﻬﻧ
.ﻲﻧﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻎﺋﺎﺻﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻡﻠﻛﺗﻣﻟﺍ ﻻ ﻭﻫ ﻩﺭﻅﻧ ﺔﻬﺟﻭ ﻥﻣ ﻲﺗﺄﻳ ﺽﻭﻣﻐﻟﺍﻭ ﺡﻭﺿﻭﻟﺎﻓ ،ﻲﻘﻠﺗﻣﻟﺎﺑ
) ﻭﻛ ﺩﺭﺎﺷﺗﻳﺭ ﺭﻭﺳﻳﻓﻭﺭﺑﻟﺍ ﻝﻭﻘﻳﻭRichard Coe( ﻥﺃ ﺩﺩﺻﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓﻟ ﺔﺑﺳﻧﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﺣﺿﺍﻭﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ " : ﻥﻭﻛﺗ ﺩﻗ ءﺍﺭﻘﻟﺍ ﻥﻣ ﺔﻧﻳﻌﻣ ﺔﻋﻭﻣﺟﻣ
ﺋﺍﺭﻗ ﻲﻁﻌﺗ ﻲﺗﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻧﻭﻣﻬﻔﻳ ﺔﻐﻟ ﺎﻬﻧﺄﺑ ﻪﻔﻳﺭﻌﺗ ﺏﺟﺍﻭﻟﺍ ﻥﻣ ﻭ ﺎﻧﻧﺎﻛﻣﺎﺑﻭ ...ﺎﻘﻠﻁﻣ ﺱﻳﻟﻭ ﻲﺑﺳﻧ ﺭﻣﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺡﻭﺿﻭﻓ ،ﻯﺭﺧﻷ ﺔﻣﻭﻬﻔﻣ ﺭﻳﻏ ﺎﻬ
ﺎﻔﻠﺗﺧﻣ ﻥﻭﻛﻳ ﺡﻭﺿﻭﻟﺍ ﻥﺎﻓ ﻥﻭﻔﻠﺗﺧﻣ ﺎﻧﺋﺍﺭﻗ ﻡﺍﺩﺎﻣﻭ ...ﺎﻬﻧﻭﺟﺎﺗﺣﻳ ﻲﺗﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﻭﻠﻌﻣﻟﺍ
١٧
.
ﻌﻳ ءﻲﺷﻟﺍ ﻥﺄﺑ ﻝﺎﻘﻳﻭ)ـﺑ ﺔﻳﺯﻳﻠﻛﻧﻻﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻳﻠﻋ ﺢﻠﻁﺻﻳﻭ ﺽﻭﻣﻐﻟﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺡﻭﺿﻭﻟﺍ ﺩﺿﻭ ،ﻩﺩﺍﺩﺿﺄﺑ ﻑﺭgobbledygook ﻭﺃ (
)legalese) ﻥﻓﻭﻬﻳﻭ ﻱﺭﻧﻫ ﻑﺻﻳﻭ (Henry Weihofenﻲﻟﺎﺗﻟﺍ ﻖﻓﻭ ﺽﻣﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺹﻧﻠﻟ ﺔﺳﻳﺋﺭﻟﺍ ﺹﺋﺎﺻﺧﻟﺍ (
١٨
:
١ - .ﺓﺭﺷﺎﺑﻣﻟﺍ ﻕﺭﻁﻟﺍ ﻥﻣ ﻻﺩﺑ ﺭﺎﻛﻓﻻﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺭﻳﺑﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻳﻭﺗﻠﻣﻟﺍ ﻕﺭﻁﻟﺍ ﻡﺩﺧﺗﺳﻳ
٢ - ﺎﺑﻌﻟﺍ ﻝﺿﻔﻳ.ﺔﻁﻳﺳﺑﻟﺍ ﺭﻳﺑﺎﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﻥﻣ ﻻﺩﺑ ﺔﻓﺭﺧﺯﻣﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻧﺎﻧﺭﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭ
٣ - ﻱﻭﺗﺣﻳ ﻻﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺧﺗﺳﻟﺍ.ءﺎﻣﺳﻸﻟ ﻁﺭﻔﻣ
٤ - ﻁﺎﻁﻣ ﻥﻭﻛﺗ ﻪﻳﻓ ﺔﻣﺩﺧﺗﺳﻣﻟﺍ ءﺎﻣﺳﻻﺍﻳ.ﺔﻳﺗﻳﺭﻛﻧﻭﻛﻭ ﺓﺩﺩﺣﻣ ﻥﻭﻛﺗ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻣ ﻻﺩﺑ ﺔ
٥ - .ﺔﺑﻛﺭﻣﻟﺍ ﺭﺟﻟﺍ ﻑﻭﺭﺣ ﻡﺍﺩﺧﺗﺳﺎﺑ ﻊﻟﻭﻣ ﻪﻧﺍ
٦ - ﻌﻣﻠﻟ ﻲﻧﺑﻣﻟﺍ ﻥﻣ ﻻﺩﺑ ﻝﻭﻬﺟﻣﻠﻟ ﻲﻧﺑﻣﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻳﺻ ﻡﺍﺩﺧﺗﺳﺍ ﻥﻣ ﺭﺛﻛﻳ ﻪﻧﺍ.ﻡﻭﻠ
ﺔﻓﻭﻟﺄﻣﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻁﻳﺳﺑﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺑﻌﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺧﺗﺳﺍﻭ ﺭﺎﻛﻓﻷﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺭﻳﺑﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻳﻭﺗﻠﻣﻟﺍ ﻕﺭﻁﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺧﺗﺳﺍ ﻡﺩﻋ ﺏﻠﻁﺗﻳ ﺡﻭﺿﻭﻟﺍ ﻥﺄﺑ ﻑﻳﺭﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻣ ﻡﻬﻔﻳﻭ
ﻟﺍ ﻥﻣ ﻻﺩﺑ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻣﻠﻟ ﻲﻧﺑﻣﻟﺍ ﻎﻳﺻ ﻡﺍﺩﺧﺗﺳﺍ ﻙﻟﺫﻛﻭ ،ﺔﺑﻛﺭﻣﻟﺍ ﺭﺟﻟﺍ ﻑﻭﺭﺣ ﻡﺍﺩﺧﺗﺳﺍ ﻥﻣ ﺭﺎﺛﻛﻹﺍ ﻡﺩﻋﻭ ،ﺓﺩﺩﺣﻣﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﺗﻳﺭﻛﻧﻭﻛﻟﺍ ءﺎﻣﺳﻷﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺧﺗﺳﺍﻭﻧﺑﻣ ﻲ
.ﻝﻭﻬﺟﻣﻠﻟ

ﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﺠﻣﺔﻴﻧﺎﺴﻧﻻ - ﻞﻴﺑﺭﺍ /ﻦﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﺡﻼﺻ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺎﻫﺭﺪﺼﺗ - ) ﺩﺪﻌﻟﺍ٤٤ﺔﻨﺴﻟ (٢٠١٠
٣٠٦
ﻥﻋ ﺞﺗﺎﻧﻟﺍ ﻭﻬﻓ ﻥﻳﺩﻗﺎﻌﺗﻣﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺍ ﻊﺟﺭﺗ ﻲﺗﻟﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﺣﻟﺍ ﺎﻣﺍ :ﺎﻬﻳﻓ ﻥﻳﺩﻗﺎﻌﺗﻣﻠﻟ ﻝﺧﺩ ﻻ ﺕﻻﺎﺣﻭ ،ﻥﻳﺩﻗﺎﻌﺗﻣﻟﺎﺑ ﻁﺑﺗﺭﺗ ﺕﻻﺎﺣ ﻰﻟﺍ ﺽﻭﻣﻐﻟﺍ ﻊﺟﺭﻳﻭ
ﺔﻗﺩﻟﺍ ﻡﺩﻋ
ً
ﺍﺩﻭﺻﻘﻣ ﻙﻟﺫ ﻥﻭﻛﻳ ﺩﻗﻭ ،ﺭﻳﺑﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻭﺃ ﻝﻬﺟﻟﺍ ﻪﺑﺑﺳ ﺩﻭﺻﻘﻣ ﺭﻳﻏ ﻭﺍ ﺓﺭﺑﺧﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﻗ
١٩
ﻔﻠﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﻛﻳ ﺙﻳﺣﺩﺍﺭﻣﻟﺍ ﻰﻧﻌﻣﻠﻟ ﻖﺑﺎﻁﻣ ﺭﻳﻏ ﻅءﺍﻭﺳ ،
ﻰﻧﻌﻣ ﻥﻣ ﻡﻠﻛﺗﻣﻟﺍ ﻩﺩﻳﺭﻳ ﺎﻣﻣ ﻡﻋﺃ ﻅﻔﻠﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﻛﻳﻓ ﻪﺗﺩﺎﻳﺯ ﻡﺃ ،ﻪﺗﻳﺎﻔﻛ ﻡﺩﻋ ﺏﺑﺳﺑﺃ
٢٠
.
،ﻙﺭﺗﺷﻣﻟﺎﺑ ﻰﻣﺳﻳ ﻱﺫﻟﺍﻭ ﻲﻧﺎﻌﻣﻟﺍ ﺩﺩﻌﺗﻣ ﻥﻭﻛﻳ ﺙﻳﺣ ﻪﺗﺍﺫ ﻲﻓ ﻅﻔﻠﻟﺎﺑ ﻖﻠﻌﺗﻳ ﻝﻭﻻﺍ :ﻥﻳﻋﻭﻧ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻭﻬﻓ ﻥﻳﺩﻗﺎﻌﺗﻣﻠﻟ ﻊﺟﺭﻳﻻ ﺎﻣ ﺎﻣﺍ ﺄﺷﻧﻳ ﺩﻗﻭ
ﺗ ﻥﺍ ﺎﻬﻧﺄﺷ ﻥﻣ ﺔﻧﻳﻌﻣ ﺩﻭﺩﺣ ﺎﻬﻟ ﺱﻳﻟ ﺕﺎﻣﻠﻛ ﻡﺍﺩﺧﺗﺳﺍ ﻥﻣ ﺽﻭﻣﻐﻟﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻳ ﻥﺍ ﻙﻟﺫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻼﺛﻣ ﺏﺭﺿﻳﻭ .ﺎﻬﻗﺎﻁﻧﻭ ﺩﻭﺩﺣﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﺟﺭﺩ ﻝﻭﺣ ﺭﺎﻳﺗﺧﻻﺍ ﺢﻳﺗ
ﺗ ﻥﻣ ءﺍﺭﻣﺣ ﺓﺭﺎﻳﺳ ءﺍﺭﺷ ﻥﻭﺑﺯﻟﺍ ﻥﺍ ﺢﺿﺍﻭﻟﺍ ﻥﻣﻓ ،ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻳﺳ ﺭﺟﺎﻝﻣﺎﻌﺗﻣ ءﺍﺭﻣﺣ) ﺔﻣﻠﻛ ﻥﻛﻟﻭ ،ءﺎﻗﺭﺯ ﺓﺭﺎﻳﺳ ﺩﺻﻘﻳ ﻻ ﻥﻫﺫ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﻠﻟﺍ ﺔﺟﺭﺩ ﺩﺩﺣﺗ ﻻ
ﻟﺍﻝﻣﺎﻌﺗﻣ،ﻲﻟﺎﻘﺗﺭﺑﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺍ ﻝﺋﺎﻣ ﺭﻣﺣﺍ ،ﻖﻣﺎﻏ ﺭﻣﺣﺍ ،ﺢﺗﺎﻓ ﺭﻣﺣﺍ ﻭﻫ ﻝﻫ ، ) ﺉﺭﺎﻁﻟﺍ ﻝﻣﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﺑﻋ ﻙﻟﺫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺧﺁ ﻝﺎﺛﻣﻭ .ﺍﺫﺎﻣ ﻡﺍemergency work(
ﻗﺩﻟﺍ ﺎﻫﺎﻧﻌﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﻝﺟﻷ ﺔﻗﺩﺑ ﺎﻬﻔﻳﺭﻌﺗ ﺏﺟﺍﻭﻟﺍ ﻥﻣ ﺔﺿﻣﺎﻏ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺑﻌﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﻓ ،ﺔﻟﻭﻘﻌﻣ ﺓﺩﻣ ﻭﺍ ،ﻡﻳﺳﺟﻟﺍ ﺭﺭﺿﻟﺍ ﻭﺍ ،ﺔﻁﺭﻔﻣﻟﺍ ﺓﻭﺳﻘﻟﺍ ﻭﺍ ، ﻖﻳ
٢١
.
ﺔﺣﺿﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﻓﺎﻛ ﺕﺍﺭﻳﺑﻌﺗﻟ ﺎﻧﻣﺿﺗﻣ ﺍﺩﻘﻋ ﻥﺎﻓﺭﻁﻟﺍ ﻡﺭﺑﻳ ﺎﻣﺩﻧﻋ ﻲﻧﺎﺛﻟﺍﻭ ﻥﻛﻟﻭ ،ﻝﺎﻛﺷﻻﺍ ﻥﻣ ﻝﻛﺷ ﻱﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺎﻬﺑﻻﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺱﺑﻠﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻳﻟﺍ ﺏﺭﺳﺗﻳ ﻻ ،
ﻗﻭﺗﻳ ﻥﻛﻳ ﻡﻟ ،ﺓﺩﻳﺩﺟ ﺔﻌﻗﺍﻭﻟ ﺔﺑﺳﻧﻟﺎﺑ ﺎﺿﻣﺎﻏ ﺩﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﻝﻌﺟﺗ ،ﻥﻳﺩﻗﺎﻌﺗﻣﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺔﺟﺭﺎﺧ ﻑﻭﺭﻅ ﺙﺩﺣﺗﻌﻥﺍﺩﻗﺎﻌﺗﻣﻟﺍ ﺎﻬ ﺃ :ﻲﺗﺄﻳ ﺎﻣﺑ ﻪﻳﻠﻋ ﻝﺎﺛﻣﻟﺍ ﺏﺭﺿﻳﻭ
ﺃ ﺎﺑﺗﺭﻣ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻳﺍ ﻲﻧﺎﺛﻠﻟ ﻊﻓﺩﻳ ﻥﺍ ﻩﺎﺿﺗﻘﻣﺑ ﻝﻭﻻﺍ ﺩﻬﻌﺗ ،ﺏ ﻊﻣ ﺍﺩﻘﻋ ﻡﺭﺑﺎﻳﺣﻟﺍ ﻯﺩﻣﺓ ﺏ ﺝﻭﺯﺗﻓ ،ﻪﺗﺟﻭﺯ ﺕﻳﻓﻭﺗ ،ﺩﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﺩﺎﻘﻌﻧﺍ ﻥﻣ ﺓﺭﺗﻓ ﺩﻌﺑﻭ ،ﻪﺗﺟﻭﺯﻟ ﻭ ﻪﻟ
ﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻣﻅﻧﻳ ﺎﻣ ﺩﺭﻳ ﻡﻟ ﻯﺭﺧﺄﺑ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻟﺍﻭ ﺓﺎﻓﻭﻟﺍ ﻲﺗﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﻥﺍ ﺫﺍ ؟ﻻ ﻡﺃ ﺩﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻣ ﺓﺩﻳﺩﺟﻟﺍ ﺔﺟﻭﺯﻟﺍ ﺩﻳﻔﺗﺳﺗ ﻝﻫ ﻑﻼﺧﻟﺍ ﺭﻭﺛﻳ ﺎﻧﻫ .ﻯﺭﺧﺃ ﻥﻣ ،ﺩﻘﻌﻟ
ﻥﺄﺷﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺎﺿﻣﺎﻏ ﺢﺿﺍﻭﻟﺍ ﺩﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﺢﺑﺻﻳﻭ
٢٢
.
ﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻥﻣ ﻥﺄﺑ ﻲﻧﻌﻳ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ .ﻲﻘﻠﺗﻣﻟﺍ ﻭﻫ ﻡﻬﻔﻳﺭﻌﺗ ﻲﻓ ءﻻﺅﻫ ﺎﻬﻳﻠﻋ ﺯﻛﺗﺭﻳ ﻲﺗﻟﺍ ﺔﻁﻘﻧﻟﺍ ﻥﺄﺑ ﺎﻧﻟ ﻥﻳﺑﺗﻳ ﺡﻭﺿﻭﻟﺍ ﺩﺩﺻﺑ ﺎﻫﺎﻧﺩﺭﻭﺍ ﻲﺗﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻔﻳﺭ
ﺣﺑ ﻲﻘﻠﺗﻣﻟﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ﻰﻟﺍ ﻲﻘﻠﻣﻟﺍ ﺩﺻﻗ ﻝﺻﻳ ﻥﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺩﻭﺻﻘﻣﻟﺍ ﻥﺍ ﺫﺍ ﺎﺿﻳﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﺑﻌﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺯﻳﻛﺭﺗ ﻙﺎﻧﻫ ﻥﺍﻭ ﺎﻣﻛ ،ﻲﻘﻠﺗﻣﻟﺍ ﻭﻫ ﻪﻔﻳﺭﻌﺗ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺎﻣﺗﻫﻻﺍ ﺭﻭﺣﻣ ﺙﻳ
ﺍ ﻩﺩﺻﻘﻳ ﺎﻣ ﻥﻭﻛﻳ.ﺭﻳﺧﻻﺍ ﻪﻣﻬﻔﻳ ﺎﻣﻟ ﺎﻘﺑﺎﻁﻣ ﻝﻭﻻ
ﻲﻘﻠﻣﻟﺍ ﻭﻫ ﻝﻭﻻﺍ ﺭﺻﻧﻌﻟﺍ ﺭﺻﺎﻧﻋ ﺔﺛﻼﺛ ﻡﺎﻣﺃ ﻥﻭﻛﻧ ﻲﺑﺎﺗﻛﻟﺍ ﻭﺍ ﻲﻣﻼﻛﻟﺍ ﻝﺻﺍﻭﺗﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺫﺍ، ﺭﻳﺑﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﻭﻫ ﻲﻧﺎﺛﻟﺍ ﺭﺻﻧﻌﻟﺍﻭ، ﻭﻫ ﺙﻟﺎﺛﻟﺍ ﺭﺻﻧﻌﻟﺍﻭ
،ﺭﻳﺑﻌﺗ ﻥﻣ ﻪﻳﻠﻋ ﻰﻘﻠﻳ ﺎﻣ ﻲﻘﻠﺗﻣﻟﺍ ﻡﻬﻔﻳ ﻻ ﺩﻘﻓ ،ﺭﻳﺑﻌﺗﻟﺍﻭ ﻲﻘﻠﺗﻣﻟﺍ ﻥﻳﺑ ﻲﻫ ﺎﻧﻫ ﺔﻳﻟﺎﻛﺷﻻﺍﻭ ،ﻲﻘﻠﺗﻣﻟﺍﻧﻌﻳ ﺍﺫﻫﻭﻥﺄﺑ ﻲ ﺡﻭﺿﻭﻟﺍ ﺔﻟﺄﺳﻣ ﻲﺗﺄﻳ ﺭﻭﻅﻧﻣ ﻥﻣ
ﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺭﺑﻌﻳ ﻱﺫﻟﺍ ﺭﻳﺑﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﺗﺧﻳ ﻭﻫﻭ ،ﻝﻭﻘﻳ ﺎﻣ ﻲﻧﻌﻳ ﻪﻧﺍ ﺽﺭﺗﻔﻳ ﺭﻳﺧﻻﺎﻓ ،ﻲﻘﻠﻣﻟﺍ ﻻ ﻲﻘﻠﺗﻣﻟﺍﺗ ﻝﺩﻳ ﺎﻣﻭ ،ﻪﻣﻼﻛ ﻥﻣ ﺽﺭﻐﻟﺍ ﻑﺭﻌﻳ ﻪﻧﺍﻭ ﺎﻣﻛ ،ﻪ
ﺩﻗ ﻪﻧﻻ ﻲﻘﻠﺗﻣﻟﺍ ﺩﻧﻋ ﺩﻟﻭﺗﻣ ﻭﻫ ﻡﻼﻛﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺎﻫﺩﻟﻭﻳ ﻲﺗﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﻟﺎﻛﺷﻻﺍ ﻥﻛﻟﻭ ،ﻪﺳﻔﻧ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻼﻛﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻪﻳﻠﻋ.ﻲﻘﻠﻣﻟﺍ ﻩﺩﺻﻘﻳ ﺎﻣ ﻡﻬﻔﻳﻻ
ﺡﻼﻓ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻥﻋ ﺔﺟﺗﺎﻧ ﻥﻭﻛﺗ ﺩﻗﻭ ،ﺎﻬﺗﺍﺫ ﺓﺭﺎﺑﻌﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺍ ﻊﺟﺭﺗ ﺩﻗﻭ ،ﻲﻘﻠﺗﻣﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺍ ﻊﺟﺭﺗ ﺩﻗ ﻡﻬﻔﻟﺍ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻥﻣ ﺔﻟﺎﺣﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻰﻟﺍ ﻱﺩﺅﺗ ﻲﺗﻟﺍ ﺏﺎﺑﺳﻻﺍﻭ
.ﻑﻭﺭﻅﻟﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺔﺟﺗﺎﻧ ﻥﻭﻛﺗ ﺩﻗﻭ ،ﻪﺗﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺭﻳﺑﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻘﻠﻣﻟﺍ

ﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﺠﻣﺔﻴﻧﺎﺴﻧﻻ - ﻞﻴﺑﺭﺍ /ﻦﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﺡﻼﺻ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺎﻫﺭﺪﺼﺗ - ) ﺩﺪﻌﻟﺍ٤٤ﺔﻨﺴﻟ (٢٠١٠
٣٠٧
ﺡﻭﺿﻭﻟﺍ ﻡﺩﻋﻭ ﺡﻭﺿﻭﻟﺍ ﻥﺫﺍﻭﺭﺑﻟﺍ ﻪﻳﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﺷﺍ ﺎﻣﻛ ﺔﻳﺑﺳﻧ ﺔﻟﺄﺳﻣ ﺔﻧﻳﻌﻣ ﺓﺭﺎﺑﻋ ﻥﻭﻛﺗ ﺩﻘﻓ ،ﺭﺧﺁ ﻰﻟﺍ ﺹﺧﺷ ﻥﻣ ﻑﻠﺗﺧﺗ (ﻭﻛ ﺭﺎﺷﺗﻳﺭ) ﺭﻭﺳﻳﻓ
ﻠﻛﺗﻣﻟﺍ، ﻥﻳﻓﺭﻁﻟﺍ ﻥﻳﺑ ﺔﻣﺋﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻣﺗﻌﻳ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ،ﺡﻭﺿﻭﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺎﻏ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺧﺁ ﺹﺧﺷ ﻰﻟﺍ ﺔﺑﺳﻧﻟﺎﺑ ﺭﺑﺗﻌﺗ ﺎﻣﻧﻳﺑ ﺎﺿﻣﺎﻏ ﻥﻳﻌﻣ ﺹﺧﺷ ﻰﻟﺍ ﺔﺑﺳﻧﻟﺎﺑ ﻡ
.ﺦﻟﺍﻭ...ﻡﻼﻛﻟﺍ ﻑﻭﺭﻅﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻣﺗﺟﻻﺍ ﺎﻣﻬﻁﻳﺣﻣﻭ ،ﻲﻘﻠﺗﻣﻟﺍﻭﻲﻘﻠﻣﻟﺎﻓ ﺎﻣﺩﻧﻋﺭﺑﻌﻳ ﺔﺣﺿﺍﻭ ﺎﻬﻧﺄﺑ ﺭﻭﺻﺗﻳ ﺩﻗ ﻭﻬﻓ ،ﻪﺗﺍﺭﺎﺑﻋ ﻥﻣ ﻩﺩﺻﻘﻳ ﻱﺫﻟﺍ ﺎﻣ ﻑﺭﻌﻳ
ﻔﻳ ﺎﻣﻛ ﺓﺭﺎﺑﻌﻟﺍ ﻡﻬﻔﻳ ﻻ ﻲﻘﻠﺗﻣﻟﺍ ﻥﻛﻟﻭﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻳﻧﻌﻳ ﻭﺍ ﺎﻬﻣﻬﻲﻘﻠﻣ ﻝﻭﺣ ﻉﺍﺯﻧ ﺭﻭﻬﻅ ﻲﻟﺎﺗﻟﺎﺑﻭ ،ﺓﺭﺎﺑﻌﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻳﻧﻌﺗ ﺎﻣ ﻝﻭﺣ ﻥﻳﻓﺭﻁﻟﺍ ﻥﻳﺑ ﻑﻼﺗﺧﻻﺍ ﺃﺩﺑﻳ ﺎﻧﻫ ﻥﻣ ،
ﺓﺭﺎﺑﻌﻟﺍ ﺡﻭﺿﻭﺏﺗﺎﻛﻟﺍ ﻭﺍ ﻡﻠﻛﺗﻣﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻌﻓ .ﺎﻬﺿﻭﻣﻏﻭ ﺡﻭﺿﻭﻟﺍ ﻝﻳﺑﺳ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺃ ﻻﺍﻭ ،ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻣﻟﺍ ﺙﻳﺣ ﻥﻣ ﻲﻘﻠﺗﻣﻟﺍ ﻥﻳﺑﻭ ﻪﻧﻳﺑ ﺔﻛﺭﺗﺷﻣ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺑﻋ ﺩﺎﺟﻳﺍ ﻝﻭﺎﺣﻳ
.ﺡﻭﺿﻭ ﻡﺩﻋ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻡﺎﻣﺃ ﻥﻭﻛﻧ ﺩﻗ
ﺭﻳﺑﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻣ ﺩﻳﺩﺣﺗ ﻊﻳﻁﺗﺳﻧ ﺎﻫﺎﻧﺩﺭﻭﺍ ﻲﺗﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻔﻳﺭﻌﺗﻟﺍ ءﺍﺭﻘﺗﺳﺍ ﺩﻌﺑﻭ ﺏﻠﻁﻣﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺔﻳﺎﻬﻧ ﻲﻓﻭ :ﻪﻧﺎﺑ ﻝﻭﻘﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻥﻣ ﺢﺿﺍﻭﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺍﺭﻻﺍ ﻥﻋ
ﻥﻳﺩﻗﺎﻌﺗﻣﻟﺍ ﺩﺣﺍ ﻪﻣﺩﺧﺗﺳﻳ ﻱﺫﻟﺍ ﺭﻳﺑﻌﺗﻟﺍ)ﻭﺃ ﻝﺑﺎﻘﻣﻟﺍ ﻑﺭﻁﻟﺍ ﻩﺎﻧﻌﻣ ﻥﺄﺷ ﻲﻓ ﻖﻔﺗﻳ ﻪﺗﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻟﻻﺩﻠﻟ ﻪﻳﻠﻋ ﻝﺩﻳ ﺎﻣ ﺹﻭﺻﻧ ﺩﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﺗﺍﺫ ﻲﻓ.(
،ﻲﺻﺧﺷﻟﺍ ﻥﺍﺭﺎﻳﻌﻣﻟﺍ :ﺎﻣﻫﻭ ،ﺔﻳﺩﻗﺎﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺍﺭﻻﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺭﻳﺑﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺡﻭﺿﻭﻠﻟ ﻥﻳﺭﺎﻳﻌﻣ ﻥﻳﺑ ﻊﻣﺟﻟﺍ ﺭﻳﺑﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻥﻣ ﻊﻳﻁﺗﺳﻧ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﻧﺑﻣﻟﺍ
) ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻝﻳﻠﺣﺗ ﺱﺎﺳﺍreader based ( ﻣﻟﺍ ،ﻲﻋﻭﺿﻭﻣﻟﺍﻭﻲﻧﺑ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻟﺍ ﻝﻳﻠﺣﺗﺹﻧ )text based( ﻥﺄﺷ ﻲﻓ ﻖﻔﺗﻳ" ﺓﺭﺎﺑﻌﻟ ﻑﻳﺭﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﺎﻓ
ﻌﻣﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﺷﺍ "ﻝﺑﺎﻘﻣﻟﺍ ﻑﺭﻁﻟﺍ ﻩﺎﻧ " ﺓﺭﺎﺑﻋ ﺎﻣﻧﻳﺑ ،ﻲﺻﺧﺷﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻳﻌﻣ ﺹﻭﺻﻧ ﻪﻳﻠﻋ ﻝﺩﻳ ﺎﻣ ﻭﺃﺩﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﺗﺍﺫ ﻲﻓ .ﻲﻋﻭﺿﻭﻣﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻳﻌﻣﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﺷﺍ "
ﻝﻫ ﻭﻫ ﺩﻭﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﺹﺧﻳ ﺎﻣﻳﻓ ﺔﻟﺄﺳﻣﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻝﻭﺣ ﺭﻬﻅﻳ ﻱﺫﻟﺍ ﻝﺅﺎﺳﺗﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻣﺗﻌﻳ ﻪﺿﻭﻣﻏﻭ ﺓﺭﺎﺑﻌﻟﺍ ﺡﻭﺿﻭ ﻝﻭﺣ ﻩﺭﻳﺭﻘﺗ ﺩﻧﻋ ﻲﺿﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻥﺍ
ﺔﻟﻻﺩﻟﺍﺍ (ﻲﻋﻭﺿﻭﻣﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻳﻌﻣﻟﺍ) ﺔﻳﺻﻧﻟﺍﻭ ﺏﻠﻁﻣﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻧﺛﺣﺑ ﻝﺣﻣ ﻥﻭﻛﻳ ﺎﻣ ﺍﺫﻫ .(ﻲﺻﺧﺷﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻳﻌﻣﻟﺍ) ﻁﻘﻓ ﻥﻳﺩﻗﺎﻌﺗﻣﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺍ ﺔﺑﺳﻧﻟﺎﺑ ﺓﺭﺎﺑﻌﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻪﻳﻧﻌﺗ ﺎﻣﺑ
. ﻲﻧﺎﺛﻟﺍ
ﻲﻧﺎﺛﻟﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻣﻟﺍ
ﺭﺎﻳﻌﻣ ﺎﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺍﺭﻻﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺭﻳﺑﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺡﻭﺿﻭﻟﺍﺔﻳﺩﻗ
،ﺎﻬﻟﺎﻣﻌﺗﺳﺍ ﻥﻣ ﺩﺻﻘﻟﺍ ﻲﻧﺎﺛﻟﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻳﻭﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻣﻟﺍ ﻭﻫ ﻝﻭﻻﺍ :ﻥﻳﻣﺎﻫ ﻥﻳﺭﺻﻧﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﻗﻭﺗﺗ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺑﻌﻟﺍ ﺡﻭﺿﻭ ﺔﺟﺭﺩ ﻥﺄﺑ ﻥﻳﻳﻧﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺽﻌﺑ ﻯﺭﻳ
ءﻲﺳﺍ ﺍﺫﺍ ﺔﺣﺿﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﻭﻐﻟ ﺓﺩﺎﻣﻟ ﺔﻣﻳﻗ ﻼﻓ .ﺽﻭﻣﻐﻟﺍﻭ ﻡﺎﻬﺑﻻﺍ ﻲﻧﻌﻳ ﺎﻣﻬﻧﻳﺑ ﻝﺻﻔﻟﺍﻭ ﺡﻭﺿﻭﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﻛﻳ ﺎﻣ ﺭﺩﻘﺑ ﺎﻣﻬﻧﻳﺑ ﻖﻓﺍﻭﺗﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﻛﻳ ﺎﻣ ﺭﺩﻘﺑﻭ
ﻓ ﺎﻬﻣﺍﺩﺧﺗﺳﺍﺓﺩﺍﺭﻻﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺭﻳﺑﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﻲ
٢٣
.ﻥﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻕﺎﻁﻧ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺍﺭﻻﺍ ﺡﻭﺿﻭﻭ ﺭﻳﺑﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﺡﻭﺿﻭ ﻥﻳﺑ ﺎﻗﺭﻓ ﻙﺎﻧﻫ ﻥﺄﺑ ﺞﺗﻧﺗﺳﻧ ﺎﻧﻫ ﻥﻣ .

ﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﺠﻣﺔﻴﻧﺎﺴﻧﻻ - ﻞﻴﺑﺭﺍ /ﻦﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﺡﻼﺻ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺎﻫﺭﺪﺼﺗ - ) ﺩﺪﻌﻟﺍ٤٤ﺔﻨﺴﻟ (٢٠١٠
٣٠٨
ﻰﻧﻌﻣﻠﻟ ﺍﺭﻳﺎﻐﻣ ﺍﺭﻣﺍ ﻅﻔﻠﻟﺍ ﻙﻟﺫ ﻡﺍﺩﺧﺗﺳﺍ ﻥﻣ ﺩﻗﺎﻌﺗﻣﻟﺍ ﺩﺻﻗ ﻥﻭﻛﻳ ﺩﻘﻓ ،ﺓﺩﺍﺭﻻﺍ ﺡﻭﺿﻭ ﻲﻧﻌﻳ ﻻ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻛﻟﻭ ﻪﺗﺍﺫ ﻲﻓ ﺎﺣﺿﺍﻭ ﺭﻳﺑﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﻛﻳ ﺩﻘﻓ
ﺎﻁﺗ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻲﻧﻌﻳ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ،ﺢﺿﺍﻭﻟﺍ ﻱﻭﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻊﻳﻁﺗﺳﻳ ﻑﻳﻛ ﻥﻛﻟﻭ ،ﺔﻳﻘﻳﻘﺣﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺍﺭﻻﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺙﺣﺑﻟﺍﻭ ﺩﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﺭﻳﺳﻔﺗ ﺔﻟﺄﺳﻣ ﺭﻭﺛﺗ ﻲﻟﺎﺗﻟﺎﺑﻭ ،ﺓﺩﺍﺭﻻﺍ ﻊﻣ ﻅﻔﻠﻟﺍ ﻖﺑ
ﻩﺩﺻﻘﻳ ﺎﻣ ﻰﻟﺍ ﻉﻭﺟﺭﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻥﻣ ﺔﻟﺄﺳﻣﻟﺍ ﻡﺳﺣ ﻰﻟﺍ ﺹﺧﺷﻟﺍ ﺄﺟﻠﻳ ﺓﺩﺎﻋ ﺔﻟﺎﺣﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻝﺻﺣﺗ ﺎﻣﺩﻧﻋ ؟ﺔﻳﻘﻳﻘﺣﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺍﺭﻻﺍ ﻙﻠﺗ ﻰﻟﺍ ﻝﺻﻭﺗﻟﺍ ﻲﺿﺎﻘﻟﺍ
ﻪﻧﻣ ﺭﺎﺳﻔﺗﺳﻻﺎﺑ ﻙﻟﺫﻭ ،ﻪﻣﻼﻛ ﻥﻣ ﻲﻘﻠﺗﻣﻟﺍ ﻪﻟﺄﺳﻳﻓ ،ﻲﻘﻠﺗﻣﻟﺍ ﻪﻣﻬﻔﻳ ﻻ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺑﻌﺑ ﻅﻔﻠﺗﻳ ﻥﺎﺳﻧﻻﺍ ﻥﺍ ﺔﻳﻠﻣﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺎﻳﺣﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻯﺭﻧ ﺩﻘﻓ ،ﻪﻣﻼﻛ ﻲﻓ ﻩﺩﺻﻘﻳ ﺎﻣﻋ
؟ﺔﻁﺎﺳﺑﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﺑ ﺭﻣﻻﺍ ﻡﺳﺣﻳ ﻥﺍ ﻲﺿﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻊﻳﻁﺗﺳﻳ ﻝﻫ ﻥﻛﻟﻭ ،ﺔﻟﺄﺳﻣﻟﺍ ﻲﻬﺗﻧﺗﻭ ﻲﻘﻠﻣﻟﺍ ﻪﻟ ﻪﺣﺿﻭﻳﻓ ،ﺍﺫﻫ ﻙﻟﻭﻘﺑ ﺩﺻﻘﺗ ﺍﺫﺎﻣ ﺔﻁﺎﺳﺑ ﻝﻛﺑ ﺹﺧﺷﻟﺍ
ﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻝﻭﻌﻳ ﻥﺍ ﻊﻳﻁﺗﺳﻳ ﻻ ﻲﺿﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻥﺍ ﻙﺷﻻ ﺔﻛﺭﺗﺷﻣﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺍﺭﻻﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺭﻳﺑﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺩﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﻷ ﻝﺑﺎﻘﻣﻟﺍ ﻑﺭﻁﻟﺍ ﻪﻌﻣ ﻖﻔﺗﻳ ﻥﺍ ﻥﻭﺩ ﻑﺭﻁ ﻩﺩﺻﻘﻳ ﺎ
ﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻥﺍ ﻰﺗﺣ ،ﺩﻘﻌﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻠﺛﻣﺗﻣﻟﺍ ﺔﻛﺭﺗﺷﻣﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺍﺭﻻﺍ ﻙﻠﺗ ﺭﻳﺳﻔﺗﺑ ﻡﻭﻘﻳ ﻪﻠﻣﻋ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺿﺎﻘﻟﺍﻭ ،ﻥﻳﺩﻗﺎﻌﺗﻣﻠﻟﻟﺍ ﻥﻣ ﺡﺎﺿﻳﺗﺳﻻﺍ ﻊﻳﻁﺗﺳﻳ ﻻ ﻲﺿﻲﻘﻠﻣ ﻩﺩﺣﻭﻟ
ﻓ ،ﺭﻳﺳﻔﺗﻟﺍ ﻙﻟﺫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺩﻗﺎﻌﺗﻣﻟﺍ ﻑﺍﺭﻁﻻﺍ ﺭﻘﻳ ﻡﻟﺎﻣ ﻝﻭﺣ ﻑﺍﺭﻁﻻﺍ ﻉﺯﺎﻧﺗ ﺍﺫﺍ ﺎﻣﺍ ،ﻥﻳﺩﻗﺎﻌﺗﻣﻠﻟ ﺔﻛﺭﺗﺷﻣﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺍﺭﻻﺍ ﻰﻟﺍ ﻲﺿﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻝﺻﻭﺗﻳ ﺔﻟﺎﺣﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲ
ﻲﺗﻟﺍﻭ ﻲﻧﺩﻣﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺭﺍﻭﻟﺍ ﺭﻳﺳﻔﺗﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻘﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺍ ﺄﺟﻠﻳ ﻥﺍ ﻪﻳﻠﻋ ﻝﺑ ﺎﻬﻳﻠﻋ ﻝﻳﻭﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﻲﺿﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻊﻳﻁﺗﺳﻳ ﻼﻓ ﺡﻭﺭﻁﻣﻟﺍ ﺭﻳﺳﻔﺗﻟﺍ ﻥﻣ
ﺎﻫﺯﺭﺑﺍ: ﺳﻔﺗ))((ﻥﻳﺩﻣﻟﺍ ﺔﺣﻠﺻﻣﻟ ﻙﺷﻟﺍ ﺭ
٢٤
.
ﻳﻟﻭ ﺩﺟﻳ ﻲﺿﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻥﻛﻟﻭ ﺎﺣﺿﺍﻭ ﻪﺗﺍﺫ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻳﺑﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﻛﻳ ﻥﺍ ﺙﺩﺣﻳ ﺩﻗ ﻝﺑ ﻩﺭﻳﺳﻔﺗ ﻲﺿﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﻭﺗﻳﻟ ﺎﺿﻣﺎﻏ ﻪﺗﺍﺫ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻳﺑﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﻛﻳ ﻥﺄﺑ ﺎﻁﺭﺷ ﺱ
ﺎﻣﻬﻣ ،ﺩﻘﻌﻠﻟ ﺔﺣﺿﺍﻭﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﺑﻌﻟﺍ ﺭﻳﺳﻔﺗ ﻰﻟﺍ ﺔﺟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺳﻔﻧ ﺩﺟﻳ ﺩﻗ ﻲﺿﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ)) :ﺩﺩﺻﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﺑ ﻱﺭﻭﻬﻧﺳﻟﺍ ﺭﻭﺗﻛﺩﻟﺍ ﻝﻭﻘﻳﻭ .ﻩﺭﻳﺳﻔﺗﻟ ﺔﺟﺎﺣﻟﺍ ﻎﻠﺑ
ﻠﺳﻭ ،ﺎﻬﺣﻭﺿﻭ ﻥﻛﻟﻭ ،ﺔﺣﺿﺍﻭ ﺎﻬﺗﺍﺫ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺎﺑﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﻛﺗ ﺩﻘﻓ ،ﺓﺩﺍﺭﻻﺍ ﺡﻭﺿﻭ ﺭﻳﻏ ﺓﺭﺎﺑﻌﻟﺍ ﺡﻭﺿﻭ ﻥﺃ ﻙﻟﺫ ﻡﺎﻬﺑﻹﺍﻭ ﺱﺑﻠﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻧﻋ ﻊﻔﺗﺭﺍﻭ ،ﺎﻫﺎﻧﻌﻣ ﺱ
ﺎﺣﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻔﻓ ،ﻰﻧﻌﻣﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻳﻘﺗﺳﻳ ﻻ ﻅﻔﻠﺑ ﻪﻧﻋ ﺍﺭﺑﻋﻭ ﻰﻧﻌﻣ ﺍﺩﺻﻘﻓ ﺢﺿﺍﻭﻟﺍ ﺭﻳﺑﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻝﺎﻣﻌﺗﺳﺍ ﺍءﺎﺳﺃ ﻥﻳﺩﻗﺎﻌﺗﻣﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻝﺩﺗ ﻑﻭﺭﻅﻟﺍ ﻻ ﺔﻟ
ﻲﺿﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺫﺧﺄﻳ((ﻥﺍﺩﻗﺎﻌﺗﻣﻟﺍ ﻪﻳﻟﺍ ﺩﺻﻗ ﻱﺫﻟﺍ ﻰﻧﻌﻣﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺍ ﻪﻧﻋ ﻝﺩﻌﻳ ﻝﺑ ،ﻅﻔﻠﻟ ﺢﺿﺍﻭﻟﺍ ﻰﻧﻌﻣﻟﺎﺑ
٢٥
.
ﻲﻓ ﻥﺍﺩﻗﺎﻌﺗﻣﻟﺍ ﺢﻠﻔﻳ ﻻ ﺎﻣﺩﻧﻋ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺢﺿﺍﻭ ﺭﻳﺑﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﻥﺍ ﻡﻏﺭ ﺔﺣﺿﺍﻭ ﺓﺩﺍﺭﻻﺍ ﻥﻭﻛﺗ ﻻ ﺩﻘﻓ ﺭﻳﺑﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﺡﻭﺿﻭ ﻻ ﺓﺩﺍﺭﻻﺍ ﺡﻭﺿﻭﺑ ﺓﺭﺑﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﺫﺍ
ﺭﻳﺑﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﻪﻣﻬﻳ ﻻ ﻥﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍﻭ ،ﺩﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺭﺑﺍ ﺩﻧﻋ ﺎﻣﻬﺗﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺭﻳﺑﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﻥﺋﺍﺭﻘﻟﺍ ﻭﺍ ﺩﻭﻬﺷﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻥﻣ ﺕﺑﺛ ﻭﻠﻓ ،ﺔﺣﺿﺍﻭﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺍﺭﻻﺍ ﻪﻣﻬﻳ ﺎﻣ ﺭﺩﻘﺑ ﺢﺿﺍﻭﻟﺍ
ﺩﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﺭﻳﺳﻔﺗ ﻰﻟﺍ ءﻭﺟﻠﻟﺍ ﻊﻳﻁﺗﺳﻳ ﻲﺿﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ﺓﺭﺎﺑﻌﻟﺍ ﺡﻭﺿﻭ ﻡﻏﺭ ﺩﻗﺎﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﺩﻧﻋ ﻪﻧﻋ ﺍﺭﺑﻋ ﻱﺫﻟﺍ ﺭﻳﻏ ﺎﺋﻳﺷ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﻥﻳﺩﻗﺎﻌﺗﻣﻟﺍ ﻥﺄﺑ، ﻡﻛﺣﻟﺍ ءﺎﻁﻋﺍﻭ
ﻧﻟﺍ ﻑﺭﺻﺑ ﻙﻟﺫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻟﺍﺩﻟﺍ ﻥﺋﺁﺭﻘﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺩﻭﻬﺷﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻬﺷ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍءﺎﻧﺑ ﻥﺍ ﻲﻐﺑﻧﻳ ﺎﻣﺑﻭ ﻝﻣﺎﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻳﺑﻁﺑ ﻙﻟﺫ ﻲﻓ ءﺍﺩﻬﺗﺳﻻﺍ ﻊﻣ ،ﺭﻳﺑﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﺡﻭﺿﻭ ﻥﻋ ﺭﻅ
ﺕﻼﻣﺎﻌﻣﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺭﺎﺟﻟﺍ ﻑﺭﻌﻠﻟ ﺎﻘﻓﻭ ،ﻥﻳﺩﻗﺎﻌﺗﻣﻟﺍ ﻥﻳﺑ ﺔﻘﺛﻭ ﺔﻧﺎﻣﺍ ﻥﻣ ﺭﻓﻭﺗﻳ
٢٦
) ﺓﺩﺎﻣﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻗﺍﺭﻌﻟﺍ ﻲﻧﺩﻣﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻩﺭﺭﻘﻳ ﺎﻣ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ .١٥٥ ﺎﻣﻧﻳﺣ (
ﻝﻭﻘﻳ: ))١ - ﺍﻭ ﻅﺎﻔﻟﻸﻟ ﻻ ﻲﻧﺎﻌﻣﻟﺍﻭ ﺩﺻﺎﻘﻣﻠﻟ ﺩﻭﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺑﻌﻟﺍ ﻲﻧﺎﺑﻣﻟ٢- ﻰﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﺻﻳﻓ ﺔﻘﻳﻘﺣﻟﺍ ﺕﺭﺫﻌﺗ ﺍﺫﺍ ﺎﻣﺍ .ﺔﻘﻳﻘﺣﻟﺍ ﻡﻼﻛﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻝﺻﻻﺍ ﻥﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ
((ﺯﺎﺟﻣﻟﺍ
٢٧
) ﺓﺩﺎﻣﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺭﺻﻣﻟﺍ ﻲﻧﺩﻣﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻙﻟﺫﻛﻭ .١٥٠)) :ﺢﻳﺭﺻ ﺹﻧﺑ ﻝﻭﻘﺗ ﻲﺗﻟﺍ ﻪﻧﻣ (١- ﺯﻭﺟﻳ ﻼﻓ ﺔﺣﺿﺍﻭ ﺩﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﺑﻋ ﺕﻧﺎﻛ ﺍﺫﺇ
.ﻥﻳﺩﻗﺎﻌﺗﻣﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺍﺭﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﻌﺗﻠﻟ ﺎﻫﺭﻳﺳﻔﺗ ﻖﻳﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﺎﻬﻧﻋ ﻑﺍﺭﺣﻧﻻﺍ٢ - ﻣﺃﺩﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﺭﻳﺳﻔﺗﻟ ﻝﺣﻣ ﻙﺎﻧﻫ ﻥﺎﻛ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺎ ﺔﻛﺭﺗﺷﻣﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﻧﻟﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺙﺣﺑﻟﺍ ﺏﺟﻳﻓ ،

ﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﺠﻣﺔﻴﻧﺎﺴﻧﻻ - ﻞﻴﺑﺭﺍ /ﻦﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﺡﻼﺻ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺎﻫﺭﺪﺼﺗ - ) ﺩﺪﻌﻟﺍ٤٤ﺔﻨﺴﻟ (٢٠١٠
٣٠٩
ﻟﻟﺍ ﻥﻳﺑ ﺔﻘﺛﻭ ﺔﻧﺎﻣﺃ ﻥﻣ ﺭﻓﺍﻭﺗﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻲﻐﺑﻧﻳ ﺎﻣﺑﻭ ،ﻝﻣﺎﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻳﺑﻁﺑ ﻙﻟﺫ ﻲﻓ ءﺍﺩﻬﺗﺳﻻﺍ ﻊﻣ ،ﻅﺎﻔﻟﻸﻟ ﻲﻓﺭﺣﻟﺍ ﻰﻧﻌﻣﻟﺍ ﺩﻧﻋ ﻑﻭﻗﻭﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﺩ ﻥﻳﺩﻗﺎﻌﺗﻣﻠ ﻥﻳﺩﻗﺎﻌﺗﻣ
ﺕﻼﻣﺎﻌﻣﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺭﺎﺟﻟﺍ ﻑﺭﻌﻠﻟ ﺎﻘﻓﻭ((
٢٨
.
ﺟﺗﻻﺍ ﻪﻳﻠﻋ ﺎﻣ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ﺔﻳﻧﻳﺗﻼﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺯﻧﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺔﻳﺑﺭﻐﻟﺍ ﻝﻭﺩﻟﺍ ﻥﻣ ﺎﻫﺭﻳﻏﻭ ﺭﺻﻣﻭ ﻕﺍﺭﻌﻟﺍ ﻝﺛﻣ ﺔﻳﺑﺭﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﺍﺩﻠﺑﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻧﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻪﻘﻔﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺏﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﻩﺎ
ﺎﻳﻟﺎﻁﻳﺍﻭ ﺎﺳﻧﺭﻓ ﻝﺛﻣ
٢٩
ﻝﻅ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻳﺭﺻﻣﻟﺍ ﺽﻘﻧﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﻛﺣﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺿﻭﺭﻌﻣﻟﺍ ﺎﻳﺎﺿﻘﻟﺍ ﻯﺩﺣﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺭﻭ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺏﻧﺎﺟﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻘﻔﻠﻟ ﻖﻓﺍﻭﻣ ءﺎﺿﻘﻟﺍ ﻥﺍﻭ ﺎﻣﻛ ،
:ﻥﺍ ﻭﻫ ﻡﻳﺩﻘﻟﺍ ﻥﻳﻧﻘﺗﻟﺍ ﻰﻧﻌﻣﻠﻟ ﻪﺗﻔﻟﺎﺧﻣ ﻙﻟﺫ ﻰﺿﺗﻗﺍ ﻭﻟﻭ ﺎﻣﻬﻧﻣ ﻡﺯﺗﻠﻣﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﻧ ﻭﺍ ﻥﻳﺩﻗﺎﻌﺗﻣﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﻧ ﻖﻓﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺭﺣﻣﻟﺍﻭ ﺩﻭﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﺭﻳﺳﻔﺗ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻁﻠﺳﻟﺍ ﻲﺿﺎﻘﻠﻟ))
((ﺎﻬﺑ ﺕﻐﻳﺻ ﻲﺗﻟﺍ ﻅﺎﻔﻟﻸﻟ ﻱﻭﻐﻠﻟﺍ
٣٠
ﺔﻳﻘﻳﻘﺣﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺍﺭﻺﻟ ﺎﻬﺗﻔﻟﺎﺧﻣ ﻥﺎﺑ ﺍﺫﺍ ﺔﺣﺿﺍﻭ ﺕﻧﺎﻛ ﻭﻟﻭ ﺩﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺑﻌﺑ ﺍﺩﻳﻘﻣ ﻥﻭﻛﻳﻻ ﻲﺿﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻥﺍ ﻙﻟﺫ ﻯﺩﺅﻣﻭ .
ﻲﺗﻟﺍﻭ ،ﻪﻳﻓﺭﻁﻟﻩﺍﺭﻳ ﻖﻳﺭﻁ ﻱﺍ ﻥﻣ ﺎﻬﺻﻠﺧﺗﺳﻳ
٣١
.
ﺔﻳﺭﺻﻣﻟﺍ ﺽﻘﻧﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﻛﺣﻣ ﺕﺿﻗﻭ ﺓﺩﺎﻣﻟﺍ ﻥﻣ ﻰﻟﻭﻻﺍ ﺓﺭﻘﻔﻟﺍ ﺹﻧ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺎﺑﻌﻟﺍ ﺡﻭﺿﻭﺑ ﺩﻭﺻﻘﻣﻟﺍ)) :ﻥﺄﺑ ﺓﺩﺎﻣﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺩﺩﺻﺑ١٥٠ ﺡﻭﺿﻭ ﻭﻫ
((ﻅﻔﻠﻟﺍ ﻻ ﺓﺩﺍﺭﻻﺍ
٣٢
ﻣﻟﺍ ﻑﺻﻭﻟﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺭﻳﺑﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﺡﻭﺿﻭﻓ ﺓﺩﺍﺭﻻﺍ ﺡﻭﺿﻭﻭ ﺭﻳﺑﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﺡﻭﺿﻭ ﻥﻳﺑ ﻕﺭﻔﻳ ﻱﺭﺻﻣﻟﺍ ﻉﺭﺷﻣﻟﺍ ﻥﺄﺑ ﺞﺗﻧﺗﺳﻧ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻣ . ﻖﻠﻌﺗ
) ﺓﺩﺎﻣﻟﺍ ﻪﺗﺭﻗﺍ ﻱﺫﻟﺍﻭ ﻲﻟﺎﻘﻣﻟﺍ ﻕﺎﻳﺳﻟﺍ ﻭﺍ ﻲﻓﺭﺣﻟﺍ ﻰﻧﻌﻣﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ءﺎﻬﻘﻓ ﺩﻧﻋ ﻪﻳﻠﻋ ﺢﻠﻁﺻﻳ ﺎﻣ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ﻪﺗﺍﺫ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻳﺑﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﻭﺍ ﻅﻔﻠﻟﺎﺑ١٥٠ ﻥﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻥﻣ (
ﻲﻓ ﻥﻳﻘﻳﻗﺩ ﻥﺎﻧﻭﻛﻳ ﺩﻗﻭ ،ﺩﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺭﺑﺍ ﺩﻧﻋ ﻥﺍﺩﻗﺎﻌﺗﻣﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻧﻋ ﺭﺑﻋ ﻲﺗﻟﺍ ﺔﺑﻏﺭﻟﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺓﺩﺍﺭﻻﺍ ﺡﻭﺿﻭﺑ ﺩﻭﺻﻘﻣﻟﺍ ﺎﻣﻧﻳﺑ ،ﺎﺿﻳﺍ ﻱﺭﺻﻣﻟﺍ ﻲﻧﺩﻣﻟﺍﺭﻳﺑﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﻥﻋ
.ﺎﺣﺿﺍﻭ ﺎﻣﻬﻳﻠﻛ ﺭﻳﺑﻌﺗﻟﺍﻭ ﺓﺩﺍﺭﻻﺍ ﻥﻭﻛﺗ ﻲﻟﺎﺗﻟﺎﺑﻭ ﺎﻣﻬﺗﺩﺍﺭﺍ
ﻭﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﺻﻼﺧﻝ ﻥﻭﻛﺗ ﺎﻧﻫ ،ﺭﻳﺑﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﻙﻟﺫ ﻲﻓ ﻩﺍﺩﺻﻘﻳ ﻱﺫﻟﺍ ﻰﻧﻌﻣﻟﺍ ﻥﺄﺷﺑ ﻥﺎﻔﻠﺗﺧﻳ ﻻ ﺎﻣﻬﻧﻛﻟﻭ ،ﺓﺩﺍﺭﻻﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻟﻻﺩﻠﻟ ﺎﻘﻳﻗﺩ ﻥﻭﻛﻳ ﻻ ﺩﻗ ﺭﻳﺑﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﻥﺍ
ﺍ ﻲﻣﺳﻳ ﻥﺍ ﻙﻟﺫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻝﺎﺛﻣﻟﺍﻭ ،ﺢﺿﺍﻭ ﺭﻳﻏ ﺭﻳﺑﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﻥﻛﻟﻭ ﺔﺣﺿﺍﻭ ﺓﺩﺍﺭﻻﺍ ﻭﺍ ،ﻝﻣﻋ ﺩﻘﻋ ﻥﻭﻛﻳ ﺭﻣﻻﺍ ﺔﻘﻳﻘﺣ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻛﻟﻭ ،ﺔﻟﻭﺎﻘﻣ ﻪﻧﺄﺑ ﺎﻣﻫﺩﻘﻋ ﻥﺍﺩﻗﺎﻌﺗﻣﻟ
ﻥﻛﻟﻭ ،ﺢﻳﺣﺻﻟﺍ ﻑﻳﻳﻛﺗﻟﺍ ﺩﻘﻌﻟﺍ ءﺎﻁﻋﺍﻭ ﺔﻟﺄﺳﻣﻟﺍ ﻡﺳﺣ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺑﻭﻌﺻ ﻲﺿﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺩﺟﻳ ﻻ ﺔﻟﺎﺣﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ،ﺽﻭﻌﺑ ﺔﺑﻫ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻣﻧﻳﺑ ﻊﻳﺑ ﻪﻧﺄﺑ ﺩﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﺎﻳﻣﺳﻳ ﻥﺍ ﻭﻟ
ﺭﺍﻭ ﺔﻠﺛﻣﻻﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻳﺑﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﻥﺎﻛ
ً
ﺩﺭﻁﻻﺍ ﻪﻧﺄﺷ ﻲﻓ ﻖﻔﺗﻳ ﻻ ﻥﻛﻟﻭ ﺍ ﻥﺍ ﺢﺿﺍﻭﻟﺎﻓ ،ﺓﺩﺍﺭﻻﺍ ﺡﻭﺿﻭ ﻡﺩﻋﻭ ﺭﻳﺑﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﺡﻭﺿﻭ ﻡﺎﻣﺍ ﻥﻭﻛﻧ ﺔﻟﺎﺣﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻔﻓ ﻑﺍ
ﺍ ﻊﻳﻁﺗﺳﻳ ﻻ ﻲﺿﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺎﻧﻫ .ﺎﺿﻳﺍ ﺔﻓﻭﺭﻌﻣﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﺗﻟﻻﺩ ﺎﻬﻟ "ﺔﻟﻭﺎﻘﻣﻟﺍ ﺩﻘﻋ" ﺓﺭﺎﺑﻋ ﻥﺍﻭ ﺎﻣﻛ ،ﺎﻧﻭﻧﺎﻗ ﺔﻓﻭﺭﻌﻣﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﺗﻟﻻﺩ ﺎﻬﻟ "ﻝﻣﻌﻟﺍ ﺩﻘﻋ" ﺓﺭﺎﺑﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﻣﻳ ﻥ
ﺑ ﺔﻟﻭﺎﻘﻣ ﻪﻧﺄﺑ ﺩﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﺭﺑﺗﻌﻳﻭ ﻡﺍﺭﻛﻟﺍ ﺭﻭﺭﻣ ﺔﻟﺄﺳﻣﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ،ﺔﻟﻭﺎﻘﻣﻟﺍ ﺩﻘﻋ ﻡﺳﺎﺑ ﻩﺎﻳﻣﺳ ﺓﺩﻗﺎﻌﺗﻣﻟﺍ ﻑﺍﺭﻁﻻﺍ ﻥﺍ ﺩﺭﺟﻣﻟ ﻝﻣﻋ ﺩﻘﻋ ﺭﻣﻻﺍ ﺔﻘﻳﻘﺣ ﻲﻓ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻣﻧﻳ
.ﺽﻭﻌﺑ ﺔﺑﻫ ﻪﺗﻘﻳﻘﺣ ﻲﻓ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻣﻧﻳﺑ ﻊﻳﺑ ﺩﻘﻋ ﻪﻧﺄﺑ ﺩﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﺑﺗﻋﺍ ﻭﺍ
ﻙﺎﻧﻫ ﻥﻭﻛﻳﺳﻓ ﻻﺍﻭ ﻪﻳﻠﻋ ﺹﻭﺻﻧﻣﻟﺍ ﻰﻧﻌﻣﻟﺍ ﻙﻟﺫ ﻰﻟﺍ ﻥﻳﺩﻗﺎﻌﺗﻣﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﻑﺭﺻﻧﻳ ﻥﺍ ﻙﻟﺫﻛﻭ ﺎﺣﺿﺍﻭ ﻪﺗﺍﺫ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻳﺑﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﻛﻳ ﻥﺍ ﺏﺟﻳ ﻥﺫﺍ ﻝﻠﺧ
ﺍﺫﻬﺑ ﻲﺿﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻡﻭﻘﻳ ﻑﻳﻛ ﻥﻛﻟﻭ .ﺩﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻩﺩﺳﻳ ﻥﺍ ﻲﺿﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﺟﺍﻭﻟﺍ ﻥﻣ؟ ﻰﻧﻌﻣﻟﺍ ﻭﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﺑﻌﻠﻟ ﻲﺣﻼﻁﺻﻻﺍ ﻰﻧﻌﻣﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺍ ﻡﻛﺎﺣﺗﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻥﻣ ﺎﻌﺑﻁ
.ﻲﻋﻭﺿﻭﻣﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻳﻌﻣﻟﺍﻭ ﻲﺻﺧﺷﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻳﻌﻣﻟﺎﺑ ﺫﺧﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺝﺭﺩﺗ ﺩﻭﺟﻭ ﻰﻟﺍ ﻝﺻﻭﺗﻧ ﺎﻧﻫ ﻥﻣ .ﺩﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺭﺍﻭﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﺑﻌﻠﻟ ﺱﺎﻧﻟﺍ ﻥﻳﺑ ﻪﻳﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﺎﻌﺗﻣﻟﺍ
ﺎﻘﻟﺎﻓﻓ ﻥﻳﺩﻗﺎﻌﺗﻣﻟﺍ ﻥﻳﺑ ﻑﻼﺗﺧﻻﺍ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻛﻟﻭ ﺎﻣﻬﻧﻳﺑ ﻕﺎﻔﺗﻻﺍ ﻁﺎﻘﻧ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻥﻣ ﻥﻳﺩﻗﺎﻌﺗﻣﻠﻟ ﺔﻛﺭﺗﺷﻣﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺍﺭﻻﺍ ﻰﻟﺍ ﻑﺭﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﻥﻛﻣﺍ ﺎﻣﺛﻳﺣ ﻝﻭﺎﺣﻳ ﻲﺿ ﻼ

ﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﺠﻣﺔﻴﻧﺎﺴﻧﻻ - ﻞﻴﺑﺭﺍ /ﻦﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﺡﻼﺻ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺎﻫﺭﺪﺼﺗ - ) ﺩﺪﻌﻟﺍ٤٤ﺔﻨﺴﻟ (٢٠١٠
٣١٠
ﻧﻋ ﻰﻣﺳﻳ ﻱﺫﻟﺍﻭ ﻲﻓﺭﺣﻟﺍ ﻰﻧﻌﻣﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻣﺗﻌﻳ ﻻ ﺔﻳﻅﻔﻠﻟﺍ ﺔﻟﻻﺩﻠﻟ ﻩﺭﻳﺳﻔﺗ ﺩﻧﻋ ﻪﻧﻛﻟﻭ ،ﺓﺭﺎﺑﻌﻠﻟ ﺔﻳﻅﻔﻠﻟﺍ ﺔﻟﻻﺩﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻝﻳﻭﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﻻﺍ ﻪﻣﺎﻣﺍ ﻝﻳﺑﺳﺍ ﺩ ﻥﻳﻳﻭﻐﻠﻟ
ﻳﻓ ﺕﻠﻳﻗ ﻲﺗﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﻓﺎﻘﺛﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺻﺗﻗﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﻋﺎﻣﺗﺟﻻﺍ ﻑﻭﺭﻅﻟﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺭﻅﻧﻟﺍ ﺽﻐﺑ ﺱﻳﻣﺍﻭﻘﻟﺍﻭ ﻡﺟﺎﻌﻣﻟﺍ ﻥﻣ ﺓﺩﺎﻋ ﺫﺧﺄﻳ ﻱﺫﻟﺍ ﻲﻟﺎﻘﻣﻟﺍ ﻲﻗﺎﻳﺳﻟﺍ ﻰﻧﻌﻣﻟﺎﺑ ﻝﺑ ،ﻪ
ﺭﺳﻔﻳ ﺎﻣ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ .ﺎﻔﻧﺁ ﺎﻫﺎﻧﺭﻛﺫ ﻲﺗﻟﺍ ﻯﺭﺧﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺑﺗﻋﻻﺍﻭ ﻡﻼﻛﻟﺍ ﻕﺎﻳﺳ ﺓﺎﻋﺍﺭﻣﺑ ﻝﺛﻣﺗﻣﻟﺍ ﻲﻗﺎﻳﺳﻟﺍ ﻰﻧﻌﻣﻟﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻣ ﻰﻟﺍ ﻊﺟﺭﻳ ﻥﺍ ﻪﻳﻠﻋ ﻲﻓ ءﺎﺟﺎﻣ ﺎﻧﻟ
ﺓﺩﺎﻣﻟﺍ١٥٠ ﻪﻧﻣ ﺕﺫﺧﺍ ﻲﺗﻟﺍ ﻯﺭﺧﻻﺍ ﺔﻳﺑﺭﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﻧﺩﻣﻟﺍ ﻥﻳﻧﺍﻭﻘﻟﺍﻭ ﻱﺭﺻﻣﻟﺍ ﻲﻧﺩﻣﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻥﻣ
٣٣
.
) ﻲﻟﻭﺩﻟﺍ ﻊﺋﺎﺿﺑﻟﺍ ﻊﻳﺑﻟ ﺎﻧﻳﻳﻓ ﺔﻳﻗﺎﻔﺗﺇ ﺹﺧﻳ ﺎﻣﻳﻓﻭCISG) ﺓﺩﺎﻣﻟﺍ ﺹﻧﺗ (٨:ﻲﺗﺄﻳ ﺎﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﻧﻣ (
))١- ﻳﻓﺭﻁﻟﺍ ﺩﺣﺃ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﺻﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻓﺭﺻﺗﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻳﺑﻟﺍ ﺭﺳﻔﺗ ﺔﻳﻗﺎﻔﺗﻹﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻡﻛﺣ ﻰﻓﻬﺑ ﻡﻠﻌﻳ ﺭﺧﻵﺍ ﻑﺭﻁﻟﺍ ﻥﺎﻛ ﻰﺗﻣ ﻑﺭﻁﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻩﺩﺻﻗ ﺎﻣﻟ ﺎﻘﻓﻭ ﻥ ﺍﺫ
.ﻪﻠﻬﺟﻳ ﻥﺍ ﻥﻛﻣﻳﻻ ﻭﺃ ،ﺩﺻﻘﻟﺍ
٢- ﺱﻔﻧ ﻥﻣﻭ ،ﻙﺍﺭﺩﻻﺍ ﻱﻭﺳ ﺹﺧﺷ ﻪﻣﻬﻔﻳ ﺎﻣﻟ ﺎﻘﻓﻭ ﻥﻳﻓﺭﻁﻟﺍ ﺩﺣﺃ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﺻﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻓﺭﺻﺗﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻳﺑﻟﺍ ﺭﺳﻔﺗ ،ﺔﻘﺑﺎﺳﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﻘﻔﻟﺍ ﻥﺎﻳﺭﺳ ﻡﺩﻋ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻰﻓ
ﺍ ﻑﺭﻁﻟﺍ ﺔﻔﺻﻑﻭﺭﻅﻟﺍ ﺱﻔﻧ ﻰﻓ ﻊﺿﻭ ﺍﺫﺍ ﺭﺧﻵ.
٣- ﺎﻣﺩﻧﻋ ،ﺔﻟﺎﺣﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻠﺻﺗﻣﻟﺍ ﻑﻭﺭﻅﻟﺍ ﻊﻳﻣﺟ ﺭﺎﺑﺗﻋﻻﺍ ﻰﻓ ﺫﺧﺅﻳ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺟﻳ ﻙﺍﺭﺩﻻﺍ ﻱﻭﺳ ﺹﺧﺷ ﻪﻣﻬﻔﻳ ﺎﻣ ﻭﺍ ﻥﻳﻓﺭﻁﻟﺍ ﺩﺣﺃ ﺩﺻﻗ ﻥﻳﻳﻌﺗﺑ ﺭﻣﻷﺍ ﻖﻠﻌﺗﻳ
ﺎﻣﻬﻧﻋ ﺭﺩﺎﺻ ﻖﺣﻻ ﻑﺭﺻﺗ ﻱﺃﻭ ﻑﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍﻭ ﺎﻣﻬﻧﻳﺑ ﻝﻣﺎﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻳﻠﻋ ﺭﻘﺗﺳﺍ ﻰﺗﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻌﻟﺍﻭ ،ﻥﻳﻓﺭﻁﻟﺍ ﻥﻳﺑ ﺕﻣﺗ ﺩﻗ ﻥﻭﻛﺗ ﻰﺗﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺿﻭﺎﻔﻣﻟﺍ ﺎﻣﻳﺳﻻ((.
ﻫ ﻥﻣ ﺞﺗﻧﺗﺳﻧ ﻥﺄﺑ ﺓﺩﺎﻣﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﺓﺩﺍﺭﺇ ،ﺩﺻﻘﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺍ ﺭﻳﺷﻳ ﺙﻳﺣ ﻙﻟﺫ ﻲﻓ ﺢﻳﺭﺻ ﺓﺩﺎﻣﻟﺍ ﻕﻭﻁﻧﻣﻭ .ﺓﺭﺎﺑﻌﻠﻟ ﻲﻓﺭﺣﻟﺍ ﻰﻧﻌﻣﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﺩﻘﻣ ﻑﺍﺭﻁﻷﺍ
ﻻ ﻭﺍ ﺩﺻﻘﻟﺍ ﻙﻟﺫﺑ ﺎﻣﻟﺎﻋ ﻝﺑﺎﻘﻣﻟﺍ ﻑﺭﻁﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﻛﻳ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻁﻳﺭﺷ ﻥﻛﻟﻭ ﺕﺎﻓﺭﺻﺗﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻳﺑﻟﺍ ﻪﻧﻣ ﺭﺩﺎﺻﻟﺍ ﻑﺭﻁﻟﺍ ﺩﺻﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﻧﻣ ﻰﻟﻭﻷﺍ ﺓﺭﻘﻔﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻝﻭﻌﻳﻭ
،ﻪﻠﻬﺟﻳ ﻥﺍ ﻥﻛﻣﻳﻧﻌﻳ ﺍﺫﻫﻭﻲﺻﻘﺗ ﻥﻣ ﺩﻌﺑﺍ ﻰﻟﺍ ﺏﻫﺫﺗ ﺔﻳﻗﺎﻔﺗﻻﺍ ﻥﺄﺑ ﻲ ﻪﻧﻛﻟﻭ ﺭﺧﻵﺍ ﻥﻭﺩ ﻥﻳﻓﺭﻁﻟﺍ ﺩﺣﺍ ﺔﻳﻧ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻝﻭﻌﻳ ﺙﻳﺣ ،ﻥﻳﻓﺭﻁﻠﻟ ﺔﻛﺭﺗﺷﻣﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﻧﻟﺍ
ﺔﻳﻧﻳﺗﻼﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻳﺭﺷﺗﻟﺍ ﻊﻣ ﻖﻔﺗﺗ ﻻ ﺔﻳﻗﺎﻔﺗﻻﺍ ﻥﺍ ﻲﻟﺎﺗﻟﺎﺑﻭ ﻪﻠﻬﺟ ﺔﻳﻧﺎﻛﻣﺍ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻭﺍ ﺔﻳﻧﻟﺍ ﻙﻠﺗﺑ ﻝﺑﺎﻘﻣﻟﺍ ﻑﺭﻁﻟﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻧﻳﺑ ﻥﻣ ﻁﺑﺍﻭﺿ ﻪﻟ ﺩﺩﺣﻳ ﺩﺍﺩﺗﻋﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ
ﺗﺷﻣﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﻧﻟﺎﺑﻰﻟﻭﻻﺍ ﺔﺟﺭﺩﻟﺎﺑ ﻥﻳﺩﻗﺎﻌﺗﻣﻠﻟ ﺔﻛﺭ
٣٤
.
ﻑﺭﻁﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺓﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻁﺭﺗﺷﻳ ﺙﻳﺣ ﺔﻳﻋﻭﺿﻭﻣ ﻁﺑﺍﻭﺿ ﻰﻟﺍ ﺍﺩﺎﻧﺗﺳﺍ ﻥﻛﻟﻭ ﺓﺭﻘﻔﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻳﺻﺧﺷﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺭﻅﻧﻟﺎﺑ ﺫﺧﺄﺗ ﺔﻳﻗﺎﻔﺗﻻﺍ ﻥﺍ ﻅﺣﻼﻣﻟﺍﻭ
ﺭﻳﺳﻔﺗ ﺩﻧﻋ ﺭﺭﻘﻳﻟ ﺔﻳﻧﺎﺛﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﻘﻔﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺗﺄﻳ ﺎﻣﻧﻳﺑ ،ﺕﻼﻣﺎﻌﻣﻟﺍ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﺗﺳﺍ ﺃﺩﺑﻣ ﻙﻟﺫﺑ ﺎﻳﻋﺍﺭﻣ ﻝﺑﺎﻘﻣﻟﺍ ﻑﺭﻁﻟﺍ ﻥﻣ ﻡﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﻣ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﺻﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻓﺭﺻﺗﻟﺍﻭ ،ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻳﺑﻟﺍ
ﺗﻋﻻﺍ ﺭﻅﻧﺑ ﺍﺫﺧﺁ ،ﺩﺎﺗﻌﻣﻟﺍ ﺹﺧﺷﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻳﻌﻣ ﻰﻟﺍ ءﻭﺟﻠﻟﺍ ،ﻡﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻟﺎﻣﻫﺍ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻭﺍ ،ﻩﺩﺻﻘﺑ ﻝﺑﺎﻘﻣﻟﺍ ﻑﺭﻁﻟﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ﻡﺩﻋ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ ،ﻥﻳﻓﺭﻁﻟﺍ ﺩﺣﺍ ﺭﺎﺑ
ﻘﺗﺳﺍ ﻲﺗﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻌﻟﺍﻭ ،ﻥﻳﻓﺭﻁﻟﺍ ﻥﻳﺑ ﺕﻣﺗ ﺩﻗ ﻥﻭﻛﺗ ﻲﺗﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺿﻭﺎﻔﻣﻟﺍ ﺎﻣﻳﺳﻻ ،ﺔﻟﺎﺣﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻠﺻﺗﻣﻟﺍ ﻑﻭﺭﻅﻟﺍ ﻊﻳﻣﺟ ،ﻑﺍﺭﻋﻻﺍﻭ ،ﺎﻣﻬﻧﻳﺑ ﻝﻣﺎﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻳﻠﻋ ﺭ
ﺎﻣﻬﻧﻋ ﺭﺩﺎﺻ ﻖﺣﻻ ﻑﺭﺻﺗ ﻱﺍﻭ
٣٥
.
ﺎﻣﺍﻷﺎﻓ ﺔﻳﻣﻼﺳﻻﺍ ﺔﻌﻳﺭﺷﻟﺍ ءﺎﻬﻘﻓ ﺩﻧﻋﺭﻭﻬﻣﺟ ﻯﺭﻳﻓ ﻑﻼﺧ ﻪﻳﻓ ﺭﻣ ﺭﻅﻧﻳ ﻻ ﺩﻗﺎﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﺩﻧﻋ ﻪﻧﺍ ﺔﻠﺑﺎﻧﺣﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﻛﻟﺎﻣﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﻔﻧﺣﻟﺍ ﻥﻣ ءﺎﻬﻘﻔﻟﺍ ﻁﻘﻓ
ﺍ ﻭﻫ ﻲﻘﻳﻘﺣﻟﺍ ﺩﻭﺻﻘﻣﻟﺍ ﻥﻷ ،ﺩﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﻳﺣ ﻥﺍﺩﻗﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻠﻣﻌﺗﺳﻳ ﻲﺗﻟﺍ ﻅﺎﻔﻟﻼﻟﺍ ﺱﻳﻟﻭ ﻰﻧﻌﻣﻟﻷﺎﻓ ،ﺔﻠﻣﻌﺗﺳﻣﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻳﺻﻟﺍ ﻻﻭ ،ﻅﻔﻠﻟ ﺏﻟﺍﻭﻗ ﻯﻭﺳ ﺕﺳﻳﻟ ﻅﺎﻔﻟ

ﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﺠﻣﺔﻴﻧﺎﺴﻧﻻ - ﻞﻴﺑﺭﺍ /ﻦﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﺡﻼﺻ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺎﻫﺭﺪﺼﺗ - ) ﺩﺪﻌﻟﺍ٤٤ﺔﻨﺴﻟ (٢٠١٠
٣١١
ﻲﻧﺎﺑﻣﻟﺍﻭ ﻅﺎﻔﻟﻻﺎﺑ ﻻ ﻲﻧﺎﻌﻣﻟﺍﻭ ﺩﺻﺎﻘﻣﻟﺎﺑ ﺩﻭﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺑﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﺄﺑ ﻝﻭﻘﺗ ﻲﺗﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﻘﻟﺎﺑ ﻼﻣﻋ ﻲﻧﺎﻌﻣﻠﻟ
٣٦
ﻥﺋﺍﺭﻘﻟﺍﻭ ﻑﺭﻌﻟﺎﺑ ﺩﺻﻘﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﻥﻛﻣﻳﻭ .
ﻧﺭﺎﻘﻣﻟﺍ ﻅﺎﻔﻟﻻﺎﺑ ﻭﺍ ،ﻪﻟ ﺔﻘﺑﺎﺳﻟﺍ ﻭﺍ ﺩﻘﻌﻠﻟ ﺔﺑﺣﺎﺻﻣﻟﺍ ﻝﺍﻭﺣﻻﺍﻭﺩﻘﻌﻠﻟ ﺔ
٣٧
.ﺭﻛﺫﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﺑﺎﺳﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺑﺭﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﻌﻳﺭﺷﺗﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻫﺎﺟﺗﻻﺍ ﻊﻣ ﻖﻓﺍﻭﺗﻳ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ .
ﺭﻌﺷﻳ ﻱﺫﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻬﻔﺗﺳﻻﺍ ﺔﻐﻳﺻ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻫﻭﻌﺿﻭ ﺩﻘﻓ ﺍﺫﻟ ، ﺔﻠﺑﺎﻧﺣﻟﺍ ﻥﻣ ﺏﺟﺭ ﻥﺑﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻳﻌﻓﺎﺷﻟﺍ ءﺎﻬﻘﻓ ﺩﻧﻋ ﻑﻼﺗﺧﺍ ﻝﺣﻣ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺎﻣﻧﻳﺑ
ﻼﺧﻟﺍ ﻝﻭﺣ ﺔﻠﺛﻣﻻﺍ ﻥﻣ ﺭﻳﺛﻛﻟﺍ ﻲﻁﻭﻳﺳﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻣﻻﺍ ﺩﺭﻭﻳ ﻭ ،ﻑﻼﺧﻟﺎﺑﻠﻋ ﻡﻛﺣﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻑﻬﻧﻣ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻰ :ﺎ ،ﺍﺫﻛ ﻪﺗﻔﺻ ،
ً
ﺎﺑﻭﺛ ﻙﻧﻣ ﺕﻳﺭﺗﺷﺍ :ﻝﺎﻗ ﺍﺫﺇ :))
ﻲﻧﺎﺛﻟﺍﻭ ،ﻅﻔﻠﻟﺎﺑ ﺍﺭﺎﺑﺗﻋﺍ ؛ﺎﻌﻳﺑ ﺩﻘﻌﻧﻳ ﻪﻧﺃ :ﻥﺎﺧﻳﺷﻟﺍ ﺢﺟﺭﻓ ﻙﺗﻌﺑ :ﻝﺎﻘﻓ :ﻡﻫﺍﺭﺩﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﺑ- ﻲﻛﺑﺳﻟﺍ ﻪﺣﺟﺭﻭ- ((ﻰﻧﻌﻣﻟﺎﺑ ﺍﺭﺎﺑﺗﻋﺍ
ً
ﺎﻣﻠﺳ
٣٨
.
ﻲﻧﺎﺛﻟﺍ ﺙﺣﺑﻣﻟﺍ
ﺔﻳﺩﻗﺎﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺍﺭﻻﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺭﻳﺑﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺡﻭﺿﻭﻟﺍ ﺹﺋﺎﺻﺧ
ﺍ ﻥﺄﺑ ﺎﻧﻔﺳﺅﻳﻧﺍﻭﺟ ﻥﺎﻳﺑﻭ ﻉﻭﺿﻭﻣﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻰﻟﺍ ﻕﺭﻁﺗﺗ ﻡﻟ ﺹﻭﺻﺧﻟﺍ ﻪﺟﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻕﺍﺭﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﻡﻭﻣﻌﻟﺍ ﻪﺟﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻳﺑﺭﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﺍﺩﻠﺑﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻳﻧﺍﻭﻘﻟ ﻭ ،ﻪﺑ
ﺡﻭﺿﻭﻟﺍ ﺹﺋﺎﺻﺧ ﺔﻟﺄﺳﻣ ﺹﺧﻻﺎﺑ ﻯﻭﺳ ﻡﺗﻬﺗ ﻡﻟ ﺩﻼﺑﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻳﻧﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﻬﻘﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻔﻟﺅﻣﻟﺍ ﻥﺎﻓ ﺍﺫﻟ ﻉﻭﺿﻭﻣﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﺑ ﺎﻬﻧﻣ ﺭﻳﺳﻳﻟﺍ ﺭﺫﻧﻟﺍ، ﻲﻟﺎﺗﻟﺎﺑﻭ
ﺩﻳﺩﺣﺗ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻧﻔﻌﺳﺗ ﻻ ﻲﻬﻓ .ﻪﺑﻧﺍﻭﺟ
ﺕﺎﻌﻳﺭﺷﺗ ﺓﺩﻋ ﺕﺭﺩﺻ ﺩﻘﻓ ﺹﻭﺻﺧﻟﺍ ﻪﺟﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻳﻛﻳﺭﻣﻻﺍ ﺓﺩﺣﺗﻣﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﻻﻭﻟﺍﻭ ﻡﻭﻣﻌﻟﺍ ﻪﺟﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻳﺑﺭﻐﻟﺍ ﻥﺍﺩﻠﺑﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻑﻠﺗﺧﻣ ﺭﻣﻻﺍ ﻥﻛﻟﻭ
ﺔﻐﻠﻟ ﻥﻭﻧﺎﻗ ﻝﻭﺍ ﺕﺭﺩﺻﺍ ﻲﺗﻟﺍ ﻙﺭﻭﻳﻭﻳﻧ ﺔﻳﻻﻭ ﻥﻭﻧﺎﻗ ﺎﻬﻧﻣ ﺓﺩﺍﺭﻻﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺭﻳﺑﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺡﻭﺿﻭﻟﺍ ﺹﺋﺎﺻﺧ ﻰﻟﺍ ﺭﻳﺷﺗ ﺔﻳﻛﻳﺭﻣﻻﺍ ﺓﺩﺣﺗﻣﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﻻﻭﻟﺍ ﻲﻓﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ
ﺔﻧﺳ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺣﺿﺍﻭﻟﺍ١٩٧٨ (general plain language law in 1978) ﺔﻧﻳﻌﻣﻟﺍ ﺕﻼﻣﺎﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﺽﻌﺑ ﻲﻓ ﻯﺭﺧﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﻻﻭﻟﺍ ﻡﻅﻌﻣ ﺎﻬﺗﻌﺑﺗ ﻡﺛ
ﻙﻠﻬﺗﺳﻣﻟﺍ ﺩﻭﻘﻌﺑ ﻖﻠﻌﺗﻳ ﺎﻣﻳﻓ ﺎﺻﻭﺻﺧﻭ
٣٩
) ﻥﻳﻣﺄﺗﻟﺍ ﺔﺻﻳﻟﻭﺑﺑ ﻭinsurance policies(
٤٠
ﻘﻔﻟﺍ ﻥﺃﻭ ﺎﻣﻛ .ﺏﻧﺎﺟﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺍﺩﻬﺟ ﺍﻭﻟﺄﻳ ﻡﻟ ءﺎﻬ. ﻪﻳﻠﻋ
ﻭﺣ ﺎﻧﺛﺣﺑ ﻥﻭﻛﻳ.ﺭﺧﻵﺍ ﺏﻧﺎﺟﻟﺍ ﻥﻣ ﻪﻘﻔﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺻﺋﺎﺻﺧﻭ ﺏﻧﺎﺟ ﻥﻣ ﻊﻳﺭﺷﺗﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺡﻭﺿﻭﻟﺍ ﺹﺋﺎﺻﺧ ﺎﻣﻫﻭ :ﻥﻳﻣﺳﻗ ﻰﻟﺍ ﺎﻣﺳﻘﻧﻣ ﺔﻟﺄﺳﻣﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻝ

ﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﺠﻣﺔﻴﻧﺎﺴﻧﻻ - ﻞﻴﺑﺭﺍ /ﻦﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﺡﻼﺻ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺎﻫﺭﺪﺼﺗ - ) ﺩﺪﻌﻟﺍ٤٤ﺔﻨﺴﻟ (٢٠١٠
٣١٢
ﻝﻭﻻﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻣﻟﺍ
ﺕﺎﻌﻳﺭﺷﺗﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺡﻭﺿﻭﻟﺍ ﺹﺋﺎﺻﺧ
ﺔﻳﻛﻳﺭﻣﻻﺍ ﺕﻛﻳﺗﻛﻳﻧﻭﻛ ﺔﻳﻻﻭ ﻥﻭﻧﺎﻗ ءﺍﺭﻘﺗﺳﺍ ﻥﻣ ﻥﻳﺑﺗﻳ
٤١
ﺄﻳ ﺎﻣﻳﻓ ﻝﺛﻣﺗﺗ ﺎﻬﺻﺋﺎﺻﺧ ﻭﺍ ﺔﺣﺿﺍﻭﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟ ﺔﺳﻳﺋﺭﻟﺍ ﺭﻳﻳﺎﻌﻣﻟﺍ ﻥﺄﺑ:ﻲﺗ
١ - ﺓﺭﻳﺻﻘﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻘﻔﻟﺍﻭ ﻝﻣﺟﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﻣﻌﺗﺳﺍ
٢ - ﺔﻟﻭﺍﺩﺗﻣﻟﺍ ﻅﺎﻔﻟﻻﺍ ﻝﺎﻣﻌﺗﺳﺍ
٣ - ﻑﺍﺭﻁﻻﺍ ءﻻﺅﻫ ﻰﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﺷﻻﺍ ﺩﻧﻋ ﺎﻣﻬﻳﻠﻛ ﻭﺍ ،ﺩﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﻑﺍﺭﻁﻷ ﺓﺭﺻﺗﺧﻣﻟﺍ ﻭﺍ ﺔﻳﻘﻳﻘﺣﻟﺍ ءﺎﻣﺳﻻﺍ ،ﺔﻳﺻﺧﺷﻟﺍ ﺭﺋﺎﻣﺿﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﻣﻌﺗﺳﺍ
٤ - .ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻣﻠﻟ ﺔﻳﻧﺑﻣﻟﺍ ﻭﺍ ﺔﻁﻳﺳﺑﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﻌﻓﻻﺍ ﻎﻳﺻ ﻝﺎﻣﻌﺗﺳﺍ
٥ - ﻘﻠﻟ ﺏﺳﺎﻧﻣ ﻁﺧ ﻡﺟﺣ ﻝﺎﻣﻌﺗﺳﺍﺓءﺍﺭ
٦ - ﻡﺩﺧﺗﺳﻣﻟﺍ ﻕﺭﻭﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﻠﻟ ﺭﻳﺎﻐﻣ ﺭﺑﺣ ﻝﺎﻣﻌﺗﺳﺍ
٧ - ﺹﻧﻟﺍ ﻊﻣ ﺯﻳﺎﻣﺗﻣﻟﺍ ﻭﺍ ﻙﻳﻣﺳﻟﺍ ﻡﺟﺣﻟﺎﺑ ﻯﺭﺧﻻﺍ ﺔﻳﻋﺭﻔﻟﺍ ﻥﻳﻭﺎﻧﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﻁﺎﻘﻧﻟﺍ ﺱﻭﺅﺭ ﺔﺑﺎﺗﻛ
٨ - ﺔﺣﻔﺻﻟﺍ ﻑﺍﺭﻁﺍ ﻥﻣ ﻭﺍ ﺽﻌﺑﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﺿﻌﺑ ﻥﻣ ﺩﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﻁﺎﻘﻧﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﻘﻔﻟﺍ ﻝﺻﻔﺗ ﺙﻳﺣﺑ ﺭﻭﻁﺳﻟﺍ ﻥﻳﺑ ﺕﺎﻏﺍﺭﻓﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﺑﻁ ﺝﺫﻭﻣﻧ ﻝﺎﻣﻌﺗﺳﺍ
٩ - ﺎﻣﻅﻧﻣﻭ ﺎﺑﻭﺗﻛﻣ ﻥﻭﻛﻳ ﻥﺍ .ﺎﻳﻘﻁﻧﻣ ﻁﺑﺍﺭﺗﻣﻭ ﺢﺿﺍﻭ ﺏﻭﻠﺳﺎﺑ
ﺔﻳﺑﺎﺳﺣ ﻡﺎﻗﺭﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻣﺗﻌﻳ ﻱﺫﻟﺍ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺎﻔﻧﺁ ﻩﺎﻧﺩﺭﻭﺍ ﺎﻣﻟ ﻯﺭﺧﺃ ﺔﻠﻳﺩﺑ ﺔﻘﻳﺭﻁ ﻙﺎﻧﻫﻭ. ﻼﺛﻣ، ﻥﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺩﺣﺍﻭﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﻣﺟﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﻠﻛ ﻝﻘﺗ ﻻ ﻥﻳﻧﺛﺍ
ﻭﺎﺟﺗﺗ ﻻﻭ ،ﺔﻣﻠﻛ ﻥﻳﻌﺑﺳﻭ ﺱﻣﺧ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺩﺣﺍﻭﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﻘﻔﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻣﻠﻛﻟﺍ ﺩﺩﻋ ﻝﻘﺗ ﻻ ﻥﺍﻭ .ﺔﻣﻠﻛ ﻥﻳﺳﻣﺧ ﻥﻋ ﺩﻳﺯﺗ ﻻﻭ ،ﺔﻣﻠﻛ ﻥﻳﺭﺷﻋﻭ ﻥﻳﺳﻣﺧﻭ ﺔﺋﺎﻣ ﻥﻋ ﺯ
ﺓﺭﺻﺗﺧﻣﻟﺍ ﻭﺍ ﺔﻳﻘﻳﻘﺣﻟﺍ ءﺎﻣﺳﻻﺍ ﻝﺎﻣﻌﺗﺳﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻳﺻﺧﺷﻟﺍ ﺭﺋﺎﻣﺿﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﻣﻌﺗﺳﺍ ،ﻥﻭﺳﻣﺧﻭ ﺔﺳﻣﺧ ﺔﻠﺻﺎﻓ ﺩﺣﺍﻭ ﻥﻋ ﻝﻘﺗ ﻻ ﺔﻣﻠﻛﻟﺍ ﻊﻁﺎﻘﻣ ﻝﺩﻌﻣ .ﺔﻣﻠﻛ
ﻝﻘﻳ ﻻ ﻍﺍﺭﻓ ﻙﺭﺗ ،ﺔﻳﻧﺎﻣﺛ ﻡﺟﺣ ﻥﻣ ﻝﻗﺍ ﺔﺑﺎﺗﻛﻠﻟ ﻁﺧﻟﺍ ﻡﺟﺣ ﻡﺍﺩﺧﺗﺳﺍ ﻡﺩﻋ .ﻑﺍﺭﻁﻻﺍ ءﻻﺅﻫ ﻰﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﺷﻻﺍ ﺩﻧﻋ ﺎﻣﻬﻳﻠﻛ ﻭﺍ ،ﺩﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﻑﺍﺭﻁﻷ ﻥﻣ ﺔﺛﻼﺛ ﻥﻋ
) ﺔﺻﻭﺑﻟﺍ ﻥﻣ
ً
ﺍءﺯﺟ ﺭﺷﻋ ﺔﺗﺳinch ﺎﻋﻭﺑﻁﻣ ﺩﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﺎﻛ ﺍﺫﺍ .ﺎﻬﻌﻳﻣﺟ ﺔﺣﻔﺻﻟﺍ ﺩﻭﺩﺣ ﻲﻓ ﻑﺻﻧﻭ ﺔﺻﻭﺑ ﺭﺍﺩﻘﻣﺑ ﻍﺍﺭﻓ ﻙﺭﺗﻭ ،ﻁﺎﻘﻧﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﻘﻔﻟﺍ ﻥﻳﺑ (
ﺑ ﺔﻁﻘﻧ ﻝﻛ ﻥﻭﻛﺗ ﺔﺑﺗﺎﻛﻟﺍ ﺔﻟﻵﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﺑﻭﺗﻛﻣ ﺩﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﺎﻛ ﺍﺫﺍﻭ .ﺭﻳﺩﻘﺗ ﻝﻗﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺷﻋ ﻁﺧﻟﺍ ﻡﺟﺣﺑﻭ ،ﻙﻳﻣﺳﻟﺍ ﻉﻭﻧﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﺑﻭﺗﻛﻣ ﺔﻁﻘﻧ ﻝﻛ ﻥﻭﻛﺗ ﺭﻳﺑﻛﻟﺍ ﻡﺟﺣﻟﺎ
)captionedﺍﺯﻣﺭ ﻥﻭﺗﺳﻭ ﺱﻣﺧ ﻥﻣ ﺭﺛﻛﺍ ﻁﺧﻟﺍ ﺔﻛﺎﻣﺳ ﻝﺩﻌﻣ ﻡﺩﺧﺗﺳﻳ ﻻ ﻥﺍﻭ .ﻁﺧ ﺎﻬﺗﺣﺗ ﻥﻭﻛﺗ ﻥﺍﻭ (
٤٢
.

ﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﺠﻣﺔﻴﻧﺎﺴﻧﻻ - ﻞﻴﺑﺭﺍ /ﻦﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﺡﻼﺻ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺎﻫﺭﺪﺼﺗ - ) ﺩﺪﻌﻟﺍ٤٤ﺔﻨﺴﻟ (٢٠١٠
٣١٣
) ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺷﺭﺍ ﻁﻭﻁﺧ ﻯﺭﺣﻻﺎﺑ ﻭﺍ ﺭﻳﻳﺎﻌﻣﻭ ﺹﺋﺎﺻﺧ ﺎﻳﻧﺎﻔﻠﺳﻧﺑ ﻥﻭﻧﺎﻗ ﻲﻓ ءﺎﺟ ﺩﻗﻭguidelines(
ﺩﻭﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺭﺑﺍ ﺩﻧﻋ ﻥﻳﻠﻣﺎﻌﺗﻣﻠﻟ، ﻭ،ﺎﻬﺗﻏﺎﻳﺻ
ﻟﺍ ﻡﻳﻳﻘﺗ ﺩﺩﺻ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺿﻘﻳ ﺎﻣﺩﻧﻋ ﻲﺿﺎﻘﻠﻟ ﻙﻟﺫﻛﻭ:ﻲﻫﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺑﻌﻟﺍ ﻭ ﻝﻣﺟﻟﺎﺑ ﻖﻠﻌﺗﻳ ﺎﻣﻳﻓ ﺩﻘﻌ
) ﺔﻳﻭﻐﻟ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺷﺭﺍ ﻁﻭﻁﺧ :
ً
ﻻﻭﺃlanguage guidelines(
٤٣
١ - ﻡﺩﺧﺗﺳﻳ ﻥﺍ ﺏﺟﻳ ﻲﻓ ،ﺓﺭﻳﺻﻗ ﺕﺍﺭﻘﻓ ﻭ ﻝﻣﺟﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺑﻋ ﺩﻘﻌﻟﺍ
٢ - ﻡﺩﺧﺗﺳﻳ ﻥﺍ ﺏﺟﻳ ﻲﻓﻳﻧﺑﻣ ﻝﺎﻌﻓﺍ ﺩﻘﻌﻟﺍﺔ ، ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻣﻠﻟ
٣ - ﻡﺩﺧﺗﺳﻳ ﻻ ﻥﺍ ﺏﺟﻳ ﻲﻓﺎﺷﻟﺍ ﺍﺩﻋ ﺔﻳﻧﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﻧﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺣﻠﻁﺻﻣﻟﺍ ﺩﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﺣﻠﺻﻣﻟﺍﻭ ،ﻥﺎﻣﺿﻟﺍ ،ﻥﻫﺭﻟﺍ :ﻝﺛﻣ ﺔﻣﻭﻬﻔﻣﻟﺍﻭ ﻝﺎﻣﻌﺗﺳﻻﺍ ﺔﻌﺋ
ﺔﻧﻭﻣﺄﻣﻟﺍ"mortgage," "warranty" and "security interest."
٤ - ﻻ ﻥﺍ ﺏﺟﻳﺗﻡﺩﺧﺗﺳ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻣﻠﻛﻟﺍ ﺩﻘﻌﻟﺍ .ﻖﻠﻁﻣ ﻰﻧﻌﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻝﻳﻭﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﺗﺗ ﺎﻬﻟﺎﻣﻌﺗﺳﺍ ﻥﻳﺣ ﻲﺗﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﻠﻛﻟﺍ ﻭﺍ ﺔﻳﺑﻧﺟﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﻧﻳﺗﻼﻟﺍ
٥ - ﻑﻳﺭﻌﺗ ﺩﻧﻋﺕﺎﻣﻠﻛﻟﺍ ﻌﻟﺍ ﻲﻓﺩﻘ ﻥﻭﻛﻳ ﻥﺍ ﺏﺟﻳ ﻰﻧﻌﻣﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﻭﻬﻔﻣ ،ﺔﻌﺋﺎﺷ ﺕﺎﻣﻠﻛ ﻝﺎﻣﻌﺗﺳﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻥﻣ.
٦ - ﺷﻳ ﺎﻣﺩﻧﻋﻲﻓ ﺭﺎ ﻓﺍﺭﻁﺍ ﻰﻟﺍ ﺩﻘﻌﻟﺍﻪ ﺓﺭﺻﺗﺧﻣﻟﺍ ﻭﺍ ﺔﻳﻘﻳﻘﺣﻟﺍ ءﺎﻣﺳﻻﺍ ﻭﺍ ،ﺔﻳﺻﺧﺷﻟﺍ ﺭﺋﺎﻣﺿﻟﺍ ﺭﺩﺻﻣﻟﺍ ﻡﺩﺧﺗﺳﻳ ﻥﺍ ﺏﺟﻳ ، ﻊﺋﺎﺑﻟﺍ ﺢﻠﻁﺻﻣﻛ ،ﻑﺍﺭﻁﻸﻟ
.ﻥﻳﺩﻣﻟﺍﻭ ﻥﺋﺍﺩﻟﺍ ﺢﻠﻁﺻﻣ ﻭﺍ ﻱﺭﺗﺷﻣﻟﺍﻭ
٧ - ﻡﺩﺧﺗﺳﻳ ﻻ ﻥﺍ ﺏﺟﻳ ﻲﻓﺣﺗ ﻝﻣﺟ ﺩﻘﻌﻟﺍﻁﺭﺷ ﻥﻣ ﺭﺛﻛﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻱﻭﺗ.
٨ - ﻡﺩﺧﺗﺳﻳ ﻻ ﻥﺍ ﺏﺟﻳ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻳﻌﺟﺭﻣﻟﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﺣﻻﺍ ﺩﻘﻌﻟﺍcross references ﺍﺩﻋ ﻝﻛﺷﺗﻳ ﻲﺗﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻣﻟﺍ ﺭﻫﻭﺟ ﺡﻭﺿﻭﻭ ﺭﺎﺻﺗﺧﺎﺑ ﻑﺻﺗ ﻲﺗﻟﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﺣﻻﺍ
.ﻊﺟﺭﻣﻟﺍ ﻪﻧﻣ
٩ - ﻡﺩﺧﺗﺳﻳ ﻻ ﻥﺍ ﺏﺟﻳ ﻲﻓ.ءﺎﻧﺛﺗﺳﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ءﺎﻧﺛﺗﺳﺍ ﻭﺍ ،ﺭﺭﻛﺗﻣ ﻲﻔﻧ ﺕﺍﺫ ﻝﻣﺟ ﺩﻘﻌﻟﺍ
ﻳﺋﺭﻣ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺷﺭﺍ ﻁﻭﻁﺧ :ﺎﻳﻧﺎﺛ ﺔVisual guidelines
٤٤
ﺔﻳﺋﺭﻣ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺷﺭﺍ ﻁﻭﻁﺧ ﻙﺎﻧﻫ :ﻲﻫﻭ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺡﻭﺿﻭ ﻥﺄﺷﺑ ﻩﺭﺍﺭﻗ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺿﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺩﻋﺎﺳﺗ

ﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﺠﻣﺔﻴﻧﺎﺴﻧﻻ - ﻞﻴﺑﺭﺍ /ﻦﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﺡﻼﺻ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺎﻫﺭﺪﺼﺗ - ) ﺩﺪﻌﻟﺍ٤٤ﺔﻨﺴﻟ (٢٠١٠
٣١٤
١ - ﺓءﺍﺭﻗ ﻝﻬﺳﺗ ﺙﻳﺣﺑ ﺕﺍﺭﻘﻔﻟﺍﻭ ،ﺭﻁﺳﻻﺍ ﻥﻳﺑ ﺔﻓﺎﺳﻣﻟﺍﻭ ،ﺕﺎﺣﻔﺻﻟﺍ ﻲﺷﺍﻭﺣﻭ ،ﺩﻭﻣﻌﻟﺍ ﺽﺭﻋﻭ ،ﻁﺧﻟﺍ ﺽﺭﻋﻭ ،ﻁﺧﻟﺍ ﻡﺟﺣ ﻥﻭﻛﻳ ﻥﺍ ﺏﺟﻳ
ﺩﻘﻌﻟﺍ.
٢ - .ﻙﻳﻣﺳﻟﺍ ﻁﺧﻟﺍ ﻉﻭﻧﺑ ﺓﺭﻳﺑﻛﻟﺍ ﻁﺎﻘﻧﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﻛﺗ ﻥﺍ ﺏﺟﻳ
٣ - .ﺩﺎﺣ ﻝﻛﺷﺑ ﻕﺭﻭﻟﺍ ﻊﻣ ﺯﻳﺎﻣﺗﻳ ﻱﺫﻟﺍ ﺭﺑﺣﻟﺍ ﺩﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻝﻣﻌﺗﺳﻳ ﻥﺍ ﺏﺟﻳ
ﺎﻫﺎﻧﺭﻛﺫ ﻲﺗﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﻛﻳﺭﻣﻻﺍ ﻥﻳﻧﺍﻭﻘﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ءﺎﺟ ﺎﻣ ﺏﺳﺣ ﺔﺣﺿﺍﻭﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺩﻳﺩﺣﺗﻟ ﺔﻳﻌﻳﺭﺷﺗ ﻡﻟﺎﻌﻣ ﺩﻌﺗ ﺎﻫﺎﻧﺭﻛﺫ ﻲﺗﻟﺍ ﺹﺋﺎﺻﺧﻟﺍ ﻭﺍ ﺭﻳﻳﺎﻌﻣﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ
ﻳﻭﺗﺣﻣ ﻥﻣ ﺢﺿﺍﻭ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻣ ﺩﻳﺩﺣﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﺿﺎﻘﻟﺍﻭ ﻥﻳﻠﻣﺎﻌﺗﻣﻟﺍ ﺩﻋﺎﺳﺗ ﺎﻬﻋﻭﻣﺟﻣ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻫﻭ.ﻙﻟﺫ ﻑﻼﺧ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻣﻭ ﺩﻭﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺎ
ﺔﻳﻭﺣﻧﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﺑﻳﻛﺭﺗﻟﺍ ﻲﺣﺍﻭﻧﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻣﺗﻌﺗﻭ ﻱﻭﻐﻟ ﺎﻫﺭﺩﺻﻣ ﺹﺋﺎﺻﺧﻟﺍﻭ ﺭﻳﻳﺎﻌﻣﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻣ ﺽﻌﺑﻟﺍ ﻥﺄﺑ ﺹﻭﺻﻧﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻥﻣ ﺎﻧﻟ ﻥﻳﺑﺗﻳﻭ
ﻣﻧﻳﺑ ،ﺔﻐﻠﻟ ﺔﻳﻟﻻﺩﻟﺍﻭﺏﻧﺍﻭﺟﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻣﺗﻌﺗ ﺭﺧﻵﺍ ﺽﻌﺑﻟﺍ ﺎ ﻟﺍ ﺭﻳﻳﺎﻌﻣﻟﺍ ﻡﺳﻗ ﺎﻣﺩﻧﻋ ﻲﻧﺎﻔﻠﺳﻧﺑﻟﺍ ﻉﺭﺷﻣﻟﺍ ﻝﻌﻓ ﺎﻧﺳﺣﻭ ﺔﻳﺋﺭﻣﻟﺍ ﺎﻣﻫﻭ ﻥﻳﺗﻳﺳﻳﺋﺭ ﻥﻳﺗﻁﻘﻧ ﻰ
.ﺔﺑﺗﺭﻣ ﺭﻳﻏ ﺎﻬﻳﻓ ﺹﺋﺎﺻﺧﻟﺍ ﺕءﺎﺟ ﻲﺗﻟﺍ (ﺕﻛﻳﺗﻛﻳﻧﻭﻛ) ﻥﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟ ﺔﺑﺳﻧﻟﺎﺑ ﻝﺎﺣﻟﺍ ﺱﻛﻌﺑ ،ﺔﻳﺋﺭﻣﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺷﺭﻻﺍ ﻁﻭﻁﺧﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﻭﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺷﺭﻻﺍ ﻁﻭﻁﺧﻟﺍ
ﺗﺳﺍ ﻲﺷﺎﺣﺗ :ﺎﻬﻧﻣ (ﺕﻛﻳﺗﻛﻳﻧﻭﻛ) ﺔﻳﻻﻭ ﻥﻭﻧﺎﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺭﻳ ﻡﻟﻭ (ﺎﻳﻧﺎﻔﻠﺳﻧﺑ) ﻥﻭﻧﺎﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺩﺭﻭ ﻲﺗﻟﺍ ﺹﺋﺎﺻﺧﻟﺍ ﺽﻌﺑ ﻙﺎﻧﻫ ﻥﺄﺑ ﻅﺣﻼﻳ ﺩﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺧ
ﻟﺍ ﺔﺟﺎﺗﺣﻣﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺣﻠﻁﺻﻣﻟﺍ ﻑﻳﺭﻌﺗ ﺏﻭﺟﻭ ﻙﻟﺫﻛﻭ ،ﻖﻠﻁﻣ ﻰﻧﻌﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻝﻳﻭﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﺗﺗ ﺎﻬﻟﺎﻣﻌﺗﺳﺍ ﻥﻳﺣ ﻲﺗﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﻠﻛﻟﺍ ﻭﺍ ﺔﻳﺑﻧﺟﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﻧﻳﺗﻼﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﻠﻛﻠﻟ ﻰ
ﻭﺭﺷ ﻖﻓﻭﻭ ﺍءﺎﻧﺛﺗﺳﺍ ﻻﺍ ﺔﻳﻌﺟﺭﻣﻟﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﺣﻼﻟ ﻪﺋﺍﻭﺗﺣﺍ ﻡﺩﻋﻭ ،ﻁﺭﺷ ﻥﻣ ﺭﺛﻛﺍ ﺎﻬﻳﻓ ﻝﻣﺟ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﺍ ﻡﺩﻋﻭ ،ﻝﺎﻣﻌﺗﺳﻻﺍ ﺔﻌﺋﺎﺷ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺑﻌﺑ ﻑﻳﺭﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻧﻳﺑﻣ ﻁ
ﻱﺫﻟﺍ ﺭﺑﺣﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺧﺗﺳﺍ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺔﻳﺋﺭﻣﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺷﺭﻻﺍ ﻁﻭﻁﺧﻟﺍ ﺹﺧﻳ ﺎﻣﻳﻓ ﺍﺭﻳﺧﺍﻭ ،ﺭﺭﻛﺗﻣﻟﺍ ﻲﻔﻧﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺧﺗﺳﺍ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻰﻟﺍ ﺓﻭﻋﺩ ﻙﺎﻧﻫﻭ ﺎﻣﻛ ،ﺔﻧﻣﺎﺛﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻣﻟﺍ ﺯﻳﺎﻣﺗﻳ
ﻕﺭﻭﻟﺍ ﻊﻣ ﺎﻫﺩﻭﺟﻭ ﺹﺋﺎﺻﺧﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫﻭ .ﺩﺎﺣ ﻝﻛﺷﺑﻳﺩﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺏﻭﻠﻁﻣﻟﺍ ﺡﻭﺿﻭﻠﻟ ﺹﻧﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﻣﻛﺗﺳﺍ ﻰﻟﺍ ﻱﺩﺅ ﻭﻛ) ﻥﻭﻧﺎﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺎﺻﻘﻧ ﺎﻫﺩﻌﻧ ﺙﻳﺣ .(ﺕﻛﻳﺗﻛﻳﻧ
ﻥﻭﻧﺎﻗ ﻥﺄﺑ ﺭﺧﺁ ﺏﻧﺎﺟ ﻥﻣ ﻅﺣﻼﻳﻭ ﺎﻣﻛ ﻪﻳﻟﺍ ﺭﺷﻳ ﻡﻟﻭ ﺎﻳﻘﻁﻧﻣ ﻁﺑﺍﺭﺗﻣﻭ ﺢﺿﺍﻭ ﺏﻭﻠﺳﺎﺑﻭ ﻡﻅﻧﻣ ﻝﻛﺷﺑ ﺔﺑﺎﺗﻛﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺧﺗﺳﺍ ﻰﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﺷﺍ (ﺕﻛﻳﺗﻛﻳﻧﻭﻛ)
.ﺡﻭﺿﻭﻟﺎﺑ ﻝﻼﺧﻻﺍ ﻰﻟﺍ ﻱﺩﺅﻳ ﺩﻗ ﻪﺗﺎﻋﺍﺭﻣ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻥﻷ ﻪﻳﻓ ﺩﺟﻭﻳ ﻥﺍ ﻝﺿﻔﻳ ﻥﺎﻛ ﻱﺫﻟﺍﻭ (ﺎﻳﻧﺎﻔﻠﺳﻧﺑ) ﻥﻭﻧﺎﻗ
ﻲﻧﺎﺛﻟﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻣﻟﺍ
ﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺡﻭﺿﻭﻟﺍ ﺹﺋﺎﺻﺧﻪﻘﻔ
ﺔﻳﺑﺭﻐﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﻬﻘﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺍﺭﺩﻟﺍ ﻥﻣ ﺩﻳﺩﻌﻟﺍ
٤٥
ﺔﻳﺑﺭﻌﻟﺍ ﻭ
٤٦
ﻥﻣ ﺽﻌﺑﻟﺍﻭ ﺡﻭﺿﻭﺑ ﺔﺑﺎﺗﻛﻟﺍ ﻝﻭﺣ ﻖﻳﺭﻁﻟﺍ ﺏﺎﺗﻛﻠﻟ ﻥﻳﺑﺗ ﺔﻳﻘﻳﺑﻁﺗ ﺏﻧﺍﻭﺟ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻱﻭﺗﺣﺗ
ﺩﻧﺳﻟﺍ ءﺎﺷﻧﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺢﺿﺍﻭﻟﺍ ﺏﻭﻠﺳﻻﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺎﺑ ﻥﻳﻳﻧﻌﻣﻟﺍ ﺩﻋﺎﺳﺗ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺎﻬﻠﻳﺻﺎﻔﺗ ﺎﻧﺩﺭﻭﺍ ﻲﺗﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻳﺭﺷﺗﻟﺍ ﻥﻣ ﺓﺎﺣﻭﺗﺳﻣ ﺕﺎﺳﺍﺭﺩﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ
.ﻲﻧﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ

ﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﺠﻣﺔﻴﻧﺎﺴﻧﻻ - ﻞﻴﺑﺭﺍ /ﻦﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﺡﻼﺻ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺎﻫﺭﺪﺼﺗ - ) ﺩﺪﻌﻟﺍ٤٤ﺔﻨﺴﻟ (٢٠١٠
٣١٥
ﻥﻳﻘﺷ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻣﻭﻬﻔﻣ ﻱﻭﻁﻧﻳ ﻭ ﺔﺗﺑﺎﺛﻟﺍ ﺏﻟﺍﻭﻘﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺔﻳﻧﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺝﺫﺎﻣﻧﻟﺎﺑ ﻁﺑﺗﺭﻣ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻝﻛﺷﺑ ﺔﻳﻧﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻏﺎﻳﺻﻟﺍ ﻥﺍ ﻰﻟﺍ ﺽﻌﺑﻟﺍ ﺏﻫﺫﻳ ﺙﻳﺣ
) ﻝﻛﺷﻟﺎﺑ ﻖﻠﻌﺗﻳ ﺎﻣﻫﺩﺣﺍ ،ﻥﻳﻳﺳﻳﺋﺭform ( ) ﺏﻟﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻭﺃformat) ﻱﻭﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺏﻭﻠﺳﻻﺎﺑ ﻖﻠﻌﺗﻳ ﺭﺧﻵﺍﻭ (linguistic style ﻭﺍ ﻝﻛﺷﻟﺎﺑ ﻖﻠﻌﺗﻳ ﺎﻣﻳﻓﻭ ،(
،ﺏﻟﺎﻘﻟﺍﻝﻛ ءﺍﺯﺟﺃ ﻡﻳﻅﻧﺗ ﺙﻳﺣ ﻥﻣ ﺽﻌﺑ ﻥﻋ ﺎﻬﺿﻌﺑ ﺔﻳﻧﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻖﺋﺎﺛﻭﻟﺍ ﺏﻟﺍﻭﻗ ﻑﻠﺗﺧﺗ ﺩﻘﻌﻟﺎﻓ .ﻪﺗﺎﻳﻭﺗﺣﻣﻭ ﻪﻣﻳﺳﻘﺗﻭ ﺏﻟﺎﻗ ﻥﻋ ﺎﻔﻠﺗﺧﻣ ﺎﺑﻟﺎﻗ ﺫﺧﺄﻳ ﻼﺛﻣ ،
ﻖﺋﺎﺛﻭﻟﺍ ﻥﻣ ﺎﻫﺭﻳﻏ ﻥﻋ ﻝﻛﺷﻟﺍ ﺙﻳﺣ ﻥﻣ ﺔﻳﻧﻭﻧﺎﻗ ﺔﻘﻳﺛﻭ ﻝﻛ ﺔﻏﺎﻳﺻ ﻑﻠﺗﺧﺗ ﻡﺛ ﻥﻣﻭ ،ﻲﻌﻳﺭﺷﺗﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ
٤٧
.
ﻱﺫﻟﺍ ﻱﻭﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺏﻭﻠﺳﻻﺍ ﺎﻣﺃﺗﻪﺑ ﻍﺎﺻ ﻘﻟﺍ ﻖﺋﺎﺛﻭﻟﺍﺗﺳﻣﻟﺍ ﺏﻳﻛﺍﺭﺗﻟﺍﻭ ﺹﺋﺎﺻﺧﻟﺍ ﻙﻠﺗ ﻱﻭﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺏﻭﻠﺳﻻﺎﺑ ﺩﺻﻘﻳﻭ ،ﺭﻳﻐﺗﻳ ﺎﻣﻠﻘﻓ ،ﺔﻳﻧﻭﻧﺎ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻣﺩﺧ
ﺔﻳﻧﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﻳﺛﻭﻟﺍ ﺔﺑﺎﺗﻛﺎﺑﻳﺭﻘﺗ ﺔﻳﻭﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺏﻳﻛﺍﺭﺗﻟﺍﻭ ﺹﺋﺎﺻﺧﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻣﺳﻟﺍ ﺱﻔﻧ ﺔﻳﻧﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻖﺋﺎﺛﻭﻟﺍ ﻲﻐﺋﺎﺻ ﻝﻛ ﻡﺩﺧﺗﺳﻳ ﻭ .
٤٨
. ﻥﻣ ﺭﻳﺛﻛﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻖﻓﺍﻭﺗﺗ ﻲﻫﻭ
:ﻲﺗﺄﻳ ﺎﻣﻳﻓ ﺎﻬﺻﺧﻠﻧ ﻲﺗﻟﺍﻭ ،ﺎﻬﺗﺎﻳﻧﻘﺗ
ﻭﺿﻭ :
ً
ﻻﻭﺍﻡﻳﻣﺻﺗﻟﺍ ﺙﻳﺣ ﻥﻣ ﺩﻧﺳﻟﺍ ﺡ
:ﺎﻬﻧﻣ ﺡﻭﺿﻭﻟﺍ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻰﻟﺍ ﻱﺩﺅﻳ ﺎﻬﺗﺎﻋﺍﺭﻣ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻥﺍ ﺙﻳﺣ ﺩﻧﺳﻟﺍ ﻡﻳﻣﺻﺗﺑ ﻖﻠﻌﺗﺗ ﺕﺎﻳﻧﻘﺗ ﻙﺎﻧﻫ
١ - ) ﺔﻔﺻﺍﻭ ﻥﻳﻭﺎﻧﻋ ﻊﺿﻭdescriptive headingsﻪﺑﻧﺍﻭﺟ ﻭ ﺩﻘﻌﻠﻟ (
٤٩
،ﻪﻧﻭﻣﺿﻣﻭ ﺩﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﻡﻬﻓ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﻘﻠﺗﻣﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﺳﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻳﻣﻫﺃ ﻪﻟ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ،
ﻣﺳﺗ ﻥﺃ ﺫﺇ "ﺭﺎﺟﻳﺇ ﺩﻘﻋ" ﻪﻧﺄﺑ ﺩﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﻣﺳﺗﻛﻫﻭ ،ﺔﻠﻳﻠﻗ ﺔﻣﻭﻠﻌﻣ ﻯﻭﺳ ﻲﻁﻌﻳﻻ ﻪﻧﻷ ﺩﺟﻣ ﺭﻳﻏ "ﻕﺎﻔﺗﺇ ﻭﺃ ﺩﻘﻋ" ﻪﻧﺄﺑ ﺩﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻳ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻘﻳﺛﻭﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻲ
ﻥﻳﻓﺭﻁ ﻥﻳﺑ ﻕﺎﻔﺗﺇ، ﺓﺭﻅﻧﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻠﻟ ﻲﺣﻭﻳ "ﺭﺎﺟﻳﺇ" ﻪﻧﺄﺑ ﺩﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﻣﺳﺗ ﻥﻛﻟﻭ .ﻪﻧﻭﻣﺿﻣ ﻭﺃ ﺩﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺔﻳﻫﺎﻣ ﻥﻋ ﺕﺎﻣﻭﻠﻌﻣ ﺔﻳﺃ ﺎﻧﻳﻁﻌﻳ ﻻ ﻪﻧﻛﻟﻭ
.ﻪﺗﻳﻫﺎﻣ ﻥﻋ ﻰﻟﻭﻷﺍ
٢ - .ﺎﻬﻧﻳﻭﺎﻧﻋﻭ ﺔﻳﻋﺭﻔﻟﺍ ﻁﺎﻘﻧﻟﺍﻭ ﻁﺎﻘﻧﻟﺍ ﻥﻳﺑ ﺔﻠﺻﻟﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﻘﻠﺗﻣﻟﺍ ﺩﻋﺎﺳﻳ ﺎﻣﻣ ﺔﻳﻋﺭﻔﻟﺍ ﻁﺎﻘﻧﻟﺍﻭ ﻁﺎﻘﻧﻟﺍ ﻥﻳﻭﺎﻧﻋ ﻡﺍﺩﺧﺗﺳﺍ
٣ - ﻁﻧﺑﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻳﺯﻳﻠﻛﻧﻻﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟ ﺔﺑﺳﻧﻟﺎﺑ ﺽﻌﺑﻟﺍ ﻩﺩﺩﺣ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺓءﺍﺭﻘﻠﻟ ﺏﺳﺎﻧﻣ ﻁﺧ ﻉﻭﻧ ﻡﺍﺩﺧﺗﺳﺍ١٠-١٢ﻑﻳﺭﺷ ﻉﻭﻧ ﻥﻣ
٥٠
ﻊﻳﻁﺗﺳﻧ ﺎﻧﺭﻭﺩﺑ ﻥﺣﻧﻭ .
ﻠﻟ ﺏﺳﺎﻧﻣﻟﺍ ﻁﺧﻟﺍ ﻥﺄﺑ ﻝﻭﻘﻟﺍ ﻁﺧﻟﺍ ﻡﺟﺣ ﻭﻫ ﺔﻳﺑﺭﻌﻠﻟ ﺔﺑﺳﻧﻟﺎﺑ ﺓءﺍﺭﻘ١٤ -١٦ .ﻱﺯﻳﻠﻛﻧﻻﺍ ﻁﺧﻟﺍ ﻉﻭﻧ ﺱﻔﻧ ﻥﻣ
٤ - .ﺦﻟﺍ...ﻭ ﺕﺎﻣﻠﻛﻟﺍﻭ ﺭﻁﺳﻻﺍ ﻥﻳﺑ ﻍﺍﺭﻔﻟﺍﻭ ﺭﻁﺳﻟﺍ ﻝﻭﻁ ﻰﻟﺍ ﻪﺑﻧﺗﻳ ﻥﺍ ﺏﺗﺎﻛﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ
٥ - ﺔﻣﺳﻘﻣﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﻳﻭﻁﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻘﻔﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺭﻳﺻﻘﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻘﻔﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﻣﻌﺗﺳﺍ.
٦- ﻲﻓ ﺎﻫءﺍﺯﺟﺃ ﻡﻳﻅﻧﺗﻭ ،ﺎﻬﺿﻌﺑ ﻊﻣ ﺔﻁﺑﺗﺭﻣﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻛﻓﻷﺍ ﻊﻳﻣﺟﺗ .ﺕﺍءﺎﻧﺛﺗﺳﻻﺍ ﻝﺑﻗ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻘﻟﺍ ﺭﻛﺫﻭ .ﻲﻘﻁﻧﻣ ﻝﺳﻠﺳﺗ
٧ - ﺓﺩﺣﺍﻭﻟﺍ ﺔﻁﻘﻧﻟﺍ ﻭﺍ ﺓﺭﻘﻔﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺣﺍﻭ ﻁﺭﺷ ﻥﻣ ﺭﺛﻛﺃ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﺍ ﻡﺩﻋ

ﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﺠﻣﺔﻴﻧﺎﺴﻧﻻ - ﻞﻴﺑﺭﺍ /ﻦﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﺡﻼﺻ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺎﻫﺭﺪﺼﺗ - ) ﺩﺪﻌﻟﺍ٤٤ﺔﻨﺴﻟ (٢٠١٠
٣١٦
٨ - " ﺯﺍﺭﺑﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﻧﻘﺗ ﻡﺍﺩﺧﺗﺳﺍhighlighting techniques" ﻥﻳﺧﺛﺗﻟﺍ ﻝﺛﻣ "bold face ﻥﻛﻟﻭ ،ﺎﻫﺭﻳﻏﻭ ..."ﺔﻳﻟﺎﻁﻳﻻﺍ" ﺔﻠﺋﺎﻣﻟﺍ ﻑﻭﺭﺣﻟﺍﻭ "
ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻐﻟﺎﺑﻣﻟﺍ ﻡﺩﻋ ﺏﺟﻳﻪﻠﻣﺎﻛﺑ ﺩﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﻲﻁﻐﻳ ﺙﻳﺣﺑ ﺔﻟﺄﺳﻣﻟﺍ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﺎﻫﺩﻌﺑ ﺭﻛﺫﻭ ﺕﺎﻣﺍﺯﺗﻟﻻﺍ ﻥﻣﺿ ﺎﻳﺳﻳﺋﺭ ﺎﻣﺍﺯﺗﻟﺍ ﺩﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻎﺋﺎﺻﻟﺍ ﺭﻛﺫ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻼﺛﻣ ،
.ﻪﻳﻟﺍ ﻪﻳﺑﻧﺗﻟﺍ ﻝﻳﺑﺳ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻳﺋﺎﻧﺛﺗﺳﻻﺍ ﺔﻟﺎﺣﻟﺍ ﻙﻠﺗ ﺯﺭﺑﻳ ﻥﺍ ﻪﻳﻠﻌﻓ ﺔﻳﺋﺎﻧﺛﺗﺳﺍ
٩ - ﻧﻭﻣﺿﻣ ﻝﻭﺣ ﺔﻳﺅﺭﻟﺍ ﺡﻭﺿﻭ ﻰﻟﺍ ﻱﺩﺅﻳ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ،ﺔﻠﻳﻭﻁﻟﺍ ﺩﻭﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﻭﺗﺣﻣﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﺋﺎﻗ ﺔﻓﺎﺿﺇ ﻥﻣ ﺔﻘﺳﻧﻣﻭ ﺎﻳﻘﻁﻧﻣ ﺔﻁﺑﺍﺭﺗﻣ ﺎﻬﻧﺃ ﻝﻫﻭ ،ﺎﻬ
ﺔﻟﻭﻬﺳﺑ ﺎﻬﻳﻠﻋ ﻉﻼﻁﻻﺍ ﺩﺻﻘﻳ ﻲﺗﻟﺍ ﺩﻭﻧﺑﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﺟﺍﺭﻣ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻝﻬﺳﻳ ﻪﻧﺍﻭ ﺎﻣﻛ ،ﺔﻳﺑﻳﻛﺭﺗﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺣﺎﻧﻟﺍ
٥١
.
١٠ - .ﺓﺩﺍﺭﻻﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺭﻳﺑﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﺡﻭﺿﻭ ﻡﺩﻋﻭ ﻰﻧﻌﻣﻟﺍ ﻪﻳﻭﺷﺗ ﻰﻟﺍ ﻱﺩﺅﻳ ﺎﻬﻳﻓ ﻉﻭﻗﻭﻟﺍ ﻥﻷ ،ﺔﻳﻌﺑﻁﻣﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﺋﻼﻣﻻﺍ ءﺎﻁﺧﻻﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺩﺎﻌﺗﺑﻻﺍ
١١ - ﺣﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ ﺎﻣﻭ ،ﻡ
ِ
ﻠ
َ
ﺗﺳﻣﻟﺍﻭ ،ﻡ
َ
ﻠ
َ
ﺗﺳﻣﻟﺍ ،ﻝ
ِ
ﻐ
َ
ﺗﺳﻣﻟﺍﻭ ،ﻝ
َ
ﻐ
َ
ﺗﺳﻣﻟﺍ ،ﺏ
ِ
ﻁﺎﺧﻣﻟﺍ ﻭ ،ﺏ
َ
ﻁﺎﺧﻣﻟﺍ ﻝﺛﻣ ﺱﺎﺑﺗﻟﻼﻟ ﺓﺭﻳﺛﻣﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺑﻌﻠﻟ ﺔﺑﺳﻧﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻳﺑﺍﺭﻋﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻛﺭ
.ﺔﻠﺛﺎﻣﻣﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺑﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﻣ ﺎﻬﻳﻟﺍ
١٢ - :ﺢﻳﺣﺻ ﻝﻛﺷﺑ ﻡﻳﻗﺭﺗﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﻼﻋ ﻡﺍﺩﺧﺗﺳﺍﻭﺎﺟﺗﺍ ﻙﺎﻧﻫ ،ﺔﻳﻧﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻳﻗﺭﺗﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﻼﻋ ﻡﺍﺩﺧﺗﺳﺎﺑ ﻖﻠﻌﺗﻳ ﺎﻣﻳﻓﻥﻳﻫ
٥٢
:
ﺔﻳﻧﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﻳﺛﻭﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻳﻗﺭﺗﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﻼﻋ ﻡﺍﺩﺧﺗﺳﺍ ﺽﺭﺎﻌﻳ ﻱﺩﻳﻠﻘﺗﻟﺍ ﻩﺎﺟﺗﻻﺍﻧﻌﻣﻟﺍ ﻥﺎﻳﺑ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻳﻠﻋ ﺩﺎﻣﺗﻋﻻﺍ ﻭﺍﻰ ﻙﻟﺫ ءﺍﺭﻭ ﺕﻧﺎﻛ ﻲﺗﻟﺍ ﺏﺎﺑﺳﻻﺍﻭ
ﻑﺩﻬﻟﺍ ﻥﺎﻛ ﺎﻣﻧﻳﺑ ﻪﻧﺍ ﺔﻗﺭﺎﻔﻣﻟﺍ ﺭﻳﺛﻳ ﺎﻣﻭ .ﻲﻧﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺹﻧﻟﺍ ﻰﻧﻌﻣﺑ ﻁﻳﺣﻳ ﻥﺍ ﻥﻛﻣﻳ ﺽﻭﻣﻏ ﻭﺍ ﺱﺑﻟ ﺙﻭﺩﺣﻟ ﺭﺩﺻﻣ ﻱﺍ ﺔﻟﺍﺯﺍ ﺎﻬﻧﻳﺑ ﻥﻣﻭ ﺓﺭﻳﺛﻛ ﻥﻣ
ﺩﻭﺟﻭ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻯﺩﺍ ،ﺔﺣﻳﺭﺻﻭ ﺔﺣﺿﺍﻭ ﺔﻘﻳﺛﻭﻟﺍ ﻭﺩﺑﺗ ﻥﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺑﻏﺭﻟﺍﻭ ﺽﻭﻣﻐﻟﺍ ﺏﻧﺟﺗ ﻭﻫ ﺔﻳﻧﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﻳﺛﻭﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻳﻗﺭﺗﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﻼﻋ ﻡﺍﺩﺧﺗﺳﺍ ﻥﻣ ﻝﻼﻗﻻﺍ
ﻥﺎﻛ ﻱﺫﻟﺍ ﺽﻭﻣﻐﻟﺍ ﻥﻣ ﻉﻭﻧ ﻖﻠﺧ ﻰﻟﺍ ،ﺓﺭﻳﺛﻛ ﺕﻻﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ ،ﻡﻳﻗﺭﺗﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﻼﻋﻟﺍ ﺏﻭﻠﻁﻣﻪﻳﺩﺎﻔﺗ ﻼﺻﺃ
٥٣
.
ﺍﺩﺧﺗﺳﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﺿ ﻰﻟﺍ ﺏﻫﺫﻳﻓ ﺙﻳﺩﺣﻟﺍ ﻩﺎﺟﺗﻻﺍ ﺎﻣﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻝﺑ ﺔﻳﻧﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﻳﺛﻭﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻳﻗﺭﺗﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﻼﻋ ءﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﻛﺣﻟﺍ ﻥﻣ ﺱﻳﻠﻓ ﺢﻳﺣﺻﻟﺍ ﻝﻛﺷﻟﺎﺑ ﻥﻛﻟﻭ ﻪﻣ
ﺍﺩﺧﺗﺳﺍ ﻥﺎﻓ (ﺭﺟﺩﻳﺭﺩ) ﻪﻳﻘﻔﻟﺍ ﺏﻫﺫﻳ ﺎﻣﻛﻓ .ﺢﻳﺣﺻﻟﺍ ﻝﻛﺷﻟﺎﺑ ﺎﻬﻣﺩﺧﺗﺳﻳ ﻥﺍ ﺏﺗﺎﻛﻟﺍﺢﻳﺣﺻ ﻝﻛﺷﺑ ﻡﻳﻗﺭﺗﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﻼﻋ ﻡ: ﺔﻠﻣﺟﻟﺍ ﺭﺑﻋ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺩﺷﺭﺗ"
ﻌﺟﺗ ﻡﺛ ﻥﻣﻭ ﺎﻫﺭﺻﺎﻧﻋ ﺯﻳﻳﻣﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻩﺩﻋﺎﺳﺗﻭ ﺎﻳﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﻪﻠﺎﻣﻛ ...ﻪﻘﻳﺭﻁ ﻝﺿﻳ ﻻ ﻥﻣﻭ ،ﺔﻳﻧﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﻣﺟﻠﻟ ﻱﻭﺣﻧﻟﺍ ءﺎﻧﺑﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺍ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻝﻘﻋ ﺩﺷﺭﻳ ﻥﺍ ﻥﻛﻣﻣﻟﺍ
ﺡﺎﻣﺳﻟﺍ ﻥﻛﻣﻳ ﻻ ﻪﻧﺍ ﺩﻳﺑ ...ﻪﻘﻳﺭﻁ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻝﺿﻳ ﻥﺍ ﻰﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻧﻣ ﻝﻼﻗﻻﺍ ﻭﺍ ﻡﻳﻗﺭﺗﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﻼﻌﻟ ﻁﺭﻔﻣﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺧﺗﺳﻻﺍ ﻱﺩﺅﻳ ﻥﺍ ﻥﻛﻣﻳ ،ﺭﺩﻘﻟﺍ ﺱﻔﻧﺑﻭ ﺔﻠﺻﺎﻔﻟ
ﻻﺩﺗﺳﻻﺍ ﺭﻣﺩﺗ ﻥﺍ ﺎﻬﻌﺿﻭﻣ ﺭﻳﻏ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻣﺩﺧﺗﺳﻣ"ﺎﻬﻠﻛ ﺓﺩﺎﻣﻟﺍ ﻥﻣ ﻁﺑﻧﺗﺳﻣﻟﺍ ﻝﻭﻘﻌﻣﻟﺍ ﻝ
٥٤
.
:ﻥﻭﻣﺿﻣﻟﺍ ﺙﻳﺣ ﻥﻣ ﺩﻧﺳﻟﺍ ﺡﻭﺿﻭ :
ً
ﺎﻳﻧﺎﺛ
) ﺓﺭﺷﺎﺑﻣ ﺔﻐﻟ ﺎﻬﻧﺄﺑ ﺔﻳﻧﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻡﺳﺗﺗstraightforward ﺓﺭﺎﺑﻌﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﺧﺄﺗ ﻉﻭﺿﻭﻣ ﻝﻛ ﻥﺍ ﻝﺑ ،ﻪﺗﺍﺫﻟ ﺩﻭﺻﻘﻣ ﻝﻭﻟﺩﻣ ﺎﻬﻟ ﺔﻣﻠﻛ ﻝﻛ ﻥﺍ ﻰﻧﻌﻣﺑ (
ﻭﻟﻭ ﻰﺗﺣ ﺡﻭﺿﻭﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻗﺩﻟﺍ ﻲﻋﺍﻭﺩﻟ ﺩﻣﻋ ﻥﻋ ﻩﺭﺎﻳﺗﺧﺍ ﻡﺗﻳ ﺔﻳﻧﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺭﺛﺅﻳ ﻙﻟﺫ ﻥﺎﻛ ﻪﻳﻠﻋ ،ﻪﺗﻏﻼﺑﻭ ﺏﻭﻠﺳﻻﺍ ﺔﻣﻼﺳ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻣ ﻭﻠﺧﺗ ﺔﻳﻧﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ

ﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﺠﻣﺔﻴﻧﺎﺴﻧﻻ - ﻞﻴﺑﺭﺍ /ﻦﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﺡﻼﺻ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺎﻫﺭﺪﺼﺗ - ) ﺩﺪﻌﻟﺍ٤٤ﺔﻨﺴﻟ (٢٠١٠
٣١٧
ﺳﺣﻣﻟﺍﺔﻳﻏﻼﺑﻟﺍ ﺏﻳﻟﺎﺳﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﻌﻳﺩﺑﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻧ ﺷﺗﻟﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺗﺳﻻﺍ ﻝﺛﻣﻩﺫﻫ ﻡﺍﺩﺧﺗﺳﺍ ﻥﺍ ﺙﻳﺣ .ﺦﻟﺍﻭ...،ﻪﻳﺑ ﺎﺑﻭﻠﻁﻣ ﻥﻭﻛﻳ ﺩﻗ ﻰﻧﻌﻣﻠﻟ ﺎﺿﻭﻣﻏ ﻑﻳﺿﻳ ﺏﻳﻟﺎﺳﻻﺍ
ِ
◌
ﺔﻳﻧﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻣﺭﺣﻣﻟﺍ ﻥﻣ ﻪﻧﻛﻟﻭ ،ﺔﻳﺑﺩﻻﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ
٥٥
. :ﺏﻠﻁﺗﻳ ﻥﻭﻣﺿﻣﻟﺍ ﺙﻳﺣ ﻥﻣ ﺩﻧﺳﻟﺍ ﺡﻭﺿﻭ ﻥﺄﻓ ﻝﺎﺣ ﺔﻳﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ
١ - ﺩﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺎﺻﺧﻠﻣ ﻱﺃ ،ﻡﻬﻟﺎﻣﻋﺃ ﻝﺎﺟﻣﻭ ،ﻪﻓﺍﺭﻁﺄﺑ ﻑﻳﺭﻌﺗﻟﺍﻭ ﺩﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﻣ ﻑﺩﻬﻟﺍ ﺭﻛﺫﻌﺑﺳﻭ ﺱﻣﺧ ﻥﻋ ﻪﺗﺎﻣﻠﻛ ﺩﺩﻋ ﺯﻭﺎﺟﺗﻳﻻﻳ.ﺔﻣﻠﻛ ﻥ
٢ - ﺍﻭ ﻝﻌﻔﻟﺍﻭ ﺱﻳﺋﺭﻟﺍ ﻝﻋﺎﻔﻟﺍ ﻥﻳﺑﺎﻣ ﻭﺃ ﻝﺑﻗ ﺕﺎﻣﻭﻠﻌﻣﻟﺍ ﻥﻣ ﺭﻳﺛﻛﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ ﻡﺩﻋﻭ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻗ ﺓﺎﻋﺍﺭﻣ.ﻪﺑ ﻝﻭﻌﻔﻣﻟ
٣ - ﺿﻟﺍ ﺭﻳﻏ ﻝﻳﺻﺎﻔﺗﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺑﻌﻟﺍ ﻲﺷﺎﺣﺗﻭﻐﻟ ﻭ ﻭﺷﺣﻟﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺩﺎﻌﺗﺑﻻﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻳﺭﻭﺭ .ﻡﻼﻛﻟﺍ ﺭﻭﻣﻻﺍ ،ﻡﺩﻌﻧﻣﻭ ﻝﻁﺎﺑ ،ﻊﺋﺎﺿﺑﻟﺍﻭ ﻊﻠﺳﻟﺍ ﻝﻭﻘﺗ ﻥﺄﻛ
ﻝﺋﺎﺳﻣﻟﺍﻭ ﻪﻣﺍﺭﺑﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺑﻭﻠﻁﻣﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻳﺻﻟﺍ ﻖﻘﺣﺗﻭ ﺩﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﺩﺎﻘﻌﻧﺍ ﻥﻣ ﺩﻛﺄﺗﻟﺍ ﻝﻳﺑﺳ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺩﺧﺗﺳﻳ ﻥﺎﻳﺣﻻﺍ ﺽﻌﺑ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻘﻳﺭﻁﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﺍ ﻭﻟﻭ .ﺦﻟﺍﻭ... ﻭﻫ ﺎﻣﻛ
ﻡﻛﺎﺣﻟﺍ ﺹﺭﺣﻳ ﺙﻳﺣ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻟﺍ ﺩﻘﻌﻟ ﺔﺑﺳﻧﻟﺎﺑ ﻝﺎﺣﻟﺍﻥﺎﺗﺳﺩﺭﻭﻛ ﻡﻳﻠﻗﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻧﺩﻧﻋ ﺩﻗﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻳﺗﺩﺭﺍﻭﻟﺍ ﺞﻳﻭﺯﺗﻟﺍﻭ ﺢﻳﻛﻧﺗﻟﺍ ﺎﺗﺭﺎﺑﻋ ﻥﻳﺟﻭﺯﻟﺍ ﻥﻳﻘﻠﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ
.ﺓﺭﻳﺛﻛ ﻯﺭﺧﺍ ﺔﻠﺛﻣﺍﻭ ﺔﻘﺑﺎﺳﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﺛﻣﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻫﺎﻧﺭﻛﺫ ﺎﻣ ﺎﻬﻧﻣﻭ ﺓﺭﺭﺑﻣ ﺭﻳﻏ ﺩﻌﺗ ﻲﻫﻭ ﻝﻳﺑﻘﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻣ ﺕﻻﺎﺣ ﻙﺎﻧﻫ ﻥﻛﻟﻭ .ﻡﻳﺭﻛﻟﺍ ﻥﺁﺭﻘﻟﺍ
٤- ﻩﺫﻳﻔﻧﺗ ﻥﻳﻳﻧﻌﻣﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺳﻌﻳ ﺎﻣﻣ ﻭﺃ ،ﺩﻘﻌﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺗﻣﻟﺍ ﺏﻧﺍﻭﺟﻟﺍ ﺽﻌﺑ ﺡﻭﺿﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺛﺅﺗ ﻲﺗﻟﺍ ﺭﻳﺑﺎﻌﺗﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺑﻌﻟﺍ ﺽﻌﺑ ﻡﺍﺩﺧﺗﺳﺇ ﻲﺷﺎﺣﺗ
٥٦
:ﻼﺛﻣ ،
:ﺔﻳﻟﺎﺗﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺑﻌﻟﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﺍ ﻡﺩﻋ
ﺃ- ﺍﻭﺗﺣﺍ ﺎﻣ ﻊﻳﻣﺟ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻘﻔﺗﺍ ﻥﻳﺩﻗﺎﻌﺗﻣﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺽﺭﺗﻔﻣﻟﺍ ﻥﻣ ﻥﻷ ﺩﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﺎﻳﺎﻧﺛ ﻲﻓ "ﺔﺣﺍﺭﺻ ﻑﺍﺭﻁﻷﺍ ﻖﻔﺗﺇ".ﺩﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﻩ
ﺏ - ﺩﻗﻭ ،ﻡﻬﻧﻳﺑ ﺎﻣﻳﻓ ﻕﺎﻔﺗﻻﺎﺑ ﺩﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﺩﻭﻧﺑ ﻝﻳﺩﻌﺗ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺍﺭﺣﺃ ﻑﺍﺭﻁﻻﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺎﻣ ﺔﻳﺭﻭﺭﺿ ﺭﻳﻏ ﺎﻳﻘﻁﻧﻣ ﺓﺭﺎﺑﻌﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ "ﻙﻟﺫ ﻑﻼﺧ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻖﻔﺗﺍ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻻﺇ"
ﻣ ،ﺎﻳﻬﻔﺷ ﻪﻠﻳﺩﻌﺗ ﻥﻛﻣﻣﻟﺍ ﻥﻣ ﺕﺎﻣﺍﺯﺗﻟﻻﺍ ﻥﻣﺿ ﻭﺃ ﺩﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻁﺭﺷﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻟﺍ ﻯﺭﺧﺃ ﻥﻭﺩ ﺩﻭﻧﺑﻟﺍ ﺽﻌﺑ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺎﺑﻌﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﺍ ﺎﻧﻣﺿ ﻲﺣﻭﻳ ﺎﻣ
.ﻥﺎﻳﺣﻻﺍ ﺽﻌﺑ ﻲﻓ ﻉﺍﺯﻧﻟﺍ ﺩﻟﻭﻳ
٥ - ﻭ ،ﺱﺎﺑﺗﻟﻼﻟ ﺓﺭﻳﺛﻣﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﺿﻣﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺑﻌﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺧﺗﺳﺍ ﻲﺷﺎﺣﺗ ،ﺎﻬﻧﻋ ﻻﺩﺑ ﺔﻳﺗﻳﺭﻛﻧﻭﻛﻟﺍ ﻅﺎﻔﻟﻻﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺧﺗﺳﺍ ﻥﻣ ﺔﻌﺳﺍﻭ ﻝﻼﻅ ﺎﻬﻟ ﻥﻭﻛﺗ ﺔﺿﻣﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﻠﻛﻟﺎﻓ
ﻣ ﻥﻳﻘﻳﻟﺍ ﻪﺟﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﺣﺃ ﻑﺭﻌﻳ ﻻﻭ ﺕﺎﺟﺭﺩ ﺭﻣﺣﻻﺍ ﻥﻭﻠﻟﺎﻓ "ءﺍﺭﻣﺣ" ﺓﺭﺎﻳﺳ ﺔﻣﻠﻛ ﻙﻟﺫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻝﺎﺛﻣﻟﺍﻭ ﻰﻧﻌﻣﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺗﻟﺍ ﺭﻣﺣﻻﺍ ﻥﻭﻠﻟﺍ ﺔﺟﺭﺩ ﺕﻧﺎﻛ ﺍﺫﺍ ﺎ
ﺗﻓ ،ﺱﺎﺑﺗﻟﻻﺍ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻣﺃ ،ﺎﻫﺩﻳﺩﺣﺗ ﺏﻌﺻﻳ ﻰﻧﻌﻣﻟﺍ ﻥﻣ ﺔﻌﺳﺍﻭ ﻻﻼﻅ ﻪﻟ ﻥﻷ ﺎﺿﻣﺎﻏ ﻅﻔﻠﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﻛﻳ ﺎﻧﻫ .ﻊﻣﺗﺳﻣﻟﺍ ﻥﻫﺫ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺳﻔﻧ ﻲﻫ ﺙﺩﺣﺗﻣﻟﺍ ﻥﻫﺫ ﻥﻭﻛ
ﺎﺗﺳﺍ ﻲﻧﻌﺗ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺏﻳﺑﻁ ﻲﻧﻌﺗ ﺩﻗ ﺎﻬﻧﺍ "ﺭﻭﺗﻛﺩ" ﺓﺭﺎﺑﻋ ﻙﻟﺫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻝﺎﺛﻣﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺩﺣﻣ ﺎﻬﻳﻠﻋ ﺔﻔﻠﺗﺧﻣﻟﺍ ﻲﻧﺎﻌﻣﻟﺍﺙﺩﺣﺗﻣﻟﺍ ﻩﺩﺻﻘﻳ ﻥﻳﻳﻧﻌﻣﻟﺍ ﻱﺄﻓ ،ﻲﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺫ
٥٧
.
ﻕﺎﻳﺳﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻥﻣ ﺎﻣﻭﻬﻔﻣ ﺎﻫﺎﻧﻌﻣ ﻥﺎﻛ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺔﻳﻟﻻﺩﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺣﺎﻧﻟﺍ ﻥﻣ ﺔﺿﻣﺎﻏ ﻥﻭﻛﺗﻻ ﻅﺎﻔﻟﻻﺍ ﻥﺄﺑ ﻅﺣﻼﻣﻟﺍﻭ
٥٨
.
٦ - " ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻣﻠﻟ ﻲﻧﺑﻣﻟﺍ ﻎﻳﺻ ﻝﻳﺿﻔﺗactive voice ﻡﺯﺗﻠﻣﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻝﻭﺅﺳﻣﻟﺍ ﻑﺭﻁﻟﺍ ءﺎﻔﺧﺇ ﻰﻟﺍ ﻱﺩﺅﻳ ﺭﻳﺧﻻﺍ ﻥﻷ ،ﻝﻭﻬﺟﻣﻠﻟ ﻲﻧﺑﻣﻟﺍ ﻎﻳﺻ ﻥﻋ ﻻﺩﺑ " ﻲﻓ
ﺔﺿﻭﺭﻌﻣﻟﺍ ﺔﻟﺎﺣﻟﺍ
٥٩
.

ﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﺠﻣﺔﻴﻧﺎﺴﻧﻻ - ﻞﻴﺑﺭﺍ /ﻦﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﺡﻼﺻ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺎﻫﺭﺪﺼﺗ - ) ﺩﺪﻌﻟﺍ٤٤ﺔﻨﺴﻟ (٢٠١٠
٣١٨
٧ - ﻲﻧﻌﻳ ﻝﺑ .ﺔﻳﻗﻭﺳﻟﺍ ﻅﺎﻔﻟﻻﺎﺑ ﺎﻬﻟﺍﺩﺑﺗﺳﺍﻭ ﻡﻼﻛﻟﺍ ﻝﺍﺫﺗﺑﺍ ﻲﻧﻌﻳﻻ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻛﻟﻭ ،ﺓﺭﺷﺎﺑﻣﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻁﻳﺳﺑﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺑﻌﻟﺍ ﻱﺃ ،ﺔﻓﻭﻟﺄﻣﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺑﻌﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺧﺗﺳﺍ ﻭﻟ ﻪﻧﺄﺑ
ﻟﺄﻣﻭ ﺓﺭﻳﺻﻗ ﺎﻣﻫﺍﺩﺣﺍ ،ﻥﻳﺗﻣﻠﻛ ﻥﻳﺑ ﺭﻳﺗﺧﺍﺓﺩﺎﺗﻌﻣ ﺭﻳﻏﻭ ﺔﻠﻳﻭﻁ ﻯﺭﺧﺃﻭ ﺔﻓﻭﻻﺍ ﺽﻌﺑ ﻲﻓﻭ .ﻰﻟﻭﻻﺍ ﻝﻳﺿﻔﺗ ﺏﺟﻳ ﻪﻧﺎﻓ ، ﻲﻧﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻎﺋﺎﺻﻟﺍ ﺭﻁﺿﻳ ﺩﻗ ﻥﺎﻳﺣ
) ﺔﻳﻧﻓ ﺓﺭﺎﺑﻋ ﻭﺍ ﺔﻣﻠﻛ ﻡﺍﺩﺧﺗﺳﺍ ﻰﻟﺍtechnical term( ﺡﺭﺷﻟ ﺔﻳﺷﻣﺎﻬﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻅﺣﻼﻣﻟﺍ ﺏﻭﻠﺳﺍ ﻰﻟﺍ ءﻭﺟﻠﻟﺍ ﻪﻳﻠﻋ ﺔﻟﺎﺣﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ،ﻕﺎﻳﺳﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻳﺿﺗﻘﻳ
ﻪﻣﻬﻓ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺑﻭﻌﺻ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺩﺟﻳ ﻻ ﻰﺗﺣ ﻲﻧﻔﻟﺍ ﺢﻠﻁﺻﻣﻟﺍ ﻰﻧﻌﻣ
٦٠
.
٨ - ﺔﻳﻧﺎﻳﺑﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻁﻁﺧﻣﻟﺍﻭ ﻝﻭﺍﺩﺟﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻠﺛﻣﻻﺍ ﻝﺎﻣﻌﺗﺳﺍ.ﺩﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﻣﺿﻣ ﺡﺎﺿﻳﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻋﺎﺳﺗ ﻲﺗﻟﺍ
٩ - " ﻲﻘﻁﻧﻣ ﻝﺳﻠﺳﺗ ﻖﻓﻭ ﻑﺍﺭﻁﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﺍﺯﺗﻟﺍ ﺭﻛﺫlogical sequenceﻟﺍ ،ﻡﻬﻣﻟﺍ ﻝﺑﻗ ﻡﻫﻻﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻥﻣ ﺓﺩﺎﻋ ﻥﻭﻛﻳﻭ " ،ﺹﺎﺧﻟﺍ ﻝﺑﻗ ﻡﺎﻌ
ﻝﺑﻗ ﻱﺩﺎﻳﺗﻋﻻﺍﻭﻲﺋﺎﻧﺛﺗﺳﻻﺍ "extraordinary."
١٠ - ) ﺔﻧﻁﺭﻣﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﻧﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻲﺷﺎﺣﺗlegal jargonﻟﺍ ﻅﺎﻔﻟﻻﺍ ﻝﺛﻣ (ﺔﻳﻧﻁﻭﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻝﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﺎﻬﻟ ﻲﺗﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﻧﻳﺗﻼﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﻠﻛﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻠﻣﻣﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﻣﺳﺭ
٦١
.
١١ - .ﺎﻬﻧﻋ ﻰﻧﻐﺗﺳﻳﻻ ﻲﺗﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﻧﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﻧﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺣﻠﻁﺻﻣﻟﺍ ﺭﻳﺳﻔﺗ
١٢ - ﺷﺎﺣﺗﻲ ﺭﺭﻛﺗﻣﻟﺍ ﻲﻔﻧﻟﺍ
٦٢
ﺭﻳﻏ ﺢﺑﺻﺗﻓ ﻻ ﻭﺃ ﺭﻳﻏ ﺓﺭﺎﺑﻋ ﺎﻬﻘﺑﺳﺗ ،ﺽﻓﺭﻳﻭ ﺏﺋﺎﻏ ﻝﺛﻣ ﻡﻬﻔﻟﺍ ﺏﻌﺻ ﻪﻧﻛﻟﻭ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻘﻟ ﺎﻳﻓﺎﻧﻣ ﻥﻭﻛﻳﻻ ﺩﻗ ﺍﺫﻬﻓ ،
،ﺏﺋﺎﻏ .ﺦﻟﺍﻭ..ﺽﻓﺭﻳ ﻻﻭ
١٣ - ﻥﺎﻳﺣﻻﺍ ﺽﻌﺑ ﻲﻓ ﻙﺎﺑﺭﻻﺍ ﻰﻟﺍ ﻱﺩﺅﻳ ﻪﻧﻷ ﻝﻭﻟﺩﻣﻟﺍ ﺱﻔﻧ ﺎﻣﻬﻟ ﻥﻳﺗﻣﻠﻛ ﺩﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﻣﺿﺗﻳ ﻥﺍ ﺫﺑﺣﻳ ﻼﻓ ،ﻅﺎﻔﻟﻻﺎﺑ ﺏﻋﻼﺗﻟﺍ ﻡﺩﻋﻭ ،ﺕﺎﺣﻠﻁﺻﻣﻟﺍ ﺩﻳﺣﻭﺗ ﻭ
.ﺩﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﺡﻭﺿﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺛﺅﻳ ﻲﻟﺎﺗﻟﺎﺑ
١٤ - ) ءﺎﻣﺳﺍ ﻰﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﻌﻓﻻﺍ ﻝﻳﻭﺣﺗ ﻡﺩﻋnominalizationﻟﺍ ﻝﺻﻭﺗﻟﺍ ﻡﺗ" ﻝﻭﻘﺗ ﺎﻣﺩﻧﻋ ﻼﺛﻣ ( ﺕﺭﺭﻗ" ﻝﻭﻘﻟﺍ ﻥﻣ ﻻﺩﺑ "ﺔﻣﻛﺣﻣﻟﺍ ﻝﺑﻗ ﻥﻣ ﺭﺍﺭﻗ ﻰ
ﺔﻳﻏﺎﻳﺻﻟﺍ ﻝﻛﺎﺷﻣﻟﺍ ﺽﻌﺑ ﻥﻣ ﻙﺻﻠﺧﻳ ﻡﺳﺍ ﻰﻟﺍ ﻝﻌﻔﻟﺍ ﻝﻳﻭﺣﺗ ﻡﺩﻋﻭ "ﺭﺍﺭﻗ" ﻭﻫﻭ ﻰﻟﻭﻻﺍ ﺔﻠﻣﺟﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺳﺍ ﻰﻟﺍ "ﺕﺭﺭﻗ" ﻝﻌﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﻟﻭﺣ ﻙﻧﺄﻓ "ﺔﻣﻛﺣﻣﻟﺍ
ﻡﻼﻛﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺎﻧﻁﻹﺍﻭ ،ﻝﻭﻬﺟﻣﻠﻟ ﻲﻧﺑﻣﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻳﺻ ﻡﺍﺩﺧﺗﺳﺍ ﻥﻣ ﺹﻠﺧﺗﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻧﻣ ،ﺔﻠﻣﺟﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ
٦٣
.
١٥ - ﻻ ﻥﺍ ﺏﺟﻳ ﺔﻳﻌﺟﺭﻣﻟﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﺣﻻﺍ ﺩﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﻡﺩﺧﺗﺳﻳ cross references ﺍﺩﻋ ﻝﻛﺷﺗﻳ ﻲﺗﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻣﻟﺍ ﺭﻫﻭﺟ ﺡﻭﺿﻭﻭ ﺭﺎﺻﺗﺧﺎﺑ ﻑﺻﺗ ﻲﺗﻟﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﺣﻻﺍ
ءﺍﻭﺳ ،ﻊﺟﺭﻣﻟﺍ ﻪﻧﻣﺃﺧﺑ ﺩﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ءﻲﺷ ﻙﺎﻧﻫ ﻥﻛﻳ ﻡﻟﺎﻣ" :ﺓﺭﺎﺑﻋ ﻼﺛﻣ .ﻪﻠﺧﺍﺩ ﻡﺍ ﺩﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﺝﺭﺎﺧ ﺕﻧﺎﻛ ﻩﺫﻫ "ﻙﻟﺫ ﻑﻼﺇ ﻱﺫﻟﺍ ﻥﺄﺑ ﻲﺣﻭﺗ ﺔﻳﻠﺧﺍﺩ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ
ﺭﻌﻳ ﻻ ﺩﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﺏﺗﻛ ﺩﻳﻛﺄﺗﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻳﻭﻟﻭﻻﺍ ﻥﺎﻳﺑ ﺏﺗﺎﻛﻟﺍ ﻝﻭﺎﺣﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻟﻭﻻﺍﻭ ،ﺩﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﺩﻭﻧﺑ ﺔﻳﻘﺑﺑ ﺔﻟﺄﺳﻣﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻁﺑﺭ ﻯﺩﻣ ﻑﺭﻌﻳ ﻻ ﻪﻧﺍ ﻭﺃ ،ﺩﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﻯﻭﺗﺣﻣ ﺔﻳﻘﺑ ﻑ
.ﻪﻟ ﻡﻛﺣﻣﻟﺍ ﻡﻳﻅﻧﺗﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻥﻣ ﺩﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﺩﻭﻧﺑ ﻥﻳﺑ ﻲﻘﻁﻧﻣﻟﺍ ﻁﺑﺍﺭﺗﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ
٥ - ﺕﺎﺟﺎﺗﻧﺗﺳﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻣﺗﺎﺧﻟﺍ

ﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﺠﻣﺔﻴﻧﺎﺴﻧﻻ - ﻞﻴﺑﺭﺍ /ﻦﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﺡﻼﺻ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺎﻫﺭﺪﺼﺗ - ) ﺩﺪﻌﻟﺍ٤٤ﺔﻨﺴﻟ (٢٠١٠
٣١٩
ﺭﻳﺑﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺻﺋﺎﺻﺧﻭ ﺡﻭﺿﻭﻟﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻣ ﻥﻋ ﺙﺣﺑﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻥﻣ :ﺎﻧﻟ ﻥﻳﺑﺗ ﺔﻳﺩﻗﺎﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺍﺭﻻﺍ ﻥﻋ
• :ﻭﻫ ﺔﻳﺩﻗﺎﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺍﺭﻻﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺭﻳﺑﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺡﻭﺿﻭﻟﺍ ﻥﺄﺑ ﻝﺑﺎﻘﻣﻟﺍ ﻑﺭﻁﻟﺍ ﻩﺎﻧﻌﻣ ﻥﺄﺷ ﻲﻓ ﻖﻔﺗﻳ ﻪﺗﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻟﻻﺩﻠﻟ ﻥﻳﺩﻗﺎﻌﺗﻣﻟﺍ ﺩﺣﺍ ﻪﻣﺩﺧﺗﺳﻳ ﻱﺫﻟﺍ ﺭﻳﺑﻌﺗﻟﺍ)
ﻭﺃ ﻪﻳﻠﻋ ﻝﺩﻳ ﺎﻣ ﺹﻭﺻﻧ ﺩﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﺗﺍﺫ ﻲﻓ.(
• ﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺝﺭﺩﺗ ﻙﺎﻧﻫﻓ ﻲﻋﻭﺿﻭﻣﻟﺍﻭ ﻲﺻﺧﺷﻟﺍ ﻥﻳﺭﺎﻳﻌﻣﻟﺎﺑ ﺫﺧ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻣ ﻰﻟﺍ ﺄﺟﻠﻳ ﻲﺿﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻥﺍ ﺙﻳﺣ ﺔﻳﺩﻗﺎﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺍﺭﻻﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺭﻳﺑﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺡﻭﺿﻭﻟﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻣ ﻲ
ﻥﻛﻣﺍ ﺎﻣ ﺙﻳﺣ ﻥﻳﺩﻗﺎﻌﺗﻣﻠﻟ ﺔﻛﺭﺗﺷﻣﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺍﺭﻻﺍ، .ﻑﻼﺧﻟﺍ ﻡﺳﺣﻟ ﻲﻋﻭﺿﻭﻣﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻳﻌﻣﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺍ ﺄﺟﻠﻳﻓ ﻪﻳﻠﻋ ﺭﺫﻌﺗ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻥﻛﻟﻭ
• ﻪﻳﻠﻋ ﻝﺑ ﺓﺭﺎﺑﻌﻠﻟ ﻲﻓﺭﺣﻟﺍ ﻰﻧﻌﻣﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻣﺗﻌﻳ ﻻ ﻲﻋﻭﺿﻭﻣﻟﺍ ﺭﻳﺳﻔﺗﻠﻟ ﻩﺩﺎﻣﺗﻋﺍ ﺩﻧﻋ ﻲﺿﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻑﻭﺭﻅﻟﺍ ﺓﺎﻋﺍﺭﻣﺑ ﻝﺛﻣﺗﻣﻟﺍ ﻲﻗﺎﻳﺳﻟﺍ ﻰﻧﻌﻣﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻣﺗﻌﻳ ﻥﺍ
.ﺎﻬﻳﻓ ﺕﻠﻳﻗ ﻲﺗﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﻓﺭﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﺳﺎﻳﺳﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺻﺗﻗﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﻋﺎﻣﺗﺟﻻﺍ
• .ﻪﻧﻭﻣﺿﻣﺑ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺗﻣ ﻭﺍ ،ﺩﻧﺳﻟﺍ ﻡﻳﻣﺻﺗﺑ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺗﻣ ﺎﻣﺍ ﻲﻫﻭ :ﻥﻳﻳﺳﻳﺋﺭ ﻥﻳﻣﺳﻗ ﻰﻟﺍ ﻡﺳﻘﺗ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺹﺋﺎﺻﺧﻟﺍ ﻥﻣ ﺭﻳﺛﻛﻟﺍ ﻪﻟ ﺢﺿﺍﻭﻟﺍ ﺭﻳﺑﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﻥﺍ
• ﻋ ﺔﻳﺑﺭﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﻧﺩﻣﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻳﺭﺷﺗﻟﺍ ﻥﻛﻟﻭ ﺎﻬﻣﻳﻅﻧﺗﻭ ﺩﻭﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﺑﺎﺗﻛ ﺙﻳﺣ ﻥﻣ ﺹﺋﺎﺻﺧﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻳﺑﺗ ﻡﻟ ﺔﻳﻧﺎﺗﺳﺩﺭﻭﻛﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﻗﺍﺭﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻳﺭﺷﺗﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻧﻣﺿ ﻥﻣﻭ ﺎﻣﻭﻣ
.ﺍﺩﻧﻛﻭ ﺔﻳﻛﻳﺭﻣﻻﺍ ﺓﺩﺣﺗﻣﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﻻﻭﻟﺍ ﻝﺛﻣ ﻙﻟﺫ ﺕﻠﻌﻓ ﺔﻳﺑﺭﻐﻟﺍ ﻥﻳﻧﺍﻭﻘﻟﺍ
• ﻥﻳﺑﻳ ﺎﻌﻳﺭﺷﺗ ﺭﺩﺻﺗﻭ ﻝﺎﺟﻣﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺓﻭﻁﺧ ﻭﻁﺧﺗ ﻥﺍ ﻲﻧﺎﺗﺳﺩﺭﻭﻛﻟﺍﻭ ﻲﻗﺍﺭﻌﻟﺍ ﻉﺭﺷﻣﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺡﺭﺗﻘﻧ ﻪﻳﻠﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻅﻓﺎﺣﻣﻟﺍ ﻝﻳﺑﺳ ﻲﻓ ﺏﻧﺎﺟﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ
ﺑﻟﺍ ﻩﺩﻬﺷﻳ ﻱﺫﻟﺍ ﺭﻳﺑﻛﻟﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﺟﺗﻟﺍﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺻﺗﻗﻻﺍ ﺡﺎﺗﻔﻧﻻﺍ ﺩﻌﺑ ﺎﺻﻭﺻﺧﻭ ،ﻥﻳﺟﺗﻧﻣﻟﺍ ﻝﺑﻗ ﻥﻣ ﻉﺍﺩﺧﻟﺍﻭ ﻝﻳﻠﺿﺗﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺍ ﻡﻬﺿﺭﻌﺗ ﻡﺩﻋﻭ ﻥﻳﻛﻠﻬﺗﺳﻣﻟﺍ ﻕﻭﻘﺣ.ﺩﻠ
òìóåîím@ñón‚íq@@
ì@bÙî‹àó÷@óÜ@Ûóîòìóåmìi@ìí“Žïq@ñò†ó@ðäbØbnÐóy@óÜ@pójîbm@ói@a‡Žîíä@ð‚bš@óÜ@@ðîbbî@ðäbàŒ@aìóØ@†‹Øò†@ñòìó÷@ñaìa†@ìíi@a‡îóq@a†aìb÷ˆûŠ
÷@ÚŽîŠüuói@Lçìíi@Âäó“Žïq@òŠaíi@ãóÜ@çbØóÙäbi@ì@ðîbïå0܆@ðäbØbïäbràüØ@òì@oŽïia‹Ù’b÷@ì@çììŠaìóØ@†‹Ø@çbïnóè@óäbîb5Œò†@ãó@@ñ†ìí@ómóibi@ãó÷
ìa†@ñòìóäìíi@ãóØ@óÜ@ó“îŠó6îŠbØ@ðÙŽîŠbØüè@òì@LoŽï“‚óiò‡Žïq@çbîŠûŒNçbîŠóóÜ@ðîbbî@ña@@
@ð0Üb@óÜ@ð䆋َïuójŽïu@ðÙŽîŠbî‹i@ŠómŠbØ@ðáŽïu@‹mìí“Žïq@ðÙî‹àó÷@ðØûŠó@óîòìóåmììi@ãó÷@ñüèói@òìQYWX@@ðäììŠ@ñaìa†@a‡îbïm@óØ@†‹ØŠò†
Na‡äbØóïÜaŠ‡ïÐ@óán=@>ïìíä@óÜ@†‹Øò†@ðîa‹Ù’b÷@ì@@

ﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﺠﻣﺔﻴﻧﺎﺴﻧﻻ - ﻞﻴﺑﺭﺍ /ﻦﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﺡﻼﺻ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺎﻫﺭﺪﺼﺗ - ) ﺩﺪﻌﻟﺍ٤٤ﺔﻨﺴﻟ (٢٠١٠
٣٢٠
òìím‹6Øóî@ómóîþîì@ñŠûŒ@ñóiŠûŒ@ò†ó@çbàóè@ðäbØò†òìóä@óÜ@òì@óÜ@”ïÙŽï’ói@òì@†‹ØŠò†@çbïîbbî@ðäbàŒ@ðäììŠ@ñbbî@bÙî‹àó÷@ðäbØ
ˆûŠ@óÜ@òì@Nónóióà@ãó÷@üi@òìì‡äaŠŒóàa†@çbïmójîbm@ñìa‹ƒÙŽîŠ@ì@a†@òŠbØ@ãói@çbîìò‹i@‹m@ðäbmýìì@ì@bïÜaCí÷@ìa†óäóØ@ðäbØómóîþîì@ûD‹áï÷@Ûòì@ñŠb5
@NoŽîŠ‡äò†a†@ðäò†óà@ðÙŽïÐbà@ói@ðîbbî@ðäbàŒ@ðäììŠ@@
ìó÷bm0ýì@ðäbØbbî@Žßó5óÜ@†ŠìaŠói@ói@óîóÙàóš@ãó÷@ðäbØómóïb‚@ìbäbà@>n=‚Šò†@òìóåîóÙi@ðäììŠ@óîòìóåîím@ì@óÜ@óäbánóióà@óáŽï÷@ñòçN@@@
óåîím@ ðàb−ó÷@ óÜóØ@ ñóàb−ó÷@ ìó÷@ óåïn“îó5@ a†óØòì@o“q@a†òŠaíi@ ãóÜ@ oŽïiò†@òì@Lo’ŠaŒí5@ ðäììŠ@Ûóä@ ón=îì@ ðäììŠ@óÜ@ oóióà@aì
jiŽîCóóØónójŽî‹5@ð‚û†ìŠbi@ói@o@@ñŒbïä@üi@òìóäaŠó5@ói@”îìó÷@La‡äbîóØòˆaìónò†@óÜ@ónóióà@çbïÙŽïn’@H@çaŠbÙnójŽî‹5@bîb÷@oŽî‹äai@íØbm
NÚŽïäóîý@bïäóm@Šóè@Ûòìóä@çbï’óiìbè@@
Žî‹5@>ïìíä@óÜ@ðäììŠ@aìóØ@pìóØŠò†@bèòìŠóè@òìŽî‹5ò†@ðØòŠó@ðäóîý@ìì†@a‡nójìbä@çbïàóØóî@òìón@ðmó0ÜaìŠ@çbïàòìì†@ónójŽî‹5@ðØûŠò
NpbØò†@ŽðuójŽïu@çbØóäóîý@I=îì@ì@çììŠ@ðÙŽïnójŽî‹5@óåiò†@çbïØì솊óè@ói@óØ@LóîóØónójŽî‹5@@
Summery
In 70
th
of the last century a movement in the U.S.A and other western countries insisted on the use of
plain language in the law field. The insurance companies and banks were the first institutions that promote
for this purpose, they believed that the use of plain language is very useful for many reasons as well as it is
reduced the average of claims between producers and consumers.
During these movements the U.S.A former president Carter issued an executive regulated order in
1978 about the using of plain language in the federal systems.
In 90
th
of the same century the most of the states of the U.S.A issued laws about this matter,
nowadays there are many organizations in Canada, Australia, and Europe dealing with this matter.
Recently the plain language is considered as a civil right as it described by the former vice U.S.A
president Al Gore.

ﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﺠﻣﺔﻴﻧﺎﺴﻧﻻ - ﻞﻴﺑﺭﺍ /ﻦﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﺡﻼﺻ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺎﻫﺭﺪﺼﺗ - ) ﺩﺪﻌﻟﺍ٤٤ﺔﻨﺴﻟ (٢٠١٠
٣٢١
Our aim in this research is to show the notion of plain language in writing of contracts and show it's
characteristics of this concept.
For this sake we divided our research into two main chapters:
At first we discussed the notion of plain expression of the contractual will and its standards
At second we tried to collect all characteristics of it in the light of the acts issued and the scholar
opinions about this matter
In result we arrived to many conclusions inserted at the end of the research.
:ﺔﻳﻘﻳﺛﻭﺗﻟﺍ ﺵﻣﺍﻭﻬﻟﺍ
1
Peter Tiersma, The Plain English Movement,
http://www.languageandlaw.org/PLAINENGLISH.HTM
2
See: Ibid. and Cheryl M. Stephens. Plain Language for Business Lawyers.1991. Excerpted from an address
presented before The Business Law Section, Canadian Bar Association, February 20, 1991 available at:
www.plainlanguage.com
3
Candice Burt. Simplifying financial information: The legal framework All content, Simplified 2006/7
٤
ﻳﻭﺗﻠﻣ... ﻭ ﺔﺑﻳﺋﻛﻭ ﺔﻳﻭﺣﻧﻟﺍ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻘﻟﺎﺑ ﻡﺯﺗﻠﺗ ﻻﻭ ﺔﺳﻭﻣﻁﻣﻭ ﺔﺿﻣﺎﻏﻭ ﺔﻟﻭﻁﻣ ﻭ ﺔﻠﻫﺭﺗﻣ " :ﺎﻬﻧﻭﺑﺗﻛﻳ ﻲﺗﻟﺍ ﺩﻭﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻘﺗﻧﻻﺍ ﻙﻠﺗ ﻥﻳﺑ ﻥﻣ ﺓﺭﻳﺛﻛﻭ ﺔ
:ﺭﺻﻣ .ﺔﻳﻧﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻏﺎﻳﺻﻟﺍ ﻝﻭﺻﺍ .ﺓﺭﺑﺻ ﻲﻠﻋ ﺩﻣﺣﻣ ﺩﻭﻣﺣﻣ :ﺭﻅﻧﻳ ((ﺔﺣﺿﺍﻭ ﺭﻳﻏﻭ ﺔﻣﺧﻔﻣ ﻭ ﺍﺩﺟ ﺔﻣﻳﺩﻗﻭ ﺔﻔﻠﻐﻣﻭ ﺔﻛﺳﺎﻣﺗﻣ ﺭﻳﻏﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﻁﺗﺳﻻﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ
ﺹ .ﻊﺑﻁ ﺔﻧﺳ ﻼﺑ .ﺔﻳﻧﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺏﺗﻛﻟﺍ٣٤
.
5
Peter Tiersma,Op.Cit.
٦
:ﺔﺣﺿﺍﻭﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺩﺋﺍﻭﻓ ﻝﻭﺣ ﻝﻳﺻﻔﺗﻠﻟ ﺭﻅﻧﻳ

ﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﺠﻣﺔﻴﻧﺎﺴﻧﻻ - ﻞﻴﺑﺭﺍ /ﻦﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﺡﻼﺻ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺎﻫﺭﺪﺼﺗ - ) ﺩﺪﻌﻟﺍ٤٤ﺔﻨﺴﻟ (٢٠١٠
٣٢٢
Joseph Kimble, Writing for Dollars Writing to please. Pp.5-38. What's It Going to Take for You to Use Plain
Language? by Irene Leonard King Coaching for Change. Cheryl Stephens. Plain Language Wizardry: Plain
Language Legal Writing.Vancouver, Canada.pp.6-8 available at: www.plainlanguage.com
7
Joseph Kimble, Ibid. P.18.
8
Plain language is writing that can be understood at first reading by clients, lawyers and judges; it is legally
binding but it is also logically organized, concise and unambiguous. It uses normal or standard grammar,
punctuation and capitalization. It considers the reader's level of knowledge and state of mind. It uses a tone and
style that is professional yet appropriate to the circumstances. It uses non-sexist vocabulary and writing
techniques". Cheryl Stephens. What is really wrong with legal language? Remarks delivered to the Wills and
Estates Section Canadian Bar Association Vancouver, British Columbia November 27, 1990.
9
"Plain language" is "language simplified to make it readily understandable by the average person. It is language
stripped of unnecessary complexity, but not stripped of style. It is perhaps language at the lowest common
denominator. It is reader-focused language.
10
See: Eagleson, R. (n.d.). Short Definition of Plain Language. Retrieved March 20, 2008, from: Plain
Language.gov: http://www.plainlanguage.gov/whatisPL/definitions/eagleson.cfm
11
Plain Language: A Promising Strategy For Clearly Communicating Health Information And Improving Health
Literacy, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of Disease Prevention and Health
Promotion1101 Wootton Parkway, Suite LL 100, Rockville, MD 20852, (240) 453-8280. P. 5. available at:
http://odphp.osophs.dhhs.gov/
12
Ibid. P. The same.
13
Ibid. P. The same.

ﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﺠﻣﺔﻴﻧﺎﺴﻧﻻ - ﻞﻴﺑﺭﺍ /ﻦﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﺡﻼﺻ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺎﻫﺭﺪﺼﺗ - ) ﺩﺪﻌﻟﺍ٤٤ﺔﻨﺴﻟ (٢٠١٠
٣٢٣
14
Defining of plain language. The minister of multiculturalism and citizenship. Available at:
http||plainlanguage.com|newwhatisplain.html
15
Ibid.
16
'Plain English' is language that the intended audience can understand and act upon from a single reading.
<http://www.plainenglish.co.uk/index.html>.Law and Language in the European Union© Viola Heutger. Global
Jurist Topics: Volume 3, Issue 1 (2003) Article 3 <http://www.bepress.com/gj/topics/vol3/iss1/art3>. Reposted
with permission of The Berkeley Electronic Press.
17
Coe, Richard M. (1992) "Three Approaches to 'Plain Language': Better, Best and Better than Nothing", In
Proceedings: Just Language Conference 1992. (pp. 99-109) Vancouver, BC: The Plain Language Institute]
18
Henry Weihofen. Legal righting style. West Publishing Co., St. Paul. Minn., 1961. quoted from Cheryl Stephens.
Plain language legal writing. Op.Cit. p.8.
١٩
.ﻑﺭﺎﻌﻣﻟﺍ ﺓﺄﺷﻧﻣ ،ﻪﺋﺎﻛﺭﺷﻭ ﻱﺯﺣ ﻝﻼﺟ :ﺭﺷﺎﻧﻟﺍ .ﻥﺭﺎﻘﻣﻟﺍﻭ ﻱﺭﺻﻣﻟﺍ ﻲﻧﺩﻣﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﺭﻳﺳﻔﺗ .ﺓﺩﻭﻓ ﻡﻛﺣﻟﺍﺩﺑﻋ.ﺩ :ﻝﻳﺻﻔﺗﻠﻟ ﺭﻅﻧﻳ١٩٨٥ .
ﺹ٣١.
٢٠
ﺹ .ﻪﺳﻔﻧ ﺭﺩﺻﻣﻟﺍ٢٨-٣٥٫
٢١
.ﺔﻳﻧﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻏﺎﻳﺻﻟﺍ ﻝﻭﺻﺍ .ﺓﺭﺑﺻ ﻲﻠﻋ ﺩﻣﺣﻣ ﺩﻭﻣﺣﻣ :ﺭﻅﻧﻳﻖﺑﺎﺳ ﺭﺩﺻﻣﺹ.٣١٢
٢٢
.ﺓﺩﻭﻓ ﻡﻛﺣﻟﺍﺩﺑﻋ .ﺩﻖﺑﺎﺳ ﺭﺩﺻﻣﺹ.٣٥ .
٢٣
ﺹ .ﻪﺳﻔﻧ ﺭﺩﺻﻣﻟﺍ٦٢-٦٣ .
٢٤
ﺓﺭﺎﺑﻋ ﺽﻭﻣﻏ ﺩﻧﻋﻭ ،ﻥﻳﺩﻣﻟﺍ ﺔﺣﻠﺻﻣ ﻲﻓ ﻙﺷﻟﺍ ﺭﺳﻔﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻝﺻﻻﺍ ﻥﺍ)) :ﻪﻟ ﺔﻳﺭﻳﺿﺣﺗﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﻣﻋﻻﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﻣﺟﻣ ﻲﻓ ءﺎﺟ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺢﻳﺗﻳ ﻻ ﺎﺿﻭﻣﻏ ﺩﻗﺎﻌﺗﻟﺍ
ﻟﺎﻓ .ﺎﻧﻳﺩﻣ ﻭﺃ ﻥﺎﻛ ﺎﻧﺋﺍﺩ ﻥﻋﺫﻣﻟﺍ ﺩﻗﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﺣﻠﺻﻣﻟ ﺎﻬﻳﻓ ﻙﺷﻟﺍ ﺭﺳﻔﻳ ﻥﺄﺑ ﻰﺿﻘﻓ ،ﻥﺎﻋﺫﻻﺍ ﺩﻭﻘﻋ ﻝﺻﻻﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻡﻛﺣ ﻥﻣ ﻉﻭﺭﺷﻣﻟﺍ ﻰﻧﺛﺗﺳﺍ ﺩﻗﻭ .ﻪﻟﺍﻭﺯ ﺽﻭﺭﻔﻣ
ﺑ ﺔﺣﺿﺍﻭ ﺎﻁﻭﺭﺷ ﺩﻗﺎﻌﺗﻟﺍ ﺩﻧﻋ ﻥﻋﺫﻣﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺽﺭﻔﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻪﻧﻛﻣﻳ ﺎﻣ ﻝﺋﺎﺳﻭﻟﺍ ﻥﻣ ﻪﻟ ﺭﻓﺍﻭﺗﻳ ،ﻥﻳﺩﻗﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻯﻭﻗﺃ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺩﻗﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻪﺋﻁﺧﺑ ﺫﺧﺃ ﻙﻟﺫ ﻝﻌﻔﻳ ﻡﻟ ﺍﺫﺎﻓ ، ﺔﻧﻳ
ﺝ .ﺔﻳﺭﻳﺿﺣﺗﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﻣﻋﻻﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﻣﺟﻣ ،ﻲﻧﺩﻣﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ :ﺭﻅﻧﻳ .((ﺽﻭﻣﻐﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺎﺑﺑﺳﺗﻣ ﺭﺑﺗﻌﻳ ﻪﻧﻷ ،ﻪﺗﻌﺑﺗ ﻝﻣﺣﻭ ﻩﺭﻳﺻﻘﺗ ﻭﺃ٢ ﺭﺩﺎﺻﻣ ،ﺕﺎﻣﺍﺯﺗﻟﻻﺍ .
ﺓﺭﺍﺯﻭ ،ﺔﻳﺭﺻﻣﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﻭﻛﺣﻟﺍ .ﻡﺍﺯﺗﻟﻻﺍ.ﻲﺑﺭﻌﻟﺍ ﺏﺎﺗﻛﻟﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ﺔﻌﺑﻁﻣ :ﻝﺩﻌﻟﺍ
ﺹ٣٠٠ﻫ ﺎﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻖﺑﻁﻧﻳ ﺭﻣﻻﺍ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ . ﻲﺗﻳﻭﻛﻟﺍ ﻲﻧﺩﻣﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺭﺍﻭ ﻭ

ﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﺠﻣﺔﻴﻧﺎﺴﻧﻻ - ﻞﻴﺑﺭﺍ /ﻦﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﺡﻼﺻ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺎﻫﺭﺪﺼﺗ - ) ﺩﺪﻌﻟﺍ٤٤ﺔﻨﺴﻟ (٢٠١٠
٣٢٤
) ﺓﺩﺎﻣﻟﺍ١٩٣-١٩٤ ) ﺓﺩﺎﻣﻟﺎﻓ ﺎﺿﻳﺍ ﻲﻗﺍﺭﻌﻟﺍ ﻙﻟﺫﻛﻭ ،ﻲﻧﺩﺭﻻﺍﻭ (١٦٧ ﺓﺭﻘﻓ٣) ﺓﺭﻘﻔﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ءﺎﺟ ﺎﻣ ﻊﻣ ﺎﻣﺎﻣﺗ ﻖﺑﺎﻁﺗ (٢) ﺓﺩﺎﻣﻟﺍ ﻥﻣ (١٥١ ﻥﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻥﻣ (
.ﺭﻛﺫﻟﺍ ﻑﻧﻵﺍ ﻱﺭﺻﻣﻟﺍ ﻲﻧﺩﻣﻟﺍ
٢٥
ﻪﻘﻔﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻖﺣﻟﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﺻﻣ .ﻱﺭﻭﻬﻧﺳﻟﺍ ﺩﻣﺣﺃ ﻕﺍﺯﺭﻟﺍﺩﺑﻋ .ﺩ :ﻝﻳﺻﻔﺗﻠﻟ ﺭﻅﻧﻳ ﺩﻠﺟﻣ .ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻻﺍ٢ﺝ .٦ ﺔﻧﺳﻼﺑ .ﻲﺑﺭﻌﻟﺍ ﺙﺍﺭﺗﻟﺍ ءﺎﻳﺣﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ :ﺕﻭﺭﻳﺑ ،ﻥﺎﻧﺑﻟ .
ﺹ .ﻊﺑﻁ٨
.
٢٦
ﺭﻅﻧﻳ: ) ﺓﺩﺎﻣﻟﺍ١٥٠/١.ﻱﺭﺻﻣﻟﺍ ﻲﻧﺩﻣﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻥﻣ (
٢٧
ﻡﺍﺯﺗﻟﻻﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﺻﻣ ﺕﺎﻣﺍﺯﺗﻟﻺﻟ ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺭﻅﻧﻟﺍ .ﻥﻭﻧﺫﻟﺍ ﻲﻠﻋ ﻥﺳﺣ .ﺩ :ﺭﻅﻧﻳ- ﻡﺍﺯﺗﻟﻻﺍ ﻡﺎﻛﺣﺍ - ﺔﻳﻧﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﺑﺗﻛﻣﻟﺍ :ﺩﺍﺩﻐﺑ .ﻡﺍﺯﺗﻟﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﺑﺛﺍ١٩٧٦ﺹ .١٧٦
٢٨
ﺭﻅﻧﻳ: ) ﺓﺩﺎﻣﻟﺍ٢٣٩/١.ﻲﻧﺩﺭﻷﺍ ﻲﻧﺩﻣﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻥﻣ (
٢٩
) ﺓﺩﺎﻣﻟﺍ :ﺭﻅﻧﻳ١٥٠/٢) ﺓﺩﺎﻣﻟﺍ ﻭ ﻱﺭﺻﻣﻟﺍ ﻲﻧﺩﻣﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻥﻣ (٢٣٩/٢) ﺓﺩﺎﻣﻟﺍ ،ﻲﻧﺩﺭﻻﺍ ﻲﻧﺩﻣﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻥﻣ (١٩٣ -١٩٤ ﻲﻧﺩﻣﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻥﻣ (
) ﺓﺩﺎﻣﻟﺍ ﻭ ﻲﺗﻳﻭﻛﻟﺍ١٥٥) ﺓﺩﺎﻣﻟﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻗﺍﺭﻌﻟﺍ ﻲﻧﺩﻣﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻥﻣ (١١٥٧
( .ﻥﻭﻧﺫﻟﺍ ﻲﻠﻋ ﻥﺳﺣ .ﺩ ﺭﻅﻧﻳ ﻲﻧﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻪﻘﻔﻟﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ .ﻲﺳﻧﺭﻔﻟﺍ ﻲﻧﺩﻣﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻥﻣ
ﺹ .ﻖﺑﺎﺳ ﺭﺩﺻﻣ١٧٦ﺹ .ﻖﺑﺎﺳ ﺭﺩﺻﻣ .ﺓﺩﻭﻓ ﻡﻛﺣﻟﺍﺩﺑﻋ .ﺩ ﻭ .٦٨
ﺹ .ﻖﺑﺎﺳ ﺭﺩﺻﻣ .ﻱﺭﻭﻬﻧﺳﻟﺍ .ﺩﻭ .ﺎﻫﺩﻌﺑ ﺎﻣﻭ٨ -١٠ .ﻱﺯﺎﺟﺣ ﻲﺣﻟﺍﺩﺑﻋ .ﺩﻭ .
ﺝ .ﻲﺗﻳﻭﻛﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﻧﺎﻘﻠﻟ ﺎﻘﻓﻭ ﻡﺍﺯﺗﻟﻼﻟ ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺭﻅﻧﻟﺍ١ﻠﺟﻣﻟﺍ .ﻡﺍﺯﺗﻟﻻﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﺻﻣ .ﻡﺍﺯﺗﻟﻻﺍ ﺔﻳﺭﻅﻧ ﻝﻭﻻﺍ ﺩ
- :ﺕﻳﻭﻛﻟﺍ .ﻲﻔﻟﻻﺍ ﺩﻣﺣﻣ .ﺩ ءﺎﻧﺗﻋﺎﺑ .ﺩﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﻝﻳﻠﺣﺗ
.ﺕﻳﻭﻛﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ١٩٨٢ﺹ .٥٣٨
-٥٦٦.
٣٠
.ﺔﻳﻧﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺏﺗﻛﻟﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ :ﺭﺻﻣ .ﻯﻭﻋﺩﻟﺍ ﺏﺳﻛ ﻲﻓ ﻙﻟﺫ ﺭﺛﺃﻭ ﺔﻳﺯﻳﻠﺟﻧﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﺑﺭﻌﻟﺎﺑ ﺩﻭﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻏﺎﻳﺻ .ﺓﺭﺑﺻ ﻲﻠﻋ ﺩﻣﺣﻣ ﺩﻭﻣﺣﻣ :ﺭﻅﻧﻳ٢٠٠٧ﺹ .١١٦ .
٣١
.ﻱﺭﻭﻬﻧﺳﻟﺍ ﻕﺍﺯﺭﻟﺍﺩﺑﻋ .ﺩ :ﺭﻅﻧﻳ ﺹ .ﻖﺑﺎﺳ ﺭﺩﺻﻣ٨ ﻡﻛﺣﻟﺍﺩﺑﻋ .ﺩ ﻭ .ﺹ .ﻖﺑﺎﺳ ﺭﺩﺻﻣ .ﺓﺩﻭﻓ٦٨ .ﺩ ﻭ .ﺭﺫﻧﻣ ﻝﺿﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﺍﺯﺗﻟﻺﻟ ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺭﻅﻧﻟﺍ .
ﺝ .ﻲﻧﺩﻣﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ١ﻁ .ﻡﺍﺯﺗﻟﻻﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﺻﻣ .١
.١٩٩١ﺹ .٢٣٤ .
٣٢
ﻲﻓ ﻱﺭﺻﻣ ﻲﻧﺩﻣ ﺽﻘﻧ١٢ ﻝﻳﺭﺑﺍ١٩٧٨.
٣٣
ﺭﻅﻧﻳ ﻡﺟﻧ :ﻝﻳﺻﻔﺗﻠﻟ ﺔﻳﻟﻭﺻﺃ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩ ﻕﺎﻳﺳﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺭﻅﻧ .ﻲﻛﻧﺯﻟﺍ ﻡﻳﺭﻛ ﺭﺩﺎﻗ ﻥﻳﺩﻟﺍﻁ .١ .ﺔﻳﻣﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺏﺗﻛﻟﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ .ﻥﺎﻧﺑﻟ :ﺕﻭﺭﻳﺑ.٢٠٠٦ﺹ.٣٥.ﺎﻫﺩﻌﺑ ﺎﻣﻭ
34
E. Allan Farnsworth. Article 8. Pace Law School Institute of International Commercial Law - Last updated
January 10, 2005. Paul AmatoU.N. Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods -- The Open
Price Term and Uniform Application: An Early Interpretation by the Hungarian Courts. Reproduced with
permission from 13 Journal of Law and Commerce (1993) 1-29. Pace Law School Institute of International
Commercial Law - Last updated January 29, 2001.p2. available at: Comments/ContributionsGo to Database
Directory || Go to CISG Table of Contents Chan Leng Sun. Interpreting an International Sale Contract. Pace Law

ﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﺠﻣﺔﻴﻧﺎﺴﻧﻻ - ﻞﻴﺑﺭﺍ /ﻦﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﺡﻼﺻ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺎﻫﺭﺪﺼﺗ - ) ﺩﺪﻌﻟﺍ٤٤ﺔﻨﺴﻟ (٢٠١٠
٣٢٥
School Institute of International Commercial Law - Last updated June 1, 2006 published and copyright by the
Singapore International Arbitration Centre at 67-88. Reproduced with permission of the SIAC. Pp.74-80.
ﻁ .ﻲﺿﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺭﻭﺻﻧﻣ ﺔﻣﺟﺭﺗ .ﻲﻟﻭﺩﻟﺍ ﻊﻠﺳﻟﺍ ﻊﻳﺑ ،ﺩﻭﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻝﻭﻁﻣﻟﺍ .ﻪﻳﺯﻭﻫ ﻥﺎﺳﻧﺎﻓ :ﺎﺿﻳﺍ ﺭﻅﻧﻳﻭ١.ﺔﻳﻗﻭﻘﺣﻟﺍ ﻲﺑﻠﺣﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻭﺷﻧﻣ :ﻥﺎﻧﺑﻟ ،ﺕﻭﺭﻳﺑ.٢٠٠٥ .
ﺹ٢٤٠.
35
E. Allan Farnsworth. Ibid. the same.
٣٦
ﺹ .ﻡﻳﺟﻧ ﻥﺑﻻ ﺭﺋﺎﻅﻧﻟﺍﻭ ﻩﺎﺑﺷﻻﺍ :ﺭﻅﻧﻳ٢٠٧ ،ﺓﺩﻋﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺏﺟﺭ ﻥﺑﻻ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻘﻟﺍﻭ .٣٨ ﺓﺩﺎﻣ ﺔﻳﻟﺩﻌﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻛﺣﻻﺍ ﺔﻠﺟﻣ ،٣ﺹ ،٣٥ ﻩﺫﻬﻟ ﻯﺭﺧﺃ ﻎﻳﺻ ﻙﺎﻧﻫﻭ .
ﺎﻬﻧﻣ ﺔﻳﻬﻘﻔﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﻘﻟﺍ
: ))- .ﻲﻧﺎﺑﻣﻟﺍﻭ ﻅﺎﻔﻟﻸﻟ ﻻ ،ﻲﻧﺎﻌﻣﻟﺍﻭ ﺩﺻﺎﻘﻣﻠﻟ ﺕﺎﻓﺭﺻﺗﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺑﻌﻟﺍ– ﺓﺭﺑﻌﻟﺍ ﻝﻫ ؟ﺎﻬﻳﻧﺎﻌﻣﺑ ﻭﺃ ،ﺎﻬﻅﺎﻔﻟﺄﺑ ﻱﺍ ﺩﻭﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﻎﻳﺻﺑ- ﻝﺻﻻﺍ
.ﺎﻬﺑﺎﺑﺭﺍ ﻝﻭﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻫﺅﺎﻧﺑ ﺩﻭﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ
– .ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻓﺭﺻﺗﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺑﺗﻌﻣ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻘﺗﻋﻻﺍﻭ ﺩﺻﺎﻘﻣﻟﺍ– .ﺎﻬﻅﺎﻔﻟﺄﺑ ﻻ ﺎﻬﻳﻧﺎﻌﻣﻭ ﺎﻫﺩﺻﺎﻘﻣﺑ ﺩﻭﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺎﺑﺗﻋﻻﺍ
– .ﺎﻬﻳﻧﺎﻌﻣﺑ ﺩﻭﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺎﺑﺗﻋﻻﺍ– ﺅﺗ ﻲﺗﻟﺍ ﺎﻫﺩﺻﺎﻘﻣﻭ ﺩﻭﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﻳﻘﺣﺑ ﺭﺎﺑﺗﻋﻻﺍ .ﺎﻬﻳﻟﺍ ﻝﻭ– .ﻅﻔﻠﻟﺍ ﺩﺭﺟﻣﺑ ﻻ ﺩﺻﺎﻘﻣﻟﺍﻭ ﻲﻧﺎﻌﻣﻟﺎﺑ ﺩﻭﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺎﺑﺗﻋﻻﺍ–
.ﺔﻌﺑﺭﻻﺍ ﺏﻫﺍﺫﻣﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺗﺎﻘﻳﺑﻁﺗﻭ ﺔﻳﻬﻘﻔﻟﺍ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻘﻟﺍ .ﻲﻠﻳﺣﺯﻟﺍ ﻰﻔﻁﺻﻣ ﺩﻣﺣﻣ .ﺩ :ﺭﻅﻧﻳ ((.ﻩﺩﺣﻭ ﻅﻔﻠﻟﺎﺑ ﻻ ﺎﻬﻘﺋﺎﻘﺣﻭ ﺩﻭﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﺩﺻﺎﻘﻣﺑ ﺭﺎﺑﺗﻋﻻﺍ ﺝ١ :ﻖﺷﻣﺩ .
ﺭﻛﻔﻟﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ٢٠٠٦ﺹ .٤٠٣
.
٣٧
.ﻲﻠﻳﺣﺯﻟﺍ ﻰﻔﻁﺻﻣ ﺩﻣﺣﻣ .ﺩ :ﺭﻅﻧﻳ ﺹ .ﺭﺩﺻﻣﻟﺍ ﺱﻔﻧ٤٠٤ .
٣٨
ﻟﺍ .ﻅﻓﺎﺣ ﺭﻭﺷﺎﻋ ﻅﻓﺎﺣ ﻭﺭﻣﺎﺗ ﺩﻣﺣﻣ ﺩﻣﺣﻣ ﻪﻘﻘﺣ .ﺔﻳﻌﻓﺎﺷﻟﺍ ﻉﻭﺭﻓﻭ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺋﺎﻅﻧﻟﺍﻭ ﻩﺎﺑﺷﻷﺍ .ﻲﻁﻭﻳﺳﻟﺍ ﻥﻣﺣﺭﻟﺍﺩﺑﻋ ﻥﻳﺩﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺟ ﻡﺎﻣﻻﺍ :ﺭﻅﻧﻳ ﺩﻠﺟﻣ
ﻁ .ﻝﻭﻻﺍ٣ .ﺔﻣﺟﺭﺗﻟﺍﻭ ﻊﻳﺯﻭﺗﻟﺍﻭ ﺭﺷﻧﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻋﺎﺑﻁﻠﻟ ﻡﻼﺳﻟﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ .ﺔﻳﺑﺭﻌﻟﺍ ﺭﺻﻣ ﺔﻳﺭﻭﻬﻣﺟ .٢٠٠٦ﺹ .٣٦٠
.
39
Pennsylvania Plain Language Consumer Contract Act 1993, June 23, P.L. 128, No. 29, 1, effective in one year
available at: library.findlaw.com/1999/Dec/1/126611.html
40
Florida Readable Language In Insurance Policies Law
Peter Tiersma. Op. Cit.
41
Connecticut Plain Language Law Conn. Gen. Stat. § 42-152 Standard of plain language

ﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﺠﻣﺔﻴﻧﺎﺴﻧﻻ - ﻞﻴﺑﺭﺍ /ﻦﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﺡﻼﺻ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺎﻫﺭﺪﺼﺗ - ) ﺩﺪﻌﻟﺍ٤٤ﺔﻨﺴﻟ (٢٠١٠
٣٢٦
42
Section 42-158:
Connecticut Plain Language Law
43
Pennsylvania Plain Language Consumer Contract Act §2205. Test of readability
44
Pennsylvania Plain Language Consumer Contract Act §2205. Test of readability
c) Visual guidelines.--In determining whether a contract meets the requirements of subsection (a), a court shall
consider the following guidelines:
(1) The contract should have type size, line length, column width, margins and spacing between lines and
paragraphs that make the contract easy to read.
(2) The contract should caption sections in boldface type.
(3) The contract should use ink that contrasts sharply with the paper.
45
See: Cheryl Stephens. Plain language legal writing. Op.cit. Pp.24. Joseph kimble. The elements of plain
language. Michigan bar journal. October 2002. Pp. 44-45. George H. Hathaway. Plain Language Plain
Language in Laws. http://www.michiganlegislature.org/. David T. Daly Plain Language Five Easy Ways to Make
a Contract More Understandable: A Lesson from the Mackinac Bridge. David T. Daly Plain Language Top 10
Phrases Not to Use in a Contract-A Lesson from Dr. Frankenstein.
٤٦
ﻲﻠﻋ ﺩﻣﺣﻣ ﺩﻭﻣﺣﻣ :ﺭﻅﻧﻳ .ﺔﻳﻧﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻏﺎﻳﺻﻟﺍ ﻝﻭﺻﺍ .ﺓﺭﺑﺻﻖﺑﺎﺳ ﺭﺩﺻﻣﺹ ﺹ .٣٤٧ -٣٦٩ ..
٤٧
ﺭﺩﺻﻣﻟﺍﻪﺳﻔﻧﺹ .٢٢.
٤٨
ﺭﺩﺻﻣﻟﺍﻪﺳﻔﻧﺹ .٢٣.
49
Cheryl Stephens. Plain language legal writing. Op.cit. p.29.
50
Joseph kimble.The elements of plain language. Op. Cit. Pp. 44-45.

ﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﺠﻣﺔﻴﻧﺎﺴﻧﻻ - ﻞﻴﺑﺭﺍ /ﻦﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﺡﻼﺻ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺎﻫﺭﺪﺼﺗ - ) ﺩﺪﻌﻟﺍ٤٤ﺔﻨﺴﻟ (٢٠١٠
٣٢٧
51
Ibid.P. The same.
٥٢
ﻧﻳ .ﺔﻳﻧﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻏﺎﻳﺻﻟﺍ ﻝﻭﺻﺍ .ﺓﺭﺑﺻ ﻲﻠﻋ ﺩﻣﺣﻣ ﺩﻭﻣﺣﻣ : ﻝﻳﺻﻔﺗﻠﻟﺭﻅﻖﺑﺎﺳ ﺭﺩﺻﻣﺹ .٤٣٢ -٤٥٨.
٥٣
ﻋ ﻼﻘﻧ:ﻥ ﺭﺩﺻﻣﻟﺍﻪﺳﻔﻧﺹ .٤٣٧.
٥٤
ﺭﺩﺻﻣﻟﺍ :ﻥﻋ ﻼﻘﻧﻪﺳﻔﻧﺹ .٤٣٧.
٥٥
ﺭﺩﺻﻣﻟﺍﻪﺳﻔﻧﺹ .٢٨-٢٩.
٥٦
David T. Daly Plain Language Top 10 Phrases Not to Use in a Contract-A Lesson from Dr. Frankenstein. Op.
cit.
٥٧
.ﺔﻳﻧﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻏﺎﻳﺻﻟﺍ ﻝﻭﺻﺍ .ﺓﺭﺑﺻ ﻲﻠﻋ ﺩﻣﺣﻣ ﺩﻭﻣﺣﻣ :ﺭﻅﻧﻳﻖﺑﺎﺳ ﺭﺩﺻﻣﺹ .٣٥١.
58
Cheryl Stephens. Plain language legal writing. Op.cit. p.44.
59
Joseph kimble. The elements of plain language. Op. Cit. Pp. 44-45.
٦٠
ﺑﺻ ﻲﻠﻋ ﺩﻣﺣﻣ ﺩﻭﻣﺣﻣ :ﺭﻅﻧﻳ .ﺔﻳﻧﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻏﺎﻳﺻﻟﺍ ﻝﻭﺻﺍ .ﺓﺭﻖﺑﺎﺳ ﺭﺩﺻﻣﺹ .٣٥٥.
61
Joseph kimble. The elements of plain language. Op. Cit. Pp. 44-45
62
Cheryl Stephens. Plain language legal writing. Op.cit. p.48.
63
Ibid. p. 51.
:ﻊﺟﺍﺭﻣﻟﺍﻭ ﺭﺩﺎﺻﻣﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﺋﺎﻗ
١ - ﺔﻳﺑﺭﻌﻟﺍ ﺏﺗﻛﻟﺍ

ﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﺠﻣﺔﻴﻧﺎﺴﻧﻻ - ﻞﻴﺑﺭﺍ /ﻦﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﺡﻼﺻ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺎﻫﺭﺪﺼﺗ - ) ﺩﺪﻌﻟﺍ٤٤ﺔﻨﺴﻟ (٢٠١٠
٣٢٨
١. ﺑﻋ ﻥﻳﺩﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺟﺭﻣﺎﺗ ﺩﻣﺣﻣ ﺩﻣﺣﻣ ﻪﻘﻘﺣ .ﺔﻳﻌﻓﺎﺷﻟﺍ ﻉﻭﺭﻓﻭ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺋﺎﻅﻧﻟﺍﻭ ﻩﺎﺑﺷﻷﺍ .ﻲﻁﻭﻳﺳﻟﺍ ﻥﻣﺣﺭﻟﺍﺩ .ﻅﻓﺎﺣ ﺭﻭﺷﺎﻋ ﻅﻓﺎﺣ ﻭ
ﻁ .ﻝﻭﻻﺍ ﺩﻠﺟﻣﻟﺍ٣ .ﺔﻣﺟﺭﺗﻟﺍﻭ ﻊﻳﺯﻭﺗﻟﺍﻭ ﺭﺷﻧﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻋﺎﺑﻁﻠﻟ ﻡﻼﺳﻟﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ .ﺔﻳﺑﺭﻌﻟﺍ ﺭﺻﻣ ﺔﻳﺭﻭﻬﻣﺟ .٢٠٠٦.
٢ﻛﻔﻟﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ :ﺔﻳﺭﺩﻧﻛﺳﻻﺍ .ﻲﻧﻭﺭﺗﻛﻟﻻﺍ ﺩﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺭﺑﺍ .ﻡﻳﻫﺍﺭﺑﺍ ﺡﻭﺩﻣﻣ ﺩﻟﺎﺧ ..ﻲﻌﻣﺎﺟﻟﺍ ﺭ٢٠٠٦.
٣ .ﻑﺭﺎﻌﻣﻟﺍ ﺓﺄﺷﻧﻣ ،ﻪﺋﺎﻛﺭﺷﻭ ﻱﺯﺣ ﻝﻼﺟ :ﺭﺷﺎﻧﻟﺍ .ﻥﺭﺎﻘﻣﻟﺍﻭ ﻱﺭﺻﻣﻟﺍ ﻲﻧﺩﻣﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﺭﻳﺳﻔﺗ .ﺓﺩﻭﻓ ﻡﻛﺣﻟﺍﺩﺑﻋ .١٩٨٥ .
٤ﺝ.ﻲﺗﻳﻭﻛﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﻧﺎﻘﻠﻟ ﺎﻘﻓﻭ ﻡﺍﺯﺗﻟﻼﻟ ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺭﻅﻧﻟﺍ .ﻱﺯﺎﺟﺣ ﻲﺣﻟﺍﺩﺑﻋ .١.ﻲﻧﺎﺛﻟﺍ ﺩﻠﺟﻣﻟﺍ .ﻡﺍﺯﺗﻟﻻﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﺻﻣ . ﺔﻳﻠﻛ :ﺕﻳﻭﻛﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﺑﻁﻣ
ﻟﺍ.ﻕﻭﻘﺣ١٩٨٢.
٥. ﺩﻠﺟﻣ .ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻻﺍ ﻪﻘﻔﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻖﺣﻟﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﺻﻣ .ﻱﺭﻭﻬﻧﺳﻟﺍ ﺩﻣﺣﺃ ﻕﺍﺯﺭﻟﺍﺩﺑﻋ٢ﺝ .٦.ﻊﺑﻁ ﺔﻧﺳﻼﺑ .ﻲﺑﺭﻌﻟﺍ ﺙﺍﺭﺗﻟﺍ ءﺎﻳﺣﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ :ﺕﻭﺭﻳﺑ ،ﻥﺎﻧﺑﻟ .
٦ﻲﻟﻭﺩﻟﺍ ﻊﻠﺳﻟﺍ ﻊﻳﺑ ،ﺩﻭﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻝﻭﻁﻣﻟﺍ .ﻪﻳﺯﻭﻫ ﻥﺎﺳﻧﺎﻓ .ﻁ .ﻲﺿﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺭﻭﺻﻧﻣ ﺔﻣﺟﺭﺗ .١،ﺕﻭﺭﻳﺑ. ﻲﺑﻠﺣﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻭﺷﻧﻣ :ﻥﺎﻧﺑﻟ
.ﺔﻳﻗﻭﻘﺣﻟﺍ٢٠٠٥.
٧. ﺣﻣﻁ .ﺔﻳﻧﺩﻣﻟﺍ ﺹﻭﺻﻧﻟﺍ ﺭﻳﺳﻔﺗ ﺔﻳﺭﻅﻧ .ﺩﻣﺣﺃ ﻑﻳﺭﺷ ﺩﻣ٢ .ﻥﻳﺩﻟﺍ ﺡﻼﺻ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺔﻌﺑﻁﻣ :ﻝﻳﺑﺭﺍ .٢٠٠٦ .
٨ﺝ .ﺔﻌﺑﺭﻻﺍ ﺏﻫﺍﺫﻣﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺗﺎﻘﻳﺑﻁﺗﻭ ﺔﻳﻬﻘﻔﻟﺍ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻘﻟﺍ .ﻲﻠﻳﺣﺯﻟﺍ ﻰﻔﻁﺻﻣ ﺩﻣﺣﻣ .١ﺭﻛﻔﻟﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ :ﻖﺷﻣﺩ ..٢٠٠٦.
٩ﻼﺑ .ﺔﻳﻧﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺏﺗﻛﻟﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ :ﺭﺻﻣ .ﺔﻳﻧﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻏﺎﻳﺻﻟﺍ ﻝﻭﺻﺍ .ﺓﺭﺑﺻ ﻲﻠﻋ ﺩﻣﺣﻣ ﺩﻭﻣﺣﻣ . .ﻊﺑﻁ ﺔﻧﺳ
١٠.ﺔﻳﻧﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺏﺗﻛﻟﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ :ﺭﺻﻣ .ﻯﻭﻋﺩﻟﺍ ﺏﺳﻛ ﻲﻓ ﻙﻟﺫ ﺭﺛﺃﻭ ﺔﻳﺯﻳﻠﺟﻧﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﺑﺭﻌﻟﺎﺑ ﺩﻭﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻏﺎﻳﺻ .ﺓﺭﺑﺻ ﻲﻠﻋ ﺩﻣﺣﻣ ﺩﻭﻣﺣﻣ .٢٠٠٧.
١١ . ﺭﺫﻧﻣﺝ .ﻲﻧﺩﻣﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻣﺍﺯﺗﻟﻺﻟ ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺭﻅﻧﻟﺍ .ﻝﺿﻔﻟﺍ١ﻁ .ﻡﺍﺯﺗﻟﻻﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﺻﻣ .١ .١٩٩١ .
2- ﺔﻳﺯﻳﻠﻛﻧﻹﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺎﺑ ﺭﺩﺎﺻﻣﻟﺍ
12. Candice Burt. Simplifying financial information: The legal framework all content. Simplified 2006/7.

ﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﺠﻣﺔﻴﻧﺎﺴﻧﻻ - ﻞﻴﺑﺭﺍ /ﻦﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﺡﻼﺻ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺎﻫﺭﺪﺼﺗ - ) ﺩﺪﻌﻟﺍ٤٤ﺔﻨﺴﻟ (٢٠١٠
٣٢٩
13. Chan Leng Sun. Interpreting an International Sale Contract. Pace Law School Institute of International
Commercial Law - Last updated June 1, 2006 published and copyright by the Singapore International Arbitration
Centre at 67-88. Reproduced with permission of the SIAC. Pp.74-80.
14. Cheryl M. Stephens. Plain Language for Business Lawyers. 1991 by Cheryl M. Stephens. Excerpted from an
address presented before The Business Law Section, Canadian Bar Association, February 20, 1991 available at:
www.plainlanguage.com
15. Cheryl M. Stephens. Plain Language Wizardry: Plain Language Legal Writing. Vancouver. Canada available
at: www.plainlanguage.com
16. Cheryl Stephens. What is really wrong with legal language? Remarks delivered to the Wills and Estates
Section Canadian Bar Association Vancouver, British Columbia November 27, 1990.
17. David T. Daly Plain Language Five Easy Ways to Make a Contract More Understandable: A Lesson from the
Mackinac Bridge.
18. David T. Daly Plain Language Top 10 Phrases Not to Use in a Contract-A Lesson from Dr. Frankenstein.
19. Defining of plain language. The minister of multiculturalism and citizenship. Available at:
http||plainlanguage.com|newwhatisplain.html
20. E. Allan Farnsworth. Article 8. Pace Law School Institute of International Commercial Law - Last updated
January 10, 2005.

ﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﺠﻣﺔﻴﻧﺎﺴﻧﻻ - ﻞﻴﺑﺭﺍ /ﻦﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﺡﻼﺻ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺎﻫﺭﺪﺼﺗ - ) ﺩﺪﻌﻟﺍ٤٤ﺔﻨﺴﻟ (٢٠١٠
٣٣٠
21. Eagleson, R. (n.d.). Short Definition of Plain Language. Retrieved March 20, 2008, from: Plain
Language.gov: http://www.plainlanguage.gov/whatisPL/definitions/eagleson.cfm
22. George H. Hathaway. Plain Language Plain Language in Laws. http://www.michiganlegislature.org/.
23. International Code Of Fair Practice In Advertising From The International Chamber Of Commerce.
Available
on internet at: www.itcilo.it/english/actrav/telearn/global/ilo/guide/iccadv.htm
24. Joseph Kimble, Writing for Dollars Writing to please. What's It Going to Take for You to Use Plain
Language? by Irene Leonard King Coaching for Change
25. Peter Tiersma, The Plain English Movement,
http://www.languageandlaw.org/PLAINENGLISH.HTM
26. Plain Language: A Promising Strategy For Clearly Communicating Health Information And Improving
Health Literacy, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of Disease Prevention and Health
Promotion1101 Wootton Parkway, Suite LL 100, Rockville, MD 20852, (240) 453-8280. available at:
http://odphp.osophs.dhhs.gov/
27. Redish, J. Webinar: Why Plain Language is Critical for Standards. (2007, May 18). Retrieved March 2008,
from TEITAC: United States Access Board: Usability of the Standard: available at:
http://teitac.org/wiki/Theme:Usability_of_the_Standard:Redish
٤ – ﻥﻳﻧﺍﻭﻘﻟﺍ
ﺃ- ﺔﻳﺑﻧﺟﻻﺍ ﻥﻳﻧﺍﻭﻘﻟﺍ
28. New York Plain English Law N.Y.as amended in 1994.

ﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﺠﻣﺔﻴﻧﺎﺴﻧﻻ - ﻞﻴﺑﺭﺍ /ﻦﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﺡﻼﺻ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺎﻫﺭﺪﺼﺗ - ) ﺩﺪﻌﻟﺍ٤٤ﺔﻨﺴﻟ (٢٠١٠
٣٣١
29.The law of 30 September 1986 concerning the audio-visual media.
30.Florida Readable Language In Insurance Policies Law
31.Pennsylvania Plain Language Consumer Contract Act 1993, June 23, P.L. 128, No. 29, 1, effective in one year
available at: library.findlaw.com/1999/Dec/1/126611.html
32.Financial Consumers Act. The Legislative Assembly of Alberta, Second Session, 22nd Legislature, 39 Elizabeth
II.
ﺏ- ﺔﻳﺑﺭﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﻳﻧﺍﻭﻘﻟﺍ
SS
. ﻱﺭﺻﻣﻟﺍ ﻲﻧﺩﻣﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻧﺳﻟ١٩٤٨.
٣٤.ﻲﻗﺍﺭﻌﻟﺍ ﻲﻧﺩﻣﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻧﺳﻟ١٩٥١
٣٥ﻲﻧﺩﺭﻷﺍ ﻲﻧﺩﻣﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ. ﺔﻧﺳﻟ١٩٧٦.
٣٦ﻲﺗﻳﻭﻛﻟﺍ ﻲﻧﺩﻣﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ. ﺔﻧﺳﻟ ١٩٨٠.