... These studies show that segregated areas are subject to lower quality education (Collins & Williams, 1999;Hummer, 1996), limited employment and economic opportunities (Krivo et al., 1998;Wilson, 1987Wilson, , 1996, and higher rates of social disorder, such as criminal activity, substance abuse, family breakdown, and female-headed households (Greenberg & Schneider, 1994;Shihadeh & Flynn, 1996;Testa, Astone, Krogh, & Neckerman, 1993;Wilson, 1987). Furthermore, studies demonstrate that segregation may lead to physical disorder, such as poorer housing quality, decreased access to services, housing code violations, vacant lots, broken windows, litter, graffiti, and abandoned buildings (Chang, Hillier, & Mehta, 2009;Shihadeh & Flynn, 1996;Williams, 1999), increased exposure environmental hazards and toxins (Bullard, 2005), limited access to nutritional foods, and greater access to junk foods, fast foods, tobacco, and alcohol (Bahr, 2007;Chang et al., 2009;Grier & Kumanyika, 2008;Kwate, 2008;Larson, Story, & Nelson, 2009;LaVeist & Wallace, 2000). More recently, scholars have turned their attention to the impact that segregation and the resulting social conditions can have on health and health-care outcomes. ...