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Biodiversity and host associations of Trichogramma in Eurasia, Chapter 9, pp. 237-266
... Хозяевами наездников семейства Trichogrammatidae являются представители 12 отрядов насекомых: Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Neuroptera, Psocoptera, Odonata, Hemiptera, Megaloptera, Neuroptera, Thysanoptera, Orthoptera (Polaszek, 2010;Фурсов, 2015). Самки различных видов рода Trichogramma заражают яйца более 400 видов вредителей, относящихся к 44 семействам из 6 отрядов насекомых -чешуекрылых (Lepidoptera), жесткокрылых (Coleoptera), двукрылых (Diptera), перепончатокрылых (Hymenoptera: Symphyta), сетчатокрылых (Neuroptera), а также сеноедов (Psocoptera) (Фурсов, 2010a, 2015Polaszek, 2010;Noyes, 2020). ...
... Хозяевами наездников семейства Trichogrammatidae являются представители 12 отрядов насекомых: Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Neuroptera, Psocoptera, Odonata, Hemiptera, Megaloptera, Neuroptera, Thysanoptera, Orthoptera (Polaszek, 2010;Фурсов, 2015). Самки различных видов рода Trichogramma заражают яйца более 400 видов вредителей, относящихся к 44 семействам из 6 отрядов насекомых -чешуекрылых (Lepidoptera), жесткокрылых (Coleoptera), двукрылых (Diptera), перепончатокрылых (Hymenoptera: Symphyta), сетчатокрылых (Neuroptera), а также сеноедов (Psocoptera) (Фурсов, 2010a, 2015Polaszek, 2010;Noyes, 2020). ...
... Примечание. Рассматривается как вид, отличный от близкого вида T. evanescens Westwood только на основании ДНК-анализа (Stouthamer & al., a, b, 1999Sumer & al., 2009;Polaszek, 2010;Noyes, 2020). В связи с отсутствием типового материала была предложена синонимия (Triapitsyn, 2016). ...
Biological data (in particular, on reproduction), main hosts, synonymy and distribution are reviewed
for 14 species of the genus Trichogramma recorded in Ukraine. The species included inhabit natural and disturbed habitats, and are mass-reared
by commercial enterprises. Trichogramma achaeae Nagarkatti & Nagaraja is reported for Ukraine for the first time: although for mass-rearing
conditions only, in Dnipropetrovsk and Poltava Regions. It is likely it was introduced in 2019–2020.
Key words: Trichogrammatidae, biocontrol, plant protection, fauna, egg parasitoids.
— Узагальнено дані щодо особливостей біології (репродукції), основних хазяїв, синонімії та поширення 14 видів
роду Trichogramma в Україні, як зібраних в природних умовах, так і розведених в біолабораторіях. Trichogramma achaeae Nagarkatti &
Nagaraja вперше вказано як такий, що розводиться в культурі (Дніпропетровська та Полтавська області); ймовірно він був завезений
до України в 2019–2020 рр.
Ключові слова: Trichogrammatidae, біометод, захист рослин, фауна, яйцеїди.
Фурсов, В. Н. Обзор видов рода Trichogramma Westwood (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea)
Украины из природных популяций и биолабораторий.
- Обобщены данные об особенностях биологии (репродукции), синонимах, основных хозяевах и распространении 14 видов рода Trichogramma в Украине: как собранных в природных условиях, так и тех, которых разводят в биолабораториях. T. achaeae Nagarkatti & Nagaraja впервые указано как разводимый в биолабораториях (Днепропетровская и Полтавская области); вероятно, он был завезен в Украину в 2019-2020 гг.
Ключевые слова: Trichogrammatidae, биометод, защита растений, фауна, яйцееды.
... Extremely polyphagous. A list of recorded hosts is in Polaszek (2010). Distribution. ...
... Distribution. Cosmopolitan (Polaszek, 2010). . Representative DNA sequences of the COI and ITS2 loci are deposited in GenBank (OP580121-OP581023 and OP581341-OP581343, respectively). ...
New country and host records of Trichogramma species for Turkey are presented. Trichogramma aurosum Sugonjaev & Sorokina is recorded for the first time from Turkey, and a new species, T. zerynthiae Polaszek & Bolu, is described. Morphological identification based on dissected male genitalia is supplemented by molecular sequence data.
http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:9CFF5E39-F1D2-42FB-86B8FC8475EC3560
... e structures (CS) (= parameres (PM) according to Pinto's terminology) and behind the basal end of the intervolsellar process (IVP); distal ends of the gonoforceps (GF) (= volsellae (VS) according to Pinto's terminology) very advanced beyond the distal ends of the chelate structures (CS) (= PM) and the distal end of the intervolsellar process (IVP).PolaSzek 2010 ). However, the majority of egg hosts are in Lepidoptera, belonging to a wide range of families: Arctiidae, Bombycidae, Danaidae, Gelechiidae , Geometridae, Glyphipterygidae, Hesperiidae, Lasiocampidae, Leptidae, Lymantriidae, Noctuidae, Noto don tidae, Notodontidae, Nymphalidae, Oecopho ri dae, Papilionidae, Pieridae, Pyralidae, Saturn ...
... A T . . . .Table 3 According to the literature, T. brassicae is a polyphagous parasitoid; it has been found on a wide range of lepidopterous hosts (orr et al. 2000) and has been described as a common parasitoid of C. chalcites eggs in Eurasia (PolaSzek 2010 ). This species originated from Moldavia (Black Sea region) and was introduced into several countries in Central Europe in order to control the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), in maize fields (Parra et al. 2010). ...
A new species of Trichogramma Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) parasitizing eggs of the golden twin-spot moth (or tomato looper) Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esper) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on banana crops in the Canary Islands, Spain, is described as Trichogramma canariensis del Pino & Polaszek, sp.n. The new species is closely related to T. brassicae Bezdenko. Limited aspects of morphology, coupled with ITS2 and COI sequences and reproductive data are presented to distinguish T. canariensis sp.n. from T. brassicae.
... Trichogramma ostriniae was also found to be the more effective control agent of Asian corn borer when compared to T. dendrolimi (Zhang 1988), and an Asian strain of T. ostriniae was introduced to the United States from the northeast of China for controlling O. nubilalis (Wang et al. 1999). Polaszek (2009) reviewed the species diversity of Trichogramma and host associations in Eurasia. ...
The Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée), is the most devastating maize pest in Myanmar. The damage caused by this pest has become a significant obstacle to farmers’ income and the national economy. Control of O. furnacalis is challenging due to its protected feeding sites and the crop’s height during later phases of the pest’s attack. Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) parasitoids have been used successfully against corn borers in other countries, but knowledge on the species composition in Myanmar is limited. As a first step for potential biological control of Asian corn borer in Myanmar, Trichogramma were collected from major maize growing regions. Identification was performed based on both morphological and molecular techniques. The majority of collected specimens were identified as Trichogramma ostriniae Pang and Chen, T. chilonis Ishii, and T. dendrolimi Matsumura. This is the first report on the composition of Trichogramma species, and an important step towards the establishment of biological control against O. furnacalis in Myanmar.
... The "Checklist of Thailand" (Charernsom and Suasa-ard 2000) is an important source, listing 3547 species, although some difficulties were encountered using this list due to changes in classification and nomencla ture. Many investigators have contributed to the understanding of the Lepidoptera of the region, including Dean (1978), Leps and Spitzer (1990), Pitkin et al. (2007), Spitzer and Jaros (2008), Lien (2010Lien ( , 2013, Monastyrskii (2010), Polaszek (2010), Monastyrskii and Hollo way (2013), and Park (2014). ...
This chapter compiles and synthesizes the available knowledge of insect biodiversity of the Lower Mekong Subregion as a window into the biodiversity of the Oriental Region and a basis for further research. Rapid deforestation and severe destruction of habitat in tropical Asia is resulting in the disappearance of biodiversity, including insect species and unique populations. Several international organizations are actively working on the conservation of biodiversity in this region, such as BirdLife and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). The chapter summarizes the first initiative by the Korean government toward the sustainable development and management of biodiversity in countries in the Lower Mekong Subregion, including the insect fauna. Although 19,721 species of insects have been recorded from the Lower Mekong Subregion, the insect fauna remains poorly studied. The current list, however, provides a framework for further biodiversity studies in the subregion as well as in the larger Oriental Region.
... Two species of Trichogramma are known to have been established on S. Miguel Island (Azores); Trichogramma cordubensis Vargas and Cabello, 1985, was the first species of this genus identified in 1989 (Pintureau et al. 1990), and Tr. achaeae was collected in 2006 and reported by Polaszek (2010). Both species share the same habitat and the same host species as Thysanoplusia orichalcea (F.), Chysodeixis chalcites (Esper), Autographa gamma (L.), and Phlogophora meticulosa (L.) (Roriz et al. 2006, Melo 2011. ...
Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is an important pest of tomato crops. It is native to South America and has rapidly extended its range into Mediterranean countries. The parasitoid Trichogramma achaeae Nagaraja and Nagarkatti (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) has been recommended as a possible biological control agent of this invasive pest. The pest and parasitoid were accidentally introduced into the Azores Islands and became well-established owing to the climate conditions of the region. During an undertaken survey to determine the presence of natural parasitism, 2.5% of the T. absoluta eggs were found to be parasitized by Tr. achaeae, and no other egg parasitoid was observed. Other Trichogramma species, Trichogramma cordubensis Vargas & Cabello, was also selected to test, along with Tr. achaeae, against T. absoluta on caged tomato plants (microhabitats), and the effectiveness of these parasitoids in limiting the T. absoluta populations was assessed. The results revealed that Tr. achaeae had a high parasitism and emergence rate (29.6% and 65.9%, respectively), relative to those rates observed for T. cordubensis (6.1% and 39.3%, respectively). Greenhouse assays were also carried out between May and July in 2013 and 2014 on commercially produced tomatoes with the aim of evaluating the potential of Tr. achaeae mass releases for the control of T. absoluta under these conditions. In the second year, we observed a reduction in the mean number of leaf mines and of eggs, larvae, and pupae of T. absoluta per leaflet, and an increase in the Tr. achaeae parasitism rate.
... In addition to cultural practices, eco-friendly management of cruciferous pests has traditionally relied on exploiting potential parasitoids and entomopathogens through conservation and augmentation . The wasp Trichogramma brassicae (Bezdenko) (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) is used worldwide against several lepidopteran pests of agricultural and horticultural crops (Polaszek, 2010; Ghoneim, 2014). Augmentative releases of T. brassicae in cruciferous crops are usually done at the rate of 6,00,000 parasitoids per hectare concurring with the egg laying period of the target pests (Anonymous, 2009; Krishnamoorthy, 2012). ...
Lethal and sub lethal effects of fresh and old residues of azadirachtin, spinosad, Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Bt var. k), and deltamethrin, were evaluated at their recommended field doses against adult and immature stages of Trichogramma brassicae under in vitro conditions. The experiments were carried out at the Entomology section of Division of Crop Protection, ICAR Research Complex for NEH region, Umiam, Meghalaya, in 2012–2013. The effects of different pesticides were determined by bioassays using the residual film method, the diet contamination method, the pupal dip method and the topical application technique. The four pesticides were found harmful to adult T. brassicae after ingestion, however surface contact bioassays revealed that Bt var. k was the least toxic pesticide. Except Bt var. k, other three pesticides were found harmful also to the immature stages of T. brassicae and significantly affected parasitism potential, adult emergence, longevity of adults, and sex ratio of the progeny. Deltamethrin and azadirachtin were the most harmful, even after 15days of application. Spinosad was found to be relatively safe to T. brassicae after 15days of application. As Bt appeared to be the least toxic pesticide for T. brassicae, it could be used for the management of severe infestations of lepidopteran pests in cruciferous ecosystems.
... Trichogrammatidae is one of the least-studied families of Chalcidoidea, mainly due to their small size, down to 0.17 mm in the genus Megaphragma, making them the smallest fully-winged insects. The exception is the speciose and relatively well-studied genus Trichogramma, many species of which are used widely as biological control agents of pest insects [1,2], mostly Lepidoptera. The family currently contains about 800 species in 84 genera worldwide [3]. ...
Hydrophylita emporos n. sp. reared from eggs of Psolodesmus mandarinus mandarinus McLachlan (Zygoptera: Calopterygidae) in Taiwan is described. This is the first species of Hydrophylita to be described from the Old World, and the first record of phoresy in the genus. Adult females were observed aggregating at the base of the female damselfly's abdomen. When the damselfly begins ovipositing, females move to the tip of the abdomen, enter the water and quickly locate eggs for parasitising. The article contains links to video footage of this process.
Trichogramma achaeae Nagaraja & Nagarkatti (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) is currently used as biological control agent of several lepidopteran pests. Knowledge of thermal requirements is essential to optimize its rearing procedures and inundative releases. The biological characteristics and two-sex life table parameters of T. achaeae were determined at five constant temperatures (15, 20, 25, 30, and 35°C), using Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) eggs. T. achaeae was available to develop and survive from 15 to 30ºC, but not at 35ºC. Temperature significantly affected the preadult development time and adult longevity, decreasing when temperature increased from 15ºC to 30ºC. Temperature significantly altered the sex ratio, being female biased between 15 and 25ºC. Age-stage, two-sex life table analysis indicated that net reproductive rate (R0) was highest at 20ºC. Both the intrinsic rate of increase (r) and finite rate of increase (λ) increased with increasing temperature, while the mean generation time (T) decreased significantly. In addition, functional response of T. achaeae was studied, being significantly affected by temperature and host egg density, displaying a Holling type-I at 15ºC and a Holling type-II at 25ºC. The relevance of these results is discussed for the use of T. achaeae as biological control agent.
Crocidolomia pavonana F. (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is a major pest of Brassica crops in tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, Asia and the Pacific. There are no previous reports of effective natural enemies of the pest across this range but in Samoa an arrhenotokous population of the generalist egg parasitoid Trichogramma chilonis Ishii (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) frequently attacks it. This is the first record of T. chilonis in Samoa. A three-year field recruitment study showed that although C. pavonana eggs occurred at all times of the year, their abundance was greatest during drier periods. Parasitism of C. pavonana egg masses by T. chilonis was variable (0-87% of egg masses attacked) but the parasitoid was recovered from eggs collected at all times of the year and it is well established in the major Brassica growing regions of the island of Upolu. When partial lifetables were constructed for C. pavonana, the rate of egg disappearance (likely due to predation and the physical effects of rainfall) ranged from 0 to 0.839 and the marginal rate of mortality due to T. chilonis ranged from 0 to 0.474. When it was present, T. chilonis was the major mortality factor affecting C. pavonana eggs in all but one of the recruitment studies. The historical problems surrounding the identity and species status of T. chilonis are discussed and its host range and distribution in the Asia-Pacific region is reviewed briefly. Finally, the potential of this population of T. chilonis for development as a biological control agent of C. pavonana is considered.
Prospecting for potential natural enemies of the invasive lepidopteran tomato pest Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) and the banana pest Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esper) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on the Canary Islands archipelago, where no Trichogramma species were previously recorded, has led to the discovery of five distinct species. T. achaeae Nagaraja & Nagarkatti, T. bourarachae Pintureau & Babault, T. euproctidis (Girault) and T. evanescens Westwood are relatively widespread species. The fifth is close to T. brassicae Bezdenko, but differs sufficiently in the sequence of the ITS2 region of ribosomal RNA to warrant further investigation as
a species probably new to science. Each species is treated in detail in order to facilitate identification in future using
molecular and/or morphological characters, or a combination of both. All species are newly recorded for the Canary Islands,
and the distribution of each within the islands and elsewhere is provided. Known host records are given within the Canary
Islands and elsewhere. The most common species found, T. achaeae, is already being used in biological control programmes against T. absoluta in mainland Spain and field trials are ongoing to evaluate its effectiveness as a biological control agent of C. chalcites in banana crops.
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