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Critical metal: indium and its recovery from waste LCD monitor
... The environmental contamination and obligatory health implications due to conventional methods of metal extraction of are an important concern Singh, 2011, Akcil et al., 2015). There has been the establishment of several physical and electrochemical recovery processes for metal extraction from the mining sites; although they don't seem to be very beneficial in remediation of the wastes and effluents (Akcil and Agcasulu, 2015). ...
Biomining is defined as the technologies that utilize microbial community for the extraction of metals from its
ore or wastes and facilitate a greener recovery. Extraction of manganese by biomining is now a thing of the
present and not just a hypothesis, as it was few decades back. The severe industrial importance of manganese
has led to augmented global production of manganese in the last few years which has led to a decrease in the
amount of high grade ores. It has also resulted in pollution of both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems due to the
generation of massive amounts of manganese containing wastes. Therefore, biomining is now being employed
to recover manganese low grade ores and solid mining wastes which serve a dual purpose of both resource
recycling and bioremediation. Manganese bio recovery can be accomplished by a wide range of bacterial and
fungal strains capable of growing under diverse environmental conditions. They solubilise manganese by direct
and indirect mechanisms thereby aiding its recovery. Bacterial solubilisation is mainly carried out by direct
mechanism which involves the direct contact of the cell with the metal. However fungal solubilisation is mostly
correlated with indirect mechanism which does not require direct contact of the cells with metal particles and
involves solubilisation by the help of bio generated metabolites that mainly includes organic acids. Many
enzymes like Muilticopper oxidase, Manganese reductase and Peptidyl-prolyl-cis-trans isomerise have been
linked to manganese solubilisation. The present scenario of commercial manganese recovery through booming
is very encouraging and this technology holds immense potential for future metal recovery and bioremediation
endeavours.
KEYWORDS: Biomining, Manganese, Bioremediation, Waste, Bacteria, Fungus
... The environmental contamination and obligatory health implications due to conventional methods of metal extraction of are an important concern Singh, 2011, Akcil et al., 2015). There has been the establishment of several physical and electrochemical recovery processes for metal extraction from the mining sites; although they don't seem to be very beneficial in remediation of the wastes and effluents (Akcil and Agcasulu, 2015). ...
ABSTRACT
The by-products of zinc refineries are used as the primary mineral resources for the commercial production of indium. The discarded LCDs containing adequate amount of indium is rather worth as its secondary resources compared to the by-products of zinc refineries. Mining and recycling rates of indium, respectively from minerals and waste LCDs are in progress to meet its huge demand. Recycling of the LCDs has been dominating over mining, as presently 480t of indium are produced annually from mining, however, that of 650t annually from recycling. Different aspects of the extractive metallurgy of indium are summarized in this review paper.
KEYWORDS: Indium, pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, biometallurgy, recycling, recovery
https://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/hF4dWP3eMjyeq7trE9zV/full
Conventional leaching methods for Manganese (Mn) recovery require strong acids and are threatening to the environment. Alternatively, the use of microbes for Mn recovery is environment friendly in nature. The present investigation compares the capacity of pure and mixed cultures of native bacterial strains for bioleaching of low grade Mn ores. The ability of the isolated microorganisms to recover Mn was evaluated in shake flasks for 20 days under optimized conditions of pulp density (2%), sucrose concentration (2/g/100 ml), initial pH 6.5 and 30 °C incubation temperature. In pure culture form, Acinetobacter sp. MSB 5 (70%) was found to have a higher bioleaching potential than Lysinibacillus sp. MSB 11 (67%). Mixed culture of Acinetobacter sp. MSB 5 and Lysinibacillus sp. MSB 11 was found to perform better than the pure cultures with 74% extraction of Mn. The presence of mixed culture increased the dissolution rate and the recovery percentage of Mn. The respective growth pattern of the cultures was in synchronisation to their Mn bioleaching performances. This study underlines the importance of mixed cultures and, Mn solubilising activity of native bacterial strains for efficient Mn biorecovery.
In view of unremitting diminution of mineral resources, rising energy economics along with increasing
global consumption of Manganese (Mn), development of environment friendly technologies for tapping
alternate sources of Mn has gained importance lately. Mn recovery from mining residues using conventional
approaches is extremely expensive due to high capital and energy costs involved. However lean
grade ores present in millions of tons awaits the development of competent and cost effective extractive
process. Mn recovery by biomining with diverse microbes is thereby recommended as a superior and
green alternative to the current pyro metallurgical techniques. The synergistic effects of different factors
are known to influence microbial leaching of mineral ores which includes microbiological, mineralogical,
physicochemical and process parameters. Bacterial bioleaching is mostly due to enzymatic influence,
however fungal bioleaching is non enzymatic. Genomic studies on microbial diversity and an insight of
its metabolic pathways provides unique dimension to the mechanism of biomining microorganisms. The
extraction of Mn has a massive future prospective and will play a remarkable role in altering the situation
of ever-decreasing grades of ore. This review aims to encompass the different aspects of Mn bioleaching,
the plethora of organisms involved, the mechanisms driving the process and the recent trends and future
prospects of this green technology.
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