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Creation and Evolution of the Solar System Bodies
Abstract
The study of creation and evolution of celestial bodies and their systems is one of the main subjects in astrophysics, cosmogony and cosmology. It is known from observation that the matter of the Solar System bodies is very identical with respect to its substantial and chemical content and from this point of view all the bodies are of common origin. But the attempts to find general mechanism of creation of the bodies encounter irresistible contradiction. The point is that the planets having only ~0.015% of the system’s mass possess 98% of the orbital angular momentum. At the same time ~99.85% of the Sun’s masses produce no sooner than 2% of the moment of momentum which, in both cases, is accepted to be a conservative parameter. Also, the specific (for unit of the mass) orbital angular momentum is increased with the distance from the Sun. These results follow from the problem solution based on the hydrostatic approach.
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(7)Formation of celestial bodies. The basic concepts of the accretional process are discussed, and the inadequacy of the contractional model is pointed out. A comparison is made between the general pre-planetary state on the one hand and the present state in the asteroidal region on the other. A model for accretion of resonance-captured grains leading to the formation of resonance-captured planets and satellites is suggested.
(8)Spin and accretion. The relation between the accretional process and the spin of planets is analyzed.
(9)Accretion of planets and satellites. It is shown that jet streams are a necessary intermediate stage in the formation of celestial bodies. The time sequence of planet formation is analyzed, and it is shown that the newly accreted bodies have a characteristic internal heat structure; the cases of the Earth and the Moon are considered in detail. A region of high initial temperature is found at 0.4 of the present Earth radius, whereas the culminating temperature of the Moon is near its present surface. An accretional heat wave is found to proceed outwards, and may produce the observed differentiation features.
In this paper two independent methods are described for estimating the magnetic field in the spiral arm in which we are located. The first method is based on an interpretation of the dispersion (of the order of 10° ) in the observed planes of polarization of the light of the distant stars; it leads to an estimate of H = 7.2 X 10 -6 gauss. The second method is based on the requirement of equilibrium of the spiral arm with respect to lateral expansion and contraction: it leads to an estimate of H = 6 X 10 -6 gauss.
The physical meaning of the terms of the potential and kinetic energy expressions, expanded by means of the density variation function for a nonuniform self-gravitating sphere, is discussed. The terms of the expansions represent the energy and the moment of inertia of the uniform sphere, the energy and the moment of inertia of the nonuniformities interacting with the uniform sphere, and the energy of the nonuniformities interacting with each other. It follows from the physical meaning of the above components of the energy structure, and also from the observational fact of the expansion of the Universe that the phase transition, notably, fusion of particles and nuclei and condensation of liquid and solid phases of the expanded matter accompanied by release of energy, must be the physical cause of initial thermal and gravitational instability of the matter. The released kinetic energy being constrained by the general motion of the expansion, develops regional and local turbulent (cyclonic) motion of the matter, which should be the second physical effect responsible for the creation of celestial bodies and their rotation.
Physical Processes in the Interior of Stars
- L A Frank-Kamenetsky
- LA Frank-Kamenetsky