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Systematic catalogue of the Reduviidae of the world (Insecta: Heteroptera)
... Examined material: Holotype (Distant, 1902) Figs. 1E, F Distribution: This species was originally described from Paraguay (Distant 1902), and additionally recorded from Argentina, Bolivia, and Brazil (Dougherty 1995;Maldonado 1990;Wygodzinsky 1951). It is a new record from Colombia and Ecuador. ...
... Examined material: COLOMBIA (Dougherty 1995;Maldonado 1990). It is a new record from Colombia. ...
... Distribution: This species is known from Guatemala, Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador (Dougherty 1995;Maldonado 1990). It is the first time that precise localities from Colombia are provided. ...
Six generic and 17 species level new country records are provided for Reduviidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) from various Neotropical countries. New country records: Brontostoma abbas Carpintero, 1980: Colombia; B. colossus (Distant, 1902): Colombia, Ecuador; Pothea jaguaris (Carpintero, 1980): Colombia; P. ventralis (Lepeletier & Serville, 1825): Colombia; Pseudopothea paulai Gil-Santana, 2015: Bolivia, Colombia; Rhiginia immarginata Stål, 1866: Colombia; Cidoria flava Amyot & Serville, 1843: Colombia; Corcia nigricornis Champion, 1899: Colombia; Pirnonota convexicollis Stål, 1859: Honduras, Costa Rica, Bolivia, and Peru; Pselliopus punctipes Amyot and Serville, 1843: Colombia; Repipta lepidula Stål, 1866: Colombia; R. sanguinea Champion, 1899: Colombia; Sosius foliaceus Champion, 1899: Colombia; Zelus championi Zhang & Hart, 2016: Colombia; Z. nigromaculatus Champion, 1899: Colombia; Aradomorpha championi Lent & Wygodzinsky, 1944: Colombia; Peregrinator biannulipes (Montrouzier & Signoret, 1861): Colombia. Detailed locality data from Colombia are provided for Rhiginia bimaculata Breddin, 1914 and R. conspersa Breddin, 1901, previously known only from country level records without more specific localities. To help identify Brontostoma abbas Carpintero, 1980, Repipta lepidula Stål, 1866 and R. sanguinea Champion, 1899, images of the male and/or female genitalia are provided for the first time. Habitus images are provided for all treated species, and additional structural details are illustrated for some of them.
... The genus was considered a close relative of Luteva Dohrn, 1860 (currently a junior synonym of Ploiaria Scopoli, 1786) by Kirkaldy [13], but it was largely overlooked in subsequent works. The identity and taxonomic status of the genus have thus gradually become questionable, and it has either been speculated as a junior synonym of Luteva [14] or listed as a genus incertae sedis under the Leistarchini [1,15]. On the other hand, the genus Bagauda Bergroth, 1903, which initially contained only its type species B. avidus Bergroth, 1903 from India [16], has absorbed a number of African and Asian species in the nearly one hundred years since its description, and as of 2005 it has contained 18 species [1,15,17,18]. ...
... The identity and taxonomic status of the genus have thus gradually become questionable, and it has either been speculated as a junior synonym of Luteva [14] or listed as a genus incertae sedis under the Leistarchini [1,15]. On the other hand, the genus Bagauda Bergroth, 1903, which initially contained only its type species B. avidus Bergroth, 1903 from India [16], has absorbed a number of African and Asian species in the nearly one hundred years since its description, and as of 2005 it has contained 18 species [1,15,17,18]. ...
... Although Pleias was rarely cited after publication, and Bagauda was undoubtedly in prevailing usage, the reason for this situation was rooted in the dubious taxonomic status of Pleias for some authors [1,14,15]. The conservation of Bagauda would request the Commission to use their plenary power, while this name has been referenced about 73 times in the last 150 years, and its child taxa have also been relatively less cited (see bibliographies under each species). ...
The nomenclatural and taxonomic issues regarding the thread-legged bug genera Pleias Kirkaldy, 1901 and Bagauda Bergroth, 1903 are reviewed, and Pleias is concluded to be the valid name of the genus. A comprehensive review of Pleias is conducted, resulting in 18 new combinations and two new synonymies [P. aelleni (Villiers, 1970) comb. n., P. atypica (Ghate, Boyane & Joshi, 2019) comb. n., P. avida (Bergroth, 1903) comb. n., P. brunnea (McAtee & Malloch, 1926) comb. n., P. cavernicola (Paiva, 1919) comb. n., P. creppei (Lhoste, 1939) comb. n. = Bagauda gilletti Miller, 1956 syn. n., P. ernstmayri (Kulkarni & Ghate, 2016) comb. n., P. furcosa (Ribes, 1987) comb. n., P. gigantea (Lhoste, 1939) comb. n., P. lucifuga (McAtee & Malloch, 1926) comb. n., P. monodi (Villiers, 1972) comb. n., P. similis (Wygodzinsky, 1966) comb. n., P. smithersi (Wygodzinsky, 1966) comb. n., P. splendens (Distant, 1906) comb. n., P. strinatii (Villiers, 1970) comb. n., P. tenebricola (Horváth, 1910) comb. n., P. wagneri (Villiers, 1949) comb. n. = B. eriksoni Miller, 1954 syn. n., and P. zetteli (Rédei, 2005) comb. n.]. The bibliographies, diagnosis, and known distribution records are presented for all described species, and three new species [P. fashengi sp. n. (from Yunnan, China), P. serrata sp. n. (from Sabah, Malaysia), and P. trimaculata sp. n. (from Sulawesi, Indonesia)] are described. The identification keys to the African and Asian species of Pleias are provided. The systematic relationships, distribution, and ecology of the genus are discussed.
... Existen dos catálogos mundiales (Putchkov & Putchkov, 1985;Maldonado Capriles, 1990), sin embargo, se encuentran basados en clasificaciones sustancialmente diferentes. Putchkov & Putchkov (1985) reconocieron 24 subfamilias, incluyendo a Elasmodeminae y Phymatinae, pero clasificaron a Pseudocethera Villiers como parte de Cetherinae y a Visayanocorinae como distinta de Saicinae. ...
... Son exclusivamente neotropicales e incluyen solo el género Bactrodes Stål (McAtee & Malloch, 1923;Maldonado Capriles, 1990). Bactrodes fue revisado por Coscarón & Melo (2003), quienes reconocieron cinco especies, que se distribuyen desde México hasta la Argentina. ...
... Cabeza pequeña, transversa; surco transverso entre los ojos en vértex; ojos pedunculados; labio corto, robusto y fuertemente curvado; foseta esponjosa en patas anteriores y medias. Están representados en el Neotrópico solo por el género Eupheno Gistel, que incluye tres especies descritas (Maldonado Capriles, 1990). En la Argentina está representado solo por una especie (Coscarón, 2017). ...
La familia Reduviiidae incluye más de 7000 especies, vulgarmente conocidas como "vinchucas" o "chinches asesinas". Viven en ambientes variados, son terrestres; con hábitos depredadores o hematófagas. En la Argentina están representadas por 88 géneros y 323 especies, incluidas en 15 subfamilias: Bactrodinae, Cetherinae, Chryxinae, Ectrichodiinae, Elasmodeminae, Emesinae, Hammacerinae, Harpactorinae, Peiratinae, Phymatinae, Reduviinae, Saici-nae, Stenopodainae, Triatominae y Vesciinae. Se presenta una sinopsis de los aspectos morfológicos, historia taxonómica, aspectos filogenéticos, importancia económica y sanitaria, datos biológicos, principales colecciones de Argentina, clasificación actual, bibliografía de referencia y una diagnosis de las subfamilias presentes en la Argentina. Se adjunta un listado y la distribución geográfica de las especies citadas.
Abstract The family Reduviiidae includes more than 7000 species, commonly known as "assassin bugs" or "kissing bugs". They live in several terrestrial environments, and are predators or hematophagous. In Argentina they are represented by 88 genera and 323 species, included in 15 subfamilies: Bactrodinae, Cetherinae, Chryxinae, Ectrichodiinae, Elasmodeminae, Emesinae, Hammacerinae, Harpactorinae, Peiratinae, Phymatinae, Reduviinae, Saicinae, Stenopodainae, Triatominae and Vesciinae. We present a synopsis of the morphological aspects, taxonomic history, phylogenetic aspects, economic and health importance, biological data, main collections of Argentina, current classification, reference bibliography and a diagnosis of the subfamilies present in Argentina. A list and geographical distribution of the mentioned species is included.
... The current higher level classification of Reduviidae (Schuh & Weirauch, 2020;Weirauch et al., 2014) is largely based on the world catalogue by Maldonado (1990) that was flawed in recognizing polyphyletic and paraphyletic assemblages, among other issues (Kerzhner, 1992). Building on a core of assassin bug subfamilies described by heteropteran systematists including Amyot and Serville (1843), Stål (1862Stål ( , 1859, and Champion (1899) during the 19th century, subfamily numbers proliferated during the early 20th century. ...
... Harpactorinae have long been recognized as a group, but various higher level taxa were either treated as tribes of Harpactorinae or separate subfamilies in past classifications (Table S2: China & Miller, 1959;Kerzhner, 1992;Maldonado, 1990;Putshkov, 1986-1989;Weirauch et al., 2014). Based on his morphological exploration, Davis (1969) treated most higher level taxa as tribes, but retained Bactrodinae Stål as subfamily. ...
... Taxonomic history: Distant (1904) Reuter). Kerzhner (1992) pointed out that Maldonado (1990) and Putshkov (1986-1989) treated these genera as Reduviinae but failed to list Lenaeinae as junior synonym of that subfamily. ...
Assassin bugs (Hemiptera: Reduviidae Latreille) comprise not only one of the largest radiations of predatory animals (22 subfamilies; >6,800 spp.) but also include the medically important kissing bugs (Triatominae Jeannel). Reduviidae are morphologically diverse, engage in an astounding array of predatory strategies and have evolved some of the most unique anti-predator and stealth techniques in the animal kingdom. While significant progress has been made to reveal the evolutionary history of assassin bugs and revise their taxonomy, the non-monophyly of the second largest assassin bug subfamily, Reduviinae Latreille, remains to be addressed. Leveraging phylogenomic data (2,291 loci) and 112 morphological characters, we performed the first data-and taxon-rich (195 reduvioid taxa) combined phylogenetic analysis across Reduvioidea and reconstructed morphological diagnostic features for major lineages. We corroborated the rampant polyphyly of Reduviinae that demands substantial revisions to the subfamilial and tribal classification of assassin bugs. Our new classification for Reduviidae reduces the number of subfamilies to 19 and recognizes 40 tribes. We describe three new subfam-ilies to accommodate distantly related taxa previously classified as Reduviinae (Heteropinae subfam. nov., Nanokeralinae subfam. nov., and Pasirinae subfam. nov.). Triatominae sensu nov. are expanded to include closely related predatory reduviine
... The subfamily Phimophorinae includes only two extant genera: Phimophorus Bergroth, 1886 andMendanocoris Miller, 1956. Phimophorus is a Neotropical monotypic genus with Phimophorus spissicornis Bergroth, 1886(Usinger & Wygodzinsky 1964Maldonado-Capriles, 1990). Mendanocoris Miller, 1956 includes only two species: Mendanocoris browni Miller, 1956 andM. ...
... Mendanocoris Miller, 1956 includes only two species: Mendanocoris browni Miller, 1956 andM. milleri Usinger &Wygodzinsky, 1964 from Malaysia and the Solomon Islands, respectively (Maldonado-Capriles, 1990). The subfamily includes also the extinct genus Koenigsbergia Popov, 2003 from Eocene Baltic amber according to Zhang et al. (2015). ...
... As mentioned above, the subfamily comprises only two extant genera with three species. Phimophorus spissicornis is the only extant Neotropical representative of the group (Usinger & Wygodzinsky, 1964;Maldonado-Capriles, 1990), and has to date only been recovered from northern South America (Colombia, Brazil, Guyana), meaning that the fossil extends the generic (and subfamilial) distribution into the Caribbean during the Miocene. Usinger & Wygodzinsky (1964) suggested that the shield-like structures protecting laterally the stridulatory furrow, and the unique reduction of the fourth antennomere were putative apomorphies of the Phimophorinae because these characters are not found among any other reduviid subfamily. ...
The second fossil assassin bug of the cryptic subfamily Phimophorinae is described and figured from the mid-Miocene amber of the Dominican Republic, on the basis of traditional optical observations and a computed micro-tomography 3D reconstruction. The fossil can be attributed to the extant, monotypic genus Phimophorus Bergroth, which is currently known only from northern South America. The fossil extends the distribution of the lineage into the Caribbean of the Early Neogene and places it among a series of examples of arthropod groups that once thrived in Hispaniola but are today not native to the islands.
... The genus Sycanus Amyot & Serville, 1843 (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Harpactorinae), now comprises 76 Oriental and 1 Madagascar species [1][2][3][4]. Prior to this study, a total of 12 species belonging to the genus Sycanus have been recorded within China [3,[5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. This genus can be distinguished from other Chinese allied genera (Agriosphodrus, Homalosphodrus, Maldonadocoris, Yolinus, all belonging to the tribe Sycanini Dohrn, 1859) by the following characters: the head is significantly longer than the pronotum, the scutellum is armed with a spine or tubercle at its apex, and the connexivum of the abdomen is extremely laterally dilated [8,9]. ...
... The genus Sycanus Amyot & Serville, 1843 (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Harpactorinae), now comprises 76 Oriental and 1 Madagascar species [1][2][3][4]. Prior to this study, a total of 12 species belonging to the genus Sycanus have been recorded within China [3,[5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. This genus can be distinguished from other Chinese allied genera (Agriosphodrus, Homalosphodrus, Maldonadocoris, Yolinus, all belonging to the tribe Sycanini Dohrn, 1859) by the following characters: the head is significantly longer than the pronotum, the scutellum is armed with a spine or tubercle at its apex, and the connexivum of the abdomen is extremely laterally dilated [8,9]. ...
... After we examined the holotype specimen of S. leucomesus ( Figure S3e,f), deposited in the BMNH (URL: https: //data.nhm.ac.uk/object/456b420e-6818-4b48-88c6-fa861fa18d76, accassed on 26 February 2024), we thought that S. leucomesus should be a synonym of S. bifidus. (2) Sycanus collaris ( (2) Sycanus collaris ( [36], synonymized in part by : 212 [40]; Maldonado-Capriles, 1990: 311 [3]. ...
Due to the variability of body coloration and morphological similarity among closely related species, unresolved issues and debates still persist in the taxonomic study of the genus Sycanus from China. In this study, we conducted phylogenetic analyses and species delimitation for Sycanus in China based on a COI DNA barcoding dataset comprising 81 samples. The results revealed that all the samples could be classified into 12 species by integrating molecular analyses with morphological comparison. This paper provides a comprehensive systematic review of the Sycanus species found in China, including descriptions of three new species: S. taiwanensis Zhao & Cai sp. nov., S. flavicorius Li & Cai sp. nov., and S. hainanensis Wang & Cai sp. nov. Furthermore, it is proposed that S. croceovittatus Dohrn, 1859, S. leucomesus Walker, 1873, and S. villicus Stål, 1863, are three synonyms of S. bifidus (Fabricius, 1787); S. bicolor Hsiao, 1979, is a synonym of S. versicolor Dohrn, 1859; and S. hsiaoi Maldonado-Capriles, 1990, is a synonym of S. marginellus Putshkov, 1987. Additionally, brief biological information is provided for two species, S. falleni Stål, 1863, and S. croceus Hsiao, 1979.
... Reduviidae is the second largest family of Heteroptera, with approximately 7,000 species described worldwide (MALDONADO, 1990;WEIRAUCH, 2020;WEIRAUCH et al., 2014). Of this total, about 11% (~800) are cataloged for Brazil (CTFB). ...
... Consultation of Gil-Santana et al. (2015a) allows access to identification keys for the genera of several subfamilies or respective information, and to summaries about the taxonomy and biology of Neotropical reduviids. Maldonado (1990) is the general taxonomic catalog of Reduviidae, which covers the entire world fauna, while CTFB allows the consultation of updated faunal data for Brazil. Among the reduviids found in caves in Brazil, the largest number of species belong to the subfamilies Emesinae and Reduviinae. ...
... Next, for Reduviidae, it is worth mentioning the collections on the campus of Instituto Oswaldo Cruz in Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro. The Coleção de Triatomíneos of Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (CTIOC) is not only in the largest collection of triatomines in the world, but also includes numerous types and specimens of predatory Reduviidae, particularly species of Zelurus referred to in numerous articles by Herman Lent and Pedro (Petr) Wolfgang Wygodzinsky on this group (MALDONADO, 1990); while the Coleção Entomológica of the same institute (CEIOC), highlights the Reduviidae material studied by Ângelo Moreira da Costa Lima, separated into its own collection (Coleção Costa Lima), which includes specimens and types, recently cataloged by Almeida et al. (2014) and Rodrigues et al. (2017), and other specimens referred to in their articles, such as his review of Zelurus (as Spiniger) (COSTA LIMA, 1940b). Other collections with fewer type specimens, such as the collection of the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (MZUSP; recent catalog by CARRENHO et al., 2020), or with less numerous collections but including types or specimens from caves, described more recently, such as the Coleção de Invertebrados Subterrâneos of the Universidade Federal de Lavras (ISLA/UFLA) Minas Gerais, also deserve to be mentioned. ...
... The genus Sycanus was established by Amyot & Serville in 1843 for the oriental species, Reduvius collaris Fabricius, 1781 as the type species, with seventy-six Oriental and one Madagascar known species [22][23][24][25]. The beautiful assassin bugs are easily separated from other allied genera by the following characters: the head is much longer than the pronotum, the scutellum is apically armed with a spine or tubercle, and the connexivum of abdomen is extremely laterally dilated. ...
... The beautiful assassin bugs are easily separated from other allied genera by the following characters: the head is much longer than the pronotum, the scutellum is apically armed with a spine or tubercle, and the connexivum of abdomen is extremely laterally dilated. Prior to this study, a total of twelve species belonging to the genus Sycanus have been recorded within China [24,[26][27][28][29][30][31][32]. In the present paper, the fifteen species of the genus Sycanus in China were listed. ...
... In the world catalogue of the assassin bugs [24], the type species of genus Sycanus, Sycanus collaris (Fabricius, 1781), has been recorded to be distributed within China, but we have consulted a large number of documents and has no records in China. They are mainly distributed in Southeast Asian countries. ...
Due to the variation of the body coloration and the similarity of the related species, there are still some unresolved problems and debates in the taxonomic study of the genus Sycanus in China. We conducted the inter-specific phylogenetic analyses and the species delimitation for Sycanus in China based on DNA barcoding dataset of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene of 81 samples and partial 28S rDNA sequences of 31 samples. The result showed that all the samples were divided into twelve species by integrating the results of DNA barcoding and morphological comparison. In the present paper, the genus Sycanus in China was reviewed systematically, all species were described or re-described, keyed, illustrated and photographed, among them, Sycanus taiwanensis Zhao & Cai sp. nov., Sycanus hsiaoi Li & Cai sp. nov. and Sycanus hainanensis Wang & Cai sp. nov. were described as new to science. The biological informations of Sycanus falleni Stål, 1863 and Sycanus croceus Hsiao, 1979 were briefly recorded.
... The genus Sycanus was established by Amyot & Serville in 1843 for the oriental species, Reduvius collaris Fabricius, 1781 as the type species, with seventy-six Oriental and one Madagascar known species [22][23][24][25]. The beautiful assassin bugs are easily separated from other allied genera by the following characters: the head is much longer than the pronotum, the scutellum is apically armed with a spine or tubercle, and the connexivum of abdomen is extremely laterally dilated. ...
... The beautiful assassin bugs are easily separated from other allied genera by the following characters: the head is much longer than the pronotum, the scutellum is apically armed with a spine or tubercle, and the connexivum of abdomen is extremely laterally dilated. Prior to this study, a total of twelve species belonging to the genus Sycanus have been recorded within China [24,[26][27][28][29][30][31][32]. In the present paper, the fifteen species of the genus Sycanus in China were listed. ...
... (2) Sycanus bifidus ( Remark. In the world catalogue of the assassin bugs [24], the type species of genus Sycanus, Sycanus collaris (Fabricius, 1781), has been recorded to be distributed within China, but we have consulted a large number of documents and has no records in China. They are mainly distributed in Southeast Asian countries. ...
Due to the variation of the body coloration and the similarity of the related species, there are still some unresolved problems and debates in the taxonomic study of the genus Sycanus in China. We conducted the inter-specific phylogenetic analyses and the species delimitation for Sycanus in China based on DNA barcoding dataset of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene of 81 samples and partial 28S rDNA sequences of 34 samples. The result showed that all the samples were divided into twelve species by integrating the results of DNA barcoding and morphological comparison. In the present paper, the genus Sycanus in China was reviewed systematically, all species were described or re-described, keyed, illustrated and photographed, among them, Sycanus taiwanensis Zhao & Cai sp. nov., Sycanus flavicorius Li & Cai sp. nov. and Sycanus hainanensis Wang & Cai sp. nov. were described as new to science. The biological informations of Sycanus falleni Stål, 1863 and Sycanus croceus Hsiao, 1979 were briefly recorded.
... The genus Sycanus was established by Amyot & Serville in 1843 for the oriental species, Reduvius collaris Fabricius, 1781 as the type species, with seventy-six Oriental and one Madagascar known species [22][23][24][25]. The beautiful assassin bugs are easily separated from other allied genera by the following characters: the head is much longer than the pronotum, the scutellum is apically armed with a spine or tubercle, and the connexivum of abdomen is extremely laterally dilated. ...
... The beautiful assassin bugs are easily separated from other allied genera by the following characters: the head is much longer than the pronotum, the scutellum is apically armed with a spine or tubercle, and the connexivum of abdomen is extremely laterally dilated. Prior to this study, a total of twelve species belonging to the genus Sycanus have been recorded within China [24,[26][27][28][29][30][31][32]. In the present paper, the fifteen species of the genus Sycanus in China were listed. ...
... (2) Sycanus bifidus ( Remark. In the world catalogue of the assassin bugs [24], the type species of genus Sycanus, Sycanus collaris (Fabricius, 1781), has been recorded to be distributed within China, but we have consulted a large number of documents and has no records in China. They are mainly distributed in Southeast Asian countries. ...
Due to the variation of the body coloration and the similarity of the related species, there are still some unresolved problems and debates in the taxonomic study of the genus Sycanus in China. We conducted the inter-specific phylogenetic analyses and the species delimitation for Sycanus in China based on DNA barcoding dataset of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene of 81 samples and partial 28S rDNA sequences of 31 samples. The result showed that all the samples were divided into twelve species by integrating the results of DNA barcoding and morphological comparison. In the present paper, the genus Sycanus in China was reviewed systematically, all species were described or re-described, keyed, illustrated and photographed, among them, Sycanus taiwanensis Zhao & Cai sp. nov., Sycanus hsiaoi Li & Cai sp. nov. and Sycanus hainanensis Wang & Cai sp. nov. were described as new to science. The biological informations of Sycanus falleni Stål, 1863 and Sycanus croceus Hsiao, 1979 were briefly recorded.
... Reduviidae is the largest family of predaceous terrestrial true bugs (Heteroptera), with about 7,000 species in 24 subfamilies and is one of the three most speciose families within Hemiptera Schuh and Weirauch 2020). Maldonado Capriles (1990), although not exhaustively, compiled country-level occurrences of species of Reduviidae, followed by several papers which sparsely provided new records or reviews of different taxa of this family, including information on their known occurrences (e.g., Dougherty 1995; Gil-Santana et al. 2003;Melo and Coscarón 2004;Gil-Santana and Marques 2005;Forero 2006;Bérenger 2007;Gil-Santana 2007, 2014, 2019, 2020, 2022Forero et al. 2008;Melo 2008;Swanson and Chordas III 2018;Mejía-Soto et al. 2022;Oliveira 2022, 2023). ...
... 9-10 Cosmoclopius nigroannulatus has been observed preying upon numerous immature or adult insects with economic or even medical importance and commonly found associated with tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum L.) (Marques et al. 2006). It has been recorded from Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay (Fracker and Bruner 1924;Maldonado Capriles 1990;Melo and Coscarón 2004;Melo et al. 2023). The identification of the specimens examined here (Figs. ...
... Montina lobata was previously recorded from Brazil, Ecuador and Colombia (Stål 1872;Maldonado Capriles 1990;Gil-Santana 2019;Mejía-Soto et al. 2022). The pronotum is pale yellow, sometimes densely setose; the connexival margins are darkened, enlarged as rounded lobes, and commonly marked by a pale band at each posterior margin (Fig. 13), allowing to identify this species. ...
New records of species of Reduviidae from five Neotropical countries are provided: Notocyrtus gibbus (Fabricius) (Harpactorinae: Harpactorini) from Costa Rica; Kodormus bruneosus Barber (Stenopodainae), Ploeogaster gesana Kirkaldy (Harpactorinae: Harpactorini), Pseudopothea paulai Gil-Santana (Ectrichodiinae) from Ecuador; Leogorrus immaculatus Champion (Reduviinae), Myocoris nugax Stål (Harpactorinae: Harpactorini) from French Guiana; Zelurus tibialis tibialis (Stål) (Reduviinae) from Paraguay; Apiomerus elegans Distant, Apiomerus lituratus Stål, Apiomerus nitidicollis Stål (Harpactorinae: Apiomerini), Aristathlus regalis Bergroth, Cosmoclopius nigroannulatus (Stål), K. bruneosus, Montina lobata Stål (Harpactorinae: Harpactorini), Pothea jaguaris (Carpintero) (Ectrichodiinae), and Saica apicalis Osborn & Drake (Saicinae) from Peru. This new data improves our knowledge on the distribution of this interesting relevant group of heteropterans.
... Heteroptera, the true bugs within Hemiptera, are unique among insects in including four distantly related lineages adapted to life in spiderwebs (Schuh & Weirauch, 2020). Among these, the thread-legged assassin bugs of the Emesine Complex (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Emesinae Amyot and Serville, Saicinae Stål, and Visayanocorinae Miller; Figure 1) are by far the most species rich lineage having diversified into 1100 described species (Maldonado, 1990). Similar to other webassociated true bugs, Emesinae show specialized behaviours and morphology that may facilitate living on and around spiderwebs (Soley & Taylor, 2012;van Helsdingen, 2011;Wignall & Taylor, 2010, 2011. ...
... Emesinae, the thread-legged bugs, differ from Saicinae ( Figure 1a,d,e,f) and Visayanocorinae (Figure 1b) in having extremely elongate and delicate 'thread-like' legs, with the forecoxa usually at least four times as long as wide and the acetabulum of the foreleg opening anteriad. With over 950 species in 95 genera (Maldonado, 1990), Emesinae are species rich, and are the third largest subfamily within Reduviidae (Putshkov & Putshkov, 1985). Emesinae are currently subdivided into five tribes (Castro-Huertas et al., 2021;Wygodzinsky, 1966), the smallest being Collartidini Wygodzinsky (two genera, Figure 1c). ...
... Saicinae (Figure 1a,d,e,f, 25 genera, 155 species [Castro-Huertas et al., 2023;Gil-Santana et al., 2006;Gil-Santana et al., 2020;Maldonado, 1990;Melo & Coscar on, 2005;Putshkov & Putshkov, 1985;Weirauch & Forero, 2007]) were traditionally diagnosed from Emesinae by the shorter forecoxa that is at most three times as long as wide, and the second visible labial segment often expanded and basally bulbous. Similar to Emesinae, Saicinae also occur in all biogeographic regions, with diversity highest in the Neotropics. ...
Web‐building spiders are formidable predators, yet assassin bugs in the Emesine Complex (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Emesinae, Saicinae, and Visayanocorinae) prey on spiders. The Emesine Complex comprises >1000 species and these web‐associated predatory strategies may have driven their diversification. However, lack of natural history data and a robust phylogenetic framework currently preclude tests of this hypothesis. We combine Sanger (207 taxa, 3865 bp) and high‐throughput sequencing data (15 taxa, 381 loci) to generate the first taxon‐ and data‐rich phylogeny for this group. We discover rampant paraphyly among subfamilies and tribes, necessitating revisions to the classification. We use ancestral character state reconstructions for 40 morphological characters to identify diagnostic features for a revised classification. Our new classification treats Saicinae Stål and Visayanocorinae Miller as junior synonyms of Emesinae Amyot and Serville, synonymizes the emesine tribes Ploiariolini Van Duzee and Metapterini Stål with Emesini Amyot and Serville, and recognises six tribes within Emesinae (Collartidini Wygodzinsky, Emesini, Leistarchini Stål, Oncerotrachelini trib.n. , Saicini Stål stat.n. , and Visayanocorini Miller stat.n. ). We show that a pretarsal structure putatively involved in web‐associated behaviours evolved in the last common ancestor of Emesini, the most species‐rich clade within Emesinae, suggesting that web‐associations could be widespread in Emesinae.
... The subfamily Emesinae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae), commonly called thread-legged assassin bugs, is one of the most remarkable and species-rich subfamilies of the family Reduviidae, as is evident from the monograph by Wygodzinsky (1966) and the catalogue of Reduviidae of the World by Capriles (1990). There are six tribes, about 90 genera, and 950 species of Emesinae (Wygodzinsky 1966;Schuh & Weirauch 2020) and new species continue to be added. ...
... Ademula McAtee & Malloch, 1926 includes small macropterous species distributed in Australian, Ethiopian, and Oriental regions; key to the species described prior to 1966 was published by Wygodzinsky (1966); Capriles (1990) subsequently listed 13 species and the 14 th species was added by Rédei (2005). Very recently, Chen et al. (2023) added two more species from southwestern China, so the total number of species of Ademula is now 16. ...
Emesine bug Ademula contaminata (Distant, 1903) is recorded from India for the first time and rediscovered from Sri Lanka.
Details of its morphology, including the male genitalia, are presented along with images of the habitat. Images of living bugs in natural
habitat are presented along with some comments on natural history of these bugs.
... karlenae Hussey), y dos de Argentina y Brasil (P. ornaticeps (Stål)) y P. limai Pinto) (Champion, 1899;Barber, 1924;Brailovsky y Barrera, 2004;Fracker, 1912;Hussey, 1954;Maldonado Capriles, 1990;Coscarón, 2002). ...
... El género Pselliopus fue propuesto por Bergroth como nuevo nombre en 1905, ya que Stål en 1862 creó el género Milyas, nombre ya utilizado en 1858 por Walker en el orden Lepidoptera, por lo que por criterio de prioridad se cambió a Pselliopus (Maldonado Capriles, 1990). Champion (1899) realizó un clave para diez especies (Fig. 45); Fracker (1912) realizó también una clave para diez especies y Barber (1924) una para las seis especies encontradas en los Estados Unidos de América. ...
The genus Pselliopus Bergroth is reviewed for Mexico. It contains 21 species (27 for America) of which five of them, collected in Mexico in the states of Hidalgo, Jalisco, Michoacán, Nayarit, Nuevo León, Oaxaca, Puebla, Querétaro, Sinaloa, Sonora and Tamaulipas and in United States of America in the state of Arizona are new to science. Ten species recorded from Mexico described between 1843 and 1954 are redescribed adding new distributional records . P. karlenae Hussey is a new record for Mexico and is also redescribed. For the last five species described by Brailovsky and Barrera (2004), new variation and distributional records are added. The importance of pygofore, parameres and pronotum are discussed. The male genitalia of 20 species are illustrated (males of P. lineaticeps were not available). An identification key based mainly on the male genitalia is included.
... The family Reduviidae is the largest group of predatory Heteroptera, representing of 6250 species and subspecies in 25 subfamilies globally (Maldonado, 1990). The earlier work on the assassin bug from British India was done by Distant (1904Distant ( , 1910 who recorded 342 species, after that Distant's work, the checklist of the Indian assassin bug was given by Ambrose (2006), which included a total of 464 species belonging to 144 genera and 14 subfamilies, of which 33 species of Reduviidae were reported from Maharashtra by Sharma and Bano (2012). ...
... The earlier work on the assassin bug from British India was done by Distant (1904Distant ( , 1910 who recorded 342 species, after that Distant's work, the checklist of the Indian assassin bug was given by Ambrose (2006), which included a total of 464 species belonging to 144 genera and 14 subfamilies, of which 33 species of Reduviidae were reported from Maharashtra by Sharma and Bano (2012). The subfamily Stenopodainae (Heteroptera, Reduviidae) is represented by more than 92 known species distributed in all zoogeographic regions (Maldonado, 1990); it is the fourth largest subfamily in India (Ambrose, 2006). In India, A total of 39 species of the subfamily Stenopodinae under 14 genera have been recorded (Ambrose, 2006). ...
The brownish castaneous spot assassin bug Canthesancus gulo Stal, 1863 is reported from Maharashtra for the first time, as the first species of this genus in the Maharashtra state. The diagnostic characters, colour images, and current geographical distribution of species are given.
... Harpactorinae is the most specious subfamily of the Reduviidae, with ca. 2,800 described species, and more than 300 genera (Maldonado Capriles, 1990;Weirauch et al., 2014). They are mostly diurnal predators that are frequently found on the vegetation (Schuh & Weirauch, 2020). ...
... Harpactor Laporte, 1833 was created to include three species, although the only one that persisted in the genus is the type species: H. angulosus (Lepeletier & Serville, 1825). Nowadays, it includes another three species all from the Neotropics: H. tuberculosus Stål, 1872 known from Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, and Uruguay; H. distinguendus (Stål, 1859) from Brazil;and H. rhombeus (Erichson, 1848) from Brazil, Colombia, Guiana, Mexico and Venezuela (Wygodzinsky, 1946;Maldonado Capriles, 1990;Gil-Santana & Forero, 2009). They are large reduviids (ca. ...
Assassin bugs are one of the most diverse families of cimicomorphan Heteroptera and are known from all biogeographic regions. Except for the kissing bugs (Triatominae) that are hemathophagous, reduviids show a predatory behavior and are usually study as potential biocontrollers of crop pests. In this way, Harpactorines have been specially studied as they are mostly diurnal and live on the vegetation. In this contribution, the complete life cycle of Harpactor angulosus (Lepeletier & Serville, 1825) is described and illustrated. Specimens were collected in the field in El Manantial, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina, and were reared in laboratory to obtain all immatures (eggs and nymphs) and to observe its feeding habits, molting, mating, and oviposition. Collection specimens as well as online resources such as iNaturalist records were also studied to know the current distribution of the species. This resulted in the expansion of H. angulosus distribution in Argentina to Tucumán and Buenos Aires provinces and to the recording of the species in Ecuador, Peru and Paraguay for the first time. Our findings reveal that H. angulosus would be studied as a potential biocontroller of Agraulis sp., an important pest of maracuyá crops in several South American countries.
... Walker (1873a) described Reduvius coleopteroides based on a single female specimen (erroneously stated as male in the original description). The species was then transferred to Hiranetis by Distant (1903), without justification, and subsequent authors (Wygodzinsky 1949;Maldonado 1990) followed the new systematic placement (H. coleopteroides) (Gil-Santana et al. 2013). ...
... Currently, three species considered as valid are included in Hiranetis: H. atra, H. braconiformis (Burmeister, 1835) and H. membranacea Spinola, 1840(Maldonado 1990Gil-Santana et al. 2013;Gil-Santana 2016). While H. atra can be securely separated from the other species of the genus by its coloration, which is predominantly blackish, including the entirely dark hemelytra, the other two species (H. ...
Hiranetis vanderheydeni sp. nov. (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Harpactorinae) is described from Brazil based on females and male specimens. This species, from Brazilian Atlantic Forest, has remained undescribed for at least about a century, because of two previous mistakes involving the taxonomy of species with similar general aposematic coloration.
... Reduvius cruentus Fabricius, 1787) as the type species of the genus. The genus has been allocated currently to the tribe Harpactorini, subfamily Harpactorinae of the family Reduviidae (Fabricius, 1787;Hahn, 1834;Maldonado, 1990). The following definition of the genus Rhynocoris which was slightly revised by Ishikawa (2003) and the present study was herein used as the initial working hypothesis: body elongated, elliptic; head elongated and elliptic, nearly as long as pronotum; anteocular area of head as long as or shorter than postocular area; postocular area of head gradually narrowed posteriorly; scape longer than head; first visible labial segment shorter than second segment, reaching level of middle of eye; compound eye prominent; pronotum shorter than humeral width, prominent at anterolateral angles; anterior pronotal lobe shorter than posterior pronotal lobe, with median sulcus posteriorly; median sulcus not reaching posterior lobe; posterior lobe rounded at humeral angles, with reflexed posterolateral margins; scutellum triangular, reflexed in apical part, triangularly elevated discally; hemelytra reaching or exceeding apex of abdomen; abdomen elliptic, wider than hemelytra, with gently curved lateral margins; genital capsule with a process dorsoapically; parameres rod-shaped. ...
... The genus currently comprises 144 described species distributed widely in Afrotropical, Palearctic, Sino-Japanese, Oriental, and Nearctic Realms (Stål, 1867;Distant, 1903;Ambrose & Livingstone, 1986;Maldonado, 1990;Truong et al., 2015). Among them, three species have been recorded and described from Vietnam, i.e., Rhynocoris fuscipes (Fabricius, 1787), Rhynocoris marginellus (Fabricius, 1803), Rhynocoris mendicus (Stål, 1867). ...
The genus Rhynocoris Hahn, 1834 is one of the largest genera of the subfamily Harpactorinae. This genus consists of 144 described species widely distributed in the Afrotropical, Palearctic, Sino-Japanese, Oriental, and Nearctic Realms. There are three species, Rhynocoris fuscipes (Fabricius, 1787), Rhynocoris marginellus (Fabricius, 1803), Rhynocoris mendicus (Stål, 1867) recorded in Vietnam. In this study, we attempted to re-examine the Rhynocoris species collected from Vietnam based on external morphology, genital morphology, and COI phylogeny to reveal the species delimitation of this genus in Vietnam. As a result, the independence of the three Rhynocoris species from Vietnam was confirmed. Moreover, R. mendicus was revealed as being a polymorphic species with two intraspecific morphological phenotypes.
... Tibiae of the first and second pairs. With dark brown annulations at the apex, middle portion, and basal; the medians are clearer, and the cancellation is smaller [9][10][11][12]. ...
... Abdomen de subparallel sides, last abdominal segment; abdomen length 12 mm, width 5 mm. Phallus, morphology, and chaetotaxy of the parameres [9][10][11][12]. ...
The Reduviidae family is economically important, as many species are used in the biological control of agricultural pests. Many species in the Stenopodainae subfamily are endemic to tropical forests, and some smear their front paws with sticky plant-derived resin to help capture prey. The genus Stenopoda Laporte, 1833, has 14 species in Brazil. Stenopoda spinulosa Giacchi, 1969 (Reduviidae: Stenopodainae) has so far only been reported for the State of Rio Grande do Sul. They have wings that serve to protect the second pair of membranous wings and the body against crushing shocks. They are characterized by rigidity close to the notch of the wing and, at the same time, by the membranous region at the tip of the wing in the distal region. Their bite can cause edema, allergies, pain, and inflammation. To collect insects, a sweeping net or entomological net was used in shrubs and grasses. The objective of this study is to report the first occurrence of S. spinulosa in the State of Goiás, Brazil.
... L'aspect très épineux de ce Réduve, notamment les lobes antérieur et postérieur du pronotum, le scutellum, les cories et le connexivum, ainsi que sa couleur foncière (noir et orange/rouge) permettent de reconnaître facilement le genre afrotropical Psyttala Stål, 1859 décrit, originellement, comme sous-genre de Platymeris Laporte, 1833 [Stål, 1859]. Selon Maldonado Capriles [1990], il existe actuellement six espèces de Psyttala : P. ducalis (Westwood, 1845), P. dudgeoni Distant, 1919, P. horrida (Stål, 1865), P. incognita Distant, 1919, P. johnstoni Distant, 1919et P. samwelli Distant, 1919. Toutes les espèces sont présentes en Afrique de l'Ouest mais P. horrida et P. ducalis se rencontrent jusqu'en Afrique centrale. ...
... P. horrida fut décrite sur des exemplaires de Calabar, au Nigéria. Sa répartition actuelle couvre le Nigéria, Cameroun, Gabon, Côte d'Ivoire, Guinée équatoriale, République du Congo, République démocratique du Congo [Stål, 1865 ;Villiers, 1948 ;Maldonado Capriles, 1990]. Elle n'a jamais été mentionnée du domaine paléarctique [e.g. ...
... Stenopodainae Amyot & Serville, 1843 is a group of cryptically colored assassin bugs (Heteroptera: Reduviidae). With about 770 species grouped in 110 genera, stenopodaines constitute the fifth largest subfamily of Reduviidae (updated from Maldonado 1990). The subfamily has a worldwide distribution, and includes a number of endemic taxa being reported on islands such as Madagascar (Villiers 1968, Chłond 2010, Malay Archipelago (Miller 1940(Miller , 1958 and Pacific Islands (Distant 1920, China 1930. ...
... Miller (1958) then thought his previous classification was inappropriate, hence he treated these five species as separate genera, including Nogullocoris. No new information has been published on the genus and species since then, except a citation in Maldonado (1990) worldwide Reduviidae catalogue. Chen et al. (2020) conducted a simple morphological comparison between Nogullocoris and Dulitocoris Miller, 1940, and pointed out that the definition and taxonomic status of Nogullocoris and its related genera are in need of re-evaluation. ...
Nogullocoris lemaitreae Chen & Cai, sp. nov. (Hemiptera:
Heteroptera:Reduviidae: Stenopodainae) is described and
illustrated based on material from the BacanIslands, the
Moluccas, Indonesia. The new species is diagnosed by the pale
brown bodycolor, the relatively long antennal scape and the straight sides of the posterior margin ofthe abdominal segment VII. DNA barcode of the new species and a key to the species ofthe genus Nogullocoris Miller, 1958 are provided to facilitate its identification. Therelationship between Nogullocoris and affiliated genera is briefly discussed.
... the subfamily Ectrichodiinae in the New World includes 24 genera and more than 100 described species , 2020Forthman & Weirauch 2017;Gil-Santana 2014, 2015, 2019, 2020aForthman & Gil-Santana 2021;Gil-Santana & oliveira 2022), among which more than 20 species are currently included in Brontostoma Kirkaldy, 1904 (Maldonado 1990;Dougherty 1995;Carpintero & Maldonado 1996;Gil-Santana et al. 2004, 2005, 2013a, 2015, 2020, 2021Gil-Santana & Baena 2009;Gil-Santana & Carpintero 2019;Gil-Santana 2020b). Forthman and Weirauch (2017) created two new tribes, Ectrichodiini and tribelocodiini, resulting in a new composition of Ectrichodiinae (sensu novum) in the New World. ...
... although Maldonado (1990) and Dougherty (1995) disagreed on the validity of some species (see Gil-Santana et al. 2005 for a discussion), the generic concept of Brontostoma is the same in the redescriptions of the genus by Dougherty (1995) and Carpintero & Maldonado (1996). ...
Brontostoma herczeki sp. nov. is described based on two males from southeastern Brazil (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Ectrichodiinae). The male of Brontostoma bahiensis Gil-Santana, Costa & Marques, 2004 is described based on a specimen from Bahia state, Brazil. Taxonomical notes on Brontostoma doughertyae Gil-Santana, Lopes, Marques & Jurberg, 2005 are provided. Photographs of the holotypes of Brontostoma bahiensis, Brontostoma diringshofeni Gil-Santana & Baena, 2009 and Brontostoma doughertyae are presented.
... The assassin bug subfamily Stenopodainae is a large but relatively less researched group of Reduviidae, comprising 112 described genera and approximately 770 described species [1][2][3]. Some genera are speciose and widely distributed, such as the cosmopolitan Oncocephalus Klug, 1830 (>200 spp.) and Pygolampis Germar, 1817 (91 spp.) and the Old World Sastrapada Amyot & Serville, 1843 (71 spp.). ...
... The two Asian species exhibit geographic isolation. Schouteden, 1951 AF: Angola, DR Congo [1,80] Argolis farinator seems to be endemic to the Indian subcontinent, with most examined specimens from southern India ( Figure 10). Our study extends the distribution of the species westward to Malir (southern Pakistan) and northward to Almora (northern India) and adds a new record for the species on the southern slopes of the Himalayas. ...
The assassin bug genus Argolis Stål, 1861 (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Stenopodainae) has a disjunct distribution in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. In the present study, the Asian species of Argolis are revised. Two species are recognized, redescribed, and illustrated, with the following new subjective synonyms and new combination proposed: Argolis Stål, 1861 = Bardesanes Distant, 1909, syn. nov. = Neoklugia Distant, 1919, syn. nov.; A. farinator (Reuter, 1882) = N. typica Distant, 1919, syn. nov. = B. sericenotatus Livingstone & Ravichandran, 1989, syn. nov.; A. signata (Distant, 1909), comb. nov. (transferred from Bardesanes) = Caunus noctulus Hsiao, 1977, syn. nov. Lectotypes for C. farinator, B. signatus, and N. typica are designated. A key to separate the two Asian species of Argolis is provided. The sexual dimorphism, systematic relationships, and distribution of Argolis are discussed.
Argolis is newly recorded from Laos, Pakistan, and Vietnam.
... Phimophorinae in the new sense comprises all genera formerly classified as Epiroderinae, Phimophorus Bergroth, 1886 and Mendanocoris Miller, 1956 (formerly Phimophorinae) and 6 genera previously treated as Reduviinae (Aradomorpha Champion, 1899;Marbodus Distant, 1904;Microlestria Stål, 1860;Nalata Stål, 1860;Neostachyogenys Miller, 1953;Sphedanovarus Jeannel, 1919). Phimophorinae, in the new sense, includes a total of ~26 genera and ~113 species (Maldonado 1990, Hwang and Weirauch 2012, Masonick et al. 2024. We here refer to taxa that were included in the traditional Epiroderinae as the "epiroderine lineage of Phimophorinae" that consistently forms a clade in published and unpublished analyses (Hwang and Weirauch 2017). ...
The subfamily Phimophorinae includes ~113 species of cryptic assassin bugs found in the Neotropics and Paleotropics. Presumably due to its small size, cryptic coloration, and occurrence in the remote Eastern Arc Mountains (EAM), Porcelloderes impenetrabilis Rédei, 2012 (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Phimophorinae), was only recently described as the first representative of this subfamily from mainland Africa. Previous morphology-based phylogenetic research on Phimophorinae (then known as Physoderinae or Epiroderinae) recovered Porcelloderes as sister taxon to the remaining epiroderine-lineage of Phimophorinae. Recent fieldwork in Tanzania has resulted in 241 additional specimens of Porcelloderes from 3 EAM) ranges. We used molecular and morphological analyses for these 241 specimens to (i) determine their species identity, (ii) test the phylo-genetic position of Porcelloderes within Phimophorinae, and (iii) determine if divergence within Porcelloderes coincides with periods of climate-driven forest fragmentation in the EAM. Specimens from the Kimboza and Nguru Mountains likely represent P. impenetrabilis, but we here describe Porcelloderes harles, n. sp., from the Udzungwa Mountains. Our molecular phylogeny shows Porcelloderes nested within the epiroderine-lineage of Phimophorinae and as sister taxon to a Madagascar clade. We estimate that the epiroderine-lineage diverged from other Phimophorinae ~44 MYA. The divergence estimates for the 2 Porcelloderes species is ~15 MYA, consistent with proposed dates for other EAM assassin bugs and a period of forest fragmentation.
... Type species by monotypy: P. domestica Scopoli, 1786. A complete list of the synonyms of the genus was provided by Maldonado (1990). A detailed discussion of the morphological characters of the genus was provided by Wygodzinsky (1966), and brief descriptions were given by Ishikawa et al. (2008) and Chen et al. (2023), hence they are not reiterated here. ...
A new species of thread-legged assassin bugs, Ploiaria enigmatica sp. nov. (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Emesinae: Leistarchini), is described from Western Ghats of Maharashtra, India. The new species has an interesting set of characters not found in any Indomalayan members of the genus Ploiaria Scopoli, 1786, and it appears to be morphologically similar to some Afrotropical congeners.
... Sycanus Amyot & Serville, 1843 is a large-sized genus of the reduviid tribe Harpactorini assigned to the subfamily Harpactorinae with seventy-two valid species (Putshkov & Putshkov 1985, 1996Maldonado-Capriles 1990;Ishikawa et al. 2007;Zhao et al. 2024). This genus was established by Amyot & Serville in 1843 with the type species by monotype of Reduvius collaris Fabricius, 1781. ...
The genus Sycanus Amyot & Serville, 1843 includes seventy-two valid species distributed in African and Asian regions. Among those species, eight of them, Sycanus atrocoeruleus Signoret, 1862, S. bifidus (Fabricius, 1787), S. croceus Hsiao, 1979, S. falleni Stål, 1863, S. minor Hsiao, 1979, S. rubricatus Stål, 1874, S. sichuanensis Hsiao, 1979, and S. ventralis Distant, 1919, were described and recorded in Vietnam. In this study, we examined species of Sycanus collected from Vietnam based on external morphology, male genital morphology, and molecular phylogenetic analyses inferred from mitochondrial COI sequences. Consequently, two new species, Sycanus thuathienhuensis sp. nov. and Sycanus taynguyenensis sp. nov., were discovered, described, and illustrated here.
... Two recent phylogenetic studies brought significant changes to the classification of the thread-legged bug subfamily Emesinae: one study based on morphological characters focused on the former tribes Deliastini and Metapterini, and proposed the former as a junior synonym of the latter (Castro-Huertas et al. 2021); another more extensive analysis, based on Sanger and next-generation sequencing data, resulted in a significant expansion of the border of Emesinae with the inclusion of Saicinae and Visayanocorinae as its junior synonyms, and largely modified the triballevel classification of the subfamily (Standring et al. 2023). According to the new classification scheme proposed by Standring et al. (2023), Emesini, which encompasses the formerly Metapterini and Ploiariolini, becomes the largest clade of Emesinae, comprising about 75 genera and 720 species worldwide (updated from Maldonado 1990). ...
The thread-legged bug genus Onychomesa Wygodzinsky 1966 (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Emesinae: Emesini, formerly Metapterini) and its three described species are reviewed. The Sri Lankan species Ischnonyctes alatus Distant 1903 is resurrected from the synonymy with Schidium marcidum (Uhler, 1896) and transferred to Onychomesa, and O. susainathani Wygodzinsky, 1966 is considered a junior synonym of this species, resulting in the following taxonomic changes: O. alata (Distant 1903), stat. rev. et comb. nov. = O. susainathani Wygodzinsky 1966, syn. nov. The lectotype of I. alatus is designated. A new species, O. schuhi Chen et Cai, sp. nov., is described from Hainan Island, southern China. An updated key to the species of Onychomesa is provided.
... The emesine genus Ademula McAtee & Malloch, 1926 is a small group of 14 species currently placed in the tribe Emesini but was formerly in Ploiariolini (Maldonado, 1990;Rédei, 2005;Standring et al., 2023). Members of Ademula are small-sized and usually pale-coloured species with variable colour patterns on legs and forewings, and can be recognised within the tribe by the following combination of characters: the posterior pronotal lobe has a well-developed lateral carina; the scutellum and the abdominal tergite I each bears a spine-like process; the metanotum is rounded apically or has a small process; the fore tarsus is three-segmented; the fore wing has a single discal cell, and a single vein (M + Cu) is extending basally from the cell (McAtee & Malloch, 1926;Wygodzinsky, 1966;Ishikawa & Yasunaga, 2004;Ishikawa & Miyamoto, 2012). ...
Two new species of the thread-legged bug genus Ademula McAtee & Malloch, 1926 (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Emesinae: Emesini, formerly Ploiariolini) from China, A. callipennis, new species, and A. corniculata, new species, are described and illustrated in the present paper. COI barcodes of these two new species and an updated key to the Oriental species of Ademula are provided. The distribution of Ademula in East and Southeast Asia is briefly discussed.
... Regarding the presence of Z. renardii in Jamaica there have been ambiguities and inacurracies in the literature: Maldonado Capriles (1990) mentioned the presence of the species in the country -but did not provide any specific data. loaded to the online database iNaturalist (Logan, 2023a(Logan, , 2023b(Logan, , 2023c(Logan, , 2023d. ...
Recent records of Zelus renardii in Jamaica are presented. Ambiguities in the literature about the presence of the species in the country are discussed.
... Harpactorinae is the largest subfamily of Reduviidae, including more than 2000 species and 300 genera worldwide, and 191 spe`cies and 55 genera in China (Maldonado-Capriles 1990;Zhao et al. 2009Zhao et al. , 2014aZhao et al. , b, 2015aZhao et al. , b, 2021Chen et al. 2020Chen et al. , 2022. However, the tribe-level systematic relationship in Harpactorinae is in debate due to the complex morphological variation and the high biodiversity within the subfamily. ...
Renicoris gen. nov. and its type species Renicoris robustus sp. nov. (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Harpactorinae) from Yunnan, China, are described and illustrated. A key to separate the new genus and its closely related genera is provided.
... Distribution. Panama, Guyana , French Guiana (Villiers 1971), Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela (Giacchi 1985), Bolivia (Maldonado 1990), Colombia (Forero 2004(Forero , 2006, Ecuador and Peru (Gil-Santana and Husemann 2023). ...
Kodormus davidmartinsi sp. nov. is described. Taxonomic notes on the other species of Kodormus Barber, 1930, including the description of their male genitalia, are provided. The record of Kodormus bruneosus Barber, 1930 from Brazil and information about the female of the species are presented for the first time. A redescription of Kodormus and a key for its species are provided. Photographs of the holotypes of K. barberi (Costa Lima, 1941), K. bruneosus, and of a paratype of K. oscurus Maldonado & Bérenger, 1996 are presented.
... Gardena Dohrn, 1860 is the second largest genus within the tribe Emesini of the subfamily Emesinae, including ca. 50 species distributed across all zoogeographical regions (Maldonado-Capriles 1990;Ishikawa 2005;Ishikawa et al. 2012). Gardena melinarthrum Dohrn, 1860, the type species of Gardena, is known to have a broad distribution range spanning the eastern and western Palaearctic, Oriental and Australia regions (Wygodzinsky 1966;Ishikawa 2005;Tan et al. 2015;Hiremath et al. 2022;Ranasinghe and Ghate 2022). ...
... An ideal group to further the study of the X chromosome-related evolutionary processes is Reduvioidea, the assassin bugs and relatives. This group comprises one of the most speciose lineages of Heteroptera (Schuh and Weirauch 2020) and is distributed worldwide (Maldonado Capriles 1990). Assassin bugs are predominately predatory and display a great diversity of morphological and behavioral specializations (Weirauch et al. 2014). ...
Though the phylogenetic signal of loci on sex chromosomes can differ from those on autosomes, chromosomal-level genome assemblies for non-vertebrates are still relatively scarce and conservation of chromosomal gene content across deep phylogenetic scales has therefore remained largely unexplored. We here assemble a uniquely large and diverse set of samples (17 Anchored Hybrid Enrichment [AHE], 24 RNA-Seq, and 70 whole-genome sequencing [WGS] samples of variable depth) for the medically important assassin bugs (Reduvioidea). We assess the performance of genes based on multiple features (e.g., nucleotide vs. amino acid, nuclear vs. mitochondrial, and autosomal vs. X chromosomal) and employ different methods (concatenation and coalescence analyses) to reconstruct the unresolved phylogeny of this diverse (∼7,000 spp.) and old (>180 MYA) group. Our results show that genes on the X chromosome are more likely to have discordant phylogenies than those on autosomes. We find that the X chromosome conflict is driven by high gene substitution rates that impact accuracy of phylogenetic inference. However, gene tree clustering showed strong conflict even after discounting variable third codon positions. Alternative topologies were not particularly enriched for sex chromosome loci, but spread across the genome. We conclude that binning genes to autosomal or sex chromosomes may result in a more accurate picture of the complex evolutionary history of a clade.
... Saicinae comprises 25 genera and 159 species worldwide (Castro-Huertas et al., 2023;Gil-Santana & Marques, 2005;Maldonado Capriles, 1990;Melo & Coscarón, 2005;Putshkov & Putshkov, 1985). Eleven genera are known from the Neotropical Region (Gil-Santana et al., 2015Gil-Santana, 2011) with the remaining taxa distributed in the Afrotropical, Australian and Oriental regions (Rédei & Tsai, 2009, 2010Villiers, 1969Villiers, , 1979. ...
Despite genital structures in insects being consistently important as systematic and taxonomy evidence, within assassin bugs (Heteroptera, Reduviidae) at least, the male and female genitalic structures of several subfamilies are poorly or totally unknown. The genital structure is mostly symmetric within Saicinae genera, but male genital asymmetry has been recorded in Gallobelgicus, Polytoxus, and recently Pseudosaica. The subfamily has been considered as closely related to Emesinae and Visayanocorinae but this hypothesis has never been tested using a comprehensive taxa sampling, being a constraint to test morphological traits changes or exploring characters' evolution hypotheses. Here, we compiled a morphological data set of 170 characters that includes external morphological characters and genitalia of both sexes of Saicinae which was analyzed cladistically including 55 terminals, comprising 16 genera (64% of the generic diversity), 43 species of Saicinae and 12 outgroups. Saicinae was recovered as polyphyletic, Saicireta correntina is recovered as sister-species of Empicoris armatus + Collartida (Emesinae), Oncerotrachelus, Carayonia (Visayanocorinae), and the Clade Saicinae sensu stricto. Carayonia orientalis is recovered as sister-species of Saicinae sensu stricto. Ancestral state reconstruction of symmetry of the male genitalia shows an ancestor with symmetric male genitalia, two independent emergences of asymmetrical male genitalia within Saicinae sensu stricto, and the asymmetrical endosomal sclerites appearing before the other asymmetric traits.
... Reduviid bugs often constitute a large and diverse group, have many fascinating specialized habits and as predators have considerable but unrealized potential as biocontrol agents. Reduviid (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) predators are the largest terrestrial bugs consisting of 7000 species and subspecies, 913 genera and 25 subfamilies [1]. In India, there are about 464 species belonging to 144 genera and 14 subfamilies [2]. ...
The species of the reduviid bugs of family Reduviidae under Order Heteroptera (Insecta: Reduviidae) is not only one of the most abundant groups but also showing significant economics and high scientific value. Many reduviid species play an important role in the food chain of animals and plants, as well as the ecological balance. Population dynamics of reduviid bugs were studied during June 2018-March 2019 in semi-arid area in Sivakasi Taluk. The reduviids were randomly collected and identified some field records. A total of 11 species belonging to 5 subfamilies were identified in selected study area. During the study period maximum numbers of reduviid bugs were recorded during the November 2018 and minimum numbers of reduviid bugs were recorded during March 2019. Monthly variation in relative abundance of reduviid population also noted. Various diversity indices were recorded and correlation coefficient studies were carried out between reduviid bug diversity and weather parameters.
A new species of Haematoloecha Stål, 1874 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Ectrichodiinae), H. merkli sp. nov., is described from northern Vietnam based on micropterous males and females. A checklist of species placed into Haematoloecha and currently considered valid is presented.
The Neotropical assassin bug genus Saica Amyot & Serville, 1843 (Reduviidae Latreille, 1807, Emesinae Amyot & Serville, 1843, Saicini Stål, 1859) includes thirteen valid species, nevertheless its biology and natural history is almost unknown. A taxonomic revision and a morphological phylogenetic analysis were carried out to test the species limits and to propose a hypothesis of evolutionary relationships. Saica is characterized by the tufts of strong setae on the mandibular plates and on the postocular region; the short pedicellus; the produced anterior margin of the proepisternal supracoxal lobe; the simple strong setae on the prolegs; the bifid posteromedial process of pygophore; and the vertical to subvertical posterior margin of the abdominal sternite VII in females. After this study, we propose fourteen valid species: Saica apicalis Osborn & Drake, 1915, S. carayoni Villiers, 1943, S. cruentata Bergroth, 1913, S. elkinsi Blinn, 1994, S. erubescens Champion, 1898, S. fuscipes Stål, 1862, S. lativentris Villiers, 1943, S. meridionalis Fracker & Bruner, 1924, S. ochracea Distant, 1902, S. recurvata (Fabricius, 1803), S. rubripes Champion, 1898, S. subinermis Hussey, 1953, S. tibialis Stål, 1862, and S. tupackatari n. sp. from Bolivia. The phylogenetic analyses recovered Saica as a monophyletic group with the following set of relationships: ((S. ochracea + S. tupackatari n. sp.) (S. carayoni (S. recurvata (S. rubripes ((S. subinermis (S. apicalis + S. meridionalis)) (S. elkinsi (S. erubescens (S. lativentris + S. tibialis)))))))).
Predatory species of Reduviidae, Harpactorinae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) collected in a canola experimental crop (Brassica napus L. var. oleifera, hybrid ALHT B4) in Passo Fundo, state of Rio Grande do Sul (28°14’S; 52°24’W), Brazil were recorded. The bugs were collected in 2019 when the crop was blooming and developing siliques. In total, we made 13 collections using entomological net, totaling 13 hours of sampling effort. Three of these species had their prey also recorded. The relative abundance (%) and identity of the reduviids found are as follows: Apiomerus luctuosus Costa Lima, Seabra & Hathaway, 1951 (0.45%), Arilus carinatus (Forster, 1771) (2.73%), Atrachelus cinereus crassicornis (Burmeister, 1835) (89.10%), Cosmoclopius annulosus Stål, 1872 (5.00%), Harpactor tuberculosus Stål, 1872 (0.45%), Isocondylus elongatus (Lepeletier & Serville, 1825) (0.45%), and Repipta flavicans (Amyot & Serville, 1843) (1.82%). The following prey (with the respective reduviid predator) were also recorded in the area: Nezara viridula (Linnaeus, 1758) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) by Arilus carinatus; Astylus (Astylus) quadrilineatus (Germar, 1825) (Coleoptera: Melyridae) by Harpactor tuberculosus, and Diabrotica limitata (Sahlberg, 1823) (Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae: Luperini) by Repipta flavicans.
The emesine bug, Hornylia nalanda Wygodzinsky, 1966, previously described from Sri Lanka on single male specimen, has been recorded in the present study from India, based on one female specimen collected from Malappuram, Kerala. Illustrated description of the first female specimen, along with images of the holotype and comments on related species and genera within the tribe Emesini are provided.
A new species of the assassin bug of the genus Pygolampis Germar, 1817 (Hemi- ptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Stenopodainae), P. amamiko sp. nov., collected from the Amami Islands, Japan, is described and its morphological characters, including the genital structures, are illustrated. A key to the Japanese species of the genus is provided.
Bagauda aelleni Villiers, 1970 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Emesinae: Leistarchini), described from Sri Lanka, is reported from India for the first time. Based on specimens collected at Sirumalai, Tamil Nadu, the species is redescribed and various aspects of its morphology and life history are highlighted and illustrated.
The Australian species of the genus Brachysandalus Stål, 1867 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Peiratinae) are revised. A total of 21 species are recognised, including nine new species: B. ayyammae Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov., B. flavidus Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov., B. fulvipes Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov., B. gunbalanyae Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov., B. howarthi Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov., B. longifemoratus Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov., B. maculatus Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov., B. pallidus Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov. and B. westraliensis Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov. Redescriptions of the genus Brachysandalus and all 12 previously described Australian species of the genus as recognised in this study, are presented. Lectotypes are designated for Brachysandalus helluo Stål, 1867, B. lurco Stål, 1867, B. punctorius Stål, 1867, Pirates (Brachysandalus) alutaceus Reuter, 1881, P. (Brachysandalus) brevicoxis Stål, 1874, P. (Brachysandalus) crassifemur Reuter, 1881, P. (Brachysandalus) flavo-pictus Stål, 1874, P. (Brachysandalus) limbatus Reuter, 1881, P. (Brachysandalus) melanolestoides Stål, 1874, P. (Brachysandalus) setosus Stål, 1874, P. fuliginosus Erichson, 1842, P. fulvipennis Walker, 1873, P. sepulchralis Distant, 1902 and Reduvius (Pirates) ephippiger White, 1843. Pirates fulvipennis Walker, 1873 is removed from synonymy with B. punctorius Stål, 1867, and revalidated with the new combination as B. fulvipennis (Walker, 1873), stat. rev. & comb. nov. Pirates (Brachysandalus) flavopictus Stål, 1874, is removed from synonymy with B. punctorius Stål, 1867, and confirmed as synonym of B. fulvipennis (Walker, 1873). Reduvius semifasciatus Walker, 1873 is removed from synonymy with Brachysandalus fuliginosus (Erichson, 1842), and because the former not considered to be a peiratine species is placed here as “Incertae sedis”. Pirates erythromelas Walker, 1873 is transferred to Brachysandalus as B. erythromelas (Walker, 1873), comb. nov. A key to species is provided together with images of the habitus of type specimens and some other males and females with different wing forms, and major structures of male genitalia to assist distinguishing these species. Based on morphology, brief comments are provided on putative species groups within the studied species. Brachysandalus howarthi Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov. collected from Bayliss Cave, north Queensland, is morphologically and behaviourally adapted to live in caves and is regarded to be an obligate subterranean species, further details and some biological information is provided. Detailed observations of the male extragenital structure that is present on the left side of sternite VII, were made in all species of Brachysandalus considered in the present study. Fourteen of the 21 species studied have been recorded to possess an externally visible extragenital process, that varies greatly in size, shape and development between species; these details are illustrated and discussed including their probable function in mating process, and potential value in species diagnoses. Cases of leg teratology, specifically morphological abnormalities of tarsi and tarsal claws, were observed in a few specimens of four species, i.e., Brachysandalus lurco Stål, 1867, B. helluo Stål, 1867, B. flavidus Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov. and B. gunbalanyae Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov.; details are illustrated and discussed.
A new species of the genus Neotropiconyttus Kirkaldy, 1909 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Harpactorinae: Harpactorini) is described and illustrated. Neotropiconyttus armandoi Gamboa & Gil-Santana, sp. nov. represents the first record of the genus for the Province of Napo in Colombia, and the first description of a male individual in the genus. The male specimen representing the new species was collected on a leaf of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.-Malvaceae). Its remarkable similarity in external coloration and structure with that of the true bug Monalonion dissimulatum Distant, 1883 (Hemiptera: Miridae) inhabiting cacao agroforestry systems suggests that the new species could be part of a mimetic complex that incorporates phytophagous and predator bugs. Comments and figures of type specimens of Neotropiconyttus alboannulatus (Stål, 1855) and Neotropiconyttus dama (Burmeister, 1838), and a key to the species of the genus are also provided.
An emesine bug, Lutevula hortensia (Distant), is recorded from India for the first time; type locality of this species is Sri Lanka and
it was recently collected from Vellore, Tamil Nadu, in southern India. This is a rediscovery of the species after more than 50 years. Digital images of the species are presented along with comments on recent classification of Emesinae.
The study of the Heteroptera (Hemiptera) fauna of the El Impenetrable National Park, resulted in an inventory composed of: Alydidae (2 spp.), Aradidae (1 sp.), Belostomatidae (5 spp.), Berytidae (1 sp.), Blissidae (1 sp.), Coreidae (11 spp.), Corixidae (2 spp.), Geocoridae (1 sp.), Gerridae (1 sp.), Hebridae (1 sp.), Largidae (4 spp.), Lygaeidae (5 spp.), Miridae (17 spp.), Nabidae (1 sp.), Notonectidae (1 sp.), Oxycarenidae (1 sp.), Pachygronthidae (1 sp.), Pachynomidae (2 spp.), Pentatomidae (16 spp.), Pleidae (1 sp.), Pyrrhocoridae (1 sp.), Reduviidae (30 spp.), Rhopalidae (5 spp.), Rhyparochromidae (12 spp.), Saldidae (1 sp.), Scutelleridae (2 spp.), Tingidae (1 sp.), and Veliidae (1 sp.). These findings include six new records for the Argentinean fauna: Prytanes foedus (Stål), Saldula pallipes (Fabricius), Camirus brevilinea (Walker), Atopozelus opsimus Elkins, Doldina bicarinata Stål, Rocconota sextuberculata Stål; and 39 new records for Chaco Province.
The African assassin bug genus Fusius Stål, 1862 is revised after the examination of type specimens with redescriptions of four species. Lectotypes of Pirates (Fusius) H-flavum Reuter, 1881 and Pirates rubricosus Stål, 1855 are designated. The status of P. (Fusius) H-flavum Reuter, 1881 is revalidated with its current name as F. hflavus (Reuter, 1881) stat. rev. et comb. nov. Seven new synonyms are proposed: F. dilutus Miller, 1957 = F. gowdeyi Miller, 1957 syn. nov. = F. liberiensis Miller, 1957 syn. nov. = F. dilutus anonymus Dispons, 1969 syn. nov. = F. dilutus vicinus Dispons, 1969 syn. nov.; F. distinctus Miller, 1957 = F. sylvestris Miller, 1957 syn. nov.; F. hflavus (Reuter, 1881) = F. hargreavesi Miller, 1957 syn. nov.; F. rubricosus (Stål, 1855) = F. ugandensis Miller, 1957 syn. nov. A key is provided to separate the four species of this genus. Diagnosis and distribution of Fusius are briefly discussed.
Ploiaria hamulosa n. sp. is described and illustrated based on specimens from northern Laos. This new species is characterized by the relatively long anteocular region of the head, the presence of a long erect seta on the fore trochanters, the elongate pygophore, and the strongly curved and barb-bearing parameres. Based on the examination of the holotypes, Lhostella rondoni Dispons, 1965 and Ploiaria maldonadoi Baena, 1992 are considered as junior synonyms of Ploiaria mellea McAtee & Malloch, 1926. The genus Ploiaria Scopoli, 1786 is recorded from Laos for the first time.
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