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... Certain women's interests, of a political or practical nature, related to their experience as a gendered person. Such prioritized concerns have been translated into the concept of gender needs (Moser, 1989). This identifies the way in which women's gender interests, defined by women themselves, can be satisfied in the planning process. ...
... Needs, as well as interests, result from a political process of contestation and interpretation and thus should not be externally defined or seen as fixed. Practical Gender Needs (PGNs) according to Moser (1989) are the immediate needs identified by women to assist their survival in their socially accepted roles, within existing power structures. Policies to meet PGNs tend to focus on ensuring that women and their families have adequate living conditions, such as health care and food provision, access to safe water and sanitation, but also seek to ensure access to income-earning opportunities. ...
Good local governance connotes gender equality and women empowerment. This study focuses on how local government uplifts the morale of the women constituents. Also, this study identifies the gender-related concerns in the local government and the programs and projects in the local government towards women empowerment. The researcher anchors this study on the CIPP model of Daniel Stufflebeam (1983) to view and evaluate the programs developed by the local government and their decision-making process. This study employs a descriptive qualitative design and analysis of secondary data. The selected local government is Barangay Basak San Nicolas in Cebu City. The GAD programs have its essentials in providing the way to configure an integral part of policy research that will be focusing on policy shaping communities and necessitating potential political accommodation. The barangay could work hand in hand with other NGOs. There must be a cross-sectoral strategy between the GAD officers and NGOs. Building more networks could possibly help the GAD programs in the barangay.
... Feminist and social movement scholars also earlier underscored women's political contributions against neoliberal dispossessions. Women were observed to do politics differently (Waylen, 1992), drawing from their triple function in reproductive, productive, and community work (Moser, 1989). They extended domestic chores and symbols to protests, for instance, doing community cooking as a response to economic crises and using kitchen equipment as protest tools (Jaquette, 1994). ...
... Second, without the patience, support, sacrifice, ingenuity, and perseverance of women in care work and informal livelihoods, activist households' anti-neoliberal enactments are difficult to sustain. When women take on activist functions, they ingeniously balance this with care and livelihood work, and sacrifice personal time (Moser, 1989). When feasible, women-leaders redistribute care work. ...
This study offers necessary interventions to render visible urban subaltern women's everyday politics as primary home carers within regimes of neoliberal dispossessions. Drawing from social reproduction theory, and cognizant of the home as a site of exploitation and resistance of women, I contribute to feminist conversations by re-embedding notions of care work within subaltern politics to politically mark anti-neoliberal enactments of subaltern women homemaking using two case studies in the Philippines. Incapable of care commodification and outsourcing, subaltern women reframe the home from a neoliberal reproduction space as a political site, redistribute care and production work, provide activist education, and perform conflict resolution to family members. In supporting their partners' public-political work, subaltern women's everyday homemaking acts against the reproduction of the disciplined and docile labor and patriarchal family norms. This intervention is a discursive counterpoint to constructions of women’s emancipation as chiefly the
disarticulation from the private sphere to ensure fuller economic
participation that renders invisible subaltern women’s antineoliberal
political contributions.
... The need of an individual to a great extent depends on gender (Moser, 1995(Moser, , 1989) which differentiates the need of a woman from man (Goetz and Gupta, 1996). The needs of a woman are either a PGN or a strategic gender needs (SGN) (Moser, 1995(Moser, , 1989 The PGN is a need associated with routine life of an individual whereas strategic gender needs arise due to subordination problem in gender (Alsop, 1993). ...
... The need of an individual to a great extent depends on gender (Moser, 1995(Moser, , 1989) which differentiates the need of a woman from man (Goetz and Gupta, 1996). The needs of a woman are either a PGN or a strategic gender needs (SGN) (Moser, 1995(Moser, , 1989 The PGN is a need associated with routine life of an individual whereas strategic gender needs arise due to subordination problem in gender (Alsop, 1993). Studies on interrelation between strategic gender needs of women and micro-credit suggests microfinance have a positive impact on decision related to strategic gender needs (Armendáriz and Roome, 2008;Binaté Fofana et al., 2015;Cleaver and Hamada, 2010) of women whereas the interaction between PGN and micro-credit is not analyzed properly. ...
... Such forms of sex-typing are also inherent to most development projects for women. Therefore the provision of training and work for women in 'nontraditional' areas was suggested by some feminists as a possible way to overcome the sexual division of labour (Moser 1991, Rogers 1980.^® ...
... As mentioned earlier in Chapter Two the involvement of women in 'non-traditional' work was therefore seen as an alternative to programmes th a t were merely extending women's domestic roles. The idea of training women in new skills such as m asonry or carpentry, in other words areas traditionally associated w ith men, was aimed at widening women's job opportunities and countering the existing sex segregation w ithin the labour m arket (Moser 1991, Rogers 1980). The emphasis of such a strategy, however, was still on women's equality with men, on women becoming as good as men in the m arket place. ...
This thesis explores how low-income women in Bangladesh experience empowerment on a day to day basis. I take a holistic approach incorporating economic, social and embodied dimensions of empowerment into the analysis. I seek to understand how women are able to reshape their lives, make their own choices and open new spaces for themselves. The vocational training programme for poor rural women by the grassroots organisation Gonoshasthaya Kendra provides the setting for my case study of women's empowerment. The research on which this thesis is based employed an in-depth qualitative methodology, participant observation and a social survey of current trainees. The Gonoshasthaya Kendra programme aims to challenge the myths and misinterpretations surrounding appropriate roles for women in Bangladeshi society. It does this by offering non-traditional employment training for women. Participants are trained in skilled manual and technical trades and services such as welding, carpentry, plumbing, printing and professional driving. In addition to creating new employment opportunities, Gonoshasthaya Kendra provides a space for women to establish collective social relationships. These offer women a source of social support which can complement or even replace family and kinship networks. They can also form the basis for collective action in pursuit of women's interests. The experience of Gonoshasthaya Kendra women serves to demonstrate to their families and communities that alternative gender roles are possible in Bangladesh. I argue for a reassessment of current notions of empowerment, stressing women's own accounts of their lived and embodied experiences. This approach to understanding empowerment acknowledges women's agency and ability to effect change in their own lives and in those of others. This thesis also contributes to challenging the representation of women in Bangladesh as a victimised, powerless and invisible group.
... The interventions were designed to tackle both women's strategic and practical gender gaps 1 in agricultural production (Moser 1989, Agarwal 1994. The activities differed for different types of women and in different areas (Table 1). ...
... Practical gender are needs of subsistence such as food, health care, water supply etc.). Satisfying these needs does not challenge women's position in labour, political power or property ownership(Moser 1989, Agarwal 1994. By contrast, strategic gender needs are those needs that would help overcome women's subordination (ibid). ...
... What makes social reproduction more than "a fancy term to describe the ordinary activities of daily life" is that it explores how the "production of goods and services and the production of life are part of one integrated process" (Luxton, 2006: 37;Bhattacharya, 2017;Bakker, 1994). Recognizing the imbrication of social and economic structures, scholars in the field of 'gender and development' (Rai, Brown, and Ruwanpura, 2019;Pearson, 2014;Beneria, 2003;Kabeer, 1994: Ch 5;Moser, 1989;Mies, 2014Mies, (1986), have explored the persistent, gendered allocation of household and care activities to women in the global South, and the impacts this allocation has in shaping their 'time poverty' (Ringhofer, 2015), hence the time available for other income earning activities (Zacharias, 2017). Some scholars map the impact of women's "double burden," while others, like Caroline Moser (1989Moser ( , 1801 refer to women's "triple role," adding in women's grassroots organizing to address "inadequate state provision of housing and basic services such a water and health." ...
... Recognizing the imbrication of social and economic structures, scholars in the field of 'gender and development' (Rai, Brown, and Ruwanpura, 2019;Pearson, 2014;Beneria, 2003;Kabeer, 1994: Ch 5;Moser, 1989;Mies, 2014Mies, (1986), have explored the persistent, gendered allocation of household and care activities to women in the global South, and the impacts this allocation has in shaping their 'time poverty' (Ringhofer, 2015), hence the time available for other income earning activities (Zacharias, 2017). Some scholars map the impact of women's "double burden," while others, like Caroline Moser (1989Moser ( , 1801 refer to women's "triple role," adding in women's grassroots organizing to address "inadequate state provision of housing and basic services such a water and health." ...
This paper explores the gendered contexts of artisanal and small-scale mining in sub-Saharan Africa, and traces how women are likely to be excluded from current policy pushes to formally regulate the sector. Drawing on qualitative and quantitative research results from six artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) sites, two in each of Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda and Uganda, the paper traces how the gendered organization of mining roles, when viewed in relation to women’s disproportionate household and care work, and the gendered norms around what women should do, devalues and delimits women’s mining work. The result, we argue, is that most women will be unlikely to access mining licenses or join and effectively participate in decision-making in miners’ associations/cooperatives. Seemingly neutral interventions like licenses or grouping miners into cooperatives may thus incorporate while normalizing existing gendered exclusions. The paper argues for a recalibration of ASM formalization to ensure that gender is placed at the centre of design and implementation.
... Due to the gendered division of labour (McLean & Chenwi, 2009;Moser, 1989), many women are unable to compete on an equal basis in the labour market, which in turn prevents them from becoming economically independent, ultimately impeding their ability to escape poverty and homelessness (UN Women, 2023). ...
Punitive criminal justice responses towards essential life-sustaining activities, such as sleeping, bathing and trading in public spaces, have a detrimental impact upon the most vulnerable and marginalized groups in society. These groups include people experiencing homelessness, people who use drugs, migrants, sex workers, LGBTIQ+ persons, persons with disabilities, informal traders, human rights defenders and racial and ethnic minorities. Gender, class and privilege play a key role in enabling and perpetuating these discriminatory processes within the criminal justice system. Laws that criminalize life-sustaining activities, driven by attempts to survive poverty, are often justified on the basis of public health and public order objectives. Unfortunately, law enforcement officials have often been used as a blunt instrument to enforce these laws that target socio-economically vulnerable groups. This approach, of criminalizing poverty and status, has failed to positively address increasing levels of homelessness and poverty while entrenching systemic disadvantage. These laws are found across the Global South in Africa, the Caribbean and South Asia and are frequently based on vague, dehumanizing language while providing law enforcement officials with wide discretion. This article explores strategies to foster non-punitive, human-rights-based approaches to public space governance. It also explores how law enforcement can play a role in preventing crime and violence while enhancing the human capabilities of vulnerable groups in a gender-responsive manner.
... Implementation is the phase where active community participation is critical for ensuring a program's success. Reference [84] argues that without direct community involvement in implementation, a program may fail to meet its objectives. Communities that participate in implementation are more likely to take responsibility for the success of a program and address any challenges that arise during this phase. ...
The establishment of green villages has been a key initiative of the Citarum Harum program since 2015 in order to address pollution in the Citarum watershed, particularly in the Cirasea sub-watershed. This program’s success depends largely on community involvement in planning and implementation. Thie aim of this study was to identify the extent of community participation in developing environmentally conscious hamlets in Cirasea. Using a mixed-methods approach—quantitative surveys followed by qualitative interviews and observations—data were collected from 10 villages. The findings show varying participation levels, influenced by socioeconomic conditions, program characteristics, environmental issues, and institutional support. Community involvement was assessed across the planning, implementation, benefit-taking, and evaluation stages. Participation was very extensive in decision-making and implementation, as well as in evaluation, but it was less satisfactory in benefit-taking. This research underscores the critical role of inclusive community engagement in ensuring the success and sustainability of environmental development programs.
... Esto les advierte una difícil tarea en la que tienen que ajustar sus tiempos para equilibrar simultáneamente el trabajo reproductivo, productivo y de administración y cuidados, dando por resultado una doble o triple carga de trabajo. La doble o triple jornada laboral de las mujeres implica un alto costo energético (Moser, 1989(Moser, , 1993, además de un desgaste físico y emocional considerable. ...
El presente texto se deriva de una investigación documental que explora temas relevantes sobre las problemáticas de género en diversos aspectos. El objetivo es ofrecer una perspectiva de las relaciones multilineales que capturan la importancia y el papel desempeñado por las mujeres en el análisis socioambiental de manera diacrónica, así como los retos que la desigualdad de género impone al pleno desarrollo de la mujer como agente de cambio y parte fundamental de la sociedad y el entorno.
... En aquellos tiempos, las estrategias comunitarias no se conceptualizaban como cuidado, lo que responde a un desarrollo teórico posterior (Faur y Brovelli, 2020, Zibecchi, 2022. De manera puntual, las iniciativas fueron comprendidas como respuestas comunitarias para paliar la profunda crisis de finales del siglo XX (Fournier, 2017;Paura y Zibecchi, 2014) y como la evidencia del "triple rol" de las mujeres (Moser, 1989;UNICEF, 1989;Faur, 2014). De manera más general, el proceso fue interpretado como una respuesta al retiro del Estado o, más precisamente, al cambio de orientación de las políticas sociales desarrolladas por el Estado neoliberal de finales del siglo XX (Sanchis, 2007;Faur, 2014). ...
En este artículo sistematizo algunos análisis y reflexiones en torno al trabajo de cuidados comunitario en la Argentina. Intento comprender los recorridos, transformaciones y demandas de las trabajadoras comunitarias, cuya labor se enmarca en la interacción entre las organizaciones sociales de las que participan y el Estado. A sabiendas de que nos encontramos frente a un campo en construcción, comparto ciertas pistas conceptuales para comprender los fundamentos del trabajo de cuidados en el ámbito comunal; repaso algunos hitos en la historia del cuidado comunitario en la Argentina democrática y recupero información sobre las transformaciones que se vivieron durante la pandemia y la pospandemia. Todo ello, para ofrecer un contexto conceptual e histórico que contribuya a situar las transformaciones subjetivas y políticas que derivaron en la configuración de nuevas demandas por derechos. El texto se apoya en revisión bibliográfica y documental, así como en entrevistas en profundidad realizadas en 2020 y 2023.
... Esto les advierte una difícil tarea en la que tienen que ajustar sus tiempos para equilibrar simultáneamente el trabajo reproductivo, productivo y de administración y cuidados, dando por resultado una doble o triple carga de trabajo. La doble o triple jornada laboral de las mujeres implica un alto costo energético(Moser 1989(Moser , 1993, además de un desgaste físico y emocional considerable.Aunque culturalmente se asume que en la división del trabajo el papel de cuidadora es esencialmente un trabajo de mujeres, esto no debería ser así. Primero porque es una responsabilidad en común para hombres y mujeres, y segundo, porque independientemente de ser una construcción cultural que penetra más en el ámbito ...
El presente texto se deriva de una investigación que explora temas relevantes sobre las problemáticas de género en diversos aspectos. El objetivo es ofrecer una perspectiva de las relaciones multilineales que capturan la importancia y el papel desempeñado por las mujeres en el análisis socioambiental de manera diacrónica, así como los retos que la desigualdad de género impone al pleno desarrollo de la mujer como agente de cambio y parte fundamental de la sociedad y el entorno.
... Furthermore, empowering individuals by helping them learn how to identify power structures and inequities can be beneficial for survivors of trauma (Gutierrez & Lewis, 1999). In this context, power refers to "the right to determine choices in life and to influence the direction of change through the ability to gain control over crucial material and nonmaterial resources" (Moser, 1989(Moser, , p. 1815. Thus, recognition of power dynamics influences an individual's ability to make choices (Enns, 2011), which in turn can empower individuals (Kabeer 2001). ...
We incorporated trauma-informed principles into the design of a synchronous, online Religion and Politics course and then evaluated impacts on student learning through qualitative methods. Using a novel approach, students self-evaluated their learning throughout the course in weekly reflections. Using content analysis and directed coding techniques, we analyzed students’ reflection assessments for themes of trauma-informed principles: safety, trustworthiness, choice, collaboration, and empowerment. We found that students co-developed a sense of safety by engaging in respectful peer dialogue; established trustworthiness through self-disclosure of personal beliefs; collaborated with peers to develop a deeper understanding of course content; and acquired transferable skills through choice in assessments. In addition, students experienced empowerment by recognizing their growth in four primary areas: (1) their personal beliefs and perspectives; (2) their understanding of the course material; (3) their learning; and (4) their ability to use academic tools. Our findings extend and support existing research on the efficacy of trauma-informed practices; furthermore, our research suggests that incorporating trauma-informed principles into course design can support students in their learning as well as bolster their capacity to succeed in other areas inside and outside of the classroom (e.g., engaging in difficult conversations, seeking out support, using transferable skills in other contexts, applying course content to their own lives). Finally, our case study presents innovative approaches for assessing how students engage with trauma-informed course design.
... Crenshaw (1989) used the term intersectionality to describe this situation. Gender has long been linked to power and privilege, with men typically having the advantage (Halford, 2001;Moser, 1989). ...
Building human capacity through education and training programs is a key component of agricultural development. This article lays out a framework for educators working in agricultural development to use local knowledges to enhance capacity building efforts. Local knowledge systems are complex social phenomena consisting of unique combinations of ontologies/epistemologies, worldviews, and cultures of the people in a particular social/ecological context. To embrace local knowledge systems, educators should: (a) understand power, positionality, and privilege; (b) understand your learners and yourselves; (c) use participatory approaches; and (d) embrace new knowledges. The framework presented provides guidance for agricultural development practitioners; agricultural development organizations; educational institutions and others who train agricultural development practitioners; and researchers and evaluators.
... Moser (1991) outlined three major roles of women in women-environment interaction i.As caretakers of the environment ii.As rehabilitators with respect to sustainable development iii.As innovators in the making of new environments Sustainable Development Goal 5 emphasizes gender equality hailing it as crucial to sustainable development. Dankelman and Davidson (1988) opined that women are instrumental in managing their natural environment and adopt different strategies to deal with environmental crises.However, despite their efforts they continue to be victims of pollutionin all forms including human wastes, fumes, after effects of soil erosion and flooding.International agreements targeting women and environment have been crucial. ...
Women are instrumental in managing their natural environment and adopt different strategies to deal with environmental crises. The link between women and environment is not only restricted to developing countries but in developed nations also women have a lower carbon footprint than men indicating their “green” choice. A high percentage of middle-class educated Indian women resort to green entrepreneurship, despite poor incentives and adverse scenario, simply because of their inherent psychology, social orientation, concern for the environment and aspiration for employment. These women play a crucial role in advancing eco/green entrepreneurship. Apart from protecting the environment directly by increasing the green customer base and accelerating green businesses, eco or green entrepreneurship by women will definitely be a way forward for woman empowerment and sustainable development.
Keywords: green/eco entrepreneurship, sustainable development goal 5, sustainability, women- environment interaction
... 124 Moser (1991) outlined three major roles of women in women-environment interaction i. ...
Women are instrumental in managing their natural environment and adopt different strategies to deal with environmental crises. The link between women and environment is not only restricted to developing countries but in developed nations also women have a lower carbon footprint than men indicating their "green" choice. A high percentage of middle-class educated Indian women resort to green entrepreneurship, despite poor incentives and adverse scenario, simply because of their inherent psychology, social orientation, concern for the environment and aspiration for employment. These women play a crucial role in advancing eco/green entrepreneurship. Apart from protecting the environment directly by increasing the green customer base and accelerating green businesses, eco or green entrepreneurship by women will definitely be a way forward for woman empowerment and sustainable development. Keywords: green/eco entrepreneurship, sustainable development goal 5, sustainability, women-environment interaction The Global Scenario The globally shared vision for sustainable development has a powerful gender perspective that emphasizes gender equality and women empowerment. Since women have different formal and conventional rights over resource-allocation and decision-making, a gender-based approach is necessary to address the inequities.
... strategis gender. Kebutuhan praktis gender adalah kebutuhan-kebutuhan jangka pendek dan berkaitan dengan perbaikan kondisi perempuan dan/atau laki-laki guna menjalankan peran-peran sosial masing-masing, seperti perbaikan taraf kehidupan, perbaikan pelayanan kesehatan, penyediaan lapangan kerja, penyediaan air bersih, dan pemberantasan buta aksara (C. O. N. Moser, 1989). Kebutuhan strategis gender adalah kebutuhan perempuan dan/atau laki-laki yang berkaitan dengan perubahan ...
... (Esariti, 2016) kebutuhan ini perlu dipahami dari sudut pandang perempuan dalam masyarakat mengkaji kebijakan serta program yang mempromosikan pewarisan kepemilikan dan kesetaraan utamanya pada politik, contohnya seperti UU kuota perempuan dalam parelemen. (Moser, 1989) Berdasarkan data yang ada pelecehan seksual yang terjadi di lingkungan kerja dipengaruhi oleh budaya patriarki dan stigma pekerja atas gender. Namun, yang menjadi faktor internal dari kebanyakan isu pelecehan seksual adalah kekuasaan atau power yang dimilik oleh masing-masing pekerja sehingga dapat dimanfaatkan untuk tindak senonoh dengan tindak ancaman yang berhubungan dengan pekerjaan. ...
penjelasan mengenai perbedaan sex dan gender, practical and strategic gender needs, Pengarustamaan gender (PUG) serta langkah dan kebijakan, dan kebijakan sebagai menteri pemberdayaan perempuan.
... Kabeer (2005) stated that there are three dimensions of WE: (1) access to resources, as well as preconditions which are necessary for obtaining them; (2) agency, as well as the process of acquiring knowledge; and (3) achievements, as well as the outcomes. Moser (1989) defined WE as "giving women the right to make decisions" (Soroushmehr et al., 2012). According to Seguino (2000), WE is a tool to take control over their lives and overcome the obstacles posed by traditional patriarchal ideology (Batliwala, 1994). ...
Purpose
The starting premise of this study is that women's empowerment is the goal for self-realization and that the support that comes from local tourism stakeholders represents an adequate base. In many rural areas, women have established self-help groups (SHGs), which facilitate the interaction with a wide range of stakeholders. The objective of this paper is to investigate the effects of SHGs on female entrepreneurship and self-employment in tourism.
Design/methodology/approach
To examine the research question, this study adopted a quantitative research that included a sample of 513 women in a less-advanced rural area in Serbia. For the data analysis, the generalized linear regression model (GLM) was used.
Findings
According to the results, self-employment is the leading goal of women's empowerment.
Research limitations/implications
The main limitation in the research and the authors’ suggestion for future research is to increase the sample size of female respondents, so examination of their attitudes and role in the travel business in their local settings might reach higher significance. The second issue that the authors would like to point out is a highly local character of our study, so the future research should involve other rural areas in the country and from abroad (e.g. similar undeveloped countryside with noticeable, active women's role in local entrepreneurship).
Practical implications
The most important practical implications of this paper are twofold: (1) the results of the research have shown that the tourist potential of rural areas can be enhanced through local tourism stakeholders' support; (2) women without professional interest or jobs in rural areas, especially in the areas where the population is traditionally dominated by men (husband/brother/father), have a chance to earn and to be economically more independent. This research can affect future studies to investigate other aspects of empowerment depending on the difference of regions, from one side, and also alternative opportunities for tourism and local development in less-advanced rural areas, from another side.
Originality/value
The study analyzes the tourism potential of the rural areas (which are less advanced and mostly very poor in developing countries, such as Serbia). In this case, there are opportunities to increase employment, social inclusion of women, development of new tourism strategies, implementation of destination marketing, etc. Moreover, it contributes to future research in the field of stakeholders in tourism strategies.
... Kabeer (2005) stated that there are three dimensions of WE: (1) access to resources, as well as preconditions which are necessary for obtaining them; (2) agency, as well as the process of acquiring knowledge; and (3) achievements, as well as the outcomes. Moser (1989) defined WE as "giving women the right to make decisions" (Soroushmehr et al., 2012). According to Seguino (2000), WE is a tool to take control over their lives and overcome the obstacles posed by traditional patriarchal ideology (Batliwala, 1994). ...
Purpose
The starting premise of this study is that women's empowerment is the goal for self-realization and that the support that comes from local tourism stakeholders represents an adequate base. In many rural areas, women have established self-help groups (SHGs), which facilitate the interaction with a wide range of stakeholders. The objective of this paper is to investigate the effects of SHGs on female entrepreneurship and self-employment in tourism.
Design/methodology/approach
To examine the research question, this study adopted a quantitative research that included a sample of 513 women in a less-advanced rural area in Serbia. For the data analysis, the generalized linear regression model (GLM) was used.
Findings
According to the results, self-employment is the leading goal of women's empowerment.
Research limitations/implications
The main limitation in the research and the authors’ suggestion for future research is to increase the sample size of female respondents, so examination of their attitudes and role in the travel business in their local settings might reach higher significance. The second issue that the authors would like to point out is a highly local character of our study, so the future research should involve other rural areas in the country and from abroad (e.g. similar undeveloped countryside with noticeable, active women's role in local entrepreneurship).
Practical implications
The most important practical implications of this paper are twofold: (1) the results of the research have shown that the tourist potential of rural areas can be enhanced through local tourism stakeholders' support; (2) women without professional interest or jobs in rural areas, especially in the areas where the population is traditionally dominated by men (husband/brother/father), have a chance to earn and to be economically more independent. This research can affect future studies to investigate other aspects of empowerment depending on the difference of regions, from one side, and also alternative opportunities for tourism and local development in less-advanced rural areas, from another side.
Originality/value
The study analyzes the tourism potential of the rural areas (which are less advanced and mostly very poor in developing countries, such as Serbia). In this case, there are opportunities to increase employment, social inclusion of women, development of new tourism strategies, implementation of destination marketing, etc. Moreover, it contributes to future research in the field of stakeholders in tourism strategies.
... Development of Alternatives with Women in a New Era (DAWN) has identified six pre-requisites for empowerment namely: resources (finance), knowledge and technology, skill-training and leadership on one side, democratic process, dialogue, participation in policy and decision-making and techniques for conflict resolution on the other. Moser (1989) emphasised that the "empowerment approach differs from the equity approach not only in its origins from the equity approach and structure of women's oppression it identifies, but also in terms of the strategies it proposes to change the position of Third World women". ...
Knowledge removes darkness and enlightens the entire entity of an individual by removing the thorns of ignorance. This axiomatic truth does not face any exception in the lives of all sections of women too. Various superstitions are impediments to the progress of women. Developing countries like India have taken various steps to overcome these encumbrances and one such is the Kanyashree Prakalpa. Kanyashree Prakalpa is an initiative taken by the Government of West Bengal to improve the lives and conditions of girls by providing cash assistance to families with pecuniary restraints, so that rather than arranging an untimely marriage of their daughters before eighteen , they will focus without any economic constraint on their daughters' higher studies. One of the major aims of this project is to bring the girls of the economically weaker sections to the realm of higher studies. Kanyashree Prakalpa is one of the dream projects of the Chief Minister of West Bengal, Ms. Mamata Banerjee. Under this project, not only the school students, but also the college and university students have been included. The main objective is to prevent the marriage of minors and reduce the number of school dropouts besides increasing the education rate of women. According to Greg Mortenson, once the girls are educated, they become leaders in the community and pass their knowledge onto their own children. The analysis also revealed that the project has been able to make women aware enough regarding their rights within and without their community. Not only that, this project played a significant role in empowering women. Therefore, it is concluded that the women have realized the usefulness of this Kanyashree Prakalpa to a great extent and are also expressing their views.
... Source: Photographs taken by the author The above comment indicates that cultural authenticity is one of the attractions to the tourists. In developing countries women play a crucial role in their family life which Moser (1991) terms as "triple role": reproductive, productive and community management role. In most cases, they do not get a chance to get a job in the formal sector of the economy. ...
This study evaluates the socio-economic impact of tourism development on the local community in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh. The country wants to utilize tourism as an economic development tool to reduce poverty and stimulate socio-economic wellbeing. Tourism has profound impact on the local community of the destination as it brings economic and socio-cultural changes.
The significant positive economic impacts are increased employment and earning opportunities, enhanced standard of living, more investments, infrastructural development, and new business linkages and opportunities. However some negative economic impacts been identified, like increased income disparity, increased land price and rent, price hike of essential goods and services, seasonality effects and leakage of earnings. A frustrating finding is that majority of the tourism assets and well-paid jobs are enjoyed by non-locals whereas the local community does not enjoy its rightful share due to uneven benefit distribution. The positive socio-cultural impacts include women empowerment, more participation in education, limited outward migration, and enhanced social safety and security. Some negative socio-cultural impacts are displacement of poor from their land, increased social gap, frustration, social disorder and loss of cultural originality. Unfortunately the local community is not fully aware of the value of their cultural heritage and so they try to imitate tourist’s socio-cultural traits. A major difference from other tourism impact studies is tourism does not contribute in raising crime, gambling, and prostitution in Cox’s Bazar.
The local community is involved in tourism activities but has minimal involvement in the decision making process. This study reveals that the local community is totally excluded from the policy formulation process and policy makers do not consider the socio-economic impacts of tourism development on the local community. Local community is benefiting from tourism development but significant scope exists to increase their active participation and equitable benefit sharing. Some recommendations are made for the Development of Tourism in Cox’s Bazar to maximize positive impacts and minimize negative impacts along with some insights for further research in this field.
... Perempuan dalam kesehariannya memiliki berbagai peran, bukan hanya memiliki peran ganda tetapi memiliki triple role, yakni peran domestik, sosial komunitas, dan peran produktif (Mosser, 1999). Dalam menjalankan kehidupannya perempuan menjalankan tiga peran tersebut khususnya ibu atau istri petani di pedesaan. ...
Permasalahan ekonomi yang dihadapi oleh rumah tangga petani mengakibatkan petani berusaha untuk mencari cara agar nafkah keluarganya terpenuhi. Cara yang dilakukan oleh rumah tangga petani salah satunya yakni dengan melibatkan anggota keluarga khususnya ibu rumah tangga untuk bekerja. Penelitian ini memiliki tujuan untuk menganalisis mengenai peran produktif ibu yang dilakukan di sektor pertanian dan luar pertanian dan besarnya kontribusi ekonomi yang diberikan oleh ibu terhadap pendapatan rumah tangga. Penelitian di lakukan di Desa Mekarjaya Kecamatan Gantar Kabupaten Indramayu yang dipilih secara sengaja dengan mempertimbangkan Desa Mekarjaya sebagai sentra produksi padi di Jawa Barat dan memiliki penduduk perempuan terbesar. Sampel dalam penelitian ini sebesar 45 responden rumah tangga petani yang istrinya bekerja yang diperoleh melalui rumus slovin dan diambil dengan menggunakan metode acak sederhana. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yakni metode kuantitatif deskriptif. Data dianalisis dengan analisis deskriptif dan analisis pendapatan. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa Ibu rumah tangga menjalankan peran produktif dalam kehidupannya. Peran produktif tersebut dilakukan di berbagai sektor baik itu pertanian mapun selain pertanian. Kontribusi ibu rumah tangga yang melakukan peran produktif itu penting yakni 17,38 %. Hal tersebut disebabkan karena kontribusinya tersebut dapat membantu kebutuhan sehari- hari.
... In three years, 700 acres of land were restored to productive use (26). Moser (1991) distinguishes between three roles for women: ...
... Although a distinction between practical and strategic needs was not explicitly present in all the toolkits we examined, interviews with practitioners did touch on it during discussions of degrees of gender sensitivity. This distinction alerts researchers to the differences between short term practical goals and interventions, versus long term economic or societal shifts that can be expected to raise women's status and autonomy over the longer term (see Moser, 1989). 'Transformative' interventions, as described in the Oxford Rubic for Integrating Gender in Research Planning (2009) (discussed in our previous literature review and reproduced again for reference in Annex VI), explicitly include a focus on longer-term strategic needs. ...
This literature review explains the risks to gender equality involved in GCRF projects for a Science Technology Engineering and Maths (STEM) audience and research professionals.
It:
• provides an evidence base on core issues related to women in STEM; and
• gender in STEM, including inadvertent negative impacts of technology on gender equality;
• reviews toolkits on the integration of gender into STEM projects;
• introduces concepts of gender sensitive situational analysis elaborated in the development sector; and
• reviews policy measures to boost women’s participation in STEM.
This literature review is the second output from a project funded by the Scottish Funding Council and overseen by genderED (Edinburgh University's hub for research on gender and sexuality), which responds to UKRI's 2019 announcement that all applications to the Global Challenges Research Fund must include a 5-point Gender Equality Statement.
Development practitioners and academic researchers focusing on development, might have existing expertise on gender integration/gender mainstreaming in their work. However, these demands are very new to STEM researchers. This literature review explains the relevance of sex and gender in STEM and in technology led development projects for audiences new to these agendas.
... The paradox of development here in the areas of economic empowerment is that different policies and programs often fail to address women's strategic needs (Moser, 1989). Though women are being involved in greater numbers, a critical analysis through the theory of sexual division of labor and the nimble fingers theory shows us how such engagements are pre-conditioned to be low paid, less secure and often with no insurance or benefits and have lower prospects for leadership positions and higher incomes. ...
... This entails enabling women to perceive them as having the capacity and the right to influence their decision area. Moser (1989) defined women empowerment as the capacity of women to increase their own self reliance and internal strength, the right to determine choices in life and to influence the direction of change through the ability to gain control over material and non-material resources. Bakari (2001) stated that in the light of Moser's definition of women empowerment, it is important to note that the process of women's empowerment embraces areas of self-reliance, internal strength and capacity that entail the social, economic as well as political aspects of women's lives. ...
This paper is focused on Information Communication Technology as the millennium tool for Entrepreneurial Empowerment of women. It also highlighted the diversity of information communication and technology, indicators of empowerment. Little success has been achieved in the empowerment of women in Nigeria despite efforts of government and public organisations .This paper identified information communication technology as the missing- link in the education enterprise that should be giving a priority in order to achieve the desired success in the entrepreneurial empowerment of women in Nigeria .The writer recommends among others that there should be public-private partnership to make possible innovative approach in the training of women entrepreneurs in ICT through the sponsoring of e-learning initiatives or peer-peer informal learning strategies for women entrepreneurs.
... This approach draws on the gender and development (GAD) concepts and debates around gendered power dynamics and division of labour. Another critical tool from the GAD approach is that of 'practical gender needs' -relating to women's immediate concrete needs, and based on the current division of labour -and 'strategic gender needs', relating to the longer-term transformation of gender inequality, re-distribution of the gendered division of labour, and increase in women's empowerment (see Molyneux 1985;Moser 1989). In the context of a gendered analysis of the impacts of trade, this means examining "not only whether women increase their income relative to men but also whether they gain greater control over it, what effect earnings have on women's own perceptions and on their social relations within the household and in the broader community" (Fontana 2003: 50). ...
Viet Nam’s accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2007 has brought with it an increase in both opportunities and challenges for women and gender equality. The impacts of trade liberalization policies affect men and women differently due to the differential access to and control of economic and social resources, and decision-making, as well as differences in gender roles, especially the gendered division of labour. As such, women may find an increase in employment opportunities, or may suffer increased unemployment with the restructuring of the labour market. Even where new employment opportunities exist, it is critical to address the quality of that employment, and the impacts on other areas such as the provision of childcare and household gender relations. Economic integration has the potential to advance as well as constrain women’s empowerment and gender equality in the family,community and workplace.
... The paradox of development here in the areas of economic empowerment is that different policies and programs often fail to address women's strategic needs (Moser, 1989). Though women are being involved in greater numbers, a critical analysis through the theory of sexual division of labor and the nimble fingers theory shows us how such engagements are pre-conditioned to be low paid, less secure and often with no insurance or benefits and have lower prospects for leadership positions and higher incomes. ...
... The importance of achieving development goals is the second thing, but active participation in the development process is given priority. This participation is viewed by Moser (1989) as using a bottom-up approach. ...
... In development, women are often considered as agents of change and drivers of sustainable development (e.g., Braidotti et al., 1994;UNEP, 2015). But there is a warning here; women are already facing the so called "double burden" of work and household duties (or the "triple burden" of productive, reproductive and community work according to Moser, 1989). Should they take one more task of being better environmental stewards? ...
In a world in which ocean degradation is widespread and aggravated by the effects of climate change, there is a need to contribute with new management approaches to ameliorate the situation. Here, inclusive management is proposed as such an alternative. This contribution argues that including all genders in the management process is needed and the inclusion itself can generate new ways to solve problems. An assessment of findings from literature of the positive aspects when considering gender in environmental governance is presented and related to the specific situation of small-scale fisheries (SSF). These positive findings are explained in terms of (1) Participation, (2) Space, actors and activities, (3) Economic power, and (4) Equity and environmental stewardship. Further, a practical approach is taken and a model for gender inclusion in coastal/ocean management for SSF is presented and illustrated with a case of seagrass SSF in East Africa. The central argument is that in view of ongoing coastal/ocean degradation and the moderate governance and management success, it is worth trying management approaches that consciously and explicitly consider gender and diversity of actors. This will bring central actors (e.g., women not previously considered) into the management process and will provide the base for better governance and policy reform.
... The GAD paradigm and its evolution over the decades, demonstrates the impact of feminist theories and perspectives on development discourses (Bhavnani et al 2003;Rathgeber 1990). The GAD approach is based on the premise that women in most societies are a disadvantaged group and emphasises the need to challenge the existing gender status quo (Moghadam 1998;Moser 1989). Gender relations are framed as socially constructed rather than biological absolutes and therefore amenable to change. ...
This paper argues that dominant feminist critiques of microfinance are based on the enduring inequalities paradigm, Gender and Development(GAD). GAD evolved from a western liberal feminist perspective in the early 1970s, to a radical and social feminist perspective which it adheres to presently (Singh 2007). Using examples of GAD informed critiques, the paper highlights the limitations of this paradigm to undertake concrete, historical and socio-political analysis. While not dismissing the GAD paradigm’s usefulness in studying how social institutions have been structured by gender relations and the need to address the inequitable power relations (Cook 2007), this paper centres the debate on the ways in which women as a category of analysis have been incorporated into GAD critiques of microfinance. In doing so the paper seeks to put forth an emerging inequalities paradigm, Capability Approach (CA), with its focus on ‘what people want to do and be’. The paper makes the case that CA could potentially provide not only concrete, historical and socio-political analysis but also suggest concrete ways to organise for change. The paper is structured into three main parts. The first
is an introduction of the GAD paradigm, its merits and limitation vis-a-vis the CA paradigm. The second interrogates the value of these paradigms through the use of qualitative data from microfinance program consumer. The final part summarises the incorporation of women as a category of analysis in GAD and CA paradigms concluding with examples of ways to move beyond the impasse of gender differences to capability expansion.
... Women are builders in many societies but their voice and their knowledge marginalized. Fortunately, some women fight back emerge in many different forms (see Leavitt and Seagert, 1989;Moser, 1989 The last section of the issue which we call "feminist practice: from action r based action" characterizes much of feminist work, whether research or grounded in the participation of the subjects and in a simultaneous concern process by which it is implemented. Studying and interpreting women's con What is the impact of women's empowerment on the re-definition of the b Without being pressed into a mold, are they simply pursuing current pract ference? ...
For over 15 yr now, women in the disciplines concerned with the built environment have been challenging dominant views. This is the result of a considerable amount of research: describing particular conditions and special needs of women with reference to the environment; uncovering the implicit representations of women embedded in the built environment and in the planning process; challenging theories, ideologies and agendas in urban sociology, geography, architecture and planning, and introducing new concepts; proposing research and professional methods aiming at action and intervention. Not content with countering what Lofland (1975) called the "thereness' of women by documenting women's conditions and experiences, this body of feminist research shows that knowledge itself, far from being objective, participates in the reproduction of social relations. Knowledge is an active force in the changing of power relations, and therefore cannot be separated from feminist action which aims at women's empowerment. It is through actions that women are gaining power which, in return, produces knowledge which generates action, and so on. -from Authors
... From the United Nations Decade for women onwards, the relevant role of women in the economic and social development of society and the dilemmas of women in low income families in developing countries were highlighted (Moser, 1991). Since this period, researchers have worked towards an understanding of the complexity of women's employment situation. ...
Consciousness about female sexuality and abortion, colonized by the public domain, tends to be comprehended as the consequence of the process of social intervention in the psychological space of the womb, with an aim first to regulate privacy, and later expose it to the general interests of the nation in a form of commercial offering. The creation of the theatre play, which invites the audience to come to know social origins of intimacy, is taking place simultaneously with academic research of the transformation of actors’ identity, as they offer themselves as channels for voices of female embodiment captured in patriarchal permissions of expression. The question in focus is: how did the experience of “becoming a woman” (Deleuze & Guattari, 1987) reformulate identities of the actors-co-authors, if the common ground for all Serbian women is - recognizing femininity through pain (Bogavac, 2002). All collaborators involved undertook activities in the series of workshops that dealt with topics such as: feminist movement, medical aspects of curettage, reproductive health and personal experience of women who underwent an abortion process. In addition to informative sessions, we offered the actors a laboratory as well (Sesame approach) within which they could redesign themselves into something different: asexual, liminal, sensual, inanimate, placed into the underworld and reborn, in order to allow them to investigate a Dionysian loss of individuality. The fact that female intimacy is transposed by men on the stage, increases perception of the oppression of female sexuality and highlights how her body is penetrated by the social norms. She is disciplined for the common good and achievement of beneficial demographic trends. “How deeply does the society need to enter the womb in order to become satisfied” (actor/co-author of the Play, personal communication, February, 2015).
... The development approach to the construction of gender perspective is promoted to encourage government to take action and special efforts to improve the status of women. Accordingly, Moser (1991) introduces the concept of the specific needs of women formulated into the concept of Gender Needs that includes practical gender needs and strategic gender needs. Practical gender needs are defined as the specific needs of women in short term period to meet daily needs, while the Strategic Gender Needs describes the specific needs of women in long term period to improve their status in the society. ...
This study aimed to classify the role of women, gender and characteristics of home-based industries that were managed by women in two cities of East Java Province. This study also tried to identify strengths, weaknesses and challenges faced by these women, especially impoverished women. The research employed qualitative method supported by quantitative data. The data collected through structured interviews guided by questionnaires and indepth interviews. Three main results were attained. First, it was related to the characteristics of women workers, the role of multi-burdened women, the flexible working hours, formal education but unrelated to work, and low income but still importantly needed to support economic condition. Second, three networks were found: network between manager/owner and workers that was informal and family-oriented, network between managers and local government for marketing and training, and network with the private sector for access to capital and business development. Third, the model of empowering small home-based industries should consider the specific needs of women. In other words, there is a requisite for practical and strategic gender needs that has to be comprehended and become the basis for the planning and development to conduct activities and programs for women.
Globalization and the increasing pervasiveness of digital technologies are the pressing characteristics of the world at the turn of this century. This study was conducted to assess the proficiency of the faculty staff and their cognizance to deliver the knowledge needed by the 21st century learners. The study employed the quantitative and qualitative method of inquiry, using questionnaire, interview and document analysis to gather data. Results revealed that the faculty are very proficient of the 21st Century Skills along learning and innovation, information, media and technology skills and life and career skills with a mean of 3.34. The male respondents are very proficient in critical thinking and problem-solving skills (3.73). The females are very proficient in social and socio-cultural skills (3.47). Those with 1-5 years in teaching are very proficient in initiative and self-direction (3.37); those with 6-10 years in teaching are proficient in social and cross-cultural skills (3.41); those with 11-15 years in teaching are very proficient in productivity and accountability (3.93) and those with 16 and above years in teaching are very proficient in social and cross-cultural skills (3.92). The challenges faced are integration of ICT in facilitating lessons, eliciting student’s creativity, critical thinking and problem solving skills, slow acquisition of new equipment, lack of facilities to utilize, poor media literacy and diversified learners.
Available at: https://verfassungsblog.de/christine-de-pizan/
One way of empowering women in Ghana is through the use of programmes and projects. The use of programmes and projects to empower women has gone through various levels of transformations. It can trace its route from the era of WID, WAD and GAD where various interpretations were given to the effects of each of the programme introduced. Before the Beijing conference in 1995 women empowerment did not receive much attention. After the 1995 Beijing Conference, various organizations, programmes and projects were put in place with the aim of improving women’s standard and status in the society. However, despite a lot of efforts made, the status of women has generally been described as not encouraging. The thesis therefore explored an alternative direction for women empowerment programme and projects in order to improve on the status of women working in the informal sectors in Ashanti Region of Ghana. Thus, the study attempted to assess the efforts made by the available programmes and institutions in empowering women to bridge the gender inequality gaps. Review of the related literature pointed out that the propragramme and project approach to empower women takes the view point of deficit thinking. Theories such as Marx’s class theory, functionalism theory as well as conflict and cognitive theories were used to explain why gender inequality exist and the need to consider the basic causes of gender inequality in designing any women empowerment programme. The central theory used was deficit thinking theory. The study used qualitative and descriptive statistics method. As the study explored an alternative direction for women empowerment programmes, it used exploratory research design. Interview and focus group discussions were used to elicit information from the women. Information from the institutions were obtained through questionnaire. The analysis were made based on the data collected from some selected programmes and projects such as ABANTU for development, Ghana, CARE international, BAC/REP, LEAP and MoGCSP. The main findings was that the available projects and programmes only provide mitigation measures to support women and do not address the root causes of what disempower women and therefore their effort do not change the deficit status quo. Also, MoGCSP does not have enough control over women empowerment programmes in Ghana. What found to be the better practice for women empowerment programmes to improve the women status is to target a particular gender inequality and design an appropriate women empowerment programme as recommended, that tackles the root cause of it. It was therefore recommended that in order for MoGCSP to play its traditional role effectively, Ghana Gender Equality Responsive Services (GGERS) should be established under the MoGCSP such that the ministry can supervise all women empowerment programmes and activities in the country through such service agency
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) is becoming a milestone in empowering women. MGNREGA provides a legal guarantee of 100 days of wage employment in a financial year to volunteer household adults by ensuring at least 33% women workers. It has vital potential to check discrimination and disparities might it be economic or gender based. The gamut of the present paper is to explore the impact of MGNREGA on economic empowerment of women in rural India in general and Himachal Pradesh in particular. From the findings, it is clear that in India, the share of women participation in MGNREGA work has increased to 50.24% in 2014-15 as compared to 47.07% in FY 2012-13. Among states, Tamilnadu is the leading state in the country where women have generated 3086.82 lakh persondays in 2013-14 followed by Andhra Pradesh 1756.56 lakh persondays and Rajasthan 1245.75 lakh persondays. In Himachal Pradesh, the share of women worker has been 58.09% in MGNREGA in 2014-15 and 176.60 lakh persondays generated in 2013-14 which was 118.8 lakh in 2011-12. The data revealed that Mandi district has generated the highest persondays in the last three years followed by district Kangra. In a nutshell, we can say that both at national and state levels, women participation in MGNREGA is increasing with the passage of time and they are sharing financial burden with men in shouldering family responsibilities.
The rising number of Indonesian women taking part in political leadershipLeadership on the localLocal level has been made possible within a new political contextContext of democratizationDemocratization that followed the overthrow of Suharto (the authoritarian Indonesian president during the New Order era, 1967–1998).
The chapter addresses women's income poverty using men as active participants in empowering women economically. Butiama district was used as a study area, using 120 women and their husbands who were beneficiaries of the programme dealing with loan provision. As an outcome of the study, men had little participation in women's economic activities, hence, women's economic empowerment was at medium level. Unlike men, women's income was used for fulfilling basic needs of the family, therefore, had little impact on their economic empowerment. By conclusion, men as decision makers have high impact on women's economic empowerment. It is recommended that, awareness creation among men would enhance their participation in empowering women. Improvement of women's access to and control over production resources would improve their income. It is recommended that lobbying and advocacy approaches should be applied to enable women's control over the production resources.
Social security for the unorganized sector is gradually getting the attention of academicians, policy makers, multilateral organizations and non-Governmental organizations. Unequal access to labour market, increase in the informal sector activities due to displacement of modern jobs and insufficient capacity of the modern public and private sector to create new jobs have made the population to move in search of work in informal sector. This informal sector in turn yields low income and low productivity. In this context, an attempt is made to know working conditions and the availability of social security benefits among the unorganized women workers. It has been discussed through analysing the variables such as hours of work per day, overtime work, weekly holidays, wages paid in time, mode of payment, awareness about minimum wages, equality of wage, equality of wage to the performed work, reasons for low wages, sanitary facilities available in the work place, type of social security benefits expected and awareness about the existing social security measures are covered in this paper. The results presented in all the tables in this paper were estimated from the primary data collected from the respondents.The inescapable conclusion is that the arguments for the regulation of working conditions ensue not only from the protection of workers and their rights as well as concerns with basic dignity of work, but also from the logic of enhancing productivity and growth, even though such logic may not be immediately obvious to individual employers (NCEUS, 2007). The workers in the unorganized sector constitute nearly 93 percent of the total work force in the country. The Government has been executing some social security measures for certain occupational groups, but the coverage is very little. Majority of the workers are still without any social security coverage. One of the major insecurities for workers in the unorganized sector is the regular incidences of sickness and need for medical care and hospitalization of such workers and their family members. Sickness remains one of the most prevalent causes of human deprivation in India, despite the expansion in the health facilities.
The contemporary woman is gradually breaking through the shell of narrow domestic existence and is beginning to participate in the larger life of the nation and even humanity. They have to be made aware of themselves and their tremendous skills and potentials due to the meaningful facilities of higher education, employment and high cost of living. More and more women are entering into employment.
The chapter addresses women’s income poverty using men as active participants in empowering women economically. Butiama district was used as a study area, using 120 women and their husbands who were beneficiaries of the programme dealing with loan provision. As an outcome of the study, men had little participation in women’s economic activities, hence, women’s economic empowerment was at medium level. Unlike men, women’s income was used for fulfilling basic needs of the family, therefore, had little impact on their economic empowerment. By conclusion, men as decision makers have high impact on women’s economic empowerment. It is recommended that, awareness creation among men would enhance their participation in empowering women. Improvement of women’s access to and control over production resources would improve their income. It is recommended that lobbying and advocacy approaches should be applied to enable women’s control over the production resources.
The introduction of the concept of gender has allowed development practitioners to focus on social relations and powerstructures underlying women’s subordination. Since then the term Gender and Development (GAD) has replaced the term Women in Development (WID). This approach has been welcomed by ’mainstream’ development agencies. The price for acceptance has been the depoliticization and desexualization of gender planning. In this article I argue that gender should be used by gender planners in the comprehensive and radical way used by feminist social scientists. I investigate three recent texts of major theorists on gender and development issues, Kabeer, Moser and Young. I argue that by reducing gender to socio-economic issues, gender analysis loses its critical edge, its political, symbolic and sexual content. I maintain that feminism should be seen as the motivating force behind genderplanning and planning efforts should be directed towards maximizing the transformative potential any project or program may have.
Illiteracy among the voiceless rural women is widely viewed as the root cause of unemployment and poverty ravaging African society. The purpose of this manuscript is to shed light on the concept of empowering unemployed rural women to sustain their indigenous culture so that they become self-reliant, both socially and economically. These silenced mothers are unable to participate in a wide variety of activities, such as contributing equally to household finances, standing up for their rights and campaigning against social ills. They are forever confined to looking after livestock and walking barefoot over long distances, carrying buckets of water and heavy bundles of fuel wood on their head, with their children on their back. Either by custom or constitution, rural women on the African continent still and inherit property. They are unable to obtain access to credit, attend school, earn an income and get promoted at work, free from discrimination.
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