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Encyclopedia of social psychology
... that function as agencies for the production, dissemination and application of specialist knowledge. I have defined transdisciplinarity as 'a concept that has been used in efforts to describe integrative activity, reflection and practice that addresses, crosses and goes through and beyond the limits of established disciplinary borders, in order to address complex problems that escape conventional definition and intervention' (Stenner, 2014(Stenner, , p. 1989. The concept emerged in the 1970s as part of the global ambitions of general structuralism and general systems theory. ...
... An example of multidisciplinarity would be a team of experts who divide their labour into the sociological, psychological and biological aspects of drug addiction. An example of interdisciplinarity (which involves changes induced by transactions at the borders between disciplines) would be the budding of cognitive neuroscience when new medical brain-imaging methods were incorporated into psychology from medicine (Stenner, 2014(Stenner, , p. 1998). ...
This chapter begins with a definition of transdisciplinarity. It then identifies three significant responses to the transdisciplinary problem of how to research the interface between the psychological and the sociological: a psychosocial ‘factors and variables’ approach, critical and discursive social psychology, and psychoanalytical psychosocial studies. The second section aims to move the debate forward through the idea of the paradox of the psychosocial. After a discussion of human suggestibility, this paradox is summarized as follows: we both must and cannot separate the psychological from the social. Drawing on the work of Winnicot and Mead, the third section makes the case that we encounter the paradox of the psychosocial during experiences of liminality, and that these experiences are to be understood by means of process thought. The final section introduces the main arguments of the book.
... Empathy has been linked to MD in several studies. Research on why people offer or omit help when explicitly asked for assistance found that both empathy and personal distress affected MD [62]. That is, the activation of these mechanisms was prevented by empathy, whereas it was fostered by personal distress. ...
Cyberbullying is a complex phenomenon with multiple factors involved, both contextual and individual factors, such as moral disengagement and empathy. This study investigated how moral disengagement and empathy could be related, longitudinally in cyberbullying events. Specifically, two gamified tasks (one for empathy and other for moral disengagement) were analyzed. These tasks were developed attending to the specificities of the cyberbullying scenarios presented in a serious game. To accomplish this goal, data from gamified tasks (N = 208), from 4 different moments, were analyzed through multilevel linear modeling. Results suggested that there was a change in adolescents’ moral disengagement over time. Participants with greater empathy revealed lower moral disengagement overall. Over time, adolescents with greater empathy revealed lower moral disengagement within their own growth rate. Overall, our results provide important information about the dynamic relationship between moral disengagement, empathy and cyberbullying, which informs future studies and interventions.
Supplementary Information
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40359-024-01582-3.
... We explored narratives of socialization along with explicit and derived implicit values to gain a deeper understanding of the rural social milieu at greater risk of avoiding the use of mental health services. The term 'socialization' relates to the psychological developmental processes, through which individuals acquire and form their values, norms, ideologies, motivations and behaviors that they need to participate as capable members of society [11]. In light of this definition, the way individuals were socialized, overarching value orientations such as conformity to conservatism could shape attitudes towards help-seeking, i.e. value-related attitudes, and influence respective help-seeking behavior. ...
Background
Seeking help for severe depressive symptoms remains a major obstacle for particular groups within the general population. Value-related attitudes might contribute to this treatment gap, particularly in rural regions with a low density of psychiatric-psychotherapeutic services. We aimed to investigate narratives of socialization, value systems, and barriers of help-seeking to better understand social milieus at increased risk for underuse of psychiatric-psychotherapeutic services in a rural area in East Germany. This could complement the explanatory power of classical socio-demographic determinants and provide guidance for possible interventions.
Method
Based on results of an analysis of a population-based German cohort study (SHIP-TREND-1), 20 individual semi-structured interviews were conducted with participants who met criteria for having been moderately or severely depressed at least once in their life. Qualitative analyses of interview data were guided by grounded theory methodology.
Results
Participants with severe symptoms of depression were more frequent among non-responders of this study. We identified key aspects that influence help-seeking for mental health problems and seem to be characteristic for rural regions: family doctors serve as initial contact points for mental health problems and are considered as alternatives for mental health professionals; norms of traditional masculinity such as being more rational than emotional, needing to endure hardships, embodying strength, and being independent were frequently mentioned as inhibiting help-seeking by middle-aged men; anticipated adverse side-effects of therapy such as worsening of symptoms; a frequently expressed desire for less pathologically perceived treatment options.
Conclusions
Our results suggest that barriers regarding help-seeking in rural regions are multifaceted and seem to be influenced by traditional norms of masculinity. We believe it is critical to strengthen existing and already utilized services such as family doctors and to implement and evaluate tailored interventions targeting the needs of the rural milieu.
... Specifically, it involves the skills needed to understand attitudes and behavior in diagnosis, management, and outcome. A key component of the behavior to be exhibited is empathy how Hodges & Myers, 2007). Enid Balint (1985) explained empathy as a biphasic process: first to identify with the other, and then to stand back to examine what it was that one identified with, in order to become an objective observer again. ...
... COVID-19 could enhance our sense of empathy toward fellow humans-driven by the idea that we are all facing the same invisible threat, we are all "in the same boat." Some general evidence indicates that empathic concerns toward vulnerable others promote prosocial behavior (50,51), while some evidence specific to the COVID-19 pandemic (52) suggests that greater empathy stimulates compliance with social distancing and hygienic rules. Observing these effects might induce more trust in strangers. ...
How does the COVID-19 pandemic affect interpersonal trust? Most evidence shows that natural disasters reinforce trust and cooperation, but the COVID-19 virus differs from other calamities, since it spreads through contact with people, potentially increasing suspicion and distrust, as, according to contemporaneous writers’ accounts, seems to have been the case with the Black Death, the London plague, and the Spanish influenza. We investigate the link between interpersonal trust and individuals exposed to COVID-19, either vicariously through their community or networks or directly by becoming infected. We rely on an original panel survey, including a survey experiment, with a representative sample of adults in Italy, one of the countries hardest struck by the pandemic. Our experimental findings reveal that priming people about the risk that the pandemic poses to their health leads to a substantial increase in their trust in strangers. Our panel data analysis of within-individual effects shows that those who become infected trust strangers more than those who are not infected. Our findings could be explained by people observing higher than expected altruistic behavior or becoming more dependent on other people’s support, consistent with the “emancipation theory of trust.” When people recover from COVID-19, however, they drop to trusting strangers as much as those who were not directly exposed to the virus, an indication that the positive effects on trust during the pandemic have an emotional source. Nonetheless, the evidence suggests that, in the aggregate, there has been a small but significant increase in trust among the general population relative to prepandemic levels.
... Cognitive empathy (or else empathic accuracy) refers to the degree an individual can perceive and understand the thoughts, feelings and emotions of another. More specifically, cognitive empathy can be defined as the degree to which "complete and accurate knowledge about the contents of another person's mind" (Hodges & Myers, 2007) is achieved. This means that cognitive empathy can be regarded as a learned skill, leading to the fact that empathy includes processes of learned conceptual reasoning. ...
Humans’ positive development allows for the demonstration of prosocial behaviours from an early age, through helping, cooperating and sharing with others, often as a result of sympathy or empathy. These behaviours, being proactive, reactive or altruistic lead to harmonious human-to-human relationships facilitated by social bond formation. Machines are increasingly attributed social identities by their users, as they elicit social behaviours from humans, especially when they exhibit anthropomorphic or zoomorphic characteristics. However, the barriers between human and technology have started to significantly blur, as one permeates the other and both become entities of blended ontology, forming relationships of hybrid nature. Furthermore, the coronavirus pandemic outbreak has led to more frequent and tighter communication between the two parts, simultaneously confined to the physical (household and work) space and expanded to virtual space. In this paper, we investigate the twofold aspect of the pandemic conditioning of the human-machine communication patterns and more specifically:
(a) the prosocial behaviours mutually exhibited by humans and machines as drawn by their everyday communication and as previously presented in the sci-fi cinematic paradigm. While traditional human relationships disintegrate, their communication mechanisms and norms partially regulate the new, hybrid ones emerging between humans and their technological companions, as they develop faster than ever before.
(b) the role of space (physical and virtual) in the development of these kinds of behaviours. The hybrid relationships are evolving in a hybrid space, significantly restricted in the physical space, leading to the constant encounter between the two parts; at the same time the entities of these diverse, yet blended entities coexist in expanding virtual spaces, which not only foster but heavily mediate their communication.
... Çocukların kanunla ihtilaf davranışını açıklamada kullandıkları kavram, juvenile offenders yani "ergen suçlular"dır. Cinsel suç faili ergenler için kullanılan kavram, juvenile sex(ual) offenders yani 20 "ergen cinsel suçlular"dır. Buna karşın, kanunla ihtilafa düşmüş çocuklarla ilgili kullanılacak kavramlara dikkat edilmesi gerektiği ve "cinsel suçlu" ve "cinsel suç işlemiş" olarak kullanılan kavramların onların damgalanmaları ve dışlanmaları açısından sakıncaları ve oluşturduğu riskler konusunda tartışmalar devam etmektedir. ...
... The phenomenon of choice as a personal act to date does not have a stable place in psychological theory. Throughout the last century, choice was quite often reduced to decision making, a cognitive evaluation of existing options resulting in a preferential judgment (see Simonson, 2007), though more recently we have learned that most decisions are not made in a completely rational, accountable way and that the cognitive paradigm of rational decision making has a limited scope (see e.g. Gigerenzer, 2015;Keys & Schwartz, 2007;Peters & Slovic, 2000). ...
The paper proposes a new approach to measuring key parameters of choice as intentional activity. We developed and validated a 23-item questionnaire called the Subjective Quality of Choice (SQC) which measures four qualitative dimensions of choice: elaboration, emotional valence, autonomy, and satisfaction with the outcome. Three validation studies are presented. In the first study respondents from a large online sample evaluated the quality of important choices they made in life. Using structural equation modeling, we confirmed the structure of the SQC and investigated the associations of its scales with other measures. In the second study using a longitudinal design we replicated the structure of the SQC in a university choice context and investigated the criterion validity of its scales against well-being and academic outcome variables. In the third study we investigated the predictive validity of the SQC in a university applicant sample against an objective real-life outcome. The findings support the validity of the choice quality model.
... Empathy is often characterized as knowing the experience of another person by imagining oneself in the position of that other person: one recognizes the experience of the other person as if it were experienced by the self, but without it being actually experienced by the self. (Hodges & Myers, 2007) Self Compassion: ...
... The European Enlightenment of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries led to cultural changes in Europe resulting in people seen as 'mad' (the insane), together with others also considered socially undesirable, being confined to asylums in large numbers-'the great confinement' (Foucault, 1967, p. 38)-and subsequently the study of 'madness' by medical doctors, and later, psychologists leading to the disciplines of psychiatry and clinical psychology, referred to as the 'psy disciplines' by McAvoy (2014). A language developed around these peculiarly 'Western' knowledge systems, generating words/concepts such as 'mental health', 'mental illness' and 'psychotherapy', now used globally but often interpreted differently in non-Western cultural settings. ...
This paper outlines the diversity of medical and healing systems indigenous to many regions of the world and their under-development and suppression during colonialism; describes briefly social and cultural changes that have taken place in the Global South after de-colonisation, resulting in varying degrees of a plurality (in terms of cultural style) of mental health systems currently available; summarizes important general principles of post-colonial development in the Global South; and, finally, points to ways of mental health and wellbeing development in the Global South by drawing on the example of Sri Lanka where the author was involved in a four-year research and capacity building project between 2007 and 2012. The paper takes a historical post-colonial approach to development on the principals of sustainability and cultural relevance and argues for a pragmatic approach in the short term while building up a body of knowledge about the countries concerned, their ground realities and their indigenous psychologies.
... Empathy is often characterized as knowing the experience of another person by imagining oneself in the position of that other person: one recognizes the experience of the other person as if it were experienced by the self, but without it being actually experienced by the self. (Hodges & Myers, 2007) Self Compassion: ...
This study analyzed the relationshipof gratitude on different factors such as Empathy, Self-Competence, Self-Compassion, flourishing, satisfaction with life,cynicism, narcissism, materialism and Indebtedness with the aim to find out which factor has most positive impact and which has negative impact so that organization can work on the motivation strategies for their employees accordingly.
... • Cognitive empathy is how well a person can recognize and understand another's emotions, according to Hodges & Myers (2007). It is deemed a skill that is learned and takes practice. ...
Augmented and virtual reality environments hold the promise of radically transforming
the field of learning and development, but with any new learning technology, one of the
main questions an organization needs to ask is: When is this worth the investment? Research into behavior change applications of augmented and virtual reality is still very much in its infancy. While interesting research is coming out almost daily, much of it is still preliminary and not yet generalizable to widespread practice. While it is too early to draw firm conclusions, there is some evidence that augmented and virtual reality solutions may be a useful investment for certain behavior change interventions. This research report will present up-to-date (April 2019) examination of the literature highlighting AR & VR contexts of use, research studies, and findings.
... Choice can be treated as a purely cognitive decision-making process resulting in a judgment (Simonson, 2007) only in its simplest forms. In many complicated cases of life choices an 'objectively best' or a 'true' decision does not exist, which makes rational optimization based on cognitive calculations impossible. ...
... De volta ao tema do hífen, é interessante notar qual produção latino-americana dessa vertente de psicologia social na saúde está na mesma direção da reflexão crítica do Frosh (2013), psicanalista inglês que também discute o limite das teorias chamadas de sociopsicológicas (socio-psychological) e individualizantes. Frosh ressalta que esta sócio-psicologia que investiga cognições e comportamentos, mesmo quando considera contextos sociais, opera a noção de indivíduo como um dado, não como um constructo, sustentando a divisão intelectual de trabalho que separa em disciplinas diferentes os que estudam a sociedade (o social antes do hífen) dos que estudam o indivíduo (o psicológico depois do hífen). ...
... The phenomenon of choice has rarely been a subject of psychological studies over the last century, if one does not fully identify it with decision making, a cognitive evaluation of a number of alternatives resulting in a preferential judgment (see Simonson, 2007). Whether what is traditionally called choice is fully covered by the cognitive concept of decision making is still a debatable terminological issue. ...
... Sympathy and empathy correspond to the perception, understanding, and reaction to the distress or need of another person. While sympathy merely reflects the ability to express a similar emotional tone or to be moved by another person, empathy requires to put oneself in the other person's situation and to share feelings as if they were experienced by the self [42]. Sympathy and apathy have three components: (i) affective, i.e., sharing and responding to the emotional experience of others; (ii) cognitive, i.e., understanding the intentions and perspectives of others; and (iii) moral, i.e., judgments about the wrongness of an action or the punishment that a perpetrator deserves [43]. ...
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) includes the behavioral variant of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (bvFTD), also called frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and two language variants, namely, semantic dementia (SD) and primary progressive agrammatic aphasia (PPA). There is a large degree of overlap between the three FTLD variants, as well as between FTLD and motor neurone disease or parkinsonism. Neuropsychiatric features, the earliest and prominent manifestations of bvFTD, are also commonly encountered in the language variants. FTLD is a pathologically heterogeneous entity, divided into several subtypes characterized by protein aggregates of different nature and distribution. The discovery of mutations on different genes made the classification of FTLD even more complex because of weak genotype-phenotype correlations, even within the same family. And a same phenotype can be caused by different mutations. Since neuropsychiatric symptoms are inaugural, bvFTD is often misdiagnosed as psychiatric conditions such as depression, bipolar disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, or schizophreniform psychosis, although atypical features are usually present. The main behavioral symptoms are early behavioral disinhibition; apathy or inertia; loss of sympathy or empathy; perseverative, stereotyped, or ritualistic behavior; and hyperorality and dietary changes. Psychosis is less frequent, except in some familial cases, raising the possibility of a link between FTD, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorders. There is, as yet, no specific pathophysiological treatment for FTLD. As for symptomatic treatments, few randomized placebo-controlled studies have been performed. However, serotonergic agents are recommended to treat FTD behavioral disorders.
... There are multiple and often contradictory definitions for the construct of empathy [9]. The inexistence of a consensual definition translates into the co-existence of more than 40 empathy measures [13], that reflect conceptions of the construct as predominantly cognitive [2,[14][15][16], affective [17,18] or both [19,20]. Culture also influences the meanings that people impart to empathy [5,21,22]. ...
Background
Empathy is a key aspect of the physician-patient interactions. The Jefferson Scale of Empathy (JSE) is one of the most used empathy measures of medical students. The development of cross-cultural empathy studies depends on valid and reliable translations of the JSE. This study sought to: (1) adapt and assess the psychometric properties in Spanish students of the Spanish JSE validated in Mexican students; (2) test a second order latent factor model. Methods
The Spanish JSE was adapted from the Spanish JSE-S, resulting in a final version of the measure. A non-probabilistic sample of 1104 medical students of two Spanish medical schools completed a socio-demographic and the Spanish JSE-S. Descriptive statistics, along with a confirmatory factor analysis, the average variance extracted (AVE), Cronbach’s alphas and composite reliability (CR) coefficients were computed. An independent samples t-test was performed to access sex differences. ResultsThe Spanish JSE-S demonstrated acceptable to good sensitivity (individual items – except for item 2 – and JSE-S total score: −2.72 < Sk < 0.35 and −0.77 < Ku < 7.85), convergent validity (AVE: between 0.28 and 0.45) and reliability (Cronbach’s alphas: between 0.62 and 0.78; CR: between 0.62 and 0.87). The confirmatory factor analysis supported the three-factor solution and the second order latent factor model. Conclusions
The findings provide support for the sensitivity, construct validity and reliability of the adapted Spanish JSE-S with Spanish medical students. Data confirm the hypothesized second order latent factor model. This version may be useful in future research examining empathy in Spanish medical students, as well as in cross-cultural studies.
... Digital media " extend opportunities for interpersonal information-seeking " [Borgman, 2007, p. 57], allowing users to collaboratively construct knowledge and bind their communities. Moreover, users twine multiple technologies and therefore multiple affordances 2 [Gangestad, 2007]. Schultz and Jungherr [2010] observed research activists using multiple routes to facilitate people's involvement and Valtysson [2013] described multiple publics using multiple social media in the collaborative re-writing of the Icelandic Constitution. ...
The use and availability of digital media is changing researchers' roles and simultaneously providing a route for a more engaging relationship with stakeholders throughout the research process. Although the digital realm has a profound influence on people's day-to-day lives, some researchers have not yet professionally embraced digital technologies. This paper arises from one aspect of a project exploring how university research and professional practices are evolving as researchers engage with stakeholders via digital media to create, share and represent knowledge together. Using researchers from the Open University (U.K.) as a case study, this paper reviews the extent to which they are developing multiple identities and functions in their engaged research through digital media.
... Le paradigme d'autoprésentation tel qu'il a été proposé par Jellison et Green en 1981 est l'héritier d'une longue tradition de recherche dont on situe habituellement l'origine aux travaux de Goffman (1959). Inscrit dans les " théories " du management des impressions, le concept de présentation de soi rend compte d'un ensemble de stratégies plus ou moins conscientes qu'un individu va développer pour contrôler l'image qu'il donne de lui à une audience durant une interaction (Schenkler, 1996). Les recherches empiriques sur la présentation de soi ont, dans un premier temps, souligné l'aspect motivationnel de ce processus: les individus seraient mus par un besoin de reconnaissance et un désir d'être appréciés qui les pousserait à se présenter d'une manière socialement désirable. ...
Gilibert, D. & Cambon, L. (2003). Paradigms of the sociocognitive approach. In N., Dubois (Ed.), A sociocognitive approach to social norms, (pp 38-69), London: Routledge
French translation
... Yani ihtiyaçlar değere dönüştürülünce sosyal yaşamda anlamlı bir yere sahip olur. Bu da o ihtiyacın karşılanmasını sağlar (Rokeach, 1973;Schwartz, 1999). Aslında bu meşrulaştırma fonksiyonu sadece bireysel ihtiyaçlarla sınırlı değildir. ...
... Other terms that could "read" the identity processes discovered at the Company's members are: role identity -see Stryker (2000) with ideas related to the assumption of the role of manager, centring the identity associated with the manager role in the economy of self, and the internalization of role expectations; selfidentification and hetero-identification -see Ilut (1999 and 2001) with ideas related with the way managers identify themselves and the way they are identified by othersdifferences and adjustments; real social identity versus virtual social identity -see Goffman (1961) with ideas related to the way managers are and the way they appear to others when interacting -discrepancies and identity reorganizations; identity crisis -see Dubar (2003) with ideas related to self-identification and peer identification disturbances as a consequence of a hierarchy change: a promotion or demotion; selfevaluation -see Jenkins (1996); self-reflection -see Luhrmann and Eberl (2007) with ideas related to identity as a negotiation process: real and imagined consensual validation; impression management -see Schlenker (1996a and b) with ideas related to shaping the self-image: self-presentation and the presentation of personal task performance; self-perception -see Jurcan (2005) with ideas related to subjective identity: what the manager thinks he/she is, prescribed identity: how one thinks one should be and proscribed identity: how one thinks one should not be. ...
The article presents the technique of unstructured interviewing as a means of exploration in sociological investigations (the way in which this technique facilitates identifying sociological assistance objectives and research objectives and hypotheses; the way in which the exploration helps “translating” the “sickness” symptoms expressed by the beneficiary in a common language, into sociological concepts of specific theories). For illustration a case study is presented (a sociological investigation at a company located in Brasov). The article describes in detail the collection of data, the qualitative data analysis (through the reproduction of matrices and networks – as means of visual presentation of the data) and the data interpretation.
... Nos diversos domínios da vida, as pessoas recorrem a estratégias de auto-apresentação, de modo a transmitirem imagens pretendidas e socialmente desejáveis de si próprias aos outros. As auto-revelações, as explicações sobre comportamentos, as atitudes, a aparência física, as pessoas com quem nos relacionamos, as posses, etc., podem ser utilizadas para a transmissão de impressões que se julgam produzir efeitos desejados junto dos outros (JONES, 1975, LEARY, 1996, 2001SCHLENKER, 1996aSCHLENKER, , 1996b. Dado que o comportamento é o veículo através do qual as auto-apresentações são desempenhadas, podemos recorrer estrategicamente a uma infinidade deles no sentido de transmitir uma imagem desejada do self (FISKE;TAYLOR, 1991). ...
Centrado na perspectiva da autopercepção, o presente artigo analisa os modos de agenciamento da beleza física no recurso e percepção de eficácia das estratégias de auto-apresentação em contextos iniciais heterossexuais de sedução. Entendendo a beleza física enquanto recurso pessoal estratégico com repercussões nas auto-apresentações, o trabalho empírico realizado sustenta a existência de uma associação positiva entre a autopercepção da atractividade e o recurso a estratégias de auto-apresentação assertivas, que possibilitam ao indivíduo a transmissão de uma auto-imagem de maior desejabilidade ao alvo de sedução. Por outro lado, a associação entre o recurso às referidas estratégias e a percepção de eficácia da utilização das mesmas, no desenvolvimento das relações amorosas, é mais intensa nos indivíduos que se autopercepcionam como sendo mais atraentes.
... Neste particular, o acordo pode se estender inclusive aos elementos que são vistos como boatos, inverdades ou mesmo fraudes, o que faz com que os membros dos grupos ufológicos tenham condições de adotar uma postura mais crítica e parcimoniosa do que aqueles que pretendem vir a participar de grupos ufológicos e que, nesse sentido, tendem a se encontrar mais expostos a informações com um menor teor crítico e de natureza eminentemente confirmatória. Finalmente, um outro aspecto a ser consideração envolve as normas grupais, uma vez que estas descrevem e prescrevem as atitudes e condutas apropriadas a serem seguidas pelos membros do grupo em um determinado contexto (Forsyth, 1999). Uma vez que estas podem ser definidas como padrões ou expectativas de comportamentos partilhados pelos membros do grupo, pode-se esperar uma maior pressão no sentido de controlar a expressão de opiniões passíveis de serem interpretados como elementos que possam expressar posições ingênuas ou uma postura não ortodoxa com as crenças grupais. ...
This paper aimed to develop, through the use of linear regression techniques, statistical models capable of isolating and evaluating the impact of some independent variables – interest in the topic, affiliation to ufological groups, and degree of knowledge – on the adherence to beliefs about ufology and extraterrestrial entities and then, using structural equation modeling, develop explanatory models that fit data obtained in empirical research about UFO and extraterrestrial beliefs. The results of linear regression suggests that the models have a high predictive power and structural equation modeling suggests a good fit of models, presenting results compatible with the standards of behavioral sciences. Finally, the implications of these models to the psicossocial research on beliefs, specially the ufological beliefs, are discussed.
Keywords: beliefs; shared beliefs; ufology.
In this paper, we invite psychologists to reflect on and recognize how knowledge is produced in the field of social psychology. Engaging with the work of decolonial, liberation and critical psychology scholars, we provide a six-point lens on precarity that facilitates a deeper understanding of knowledge production in hegemonic social psychology and academia at large. We conceptualize knowledge (re)production in psychology as five interdependent 'cogs' within the neoliberal machinery of academia, which cannot be viewed in isolation; (1) its epistemological foundations rooted in coloniality, (2) the methods and standards it uses to understand human thoughts, feelings and behaviours, (3) the documentation of its knowledge, (4) the dissemination of its knowledge and (5) the universalization of psychological theories. With this paper we also claim our space in academia as early career researchers of colour who inhabit the margins of hegemonic social psychology. We join scholars around the world in calling for a much-needed disciplinary shift that centres solutions to the many forms of violence that are inflicted upon marginalized members of the global majority. To conclude, we offer four political-personal intentions for the reorientation for the discipline of hegemonic social psychology with the aim to disrupt the politics of knowledge production and eradicate precarity.
Objective:
To investigate how a rural simulation activity influenced physiotherapy students' rural empathy, and to explore students' perception of the activity.
Setting:
A metropolitan university in Queensland, Australia.
Participants:
Second year undergraduate physiotherapy students.
Design:
A single cohort pre-test post-test evaluation was undertaken to evaluate a rural simulation activity. Participants received the rural simulation activity, featuring an immersive video and telehealth simulation with a standardised patient portrayed by an actor. Participants undertook a structured debrief and guided reflection following the simulation. Outcome measures included the Rural Comprehensive State Empathy Scale (R-CSES) and the Satisfaction with Simulation Experience Scale. Group interviews were undertaken regarding participant perceptions of the activity. Wilcoxon Rank-Sum tests were used to analyse survey data, and group interview data were subject to thematic analyses.
Results:
A total of 102 students undertook the activity, with an outcome measure response rate of 92.2% (94/102). Intra-personal rural empathy increased following the activity as demonstrated by the overall R-CSES score [pre-test: 101.5 (90-110.75) vs post-test 107 (100-120); p = <0.001; r = 0.39]. There was high satisfaction with the experience [mean SSES score = 18/21]. Two themes were generated from the group interview data: (1) effect on perceptions of rural practice and (2) feedback regarding the simulation.
Conclusion:
A rural simulation activity using an immersive video, standardised patient, and a structured debrief increased physiotherapy students' empathy towards Australians living in rural settings. Students were satisfied with the activity and felt that it improved their understanding of the challenges of rural healthcare.
This study explores the psychologization of the women's movement by examining the activist practice of consciousness‐raising in a transnational perspective. We follow the lines along which P/psychological concepts that were appropriated and developed by North American feminist activists during the late 1960s and early 1970s traveled to the German‐speaking countries and were translated, adopted, and transformed by feminist activists in Germany and Austria. We explore both the process of psychologization as the practice traveled from the United States to German‐speaking countries and the various dimensions of psychologization: diffusion of Psy‐expert discourse beyond the borders of the psy‐disciplines, academization, individualization, and meta‐psychologization. With the latter term, we aim to capture the relationship between (feminist) P/psychology and its critique.
The issue of identity has been one of the main issues of people in every
culture. Identity is a set of behaviors, emotions, and thought patterns which are
unique to every individual and define him/her as a member of a certain group.
Identity is shaped by race, ethnicity, religious beliefs, language, physical
features, childhood experiences, sexual preferences and culture. Moreover,
identity is usually recognized during adolescence or early adulthood in which
both positive and negative features are essential in the development of
individual identity. However, an identity crisis is the failure to establish identity
during that age. Also, an identity crisis is not only concerned with matters such
as ethnicity or religion as it is also concerned with inner conflicts, search for
identity, West Vs. East, Old Vs. Modern.
The diversity of identities in American culture can be realized by different
literary voices. Many literary works by contemporary American writers depict
the struggle of characters who are searching for their psychological and cultural
identity. One of these contemporary writers is Cormac McCarthy (1933-).
This study investigates both the common psychological and cultural
points of identity crisis in Cormac McCarthy's Border Trilogy that comprised All
the Pretty Horses (1992), The Crossing (1994), and Cities Of the Plain (1998).
The Trilogy is a story about American cowboys set on the borders between the
USA and Mexico, where the major characters face ultimate confusion in their
exposure to the identity crisis of their dying culture. This Study is divided into
four chapters and a conclusion.
Chapter one is the introduction of the study. In its six sections, it makes a
general inspection on identity, �identity formation, identity crisis, how this issue
of identity crisis has been dealt with in American literature, as well as the
writer's career and life, brief introduction about Western genre, �the myth of the
Old West and the crisis of Cowboy culture, and� Border Fiction with a brief
introduction to McCarthy's Border Trilogy.
This article demonstrates the need for higher education to systematically cultivate leadership competencies. Values-based leadership is emerging as an attractive international concept, and the related competencies that managers need stem from this. Approaches taken from intercultural communication theory and classical communication psychology show how effectively and clearly value-based actions (speech) can be taught as part of intercultural management training. Experience gained in the interdisciplinary study programs 'Asian Studies' and management (USA) and 'Business and Tourism Germany' (WDT) at HTWG Konstanzi is used as an example to demonstrate teaching formats that can be used to inculcate social competence, and in particular intercultural competence as a competence values-based leadership. This article describes how it is possible to incorporate appropriate teaching formats into management training curricula and also offers observations evaluating the effectiveness of such approaches, including using methods drawn from empirical social research.
This research aims to examine how sympathy spread messages by exploring Internet user behaviors as well as UGC's role in facilitating brand equity. Thereby the study suggests the research model which can be applied in other places, other contexts, and related fields. The study's method is to systematically review, compare the relevant studies, and develop research hypotheses. The main results of the proposed model are to explore the scales and determine the relationship between sympathy, user-generated content (UGC), and brand equity. Moreover, empirical research can, based on the proposed conceptual framework, be studied for different countries or platforms such as Twitter (a blog site), Facebook, Instagram (a social network), and youtube (a content community). The proposed model provides valuable insights into the role of using sympathy in social media to encourage UGC, in turn promoting brand equity. Consequently, the marketer, the owner of the company, should be aware of the importance of using empathy in social posts.
Product teams, including our own, often interpret empathy as evidence. However, in practice, empathy is actually something that drives us to seek evidence. By observing and evaluating various examples within Shopify, we have identified 4 traps that are common in the way empathy is manifested. We modelled the relationship between empathy, problems, evidence, and decisions to provide strategies for how to use empathy effectively while being sympathetic to its limitations. Since empathy drives us to seek evidence, and thus cannot be considered evidence itself, empathy must be used at an appropriate level of abstraction throughout the product decision‐making process in order to influence good decisions.
ICTs mediate family life even before children are born, from the moment that future parents post their foetus’s ultrasound image on social media. Based on theories and research on the impact of ICTs on psychological development and the development of relationships, this paper attempts to outline the new mediated context within which today’s children are born and grow. The discussion is set around two main properties of ICTs, closely interwoven with the everyday life of children and their families: (i) the oversupply of (globally) pre-constructed homogeneous images and information diffused by all kinds of screens, which occupy mental space and often surpass the child’s cognitive and emotional capacity to handle, and (ii) the new form of mediated relationships promoted by ICTs, where the other is physically absent. The discussion is focused on the impact that ICTs instill on emotional and cognitive development, and the development of relationships.
This paper has identified three types of alternate reality experiences, namely, spatial immersion, emotional immersion, and social immersion, by providing their definitions, application scenarios and the QoE influencing factors. These QoE influencing factors include system factors, contextual factors, design factors, experiential factors, user factors, and media factors. Finally, we conclude by briefly discussing the rationale of formulating these QoE influencing factors in alternate reality experiences.
This study attempt to explore the relationship of most fairness factors (distributive, procedural, and interactional) which in turn contribute significantly to customer trust and trustworthiness, whereby we consider the study investigation and finding as an important key success of existing companies as well as market entrants, as the challenges and fast growing characterizing the market with a wide increasing range of demands versus narrow offers, whereby this mismatch affecting the perceived fairness and trust relationship and further influence temper of trustworthiness of both parties. The conceptual model, literature review and proposed hypotheses and its justification were been built based on the most related theories alike social exchange, equity and fairness heuristic theories and mutual previous studies in the same or in related field, the study was performed in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, among (300) customers of different mobile providers, the results reported a positive relationship of proposed hypotheses which in turn proves the importance of fairness different dimension and the impact of the same on customer trust and trustworthiness.
This paper argues that Jacques Lacan (1901–1981) was possibly the most famous Catholic psychoanalyst who was not known for being Catholic. Confusion on this score is understandable, however. He declared himself an atheist at age 16 but in later life, boasted of his Jesuit education, frequently quoted St. Paul, Augustine, and St. Aquinas, and, at the age of 73, pronounced Catholicism to be “the one true religion”. Lacan possessed an almost religious veneration for Sigmund Freud, but rejected Freud's theory of psychosexual development and criticised psychoanalysts who invoked Freud's characterology and theories of object relations as “Pharisees”. I argue that his bizarre polemics with the International Psychoanalytic Association are the result of habits of thought and feeling he acquired as a child, and then “transferred” from Jesus onto Freud in later life.
This chapter introduces the philosophical bases of methods of participation. These philosophical ideas and the methods that flow from them were developed in Latin America and have been influential in liberation psychology. The idea of analectics, introduced by the philosopher Dussel, involves introducing that which is different from and other to oneself in a dialectic process. Rather than being pushed away that, which is other, is welcomed into the totality, enriching, and enlarging the self. The roots of Freire’s methods of social pedagogy are to be found in these analectic and consciousness methods. Methods for consciousness and liberation including problematization–conscientization as the core processes, with complementary processes such as habituation, denaturalization, de-ideologization, de-alienation, and dehumanization are described and explained.
Using public opinion survey data, this study investigates the determinants of inter-ethnic (in)tolerance among Turks and Kurds in Turkey. Our empirical analyses show that, compared with Turks, Kurds have a relatively higher level of tolerance towards the ethnic out-group. Our findings also suggest that different dynamics and factors mould Turks’ and Kurds’ tolerance towards ethnic out-group members. Religiosity, (ethno)nationalist orientations, inter-ethnic contact, threat perception and economic factors are the most consistent variables shaping Turks’ tolerance towards Kurds. In contrast, religion-related factors and inter-ethnic social contact do not have a statistically significant effect on Kurds’ tolerance towards Turks. (Ethno)nationalist orientations, however, appear to reduce Kurds’ tolerance.
Theoretical analysis of modern situation in problem of choice in psychology is presented in the article. Three main aspects of the problem: (1) relationship between choice and decision-making; (2) analysis and interpretation of phenomena of socio-cultural construction of choice or no-choice situations and (3) substantiation of interpretation of choice as a form of intrinsic activity and its varieties are in its focus.
Social values of central core elements : the representational norm of centrality
At the intersection of social identity theory and the structural approach to social representations, this study focuses on social desirability in relation to the role played by central elements in maintaining a group’s social identity. We hypothesized that when an individual attempts to ingratiate him/herself with ingroup or outgroup members, he/she activates more central elements of the social representation. More specifically, central elements could allow the presentation of positive social identity, whereas counter-central elements would have the opposite effect. An experimental study validated this hypothesis and supports the existence of a representational norm of centrality.
This programmatic theory paper sketches a conceptual framework that might inspire work in critical Medical Humanities. For this purpose, Kaushik Sunder Rajan's account of biocapital is revisited and discussed in relation to the perspective of a critical neuroscience. Critical neuroscience is an encompassing positioning towards the recent public prominence of the brain and brain-related practices, tools and discourses. The proposed analytical scheme has five focal nodes: capital, life, technoscience, (neoliberal) politics and subjectivity. A special emphasis will be placed on contemporary framings of subjectivity, as it is here where deep-reaching entanglements of personhood with scientific practice and discourse, medical and informational technologies, and economic formations are most evident. Notably, the emerging subject position of the 'prospective health consumer' will be discussed as it figures prominently in the terrain between neuroscience and other medico-scientific disciplines.
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The aim of this paper is to mount a philosophical challenge to the currently highly visible research and discourse on empathy. The notion of empathetic perspective-shifting—a conceptually demanding, high-level construal of empathy in humans that arguably captures the core meaning of the term—is criticized from the standpoint of a philosophy of normatively accountable agency. Empathy in this demanding sense fails to achieve a true understanding of the other and instead risks to impose the empathizer’s self-constitutive agency upon the person empathized with. Attempts to ‘simulate’ human agency, or attempts to emulate its cognitive or emotional basis, will likely distort their target phenomena in profound ways. Thus, agency turns out to be empathy’s blind spot. Elements of an alternative understanding of interpersonal relatedness are also discussed, focusing on aspects of ‘interaction theory’. These might do some of the work that high-level constructs of empathy had been supposed to do without running into similar conceptual difficulties.
We, systematically reviewed studies on hypertension among working populations and synthesized the evidence and performed a meta-analysis to answer the question - Is job stress associated with hypertension. The meta-analysis and meta-regression were performed using STATA version 10. Pooled odds ratios were combined together for over all estimates. The Initial search identified 1020, out of which only 17 studies had sufficient information to allow meta-analysis for pooled estimates. The pooled odds ratios infer that job stress is associated with Hypertension, although not statistically significant for cross-sectional and cohort studies.
We conducted both qualitative and a cross sectional studies among professionals working in the I.T and ITES sector in India. The qualitative study included 32 in-depth interviews exploring several risk factors and the health status of the professionals. The results from qualitative study indicate the presence of nine stress domains; job control, autonomy, time pressure, length of experience in industry, night shifts, income, appreciation of work, physical environment, work-environment and emotional factors.
In the cross sectional study, 1071 volunteers completed self-administered questionnaires containing details about job stress (contextual stress domains), musculoskeletal symptoms (Nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire), quality of life (WHOQOL BREF) and sexual behaviors. Further, we took anthropometric measurements and blood pressure. Our study estimated the prevalence of Job stress and its association with Hypertension, quality of life, musculoskeletal symptoms and sexual behaviors.
Our results indicate that 31% of the participants were hypertensive with 5% having stage 2-hypertension. Adjusted regression estimates indicate that subjects with autonomy related stress and higher work environment related stresses were found to have higher odds of having Hypertension. The proportion of IT/ITES workers who had irregular sexual partners was 8% (out of 884) and multiple partners was 5% (out of 914). Among the 964 workers who answered the question, only 4% reported having paid sex in the last 3 months. Among 619 participants who responded to the condom usage question, 74.3% reported not using a condom during their last vaginal intercourse with their wife/husband/regular partner. All the domains (physical, psychological, social and environmental) of quality of life showed statistically significant positive associations with increasing stress domains of autonomy, physical infrastructure, work environment and emotional factors.
Understanding the prevalence's of job stress and other risk factors within this specialized workforce and its association with health parameters can help to prevent morbidity related complications. Identification of risk profiles in this workforce can guide worksite interventions to prevent debilitating conditions thereby improving the health and productivity of the workforce.
Considerable evidence now indicates that poignant self-threats cause compensatory zeal about opinions, values, goals, groups, and self-worth. Evidence for the self-threat -> zeal link is reviewed from research on zealous reactions to epistemic, self-worth, relationship, and mortality salience threats. Two new studies demonstrate that zealous pride and conviction insulate individuals from concern with uncertainty threats. The new studies further demonstrate that this insulation effect does not result from distraction, mood, or state self-esteem. It is proposed that the appeal of zeal arises from its ability to activate the approach-motivation system and to down-regulate the avoidance motivation system's vigilant concern with threats.
Previous literature exploring the relationship between correctional officer orientations toward treatment and punishment is inconsistent at best. One rarely studied aspect is the influence of distributive and procedural justice on correctional staff support for treatment and punishment. For this study, ordinary least squares regression analysis of survey responses from 272 correctional officers revealed that distributive justice did not impact support for treatment or punishment. Procedural justice, however, was positively associated with support for treatment and negatively associated with support for punishment. Overall, the results of this study suggest further research in this area is needed.
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